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intense changes in pressure in the air and in the water. Additionally, scleral rings may help the eye adjust to different viewing differences, also known as visual accommodation. Muscles are used to adjust the shape of the eye for accommodation, and the rings provide attachment sites for these muscles. In aquatic animals, the lens is squeezed in a different way to compensate for differences in
116:
Scleral rings may help support inner structures of the eye, especially in animals that do not have round eyes. Animals that move rapidly, including both fast flying birds and fast swimming fish have the most robust scleral rings, indicating that these thick rings are used to protect the eye during
93:), or often a combination of both, that comes together to form a ring. The arrangement, size, shape, and number of ossicles vary by group. They are believed to have a role in supporting the eye, especially in animals whose eyes are not spherical, or which live underwater.
229:
Teleost fish typically have only one or two ossicles per ring, and fish with no ossicles still retain cartilage. Most teleosts do not have ossicles, but this can vary even within groups. As a general trend, more basal groups (such as
197:
had scleral rings, so the trait was lost over time. Scleral rings of varying lengths, curvatures, numbers of ossicles, and thickness are found in all birds. Birds typically have 12-18 ossicles, with 14 being the most common number.
134:
A combination of scleral cartilage and ossicles are present, in which the cartilage acts as a cup around the posterior (rear) position of the eye and ossicles at the anterior (front) position of the eye form the ring.
288:
272:
178:
lifestyle or lack of limbs, indicating a possible correlation among these traits and loss of the scleral ring. Lizards typically have 14 ossicles in the ring, though this can vary.
78:", an unrelated medical condition), recent authors have urged avoiding the use of this term, to avoid confusion and to increase the utility of character comparisons.
256:
754:
326:
193:, crocodilians, and relatives), only birds and turtles retain the scleral rings. Fossil evidence shows that extinct marine crocodiles living in the
350:
635:"The anatomical relationships between the avian eye, orbit and sclerotic ring: implications for inferring activity patterns in extinct birds"
586:
308:
418:
1034:
245:
More active fish are more likely to have scleral rings, indicating that the rings help keep the eye stable during rapid swimming.
747:
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1116:
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1958:
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fish are the only family to retain scleral rings, with the rings being absent in the more basal clades
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underwater, and so the shape of the ring can be different than those in terrestrial animals.
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66:. The structure is commonly referred to as the sclerotic ring; but, because the word
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lack scleral rings. The ring is in the fibrous outer layer of the eye, called the
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The
Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology
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154:, and relatives), scleral rings have been found in all major lineages except
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The vertebrate eye and its adaptive radiation [by] Gordon Lynn Walls
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Parentheses denote bones that receive a different name in particular clades
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699:"Scleral Ossicles of Teleostei: Evolutionary and Developmental Trends"
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1859:
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1507:
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459:"Skeletons of the Eye: An Evolutionary and Developmental Perspective"
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186:
147:
94:
63:
51:
43:
1677:
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1222:
1103:
1097:
831:
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242:) are likely to have a variable number of ossicles (zero to two).
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1934:
Italics denote neomorphic bones present only in particular clades
1470:
1363:
763:
190:
35:
1276:
781:
736:
238:) tend to have no ossicles, while more derived groups (such as
515:"The sclerotic ring of squamates: an evo-devo-eco perspective"
39:
587:"Ophthalmosaurus icenicus: Why did it have such large eyes?"
614:. Bloomfield Hills, Mich.: Cranbrook Institute of Science.
513:
Atkins, Jade B.; Franz-Odendaal, Tamara A. (October 2016).
170:, which are both legless lizard families. All of these
1880:
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1747:
1716:
1707:
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34:is a hardened ring of plates, often derived from
748:
697:Franz-Odendaal, Tamara A. (22 January 2008).
457:Franz-Odendaal, Tamara Anne (December 2018).
8:
421:. UC Museum of Paleontology. Archived from
1713:
1704:
1695:
1550:
1485:
1476:
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1019:(Supraoccipital+Exoccipital+Basioccipital)
1006:
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741:
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474:
97:scleral rings are known for a variety of
174:that lack a scleral ring share either a
406:
294:Virtually complete scleral ring of the
252:
206:While all fish have scleral cartilage,
70:often implies pathology of the sclera (
412:
410:
158:, or snakes, and two families within
7:
1822:) (Tibiale+Intermedium+Centrale 3+4)
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417:Motani, Ryosuke (15 November 2001).
25:
1043:(Squamosal+Petrosal+Ectotympanic)
651:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00897.x
589:. Natural History Museum, London
391:
377:
349:
325:
307:
287:
271:
255:
633:Hall, Margaret I. (June 2008).
113:, but are often not preserved.
27:Ring of bone supporting the eye
332:Skull and scleral ring of the
282:, showing large scleral rings.
266:, showing large scleral rings.
1:
81:Scleral rings can be made of
566:"Re: Sclerotic ring in eyes"
1031:(Parasphenoid+Basisphenoid)
1985:
1927:
1845:
1599:
1283:
1272:
1112:
790:
777:
608:Walls, Gordon L. (1942).
280:satanic leaf-tailed gecko
1025:(Exoccipital+Opisthotic)
314:Partial scleral ring of
38:, that is found in the
1786:Intermediate cuneiform
932:(Postparietal+Tabular)
620:10.5962/bhl.title.7369
419:"Eyes of Ichthyosaurs"
463:The Anatomical Record
278:A skull of an extant
262:A skull of an extant
46:in several groups of
1278:Postcranial skeleton
1037:(Prootic+Opisthotic)
356:Scleral ring of the
89:) or bony material (
1834:(Distal tarsal 4+5)
425:on 17 December 2001
385:Paleontology portal
101:animals, including
1954:Vertebrate anatomy
1316:Cervical vertebrae
639:Journal of Anatomy
519:Journal of Anatomy
50:. Some species of
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1876:
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1872:
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1809:Composite tarsals
1793:Lateral cuneiform
1791:Distal tarsal 3 (
1784:Distal tarsal 2 (
1777:Distal tarsal 1 (
1626:
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532:10.1111/joa.12498
236:Osteoglossomorpha
87:scleral cartilage
16:(Redirected from
1976:
1959:Dinosaur anatomy
1779:Medial cuneiform
1717:Proximal tarsals
1714:
1705:
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1551:
1523:Lateral centrale
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1331:Caudal vertebrae
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91:scleral ossicles
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709:(2): 161–168.
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645:(6): 781–794.
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564:Pigdon, Dann.
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525:(4): 503–513.
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469:(1): 100–109.
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399:Anatomy portal
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1881:Miscellaneous
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1062:Ectopterygoid
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951:Basioccipital
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909:Supratemporal
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1542:
1396:Appendicular
1372:Cervical rib
1343:
1336:
1256:Tympanohyoid
1200:
1196:Prearticular
1170:Ectotympanic
1128:Entotympanic
1126:
1081:
1067:Epipterygoid
996:Sphenethmoid
986:Parasphenoid
956:Basisphenoid
899:Septomaxilla
891:
872:Postparietal
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591:. Retrieved
580:
569:. Retrieved
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423:the original
360:
341:Viatkogorgon
339:
334:gorgonopsian
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103:ichthyosaurs
90:
86:
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67:
60:crocodilians
32:scleral ring
31:
29:
1729:Intermedium
1518:Intermedium
1236:Ceratohyoid
1071:Alisphenoid
1023:Otoccipital
966:Exoccipital
867:Postorbital
862:Postfrontal
296:ichthyosaur
240:Percomorpha
232:Elopomorpha
216:Chondrostei
168:Rhineuridae
160:Anguimorpha
140:Lepidosaurs
48:vertebrates
1948:Categories
1911:Osteoderms
1850:Metatarsal
1816:Astragalus
1763:Centrale 4
1760:Centrale 3
1757:Centrale 2
1754:Centrale 1
1604:Metacarpal
1512:Triquetral
1382:Caudal rib
1377:Dorsal rib
1251:Thyrohyoid
1246:Stylohyoid
1213:Surangular
1202:Predentary
976:Opisthotic
882:Premaxilla
877:Prefrontal
819:Internasal
805:Skull roof
593:15 October
571:2007-07-06
429:15 October
371:References
317:Mosasaurus
224:Amiiformes
107:pterosaurs
85:material (
56:amphibians
1901:Gastralia
1895:Baubellum
1855:Phalanges
1826:Navicular
1748:Centralia
1738:Calcaneum
1609:Phalanges
1569:Trapezoid
1562:Trapezium
1423:Cleithrum
1345:Pygostyle
1298:Vertebrae
1231:Basihyoid
1176:Articular
1117:Columella
1089:Pterygoid
1017:Occipital
944:Braincase
904:Squamosal
836:Zygomatic
659:0021-8782
485:1932-8486
358:hadrosaur
337:therapsid
212:Cladistia
176:burrowing
164:Dibamidae
156:Serpentes
111:dinosaurs
76:sclerosis
68:sclerotic
1734:Fibulare
1665:Hindlimb
1576:Capitate
1538:Pisiform
1502:Scaphoid
1453:Forelimb
1428:Coracoid
1413:Clavicle
1241:Epihyoid
1208:Splenial
1186:Coronoid
1158:Mandible
1094:Quadrate
1083:Prevomer
1077:Palatine
1041:Temporal
1035:Petrosal
857:Parietal
842:Lacrimal
771:skeleton
768:tetrapod
723:18213703
677:18510506
551:27240556
493:30548203
195:Mesozoic
130:Reptiles
42:of many
1889:Baculum
1724:Tibiale
1689:Patella
1640:Ischium
1544:Pteroid
1498:Radiale
1461:Humerus
1443:Sternum
1438:Scapula
1417:Furcula
1191:Dentary
1180:Malleus
1166:Angular
991:Prootic
961:Ethmoid
914:Tabular
893:Rostral
847:Maxilla
813:Frontal
796:Cranium
766:in the
668:2423400
542:5013065
249:Gallery
208:Teleost
187:turtles
181:Within
152:tuatara
148:lizards
138:Within
99:extinct
52:mammals
44:animals
1860:Ungual
1832:Cuboid
1709:Tarsus
1683:Fibula
1614:Ungual
1583:Hamate
1527:Lunate
1508:Ulnare
1490:Carpus
1338:Coccyx
1326:Sacrum
1121:Stapes
1055:Palate
721:
675:
665:
657:
549:
539:
491:
483:
222:, and
172:clades
144:snakes
95:Fossil
64:sclera
58:, and
1969:Skull
1820:Talus
1678:Tibia
1673:Femur
1650:Pubis
1645:Ilium
1481:Manus
1306:Atlas
1289:Axial
1223:Hyoid
1104:Vomer
1098:Incus
852:Nasal
832:Jugal
784:Skull
764:Bones
191:birds
1471:Ulna
1364:Ribs
1311:Axis
719:PMID
673:PMID
655:ISSN
595:2013
547:PMID
489:PMID
481:ISSN
431:2013
234:and
202:Fish
166:and
40:eyes
36:bone
30:The
1964:Eye
1700:Pes
711:doi
707:291
663:PMC
647:doi
643:212
616:doi
537:PMC
527:doi
523:229
471:doi
467:303
72:see
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717:.
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