481:
138:
614:
392:
31:
567:
427:
1865 the Dublin
Builder somewhat belatedly published an article about the tower. The author's purpose seems to have been to defend Lanyon and the Londonderrys against accusations of having rigged the competition. This article overstates the tower's height as 195 feet instead of 135 and understates the cost of the tower as £2300 instead of £3010. It also exaggerates the contribution made by the tenants to imply that the tower was exclusively financed by the tenants.
578:. The relief is deeply undercut under the coronet and behind the dragon's wing. The coronet is decorated with three leaves and two balls as befits a marquess. The dragon crest represents the Stewart family. The arm (more precisely "cubit") with the hand in a gauntlet holding a sword represents the Vane family. The scroll below the coronet and the crests shows the motto (in Latin), which reads: Metuenda corolla draconis (the dragon's crest is to be feared).
354:. However, the obelisk came to nothing and indeed none of the first three projects was executed. When the committee called for tenders from building contractors, all the submissions for the three best-rated entries exceeded the budget and were therefore rejected. Finally, a tender by Hugh Dixon from Newtownards for the fourth project was accepted. However, supporters of William Barre claimed that the competition had been rigged.
582:
the ground floor and the first floor had floors and ceilings. All the space in the tower above the first floor's ceiling right up into the cone of the main roof was left empty. The ground floor was the caretaker's apartment. The first floor was planned as an armoury as would be required in a peel tower but was never equipped and used as such. This armoury is covered with a brick
586:, which is the reason why the spacing between the armoury's windows and those of the second floor is wider than those between the other levels in the main body. A proper second floor was created later by inserting a wooden floor as part of the repairs and the upgrading done by the Department of Environment. This second floor was thus gained on the remaining undivided space.
145:
455:) most of whom were fellow gentry. The tower is massive and imposing, symbolizing, if anything, landlord power. Size and mass were the "chief objects" according to the Dublin Builder. In later appreciations it is found "more curious than beautiful" and "one of the finest examples of 19th-century folly towers".
581:
The tower should have had eight levels according to the placement of its windows on the wood engraving: the ground floor in the base, six floors in the main body and one in the setback masonry cylinder that occupies the centre of the platform and carries the main roof. When work stopped in 1859, only
399:
A gilt-framed picture of the Scrabo Tower, which seems to be a coloured-in wood engraving, is preserved at Mount
Stewart. It gives an artist's view of the Londonderry Monument, showing three towers linked by two short stretches of crenellated wall. The middle tower resembles the one built. The others
349:
The funds raised allowed for a budget of £2000. At first, the monument was to be built in
Newtownards, but it was later shifted to Scrabo Hill where it could be seen from Mount Stewart and where suitable building stone was quarried. In December 1855 the committee decided to hold a design competition.
496:
by most recent authors.: "... mysteriously designed in the
Scottish baronial style ..." The article in the Illustrated London News of 1857 says "... in the style of a Scottish chateau ...", whereas the article in the Dublin Builder of 1865 calls it "Scotch baronial". Its height is 135
530:
The tower's entrance door is on the north face. It is accessed by a short outer stair. The door is surmounted by a commemorative plaque in a bluish black stone, probably slate. The inscription dedicates the monument to the 3rd
Marquess. Following his change of surname, he is called Vane rather than
472:, which is managed by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA). In 2014, the NIEA announced that water ingress had damaged the electricity supply, and citing safety concerns, closed the tower to visitors. By 2015, the tower opened occasionally, and in 2017 it was fully reopened to the public.
463:
After the tower's completion in 1859, William McKay, a foreman of the quarry, moved into the tower as caretaker. His family ran a tearoom in the tower until 1966 despite the lack of water at the top of the hill. The tower and the grounds on which it stands were then acquired by the state. In 1977,
426:
The construction generally followed the accepted plans, but the tower's height was shortened and its form was simplified by omitting the crenellated walls and the wing towers. Work ceased in 1859 after the cost had risen to £3010. The contractor was ruined, and the interior was left unfinished. In
439:. This seems improbable given the criticism directed toward him in those years. Londonderry refused to consider rent reductions, had objected to public works schemes for famine relief, and while making contributions of £30 to the local soup kitchens in 1847, spent £15,000 renovating their home in
680:
Scrabo
Country Park, in which the tower stands, includes parts of the top and the eastern and southern slopes of Scrabo Hill as well as Killynether Wood. The eastern part of the hill is of geological interest because outcrops in the South Quarry reveal contacts between sediments (sandstone) and
512:, comprising 122 steps, that projects from the southeast corner. The tower's square part is surmounted by a short setback cylindrical storey that is covered with a steep conical roof. The transition from square to round is achieved by a platform decorated with four corner turrets linked by
468:. The Department of Environment spent £20,000 on the tower in 1992, repairing windows, repointing the masonry, adding lightning protection and fitting in a wooden floor between the second and third floor, which had been omitted in 1859 to cut costs. The tower now stands in the Scrabo
605:
or as basalt in various sources. This material is harder and more resistant to weathering than the sandstone but difficult to work. It was cut into blocks of variable size and laid in frequently interrupted courses. The outer surfaces of these blocks were left in rough
335:, and his widow, the dowager marchioness, decided to build him a monument. As these two were not at good terms, each conceived and pushed his or her own project. Two monuments resulted: the Irish tower discussed here and an equestrian statue in Durham, England.
388:, also in the Scottish Baronial style, on the next hill to the north of Scrabo. The new tower was to be more than twice the height, and be situated on a bare hilltop so that, unlike Helen's Tower concealed by trees, it could be seen from a great distance.
685:
of intrusive rocks (dolerite). This eastern part, which includes the site of the tower, has been declared an Area of
Special Scientific Interest (ASSI). Much of the plateau on top of the hill to the west of the tower is occupied by Scrabo Golf Course.
601:, window dressings, stairs, corbels, copings and roofs, as well as for courses that mark limits: the moulding between the base and the main body and the one that separates the stair tower from the cap-house above it. The dolerite is described as
423:, chairman of the Building Committee, in a ceremony attended by the 4th Marquess, his wife, many members of the gentry, and a crowd of residents and tenants. The Dowager Marchioness, the 4th Marquess's stepmother, was conspicuously absent.
381:
763:, p. 124a: "The excavations for the foundations disclosed a vast quantity of wild boar tusks and bones, suggesting that the elevated position had been formerly the scene of Druidical sacrifices or of pre-historic pic-nics."
1786:
952:, p. 140a: "Two thirds of the cost was raised by 98 individuals (the list was headed by the Emperor Napoleon III of France), most of whom were fellow gentry from Antrim and Down, and personal friends of the Marquess."
527:). The other three turrets are smaller and sit on corbelled bases. Each of these bases consists of a pile of five roll-moulded corbel courses. A chimney stack is attached to the inner side of the northwestern turret.
197:
Nowadays, the tower on Scrabo Hill is usually just called Scrabo Tower and is visited for its views and surroundings. However, its original name was
Londonderry Monument or Memorial. That name referred to the
1742:, p. 37: "The tower itself is tall and square, built of rough brown stone blocks, and pretty much looks like everybody's idea of what a generic tower should be, which is a virtue in allegorical objects."
206:, 10 miles (16 km) east of Belfast. As the tower dominates the town, it is often used as an emblem for Newtownards. The tower is built on the site of a prehistoric hill fort. Scrabo is pronounced
320:. His second wife was a rich heiress and the marriage contract obliged him to change his surname to hers, which explains why he was first called Stewart and later Vane. He succeeded his half-brother
829:
1603:: "... may, in compliance with the provisions of the last will and testament of the said Sir Henry Vane, Bart. from henceforth continue respectively to use the surname of Vane only ..."
988:, p. 140b: "In 1855, it was decided that the memorial should be erected on Scrabo, and that the design should be subject of a competition with the cost of the work not to exceed £2,000."
202:
and only indirectly to the city or county of that name, which is 87 miles (140 km) away. The marquesses owned much ground around the hill. The hill and tower rise over the town of
626:
Scrabo Hill rises to a height of 540 feet (160 m) above mean sea level. The viewing platform or parapet walk of the tower, reached by climbing 122 steps, provides views over
1666:
137:
465:
2107:
435:
Those loyal to the
Stewart family suggested the inspiration for the memorial lay in the gratitude of his tenantry for the solicitude the Marquess had shown during the
342:
of France, donated most of the money, with some of the tenants also contributing. Altogether 730 people subscribed. The person behind these efforts was his eldest son
497:
feet (41 m) as can be confirmed by measuring the scaled elevation drawing in Howley (1993). However, heights of 125 feet and 195 feet have been given.
1399:: "Two of the finest examples of nineteenth-century folly towers are found standing within a few miles from each other, at Scrabo and Clandeboye in north Co. Down."
443:. Only 450 subscribers were connected to the estate on which there were 1,200 tenants farmers and many associated employees (in 1850, organised in the all-Ireland
343:
332:
373:
and a symbol of the landlord as a chivalrous protector of his tenants in times of danger. Such a tower was considered especially suitable for a
Stewart as the
574:
Above the plaque is a recess filled with a relief in white limestone or marble showing the coronet, two crests (dragon and sword arm), and the motto of the
338:
A committee was formed in Newtownards to raise funds by subscription for an Irish monument. The local gentry and the late marquess's friends, among which
350:
The deadline was 1 February 1856. Four entries were considered: an obelisk and three towers. The first prize went to the obelisk, which was submitted by
519:. The turrets are round and also wear steep conical roofs. The five roofs are entirely built in lapped stone courses. The southeastern turret serves as
658:
313:
178:
317:
1937:
868:. Search for Scrabo. Then find the right archival document by clicking the Open Scanned Records Button. Note 'scraith bó' and 'sward of the cow'.
316:, who was born Charles William Stewart in 1788. He fought in the Napoleonic Wars. He became married twice, first to Catherine Bligh and then to
1427:, p. 272: "Having fallen in considerable disrepair, it was taken into public ownership, and £20,000 was spent on its restoration in 1992."
725:
1988:
480:
46:
2112:
1154:"Memorial To The Late Marquis Of Londonderry, In Course Of Erection On Scrabo Hill, County Down, Ireland (picture from Dublin Libraries)"
2122:
2064:
1910:
1774:
1302:
1691:
1459:
2032:
1969:
1950:
1842:
976:, p. 50: "At the same time her husband constructed the great tower on Scrabo Hill overlooking the town in his father's memory."
751:: "During the Bronze Age the summit of Scrabo Hill was the site of a considerable settlement, enclosed within an oval hill fort."
504:(sloped) outer surfaces. The main body has vertical walls. The limit between the base and the main body is marked by a sandstone
940:: "an equestrian statue of him by Gaetano Monti was unveiled in the market-place at Durham by Disraeli on 2 December 1861."
416:
1627:, pp. 269–270: "At Scrabo Hill ... sandstone belonging to the upper division of the Trias ... are to be found;"
1874:
1183:
1044:
1015:
493:
272:
186:
500:
The tower consists of a base, a main body and a crenellated and turreted roof. The base contains the ground floor. It has
391:
1437:
1143:, p. 299b: "Memorial to the late Marquis of Londonderry, in course of Erection on Scrabo Hill, County Down, Ireland"
408:. It seems that these pictures represent the original project before simplification to cut cost. Lynn's obituary in the
1487:
177:, Northern Ireland. It provides wide views and is a landmark that can be seen from afar. It was built as a memorial to
401:
1932:
607:
1371:, p. 124h: "... size and mass were the chief objects to be attained at a comparably small cost ..."
613:
1075:, p. 112a: "... supporters of William Barre claimed that the conditions had been transgressed ..."
539:. The "& c" should be read "et cetera" and means that the marquess's many lesser post-nominals were omitted.
1886:
998:
696:
420:
395:
Artist' View of the Londonderry Memorial Tower, believed to represent the original project by Lanyon & Lynn
964:, p. 299a: "There was also placed in the jar a list of the subscribers' names, 730 of them all ...;"
1328:'Violently Democratic and Anti-Conservative'? An Analysis of Presbyterian 'Radicalism' in Ulster, c 1800-1852
716:, a periodic edited by Walt Willis, how they visited Scrabo Tower with Walt Willis in a literary pilgrimage.
451:
and lower rents). Two thirds of the cost of the tower was met by 98 subscribers (in a list headed by Emperor
1942:
575:
199:
709:
485:
436:
1887:"Memorial To The Late Marquis Of Londonderry, In Course Of Erection On Scrabo Hill, County Down, Ireland"
1359:, p. 141: "... if the tower is a symbol of anything, it is surely a symbol of landlord power."
1716:
287:
meaning "thinly covered rock" or "rough stony land". It was anglicized 'Scrabock' in the 16th century.
1811:
1652:
1585:
1529:
1412:
748:
2117:
321:
324:
as marquess in 1822 and became owner of the family estate in County Down. The estate's great house,
536:
444:
2088:
1532:: "The large central ‘roof’ tower has a beacon for aircraft to the pinnacle of its conical roof."
1256:, p. 124d: "It has been erected by the tenantry of the late Marquis of Londonderry ..."
484:
The tower's roofs in 2009. Note the lapped stone roofs. The frame added near the top carries two
362:
776:
2060:
2028:
1984:
1965:
1946:
1906:
1870:
1838:
1770:
1569:
1396:
1298:
654:
366:
1114:
666:
642:
627:
385:
241:
209:
1266:
1153:
1085:
646:
524:
509:
374:
99:
30:
1853:
1544:, p. 112b: "The Scrabo memorial is a multi-storied Scottish baronial tower ..."
2083:
1999:
1512:
1488:"Scrabo Tower – European Heritage Open Day (EHOD) 2015 Cultural Event – 12–13 September"
1473:
1326:
1923:
1229:, p. 140c: "In the end, however, the 135 feet high monument actually cost £3,010."
937:
682:
501:
405:
358:
328:, became his Irish residence but after his second marriage he lived mostly in England.
2043:
2021:
1831:
566:
2101:
1928:
1762:
1334:. Department of History, Durham University (doctoral dissertation). pp. 174–175.
708:, features the Tower of Trufandom (true fandom), which was inspired by Scrabo Tower.
513:
440:
409:
400:
are much smaller. Wood engravings similar to this picture have been published in the
357:
The fourth design had been submitted by the firm Lanyon & Lynn, a partnership of
325:
532:
469:
452:
448:
339:
570:
Inscription surmounted by a relief showing Londonderry coronet, crests & motto
2054:
1900:
1864:
1692:"Declaration of Area of Special Scientific Interest at Scrabo Co. Down (ASSI-91)"
1292:
295:, in which the hill stands. Another suggestion is that the name comes from Irish
701:
662:
650:
583:
516:
505:
351:
203:
174:
170:
1244:, p. 124c: "The cost was about 2,300, and the total height 195 feet."
634:. As the area to the south and southwest of Scrabo Hill is part of the Ulster
370:
276:
website. The pronunciation is attested in the old spelling variant 'Scraboh'.
1200:
But obituary of Lynn in IB 57, 25 Sep 1915, 431, says it was designed by Lynn
61:
48:
602:
520:
886:
1905:(2nd, heavily revised and enlarged ed.). London: Constable & Co.
1136:
1134:
1132:
1917:- Scrabo seems not to be mentioned in the 1st edition, published in 1953.
1855:
The Building and Ornamental Stones of Great Britain and Foreign Countries
705:
674:
594:
590:
365:
that lasted from the mid-1850s to 1860. The design showed a tower in the
292:
419:
and blessed by the Church of Ireland bishop of the diocese on demand by
635:
638:
Belt, this glacial landform can be very well observed from the tower.
1998:
Nielsen Hayden, Patrick James; Nielsen Hayden, Teresa (August 1987).
712:
and his wife Teresa tell in an article published in Number 37 of the
631:
598:
508:. The base and the main body are square in plan and comprise a round
792:
1924:"Vane, Charles William, third marquess of Londonderry (1778–1854)"
1294:
Charity and the Great Hunger in Ireland: The Kindness of Strangers
1003:
The architects designs were to be received before February 1, 1856
670:
612:
565:
479:
390:
299:, meaning "sward of the cow", "cow pasture", or "sod of the cow".
166:
1237:
1235:
816:, p. 124b: "The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down"
887:"The History of Scrabo Tower – Guardian of the North Down coast"
597:. The sandstone, more suitable for fine carvings, was used for
377:
ruled Scotland during the times when peel towers were erected.
589:
Two types of stone were used in the tower: whitish to pinkish
865:
256:
165:
is a 135 feet (41 m) high 19th-century lookout tower or
1739:
1222:
1220:
262:
238:
according to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) or
230:
1655:: "... constructed in random basalt rubble ..."
1474:"Scrabo Tower: County Down monument closed to the public"
630:
and its islands, as well as the towns of Newtownards and
224:
1639:, p. 124g g: "... a green whinstone ..."
1267:"Irish Famine: How Ulster was devastated by its impact"
1211:
1140:
961:
905:
903:
617:
The tower, seen from the other side of Strangford Lough
447:, 700 of these tenants had signed an address demanding
2056:
A Companion Guide to Architecture in Ireland 1837-1921
523:
over the stairs giving access to the parapet walk (or
384:, a neighbour of the Londonderrys, had recently built
1648:
1581:
1525:
1408:
744:
415:
The foundation stone was laid on 27 February 1857 by
331:
In 1854, when the 3rd Marquess died, his eldest son,
250:
247:
218:
215:
259:
253:
227:
221:
1983:(2nd ed.). Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
1556:, p. 124e: "... Scotch baronial ..."
244:
212:
115:
107:
97:
85:
77:
40:
23:
2020:
1922:
1885:
1830:
1813:Historic Building Details - HB Ref No: HB24/11/031
1785:
1769:. Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society.
2027:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1837:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1787:"The Londonderry Monument, Scraboh Hill, Co Down"
1667:"Scrabo Landscape Character Assessment (LCA 101)"
1653:Historic Building Details HB Ref No: HB24/11/031e
1586:Historic Building Details HB Ref No: HB24/11/031d
1530:Historic Building Details HB Ref No: HB24/11/031c
1413:Historic Building Details HB Ref No: HB24/11/031b
749:Historic Building Details HB Ref No: HB24/11/031a
1636:
1612:
1597:
1553:
1368:
1253:
1241:
813:
760:
645:with their lighthouse and the Scottish coast (
641:On clear days Helen's Tower in the north, the
344:Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry
333:Frederick Stewart, 4th Marquess of Londonderry
1728:This, he knew, must be the Tower of Trufandom
1184:"Co. Down, Scrabo Hill, Londonderry Monument"
1045:"Co. Down, Scrabo Hill, Londonderry Monument"
1016:"Co. Down, Scrabo Hill, Londonderry Monument"
8:
1383:, p. 112: "more curious than beautiful"
999:"1857 – Scrabo Tower, Newtownards, Co. Down"
270:according to the pronunciation heard on the
2023:BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names
1921:Lloyd, Ernest Marsh; Heesom, A. J. (2004).
1833:The Follies and Garden Buildings of Ireland
1115:"Londonderry Memorial Tower on Scrabo Hill"
933:
1460:"Scrabo Tower shut for foreseeable future"
558:Fame belongs to history, remembrance to us
29:
20:
1715:Willis, Walt; Shaw, Bob (February 1954).
179:Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry
1740:Nielsen Hayden & Nielsen Hayden 1987
1541:
1380:
1356:
1344:
1226:
1188:Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720–1940
1090:Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720-1940
1072:
1049:Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720-1940
1020:Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720-1940
985:
949:
700:, a story by the Northern Irish writers
2108:Buildings and structures in County Down
1938:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1160:. No. March 28, 1857. p. 299.
1109:
1107:
772:
737:
1565:
1392:
880:
878:
876:
874:
726:List of tourist attractions in Ireland
677:over Belfast in the west can be seen.
16:19th-century folly in Northern Ireland
1816:. Belfast: Department for Communities
1507:
1505:
1424:
909:
853:
824:
822:
787:
785:
114:
106:
96:
7:
1866:The Londonderrys - A Family Portrait
1624:
1588:: "Exterior Description And Setting"
1513:"Scrabo Tower reopens to the public"
973:
921:
793:"The Placenames Database of Ireland"
369:style that could be understood as a
144:
1061:Contractor: Hugh Dixon, Newtownards
834:Northern Ireland Place-Name Project
281:Northern Ireland Place-Name Project
1981:A Dictionary of Ulster Place-Names
1962:Newtown - A history of Newtownards
1297:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 53.
610:with many blocks quite prominent.
14:
1863:Hyde, Harford Montgomery (1979).
291:is also the Irish name of Scrabo
2059:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
1964:. Belfast: The White Row Press.
1884:Illustrated London News (1857).
1763:Brett, Charles Edward Bainbridge
1490:. Northern Ireland Tourist Board
1440:. Northern Ireland Tourist Board
382:5th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye
240:
208:
181:and was originally known as the
169:that stands on Scrabo Hill near
143:
136:
2045:Narrative of the Peninsular War
1899:Jones, Barbara Mildred (1974).
1572:: "86. Scrabo Tower: elevation"
1438:"Scrabo Tower and Country Park"
412:attributes the design to Lynn.
2042:Vane, Charles William (1828).
1784:Dublin Builder (15 May 1865).
1767:Buildings of North County Down
1173:The Irish Builder and Engineer
866:Placenames Database of Ireland
273:Placenames Database of Ireland
1:
2092:, no. 17480, 25 May 1819
1858:. London: Macmillan & Co.
1325:Nelson, Julie Louise (2005).
1190:. Irish Architectural Archive
1092:. Irish Architectural Archive
1051:. Irish Architectural Archive
1022:. Irish Architectural Archive
185:. Its architectural style is
1291:Kineally, Christine (2013).
1212:Illustrated London News 1857
1141:Illustrated London News 1857
1117:. National Trust Collections
962:Illustrated London News 1857
492:The tower's style is called
283:derives the name from Irish
152:Location in Northern Ireland
2019:Pointon, Graham E. (1990).
1892:The Illustrated London News
1869:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
1672:. Department of Environment
1665:Department of Environment.
1570:57, right column, Figure 86
1158:The Illustrated London News
553:by his tenantry and friends
314:3rd Marquess of Londonderry
312:The tower commemorates the
2139:
2123:Towers in Northern Ireland
2000:"Aspects and Inclinations"
1941:. Vol. 56. New York:
1717:"The Enchanted Duplicator"
1476:. BBC News. 22 April 2014.
1462:. UTV News. 22 April 2014.
466:Grade B+ historic building
464:the tower was listed as a
2113:Grade B+ listed buildings
2053:Williams, Jeremy (1995).
1960:McCavery, Trevor (1994).
1649:Historic Building Details
1582:Historic Building Details
1526:Historic Building Details
1409:Historic Building Details
1179:(25 September 1915): 431.
1032:Placed 1st in competition
745:Historic Building Details
669:in the south, as well as
576:marquesses of Londonderry
200:Marquesses of Londonderry
187:Scottish Baronial Revival
131:
127:
123:
93:
28:
2084:"Whitehall, May 5, 1819"
2048:. London: Henry Colburn.
1397:54, right column, line 5
795:. Dublin City University
593:sandstone and dark-grey
549:3 Marquis of Londonderry
421:William Sharman Crawford
1979:McKay, Patrick (2007).
1943:Oxford University Press
934:Lloyd & Heesom 2004
486:aircraft warning lights
402:Illustrated London News
1894:(March 28, 1857): 299.
1829:Howley, James (1993).
710:Patrick Nielsen Hayden
681:locally cross-cutting
665:in the southeast, the
661:in the northeast, the
618:
571:
489:
396:
35:Scrabo Tower, May 2007
1852:Hull, Edward (1872).
1171:"Obituary: HW Lynn".
622:Surroundings and view
616:
569:
483:
394:
1902:Follies and Grottoes
697:Enchanted Duplicator
547:Charles William Vane
537:Knight of the Garter
352:William Joseph Barre
322:Viscount Castlereagh
183:Londonderry Monument
1637:Dublin Builder 1865
1613:Dublin Builder 1865
1554:Dublin Builder 1865
1515:. BBC. 7 July 2017.
1369:Dublin Builder 1865
1347:, pp. 140–141.
1254:Dublin Builder 1865
1242:Dublin Builder 1865
1086:"Lanyon & Lynn"
814:Dublin Builder 1865
761:Dublin Builder 1865
445:Tenant Right League
375:Stewarts or Stuarts
62:54.58010°N 5.7155°W
58: /
2089:The London Gazette
1945:. pp. 95–98.
1792:The Dublin Builder
619:
572:
490:
417:Sir Robert Bateson
397:
363:William Henry Lynn
116:Reference no.
1990:978-0-85389-896-2
655:Rhins of Galloway
559:
494:Scottish Baronial
367:Scottish Baronial
318:Frances Anne Vane
193:Name and location
160:
159:
89:Lanyon & Lynn
67:54.58010; -5.7155
2130:
2093:
2070:
2049:
2038:
2026:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1994:
1975:
1956:
1926:
1916:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1859:
1848:
1836:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1789:
1780:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1415:: "Survey 2: B+"
1406:
1400:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1180:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1012:
1006:
1005:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
898:
897:
895:
893:
882:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
844:
842:
840:
826:
817:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
789:
780:
770:
764:
758:
752:
742:
667:Mourne Mountains
643:Copeland Islands
628:Strangford Lough
560:
556:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
147:
146:
140:
73:
72:
70:
69:
68:
63:
59:
56:
55:
54:
51:
33:
21:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1978:
1972:
1959:
1953:
1933:Harrison, Brian
1920:
1913:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1783:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1615:, p. 124f.
1611:
1607:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
997:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
901:
891:
889:
884:
883:
872:
864:
860:
852:
848:
838:
836:
828:
827:
820:
812:
808:
798:
796:
791:
790:
783:
771:
767:
759:
755:
743:
739:
734:
722:
692:
647:Mull of Kintyre
624:
564:
561:
557:
555:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
525:chemin de ronde
478:
461:
433:
310:
305:
243:
239:
211:
207:
195:
156:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
103:
100:Listed Building
66:
64:
60:
57:
52:
49:
47:
45:
44:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2136:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:978-0716525134
2065:
2050:
2039:
2033:
2016:
1995:
1989:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1929:Matthew, Colin
1918:
1912:978-0094593503
1911:
1896:
1881:
1875:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1826:
1808:
1781:
1776:978-0900457579
1775:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1707:
1683:
1657:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1599:London Gazette
1590:
1574:
1558:
1546:
1534:
1518:
1501:
1479:
1465:
1451:
1429:
1417:
1401:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1317:
1304:978-1441117588
1303:
1283:
1258:
1246:
1231:
1216:
1214:, p. 300.
1204:
1163:
1145:
1128:
1103:
1077:
1065:
1036:
1007:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
926:
914:
912:, p. 429.
899:
870:
858:
856:, p. 129.
846:
818:
806:
781:
765:
753:
736:
735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
721:
718:
691:
688:
623:
620:
541:
535:KG stands for
477:
474:
460:
457:
432:
429:
406:Dublin Builder
359:Charles Lanyon
309:
306:
304:
301:
194:
191:
158:
157:
151:
142:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2135:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2034:0-19-282745-6
2030:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1971:9781870132701
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1952:0-19-861406-3
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1844:0-300-10225-9
1840:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:Williams 1995
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:Williams 1995
1377:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:McCavery 1994
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:McCavery 1994
1341:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:McCavery 1994
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:Williams 1995
1069:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:. Archiseek.
1000:
994:
991:
987:
986:McCavery 1994
982:
979:
975:
970:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
950:McCavery 1994
946:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
888:
885:Orme, Debby.
881:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
859:
855:
850:
847:
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
807:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
766:
762:
757:
754:
750:
746:
741:
738:
731:
727:
724:
723:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
689:
687:
684:
678:
676:
673:Mountain and
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:North Channel
657:) beyond the
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
621:
615:
611:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
579:
577:
568:
563:
540:
538:
534:
531:Stewart. The
528:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
495:
487:
482:
475:
473:
471:
467:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Mount Stewart
438:
430:
428:
424:
422:
418:
413:
411:
410:Irish Builder
407:
403:
393:
389:
387:
386:Helen's Tower
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
326:Mount Stewart
323:
319:
315:
307:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
274:
267:
235:
205:
201:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
139:
130:
126:
122:
118:
110:
101:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2087:
2055:
2044:
2022:
2008:. Retrieved
2003:
1980:
1961:
1936:
1901:
1891:
1865:
1854:
1832:
1818:. Retrieved
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1795:
1791:
1766:
1735:
1727:
1720:. Retrieved
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1660:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1577:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1521:
1494:13 September
1492:. Retrieved
1482:
1468:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1432:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1327:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1293:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:
1261:
1249:
1207:
1199:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1119:. Retrieved
1094:. Retrieved
1089:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1053:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1031:
1024:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
1002:
993:
981:
969:
957:
945:
929:
917:
890:. Retrieved
861:
849:
837:. Retrieved
833:
809:
797:. Retrieved
773:Pointon 1990
768:
756:
740:
713:
695:
693:
679:
640:
625:
588:
580:
573:
545:in memory of
542:
533:post-nominal
529:
514:machicolated
499:
491:
476:Architecture
470:Country Park
462:
459:Later events
453:Napoleon III
449:tenant right
437:Great Famine
434:
425:
414:
398:
379:
356:
348:
340:Napoleon III
337:
330:
311:
296:
288:
284:
280:
278:
271:
196:
182:
163:Scrabo Tower
162:
161:
24:Scrabo Tower
18:
2118:Newtownards
1802:10 December
1722:25 February
1566:Howley 1993
1393:Howley 1993
799:1 September
779:: "skræboʊ"
702:Walt Willis
663:Isle of Man
651:Ailsa Craig
608:rustication
584:groin vault
517:battlements
510:stair tower
506:belt course
204:Newtownards
175:County Down
171:Newtownards
119:HB24/11/031
65: /
41:Coordinates
2102:Categories
1876:0241101530
1798:(130): 124
1568:, p.
1425:Brett 2002
1395:, p.
1310:19 January
1276:18 January
936:, p.
910:Jones 1974
854:McKay 2007
839:12 January
775:, p.
690:In fiction
551:KG & c
371:peel tower
297:scraith bó
108:Designated
102:– Grade B+
50:54°34′48″N
1625:Hull 1872
1181:cited in
974:Hyde 1979
922:Vane 1828
732:Citations
675:Cave Hill
603:whinstone
521:cap-house
431:Symbolism
289:Screabach
285:screabach
86:Architect
81:1857–1859
53:5°42′56″W
1935:(eds.).
1765:(2002).
1444:24 April
1271:BBC News
830:"Scrabo"
720:See also
706:Bob Shaw
595:dolerite
591:Triassic
502:battered
404:and the
293:townland
1820:1 March
1750:Sources
1700:16 July
1676:20 July
1194:17 July
1121:29 July
1096:22 July
1055:17 July
1026:17 July
892:7 April
636:Drumlin
543:Erected
308:Origins
303:History
2063:
2031:
2004:Hyphen
1987:
1968:
1949:
1909:
1873:
1841:
1773:
1301:
714:Hyphen
632:Comber
599:quoins
2010:1 May
1927:. In
1755:Books
1695:(PDF)
1670:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
683:sills
671:Divis
562:1857
167:folly
78:Built
2076:News
2061:ISBN
2029:ISBN
2012:2008
2006:(37)
1985:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1822:2019
1804:2019
1771:ISBN
1724:2009
1702:2018
1678:2018
1601:1819
1496:2015
1446:2014
1312:2021
1299:ISBN
1278:2021
1196:2018
1123:2018
1098:2018
1057:2018
1028:2018
894:2018
841:2023
801:2018
704:and
694:The
653:and
380:The
361:and
279:The
111:1977
777:217
173:in
2104::
2086:,
2002:.
1931:;
1890:.
1794:.
1790:.
1726:.
1651:,
1584:,
1528:,
1504:^
1411:,
1269:.
1234:^
1219:^
1198:.
1186:.
1177:57
1175:.
1156:.
1131:^
1106:^
1088:.
1059:.
1047:.
1030:.
1018:.
938:98
902:^
873:^
832:.
821:^
784:^
747:,
649:,
346:.
263:oʊ
257:ɑː
231:oʊ
189:.
2069:.
2037:.
2014:.
1993:.
1974:.
1955:.
1915:.
1879:.
1847:.
1824:.
1806:.
1796:7
1779:.
1704:.
1680:.
1498:.
1448:.
1314:.
1280:.
1125:.
1100:.
924:.
896:.
843:.
803:.
488:.
266:/
260:b
254:r
251:k
248:s
245:ˈ
242:/
234:/
228:b
225:æ
222:r
219:k
216:s
213:ˈ
210:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
