579:, though they have been used elsewhere, and have become much more common in other countries in recent decades. Robertson screwdrivers are easy to use one-handed, because the tapered socket tends to retain the screw, even if it is shaken. They also allow for the use of angled screw drivers and trim head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are self-centering, reduce cam out, stop a power tool when set, and can be removed if painted over or old and rusty. In industry, they speed up production and reduce product damage. One of their first major industrial uses was the Ford Motor Company's Model A & Model T production. Henry Ford found them highly reliable and saved considerable production time, but he could not secure licensing for them in the United States, so he limited their use solely to his Canadian division. Robertson-head screwdrivers are available in a standard range of tip sizes, from 1.77mm to 4.85mm.
775:
490:. Furthermore, the term implies that a screwdriver has a "head"; it does not. Such a flat-headed screw may have a slotted, cross, square recessed, or combination head. Before the development of the newer bit types, the flat-blade was called the "Common-Blade", because it was the most common one. Depending on the application, the name of this screwdriver may differ. Within the automotive/heavy electric industries, it is known as a "flat head screwdriver"; within the avionics and mining industries, it is known as a "standard screwdriver". Though there are many names; the original device from 1908 was known as a "flat-head screw turner".
239:. The brothers Job and William Wyatt found a way to produce a screw on a novel machine that first cut the slotted head, and then cut the helix. Though their business ultimately failed, their contribution to low-cost manufacturing of the screw ultimately led to a vast increase in the screw and the screwdriver's popularity. The increase in popularity gradually led to refinement and eventually diversification of the screwdriver. Refinement of the precision of screws also significantly contributed to the boom in production, mostly by increasing its efficiency and standardizing sizes, important precursors to industrial manufacture.
156:
321:, under which name it is an important part of a set of pistols. The name was common in earlier centuries, used by cabinetmakers, shipwrights, and perhaps other trades. The cabinetmaker's screwdriver is one of the longest-established handle forms, somewhat oval or ellipsoid in cross-section. This is variously attributed to improving grip or preventing the tool rolling off the bench. The shape has been popular for a couple of hundred years. It is usually associated with a plain head for slotted screws, but has been used with many head forms. Modern plastic screwdrivers use a handle with a roughly
611:
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34:
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141:, which provide two types of 'hammering' force for improved performance in certain situations, and "right-angle" drivers for use in tight spaces. Many options and enhancements, such as built-in bubble levels, high/low gear selection, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clutches, keyless chucks, "gyroscopic" control, etc., are available.
729:
774:
602:, is another historic cross-head screw configuration. The cross in the screw head is sharper and less rounded than a Phillips, and the bit has 45° flukes and a sharper, pointed end. Also, the Phillips screw slot is not as deep as the Reed and Prince slot. In theory, different size R&P screws fit any R&P bit size.
509:(surface heat-treated), coated with black-oxide, black-phosphate, or diamond-coated to increase friction between the screwdriver tip and the screw. Thus tip grinding after manufacture will likely compromise their durability so it is best to select the proper tip and avoid weakening the manufacture's treatments.
571:-shaped socket in the screw head and a square protrusion on the tool. Both the tool and the socket have a taper, which makes inserting the tool easier, and also tends to help keep the screw on the tool tip. (The taper's earliest reason for being was to make the manufacture of the screws practical using
376:
Some screwdrivers have a short hexagonal section at the top of the blade, adjacent to the handle, so that a ring spanner or open wrench can be used to increase the applied torque. Another option are "cabinet" screwdrivers which are made of flat bar stock and while the shaft may be rounded, will have
220:
guns were secured with screws, and the need to constantly replace the pyrites resulted in a considerable refinement of the screwdriver. The tool is more documented in France, and took on many shapes and sizes, though all for slotted screws. There were large, heavy-duty screwdrivers for building and
521:
Each
Phillips screwdriver size also has a related shank diameter. The driver has a 57° point and tapered, unsharp (rounded) flutes. The #1 and smaller bits come to a blunt point, but the #2 and above have no point, but rather a nearly squared-off tip, making each size incompatible with the other.
843:
can be set to rotate left or right with each push, or can be locked so that the tool can be used like a conventional screwdriver. One disadvantage of this design is that if the bit slips out of the screw, the resultant sudden extension of the spring may cause the bit to scratch or otherwise damage
671:
Non-typical fasteners are commonplace in consumer devices for their ability to make disassembly more difficult, which is seen as a benefit for manufacturers but is considered a disadvantage by users than if more common head types were used. In microwave ovens, such screws deny casual access to the
520:
screwdrivers come in several standard sizes, ranging from tiny "jeweler's" to those used for automobile frame assembly—or #000 to #4 respectively. This size number is usually stamped onto the shank (shaft) or handle for identification. Each bit size fits a range of screw sizes, more or less well.
124:
A screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is shaped to fit the driving surfaces (slots, grooves, recesses, etc.) on the corresponding screw head. Proper use requires that the screwdriver's tip engage the head of a screw of the same size and type designation as the screwdriver tip. Screwdriver
625:
are widely used in Europe and most of the Far East. While
Pozidriv screws have cross heads like Phillips and are sometimes thought effectively the same, the Pozidriv design allows higher torque application than Phillips. It is often claimed that they can apply more torque than any of the other
116:
Handles are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. Some manual screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in mechanically or
113:, as they are quicker, easier, and can also drill holes. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for additional "grip".
667:
is one such pattern that has become widespread. It is a spline tip with a corresponding recess in the screw head. The main cause of this trend is manufacturing efficiency: Torx screwdriver tips do not slip out of the fastener as easily as would a
Phillips or slotted driver. (Slotted screws are
504:
Many textbooks and vocational schools instruct mechanics to grind down the tip of the blade, which, due to the taper, increases its thickness and consequently allows more precise engagement with the slot in the screw. This approach creates a set of graduated slotted screwdrivers that will fit a
395:
Some screwdriver tips are magnetic, so that the screw (unless non-magnetic) remains attached to the screwdriver. This is particularly useful for small screws, which are otherwise very difficult to attempt to handle. Many screwdriver designs have a handle with a detachable tip (the part of the
691:
consoles, though drivers for the more common security heads are, again, readily available. Another type of security head has smooth curved surfaces instead of the slot edges that would permit loosening the screw; it is found in public rest room privacy partitions, and cannot be removed by
675:
However, Torx and other drivers have become widely available to the consumer due to their increasing use in the industry. Some other styles fit a three-pointed star recess, and a five-lobed spline with rounded edges instead of the square edges of the Torx. This is called a
497:, where the blade profile is slightly flared before tapering off at the end, which provides extra stiffness to the workface and makes it capable of withstanding more torque by gripping deeper in the screw slot. To maximize access in space-restricted applications, the
256:, though he was not the first person to patent the idea of socket-head screws, was the first to successfully commercialize them, starting in 1908. Socket screws rapidly grew in popularity, and are still used for their resistance to wear and tear, compatibility with
1156:
377:
a large flat section adjacent to the handle which a wrench (often an adjustable) may be used on for additional leverage. The offset screwdriver has a handle set at right angles to the small blade, providing access to narrow spaces and giving extra torque.
136:
that also function as screwdrivers. This is particularly useful as drilling a pilot hole before driving a screw is a common operation. Special combination drill-driver bits and adapters let an operator rapidly alternate between the two. Variations include
108:
A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. This form of the screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and homes with a more modern and versatile tool, a
528:
at lower torque levels than other "cross head" designs, an effect caused by the tapered profile of the flutes which makes them easier to insert into the screw than other similar styles. There has long been a popular belief that this was actually a
1213:
533:
feature of the design. Evidence is lacking for this specific narrative and the feature is not mentioned in the original patents. However, a subsequent refinement to the original design described in US Patent #2,474,994 describes this feature.
346:, which operated from 1850 to 1900. Many manufacturers adopted this handle design. At the time, the "flat bladed" screw type was prevalent and was the fastener with which they were designed to be used. Another popular design was composed of
311:, the Phillips screw quickly became, and remains, the most popular screw in the world. A main attraction for the screw was that conventional slotted screwdrivers could also be used on them, which was not possible with the Robertson Screw.
641:. Compatible screw heads are usually identifiable by a single depressed dot or an "X" to one side of the cross slot. This is a screw standard throughout the Asia market and Japanese imports. The driver has a 57° point with a flat tip.
728:
391:
Screwdrivers come in a large range of sizes to accommodate various screws—from tiny jeweller's screwdrivers up. A screwdriver that is not the right size and type for the screw may damage the screw in the process of tightening it.
187:, a manuscript written sometime between 1475 and 1490. These earliest screwdrivers had pear-shaped handles and were made for slotted screws (diversification of the many types of screwdrivers did not emerge until the
341:
The handle and shaft of screwdrivers have changed considerably over time. The design is influenced by both purpose and manufacturing requirements. The "Perfect
Pattern Handle" screwdriver was first manufactured by
847:
Once very popular, versions of these spiral ratchet drivers using proprietary bits have been largely discontinued by manufacturers such as
Stanley. Some companies now offer a modernized version that uses standard
715:
that slips at a preset torque. This helps the user tighten screws to a specified torque without damage or over-tightening. Cordless drills designed to use as screwdrivers often have such a clutch.
373:
are also common. Many screwdriver handles are not smooth and often not round, but have flats or other irregularities to improve grip and to prevent the tool from rolling when on a flat surface.
802:
action whereby the screwdriver blade locks to the handle for clockwise rotation, but uncouples for counterclockwise rotation when set for tightening screws—and vice versa for loosening.
493:
Among slotted screwdrivers, variations at the blade or bit end involve the profile of the blade as viewed face-on (from the side of the tool). The more common type is sometimes called
132:
A wide variety of power screwdrivers ranges from a simple "stick"-type with batteries, a motor, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful "pistol" type VSR (variable-speed reversible)
1454:
224:
The screwdriver depended entirely on the screw, and it took several advances to make the screw easy enough to produce to become popular and widespread. The most popular door
501:
variant screwdriver blade sides are straight and parallel, reaching the end of the blade at a right angle. This design is also frequently used in jeweler's screwdrivers.
1432:
191:). The screwdriver remained inconspicuous, however, as evidence of its existence throughout the next 300 years is based primarily on the presence of screws.
762:
228:
at the time was the butt-hinge, but it was considered a luxury. The butt-hinge was handmade, and its constant motion required the security of a screw.
129:). The two most common are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted screws, and Phillips, generically called "cross-recess", "cross-head", or "cross-point".
1407:
209:, particularly the matchlock. Screws, hence screwdrivers, were not used in full combat armor, most likely to give the wearer freedom of movement.
858:-inch hex shank power tool bits. Since a wide variety of drill bits are available in this format, the tool can do double duty as a "push drill" or
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1931:
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purchased the company, it became synonymous with only this type of screwdriver. The user pushes the handle toward the workpiece, causing a
824:
909:
505:
particular screw for a tighter engagement and reduce screw head deformation. However, many better-quality screwdriver blades are already
1344:
1896:
1261:
1211:, Tomalis, Joseph & American Screw Company, "Screw Socket", published December 30, 1942, issued July 5, 1949
1040:
422:
1340:"The Phillips screwdriver has about 30° flukes and a blunt end, while the Reed and Prince has 45° flukes and a sharper, pointed end."
1362:
1978:
325:
cross-section to achieve these same two goals, a far cry from the pear-shaped handle of the original 15th-century screwdriver.
1968:
1134:
410:
155:
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20:
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Interchangeable bits allow the use of powered screwdrivers, commonly using an electric or air motor to rotate the bit.
984:
232:
184:
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653:
A set of "secure" or otherwise less common screwdriver bits, including secure Torx and secure hex or "Allen" variants
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1667:
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magnetically. These often have a hollow handle that contains various types and sizes of tips, and a reversible
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1916:
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300:
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of the heads, but its other advantages helped popularize the drive.) Robertson screws are commonplace in
1906:
404:. This provides a set of one handle and several bits that can drive a variety of screw sizes and types.
264:
when set. Though immensely popular, Robertson had trouble marketing his invention to the newly booming
1208:
649:
1946:
1941:
1477:
871:
658:
386:
343:
295:. Phillips offered his screw to the American Screw Company, and after a successful trial on the 1936
292:
126:
66:
668:
rarely used in mass-produced devices, since the driver is not inherently centered on the fastener.)
661:, if they contain screws, use screws with heads other than the typical slotted or Phillips styles.
1911:
1612:
1520:
506:
206:
1672:
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955:
820:
807:
706:
1772:
1096:
901:
626:
commonly used cross-head screwdriver systems, due to a complex fluting (mating) configuration.
361:. Designs include indentations for the user's fingers, and surfaces of a soft material such as
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action that allows multiple full turns without repositioning the tip or the user's hand.
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183:(turnscrew), respectively. The first documentation of the tool is in the medieval
1128:
1797:
1757:
1607:
1592:
487:
164:
110:
1447:"When a Phillips is not a Phillips, step10: JIS – Japanese Industrial Standard"
333:
1827:
1822:
1727:
1722:
1702:
1682:
1652:
1412:
The
Frearson recess is designed so that any size bit will fit any size recess.
1195:
930:
637:
cross-head screwdrivers are still another standard, often inaccurately called
261:
242:
188:
1504:
1036:
221:
repairing large machines, and smaller screwdrivers for refined cabinet work.
1847:
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in the user's hand, for user comfort and to facilitate maximum control and
1862:
1554:
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199:
287:
patented his own invention, an improved version of a deep socket with a
1777:
1677:
1632:
1602:
1559:
1180:
744:
with speed and torque control are commonly used as power screwdrivers.
525:
366:
353:
The shape and material of many modern screwdriver handles are designed
322:
257:
213:
168:
76:
1872:
1762:
1707:
1657:
836:
712:
672:
high-power kilovolt electrical components, which are very dangerous.
576:
370:
358:
195:
172:
150:
80:
683:
Specialized patterns of security screws are also used, such as the
1737:
1617:
789:
722:
711:
Screwdrivers are available—manual, electric, and pneumatic—with a
648:
609:
586:
547:
482:" screwdriver. This last usage can be confusing, because the term
437:
332:
270:
241:
236:
225:
202:
167:. They were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in
154:
97:
1478:
One Good Turn: A Natural
History of the Screwdriver and the Screw
1283:
486:
also describes a screw with a flat top, designed to install in a
198:, for securing breastplates, backplates, and helmets on medieval
1496:
663:
194:
Screws were used in the 15th century to construct screw-cutting
93:
1516:
1512:
980:
811:(a brand name), provide a special mechanism that transforms
1157:"The 10 Best Screwdriver Sets of 2023, Tested and Reviewed"
1133:. Extension Course Institute, Air University. p. 169.
163:
The earliest documented screwdrivers were used in the late
1284:"Robertson Inc. - The Original Robertson Fastening System"
1509:
Various republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).
365:
to increase comfort and grip. Composite handles of rigid
125:
tips are available in a wide variety of types and sizes (
1324:
1322:
1320:
805:
Spiral ratchet screw drivers, often colloquially called
1091:
Homebasics: the complete guide to running today's home
839:
groove to rotate the shank and the removable bit. The
175:. The tool's original names in German and French were
1425:"When a Phillips is not a Phillips, step13: Posidriv"
794:
Stanley Yankee No 130A, spiral or ratchet screwdriver
687:
style by OSG System
Products, Japan, as used in many
736:
How to use a cordless drill as a powered screwdriver
756:
A rechargeable battery-powered electric screwdriver
524:The design is often criticized for its tendency to
205:—and eventually for multiple parts of the emerging
72:
61:
51:
43:
1088:
1055:
268:, for he was unwilling to relinquish his patents.
780:Cordless drill being used to drive screw fastener
303:. With the Industrial Revival at the end of the
591:Comparison of Phillips and Frearson screw heads
1172:Testing and Understanding Screwdriver Bit Wear
768:Compact electric screwdriver with extended bit
1528:
931:"Schraubenzieher « atlas-alltagssprache"
8:
396:screwdriver that engages the screw), called
231:Screws were very hard to produce before the
26:
1535:
1521:
1513:
1328:
1311:
1004:
32:
1179:
1127:Richards, A.J.; Stephenson, J.H. (1984).
823:" name was used on all tools sold by the
235:, requiring the manufacture of a conical
1247:Furniture Projects for the Deck and Lawn
893:
746:
406:
96:, manual or powered, used for turning
25:
1228:"US Patent #2,474,994 Claims, Page 7"
1130:Avionic Navigation Systems Specialist
7:
1095:. Barnes & Noble Books. p.
1017:Capotosto, Rosario (December 1996),
825:North Brothers Manufacturing Company
38:A slotted or "flat-head" screwdriver
1174:(Master's thesis). Virginia Tech.
1062:. New York: Random House. p.
956:"Franz Kafka: In der Strafkolonie"
635:Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
630:Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
14:
1410:from the original on 2012-04-25.
16:Hand tool used for turning screws
1457:from the original on 2011-08-27.
1435:from the original on 2014-09-03.
1234:from the original on 2017-08-04.
1137:from the original on 30 May 2020
1043:from the original on 2017-02-16.
798:Some manual screwdrivers have a
773:
761:
749:
421:
409:
1381:from the original on 2014-07-07
1294:from the original on 2011-09-26
1264:from the original on 2013-10-11
1170:Adler, Alexander (1998-05-18).
987:from the original on 2021-08-06
962:from the original on 2021-08-09
937:from the original on 2021-08-20
912:from the original on 2013-12-19
299:, it quickly swept through the
614:Phillips and Pozidriv compared
442:Screwdriver with rubber handle
1:
428:Screwdriver with magnetic tip
337:"Perfect Handle" screwdrivers
552:A variety of Robertson sizes
21:Screwdriver (disambiguation)
692:conventional screwdrivers.
350:with riveted wood handles.
317:still call a screwdriver a
233:First Industrial Revolution
185:Housebook of Wolfegg Castle
1995:
1054:Review, Princeton (2004).
704:
541:
384:
148:
18:
1881:
1573:
1550:
902:"Screwdriver | tool"
446:The tool used to drive a
291:slot, today known as the
31:
1922:Machine and metalworking
1853:Tongue-and-groove pliers
1367:. Taylor & Francis.
1288:Robertson Inc. main site
260:, and ability to stop a
1932:Measuring and alignment
1250:. Cambium Press. 2004.
906:Encyclopedia Britannica
786:Ratcheting screwdrivers
450:screw head is called a
416:A jeweler's screwdriver
363:thermoplastic elastomer
212:The jaws that hold the
1979:Woodworking hand tools
795:
737:
654:
615:
592:
553:
443:
344:HD Smith & Company
338:
301:American auto industry
276:
247:
179:(screw-tightener) and
160:
1969:Mechanical hand tools
1400:"Bits From MRO Tools"
1342:RECESSED www.tpub.com
1196:U.S. patent 2,474,994
793:
735:
659:electrical appliances
652:
613:
590:
551:
441:
336:
274:
245:
158:
151:Screws § History
1897:Cutting and abrasive
1361:Michael Uva (2010).
1087:Chilton, G. (2001).
1019:"Screwdriver Basics"
872:List of screw drives
719:Powered screwdrivers
387:List of screw drives
307:and the upheaval of
127:List of screw drives
67:List of screw drives
19:For other uses, see
808:Yankee screwdrivers
701:Torque screwdrivers
275:Phillips screw head
28:
1578:Adjustable spanner
1473:Rybczynski, Witold
1347:2009-04-08 at the
1058:Cracking the ASVAB
819:. Originally the "
796:
738:
707:Torque screwdriver
655:
616:
593:
567:screw drive has a
559:, also known as a
554:
507:induction-hardened
444:
355:to fit comfortably
339:
277:
248:
161:
1956:
1955:
1868:Upholstery hammer
1488:978-0-684-86729-8
1451:instructibles.com
1429:instructibles.com
1374:978-0-240-81291-5
1314:, pp. 79–81.
1257:978-1-892836-17-5
1106:978-0-7607-2719-5
1073:978-0-375-76430-1
1024:Popular Mechanics
1007:, pp. 90–94.
981:"Schraubenzieher"
827:but later, after
817:rotational motion
733:
639:Japanese Phillips
348:drop-forged steel
285:Henry F. Phillips
86:
85:
1986:
1743:Pencil sharpener
1537:
1530:
1523:
1514:
1508:
1459:
1458:
1453:. October 2011.
1443:
1437:
1436:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1331:, pp. 85–86
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1159:. 15 April 2020.
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621:and the related
488:countersunk hole
425:
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305:Great Depression
281:Portland, Oregon
36:
29:
1994:
1993:
1989:
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1985:
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1959:
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1793:Punch down tool
1773:Plumber's snake
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1349:Wayback Machine
1339:
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1329:Rybczynski 2000
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1312:Rybczynski 2000
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1282:Robertson Inc.
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1258:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1005:Rybczynski 2000
1003:
999:
990:
988:
979:
978:
974:
965:
963:
954:
953:
949:
940:
938:
929:
928:
924:
915:
913:
900:
899:
895:
890:
885:
868:
854:
850:
849:
844:the workpiece.
788:
781:
778:
769:
766:
757:
754:
742:Cordless drills
723:
721:
709:
703:
698:
647:
632:
608:
596:Reed and Prince
585:
583:Reed and Prince
546:
544:Robertson screw
540:
515:
436:
429:
426:
417:
414:
389:
383:
331:
246:Robertson screw
177:Schraubenzieher
153:
147:
134:cordless drills
106:
79:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Types of tools
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Tactical light
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Podger spanner
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:Plumber wrench
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Locking pliers
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1487:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1438:
1416:
1391:
1373:
1353:
1333:
1316:
1304:
1274:
1256:
1237:
1219:
1200:
1187:
1162:
1148:
1119:
1105:
1079:
1072:
1046:
1009:
997:
972:
947:
922:
892:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
877:Wheel and axle
874:
867:
864:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
772:
770:
767:
760:
758:
755:
748:
720:
717:
705:Main article:
702:
699:
697:
694:
685:Line Head (LH)
646:
643:
631:
628:
607:
604:
598:, also called
584:
581:
539:
536:
514:
511:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
420:
418:
415:
408:
385:Main article:
382:
379:
330:
327:
293:Phillips Screw
279:Meanwhile, in
254:P.L. Robertson
159:Slotted screws
146:
143:
139:impact drivers
105:
102:
84:
83:
74:
70:
69:
63:
59:
58:
53:
52:Classification
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Torque wrench
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:Stitching awl
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:Socket wrench
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Persian drill
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Monkey wrench
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Impact driver
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Hammer tacker
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:Glass breaker
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Antique tools
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
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1538:
1533:
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1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
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1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1364:The Grip Book
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:(12): 82–83,
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
986:
982:
976:
973:
961:
957:
951:
948:
936:
932:
926:
923:
911:
907:
903:
897:
894:
887:
882:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
861:
860:Persian drill
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:linear motion
810:
809:
803:
801:
792:
785:
776:
771:
764:
759:
752:
747:
745:
743:
718:
716:
714:
708:
700:
695:
693:
690:
686:
681:
679:
673:
669:
666:
665:
660:
651:
644:
642:
640:
636:
629:
627:
624:
620:
612:
605:
603:
601:
597:
589:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
545:
537:
535:
532:
527:
522:
519:
512:
510:
508:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
433:
424:
419:
412:
407:
405:
403:
399:
393:
388:
380:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
335:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
273:
269:
267:
266:auto industry
263:
259:
255:
252:
244:
240:
238:
234:
229:
227:
222:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
157:
152:
144:
142:
140:
135:
130:
128:
122:
120:
114:
112:
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
22:
1838:Strap wrench
1813:Slide hammer
1808:Sledgehammer
1802:
1733:Paint roller
1618:Caulking gun
1588:Basin wrench
1481:, Scribner,
1476:
1450:
1441:
1428:
1419:
1411:
1404:mrotools.com
1403:
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1363:
1356:
1351:October 2011
1336:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1287:
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1246:
1240:
1222:
1203:
1190:
1171:
1165:
1151:
1141:27 September
1139:. Retrieved
1129:
1122:
1112:27 September
1110:. Retrieved
1090:
1082:
1057:
1049:
1028:
1022:
1012:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
975:
964:. Retrieved
950:
939:. Retrieved
925:
914:. Retrieved
905:
896:
846:
806:
804:
797:
739:
710:
684:
682:
677:
674:
670:
662:
657:Many modern
656:
638:
634:
633:
622:
618:
617:
599:
595:
594:
573:cold forming
564:
560:
556:
555:
530:
523:
517:
516:
503:
498:
494:
492:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:common blade
455:
451:
447:
445:
397:
394:
390:
375:
352:
340:
318:
313:
309:World War II
278:
249:
230:
223:
211:
193:
180:
176:
162:
131:
123:
115:
107:
89:
87:
1947:Woodworking
1803:Screwdriver
1798:Scratch awl
1758:Pipe wrench
1608:Breaker bar
1593:Block plane
1466:Works cited
1181:10919/36701
645:Other types
165:Middle Ages
111:power drill
104:Description
90:screwdriver
44:Other names
27:Screwdriver
1963:Categories
1828:Staple gun
1823:Spike maul
1738:Paintbrush
1728:Nut driver
1723:Multi-tool
1703:Lug wrench
1683:Hole punch
1653:Grease gun
1544:Hand tools
1385:2014-09-14
1298:2011-09-28
1268:2012-03-12
1209:US 2474994
991:2021-08-09
966:2021-08-09
941:2021-08-09
916:2013-12-18
883:References
696:Variations
542:See also:
531:deliberate
460:flat-blade
402:drill bits
262:power tool
189:Gilded Age
149:See also:
1848:Tire iron
1713:Mitre box
1638:Fish tape
1613:Cat's paw
1565:Workbench
1505:462234518
1037:0032-4558
888:Citations
678:Pentalobe
557:Robertson
538:Robertson
484:flat-head
480:flat-head
464:slot-head
381:Drive tip
323:hexagonal
319:turnscrew
315:Gunsmiths
289:cruciform
218:wheellock
181:tournevis
56:Hand tool
47:Turnscrew
1902:Forestry
1892:Cleaning
1863:Tweezers
1673:Headlamp
1555:Sawhorse
1497:00036988
1475:(2000),
1455:Archived
1433:Archived
1408:Archived
1379:Archived
1345:Archived
1292:Archived
1262:Archived
1232:Archived
1135:Archived
1041:archived
985:Archived
960:Archived
935:Archived
910:Archived
866:See also
689:Nintendo
623:Supadriv
619:Pozidriv
606:Pozidriv
600:Frearson
518:Phillips
513:Phillips
495:keystone
476:flat-tip
468:straight
452:standard
400:as with
297:Cadillac
258:hex keys
251:Canadian
207:firearms
200:jousting
1927:Masonry
1917:Kitchen
1778:Plunger
1753:Pincers
1678:Hex key
1633:Crowbar
1628:Crimper
1603:Bradawl
1560:Toolbox
853:⁄
841:ratchet
829:Stanley
800:ratchet
565:Scrulox
526:cam out
499:cabinet
448:slotted
434:Slotted
367:plastic
216:inside
214:pyrites
169:Germany
145:History
119:ratchet
77:Hex key
73:Related
1974:Screws
1937:Mining
1907:Garden
1873:Wrench
1763:Pliers
1708:Mallet
1658:Hammer
1643:Gimlet
1503:
1495:
1485:
1371:
1254:
1215:
1103:
1070:
1035:
837:spiral
821:Yankee
713:clutch
577:Canada
569:square
561:square
478:, or "
371:rubber
359:torque
329:Handle
196:lathes
173:France
98:screws
81:Wrench
1942:Power
1788:Punch
1623:Clamp
1598:Brace
835:in a
815:into
563:, or
237:helix
226:hinge
203:armor
92:is a
62:Types
1912:Hand
1693:Jack
1668:Hawk
1501:OCLC
1493:LCCN
1483:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1143:2018
1114:2018
1101:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1033:ISSN
833:pawl
664:Torx
472:flat
398:bits
369:and
94:tool
65:See
1176:hdl
1064:174
1029:173
171:or
88:A
1965::
1499:,
1491:,
1449:.
1431:.
1427:.
1406:.
1402:.
1377:.
1319:^
1290:.
1286:.
1260:.
1230:.
1099:.
1097:18
1066:.
1039:,
1027:,
1021:,
983:.
958:.
933:.
908:.
904:.
862:.
680:.
474:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
458:,
454:,
283:,
100:.
1536:e
1529:t
1522:v
1507:.
1388:.
1301:.
1271:.
1184:.
1178::
1145:.
1116:.
1076:.
994:.
969:.
944:.
919:.
855:4
851:1
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
