590:, though they have been used elsewhere, and have become much more common in other countries in recent decades. Robertson screwdrivers are easy to use one-handed, because the tapered socket tends to retain the screw, even if it is shaken. They also allow for the use of angled screw drivers and trim head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are self-centering, reduce cam out, stop a power tool when set, and can be removed if painted over or old and rusty. In industry, they speed up production and reduce product damage. One of their first major industrial uses was the Ford Motor Company's Model A & Model T production. Henry Ford found them highly reliable and saved considerable production time, but he could not secure licensing for them in the United States, so he limited their use solely to his Canadian division. Robertson-head screwdrivers are available in a standard range of tip sizes, from 1.77mm to 4.85mm.
786:
501:. Furthermore, the term implies that a screwdriver has a "head"; it does not. Such a flat-headed screw may have a slotted, cross, square recessed, or combination head. Before the development of the newer bit types, the flat-blade was called the "Common-Blade", because it was the most common one. Depending on the application, the name of this screwdriver may differ. Within the automotive/heavy electric industries, it is known as a "flat head screwdriver"; within the avionics and mining industries, it is known as a "standard screwdriver". Though there are many names; the original device from 1908 was known as a "flat-head screw turner".
250:. The brothers Job and William Wyatt found a way to produce a screw on a novel machine that first cut the slotted head, and then cut the helix. Though their business ultimately failed, their contribution to low-cost manufacturing of the screw ultimately led to a vast increase in the screw and the screwdriver's popularity. The increase in popularity gradually led to refinement and eventually diversification of the screwdriver. Refinement of the precision of screws also significantly contributed to the boom in production, mostly by increasing its efficiency and standardizing sizes, important precursors to industrial manufacture.
167:
332:, under which name it is an important part of a set of pistols. The name was common in earlier centuries, used by cabinetmakers, shipwrights, and perhaps other trades. The cabinetmaker's screwdriver is one of the longest-established handle forms, somewhat oval or ellipsoid in cross-section. This is variously attributed to improving grip or preventing the tool rolling off the bench. The shape has been popular for a couple of hundred years. It is usually associated with a plain head for slotted screws, but has been used with many head forms. Modern plastic screwdrivers use a handle with a roughly
622:
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152:, which provide two types of 'hammering' force for improved performance in certain situations, and "right-angle" drivers for use in tight spaces. Many options and enhancements, such as built-in bubble levels, high/low gear selection, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clutches, keyless chucks, "gyroscopic" control, etc., are available.
740:
785:
613:, is another historic cross-head screw configuration. The cross in the screw head is sharper and less rounded than a Phillips, and the bit has 45° flukes and a sharper, pointed end. Also, the Phillips screw slot is not as deep as the Reed and Prince slot. In theory, different size R&P screws fit any R&P bit size.
520:(surface heat-treated), coated with black-oxide, black-phosphate, or diamond-coated to increase friction between the screwdriver tip and the screw. Thus tip grinding after manufacture will likely compromise their durability so it is best to select the proper tip and avoid weakening the manufacture's treatments.
582:-shaped socket in the screw head and a square protrusion on the tool. Both the tool and the socket have a taper, which makes inserting the tool easier, and also tends to help keep the screw on the tool tip. (The taper's earliest reason for being was to make the manufacture of the screws practical using
387:
Some screwdrivers have a short hexagonal section at the top of the blade, adjacent to the handle, so that a ring spanner or open wrench can be used to increase the applied torque. Another option are "cabinet" screwdrivers which are made of flat bar stock and while the shaft may be rounded, will have
231:
guns were secured with screws, and the need to constantly replace the pyrites resulted in a considerable refinement of the screwdriver. The tool is more documented in France, and took on many shapes and sizes, though all for slotted screws. There were large, heavy-duty screwdrivers for building and
532:
Each
Phillips screwdriver size also has a related shank diameter. The driver has a 57° point and tapered, unsharp (rounded) flutes. The #1 and smaller bits come to a blunt point, but the #2 and above have no point, but rather a nearly squared-off tip, making each size incompatible with the other.
854:
can be set to rotate left or right with each push, or can be locked so that the tool can be used like a conventional screwdriver. One disadvantage of this design is that if the bit slips out of the screw, the resultant sudden extension of the spring may cause the bit to scratch or otherwise damage
682:
Non-typical fasteners are commonplace in consumer devices for their ability to make disassembly more difficult, which is seen as a benefit for manufacturers but is considered a disadvantage by users than if more common head types were used. In microwave ovens, such screws deny casual access to the
531:
screwdrivers come in several standard sizes, ranging from tiny "jeweler's" to those used for automobile frame assembly—or #000 to #4 respectively. This size number is usually stamped onto the shank (shaft) or handle for identification. Each bit size fits a range of screw sizes, more or less well.
135:
A screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is shaped to fit the driving surfaces (slots, grooves, recesses, etc.) on the corresponding screw head. Proper use requires that the screwdriver's tip engage the head of a screw of the same size and type designation as the screwdriver tip. Screwdriver
636:
are widely used in Europe and most of the Far East. While
Pozidriv screws have cross heads like Phillips and are sometimes thought effectively the same, the Pozidriv design allows higher torque application than Phillips. It is often claimed that they can apply more torque than any of the other
127:
Handles are typically wood, metal, or plastic and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in cross-section to improve grip and prevent the tool from rolling when set down. Some manual screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in mechanically or
124:, as they are quicker, easier, and can also drill holes. The shaft is usually made of tough steel to resist bending or twisting. The tip may be hardened to resist wear, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for additional "grip".
678:
is one such pattern that has become widespread. It is a spline tip with a corresponding recess in the screw head. The main cause of this trend is manufacturing efficiency: Torx screwdriver tips do not slip out of the fastener as easily as would a
Phillips or slotted driver. (Slotted screws are
515:
Many textbooks and vocational schools instruct mechanics to grind down the tip of the blade, which, due to the taper, increases its thickness and consequently allows more precise engagement with the slot in the screw. This approach creates a set of graduated slotted screwdrivers that will fit a
406:
Some screwdriver tips are magnetic, so that the screw (unless non-magnetic) remains attached to the screwdriver. This is particularly useful for small screws, which are otherwise very difficult to attempt to handle. Many screwdriver designs have a handle with a detachable tip (the part of the
702:
consoles, though drivers for the more common security heads are, again, readily available. Another type of security head has smooth curved surfaces instead of the slot edges that would permit loosening the screw; it is found in public rest room privacy partitions, and cannot be removed by
686:
However, Torx and other drivers have become widely available to the consumer due to their increasing use in the industry. Some other styles fit a three-pointed star recess, and a five-lobed spline with rounded edges instead of the square edges of the Torx. This is called a
508:, where the blade profile is slightly flared before tapering off at the end, which provides extra stiffness to the workface and makes it capable of withstanding more torque by gripping deeper in the screw slot. To maximize access in space-restricted applications, the
267:, though he was not the first person to patent the idea of socket-head screws, was the first to successfully commercialize them, starting in 1908. Socket screws rapidly grew in popularity, and are still used for their resistance to wear and tear, compatibility with
1167:
388:
a large flat section adjacent to the handle which a wrench (often an adjustable) may be used on for additional leverage. The offset screwdriver has a handle set at right angles to the small blade, providing access to narrow spaces and giving extra torque.
147:
that also function as screwdrivers. This is particularly useful as drilling a pilot hole before driving a screw is a common operation. Special combination drill-driver bits and adapters let an operator rapidly alternate between the two. Variations include
119:
A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the handle. This form of the screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and homes with a more modern and versatile tool, a
539:
at lower torque levels than other "cross head" designs, an effect caused by the tapered profile of the flutes which makes them easier to insert into the screw than other similar styles. There has long been a popular belief that this was actually a
1224:
544:
feature of the design. Evidence is lacking for this specific narrative and the feature is not mentioned in the original patents. However, a subsequent refinement to the original design described in US Patent #2,474,994 describes this feature.
357:, which operated from 1850 to 1900. Many manufacturers adopted this handle design. At the time, the "flat bladed" screw type was prevalent and was the fastener with which they were designed to be used. Another popular design was composed of
322:, the Phillips screw quickly became, and remains, the most popular screw in the world. A main attraction for the screw was that conventional slotted screwdrivers could also be used on them, which was not possible with the Robertson Screw.
652:. Compatible screw heads are usually identifiable by a single depressed dot or an "X" to one side of the cross slot. This is a screw standard throughout the Asia market and Japanese imports. The driver has a 57° point with a flat tip.
739:
402:
Screwdrivers come in a large range of sizes to accommodate various screws—from tiny jeweller's screwdrivers up. A screwdriver that is not the right size and type for the screw may damage the screw in the process of tightening it.
198:, a manuscript written sometime between 1475 and 1490. These earliest screwdrivers had pear-shaped handles and were made for slotted screws (diversification of the many types of screwdrivers did not emerge until the
352:
The handle and shaft of screwdrivers have changed considerably over time. The design is influenced by both purpose and manufacturing requirements. The "Perfect
Pattern Handle" screwdriver was first manufactured by
858:
Once very popular, versions of these spiral ratchet drivers using proprietary bits have been largely discontinued by manufacturers such as
Stanley. Some companies now offer a modernized version that uses standard
726:
that slips at a preset torque. This helps the user tighten screws to a specified torque without damage or over-tightening. Cordless drills designed to use as screwdrivers often have such a clutch.
384:
are also common. Many screwdriver handles are not smooth and often not round, but have flats or other irregularities to improve grip and to prevent the tool from rolling when on a flat surface.
813:
action whereby the screwdriver blade locks to the handle for clockwise rotation, but uncouples for counterclockwise rotation when set for tightening screws—and vice versa for loosening.
504:
Among slotted screwdrivers, variations at the blade or bit end involve the profile of the blade as viewed face-on (from the side of the tool). The more common type is sometimes called
143:
A wide variety of power screwdrivers ranges from a simple "stick"-type with batteries, a motor, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful "pistol" type VSR (variable-speed reversible)
1465:
235:
The screwdriver depended entirely on the screw, and it took several advances to make the screw easy enough to produce to become popular and widespread. The most popular door
512:
variant screwdriver blade sides are straight and parallel, reaching the end of the blade at a right angle. This design is also frequently used in jeweler's screwdrivers.
1443:
202:). The screwdriver remained inconspicuous, however, as evidence of its existence throughout the next 300 years is based primarily on the presence of screws.
773:
239:
at the time was the butt-hinge, but it was considered a luxury. The butt-hinge was handmade, and its constant motion required the security of a screw.
140:). The two most common are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted screws, and Phillips, generically called "cross-recess", "cross-head", or "cross-point".
1418:
220:, particularly the matchlock. Screws, hence screwdrivers, were not used in full combat armor, most likely to give the wearer freedom of movement.
869:-inch hex shank power tool bits. Since a wide variety of drill bits are available in this format, the tool can do double duty as a "push drill" or
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1942:
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purchased the company, it became synonymous with only this type of screwdriver. The user pushes the handle toward the workpiece, causing a
835:
920:
516:
particular screw for a tighter engagement and reduce screw head deformation. However, many better-quality screwdriver blades are already
1355:
1907:
1272:
1222:, Tomalis, Joseph & American Screw Company, "Screw Socket", published December 30, 1942, issued July 5, 1949
1051:
433:
1351:"The Phillips screwdriver has about 30° flukes and a blunt end, while the Reed and Prince has 45° flukes and a sharper, pointed end."
1373:
1989:
336:
cross-section to achieve these same two goals, a far cry from the pear-shaped handle of the original 15th-century screwdriver.
1979:
1145:
421:
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31:
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Interchangeable bits allow the use of powered screwdrivers, commonly using an electric or air motor to rotate the bit.
995:
243:
195:
1435:
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A set of "secure" or otherwise less common screwdriver bits, including secure Torx and secure hex or "Allen" variants
621:
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magnetically. These often have a hollow handle that contains various types and sizes of tips, and a reversible
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1902:
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1937:
1927:
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311:
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of the heads, but its other advantages helped popularize the drive.) Robertson screws are commonplace in
1917:
415:. This provides a set of one handle and several bits that can drive a variety of screw sizes and types.
275:
when set. Though immensely popular, Robertson had trouble marketing his invention to the newly booming
1219:
660:
1957:
1952:
1488:
882:
669:
397:
354:
306:. Phillips offered his screw to the American Screw Company, and after a successful trial on the 1936
303:
137:
77:
679:
rarely used in mass-produced devices, since the driver is not inherently centered on the fastener.)
672:, if they contain screws, use screws with heads other than the typical slotted or Phillips styles.
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517:
217:
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831:
818:
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912:
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commonly used cross-head screwdriver systems, due to a complex fluting (mating) configuration.
372:. Designs include indentations for the user's fingers, and surfaces of a soft material such as
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action that allows multiple full turns without repositioning the tip or the user's hand.
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194:(turnscrew), respectively. The first documentation of the tool is in the medieval
1139:
1808:
1768:
1618:
1603:
498:
175:
121:
1458:"When a Phillips is not a Phillips, step10: JIS – Japanese Industrial Standard"
344:
1838:
1833:
1738:
1733:
1713:
1693:
1663:
1423:
The
Frearson recess is designed so that any size bit will fit any size recess.
1206:
941:
648:
cross-head screwdrivers are still another standard, often inaccurately called
272:
253:
199:
1515:
1047:
232:
repairing large machines, and smaller screwdrivers for refined cabinet work.
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17:
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in the user's hand, for user comfort and to facilitate maximum control and
1873:
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210:
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patented his own invention, an improved version of a deep socket with a
1788:
1688:
1643:
1613:
1570:
1191:
755:
with speed and torque control are commonly used as power screwdrivers.
536:
377:
364:
The shape and material of many modern screwdriver handles are designed
333:
268:
224:
179:
87:
1883:
1773:
1718:
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847:
723:
683:
high-power kilovolt electrical components, which are very dangerous.
587:
381:
369:
206:
183:
161:
91:
694:
Specialized patterns of security screws are also used, such as the
1748:
1628:
800:
733:
722:
Screwdrivers are available—manual, electric, and pneumatic—with a
659:
620:
597:
558:
493:" screwdriver. This last usage can be confusing, because the term
448:
343:
281:
252:
247:
236:
213:
178:. They were probably invented in the late 15th century, either in
165:
108:
1489:
One Good Turn: A Natural
History of the Screwdriver and the Screw
1294:
497:
also describes a screw with a flat top, designed to install in a
209:, for securing breastplates, backplates, and helmets on medieval
1507:
674:
205:
Screws were used in the 15th century to construct screw-cutting
104:
1527:
1523:
991:
822:(a brand name), provide a special mechanism that transforms
1168:"The 10 Best Screwdriver Sets of 2023, Tested and Reviewed"
1144:. Extension Course Institute, Air University. p. 169.
174:
The earliest documented screwdrivers were used in the late
1295:"Robertson Inc. - The Original Robertson Fastening System"
1520:
Various republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).
376:
to increase comfort and grip. Composite handles of rigid
136:
tips are available in a wide variety of types and sizes (
1335:
1333:
1331:
816:
Spiral ratchet screw drivers, often colloquially called
1102:
Homebasics: the complete guide to running today's home
850:
groove to rotate the shank and the removable bit. The
186:. The tool's original names in German and French were
1436:"When a Phillips is not a Phillips, step13: Posidriv"
805:
Stanley Yankee No 130A, spiral or ratchet screwdriver
698:
style by OSG System
Products, Japan, as used in many
747:
How to use a cordless drill as a powered screwdriver
767:
A rechargeable battery-powered electric screwdriver
535:The design is often criticized for its tendency to
216:—and eventually for multiple parts of the emerging
83:
72:
62:
54:
1099:
1066:
279:, for he was unwilling to relinquish his patents.
791:Cordless drill being used to drive screw fastener
314:. With the Industrial Revival at the end of the
602:Comparison of Phillips and Frearson screw heads
1183:Testing and Understanding Screwdriver Bit Wear
779:Compact electric screwdriver with extended bit
1539:
942:"Schraubenzieher « atlas-alltagssprache"
8:
407:screwdriver that engages the screw), called
242:Screws were very hard to produce before the
37:
1546:
1532:
1524:
1339:
1322:
1015:
43:
1190:
1138:Richards, A.J.; Stephenson, J.H. (1984).
834:" name was used on all tools sold by the
246:, requiring the manufacture of a conical
1258:Furniture Projects for the Deck and Lawn
904:
757:
417:
107:, manual or powered, used for turning
36:
1239:"US Patent #2,474,994 Claims, Page 7"
1141:Avionic Navigation Systems Specialist
7:
1106:. Barnes & Noble Books. p.
1028:Capotosto, Rosario (December 1996),
836:North Brothers Manufacturing Company
49:A slotted or "flat-head" screwdriver
1185:(Master's thesis). Virginia Tech.
1073:. New York: Random House. p.
967:"Franz Kafka: In der Strafkolonie"
646:Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
641:Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)
25:
1421:from the original on 2012-04-25.
27:Hand tool used for turning screws
1468:from the original on 2011-08-27.
1446:from the original on 2014-09-03.
1245:from the original on 2017-08-04.
1148:from the original on 30 May 2020
1054:from the original on 2017-02-16.
809:Some manual screwdrivers have a
784:
772:
760:
432:
420:
1392:from the original on 2014-07-07
1305:from the original on 2011-09-26
1275:from the original on 2013-10-11
1181:Adler, Alexander (1998-05-18).
998:from the original on 2021-08-06
973:from the original on 2021-08-09
948:from the original on 2021-08-20
923:from the original on 2013-12-19
310:, it quickly swept through the
625:Phillips and Pozidriv compared
453:Screwdriver with rubber handle
1:
439:Screwdriver with magnetic tip
348:"Perfect Handle" screwdrivers
563:A variety of Robertson sizes
32:Screwdriver (disambiguation)
703:conventional screwdrivers.
361:with riveted wood handles.
328:still call a screwdriver a
244:First Industrial Revolution
196:Housebook of Wolfegg Castle
2006:
1065:Review, Princeton (2004).
715:
552:
395:
159:
29:
1892:
1584:
1561:
913:"Screwdriver | tool"
457:The tool used to drive a
302:slot, today known as the
42:
1933:Machine and metalworking
1864:Tongue-and-groove pliers
1378:. Taylor & Francis.
1299:Robertson Inc. main site
271:, and ability to stop a
1943:Measuring and alignment
1261:. Cambium Press. 2004.
917:Encyclopedia Britannica
797:Ratcheting screwdrivers
461:screw head is called a
427:A jeweler's screwdriver
374:thermoplastic elastomer
223:The jaws that hold the
1990:Woodworking hand tools
806:
748:
665:
626:
603:
564:
454:
355:HD Smith & Company
349:
312:American auto industry
287:
258:
190:(screw-tightener) and
171:
1980:Mechanical hand tools
1411:"Bits From MRO Tools"
1353:RECESSED www.tpub.com
1207:U.S. patent 2,474,994
804:
746:
670:electrical appliances
663:
624:
601:
562:
452:
347:
285:
256:
169:
162:Screws § History
1908:Cutting and abrasive
1372:Michael Uva (2010).
1098:Chilton, G. (2001).
1030:"Screwdriver Basics"
883:List of screw drives
730:Powered screwdrivers
398:List of screw drives
318:and the upheaval of
138:List of screw drives
78:List of screw drives
30:For other uses, see
819:Yankee screwdrivers
712:Torque screwdrivers
286:Phillips screw head
39:
1589:Adjustable spanner
1484:Rybczynski, Witold
1358:2009-04-08 at the
1069:Cracking the ASVAB
830:. Originally the "
807:
749:
718:Torque screwdriver
666:
627:
604:
578:screw drive has a
570:, also known as a
565:
518:induction-hardened
455:
366:to fit comfortably
350:
288:
259:
172:
1967:
1966:
1879:Upholstery hammer
1499:978-0-684-86729-8
1462:instructibles.com
1440:instructibles.com
1385:978-0-240-81291-5
1325:, pp. 79–81.
1268:978-1-892836-17-5
1117:978-0-7607-2719-5
1084:978-0-375-76430-1
1035:Popular Mechanics
1018:, pp. 90–94.
992:"Schraubenzieher"
838:but later, after
828:rotational motion
744:
650:Japanese Phillips
359:drop-forged steel
296:Henry F. Phillips
97:
96:
16:(Redirected from
1997:
1754:Pencil sharpener
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1470:
1469:
1464:. October 2011.
1454:
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1432:
1426:
1425:
1407:
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1342:, pp. 85–86
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1170:. 15 April 2020.
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632:and the related
499:countersunk hole
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316:Great Depression
292:Portland, Oregon
47:
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1340:Rybczynski 2000
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1323:Rybczynski 2000
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1293:Robertson Inc.
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1016:Rybczynski 2000
1014:
1010:
1001:
999:
990:
989:
985:
976:
974:
965:
964:
960:
951:
949:
940:
939:
935:
926:
924:
911:
910:
906:
901:
896:
879:
865:
861:
860:
855:the workpiece.
799:
792:
789:
780:
777:
768:
765:
753:Cordless drills
734:
732:
720:
714:
709:
658:
643:
619:
607:Reed and Prince
596:
594:Reed and Prince
557:
555:Robertson screw
551:
526:
447:
440:
437:
428:
425:
400:
394:
342:
257:Robertson screw
188:Schraubenzieher
164:
158:
145:cordless drills
117:
90:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Types of tools
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Tactical light
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:Podger spanner
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Plumber wrench
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Locking pliers
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
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1568:
1562:
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1528:
1522:
1521:
1498:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1449:
1427:
1402:
1384:
1364:
1344:
1327:
1315:
1285:
1267:
1248:
1230:
1211:
1198:
1173:
1159:
1130:
1116:
1090:
1083:
1057:
1020:
1008:
983:
958:
933:
903:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
888:Wheel and axle
885:
878:
875:
798:
795:
794:
793:
790:
783:
781:
778:
771:
769:
766:
759:
731:
728:
716:Main article:
713:
710:
708:
705:
696:Line Head (LH)
657:
654:
642:
639:
618:
615:
609:, also called
595:
592:
550:
547:
525:
522:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
431:
429:
426:
419:
396:Main article:
393:
390:
341:
338:
304:Phillips Screw
290:Meanwhile, in
265:P.L. Robertson
170:Slotted screws
157:
154:
150:impact drivers
116:
113:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
64:
63:Classification
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2002:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Torque wrench
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Stitching awl
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Socket wrench
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Persian drill
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:Monkey wrench
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Impact driver
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Hammer tacker
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Glass breaker
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
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1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
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1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
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1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Antique tools
1592:
1590:
1587:
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1583:
1577:
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1569:
1567:
1564:
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1424:
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1403:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1375:The Grip Book
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:(12): 82–83,
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
997:
993:
987:
984:
972:
968:
962:
959:
947:
943:
937:
934:
922:
918:
914:
908:
905:
898:
893:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
874:
872:
871:Persian drill
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:linear motion
821:
820:
814:
812:
803:
796:
787:
782:
775:
770:
763:
758:
756:
754:
729:
727:
725:
719:
711:
706:
704:
701:
697:
692:
690:
684:
680:
677:
676:
671:
662:
655:
653:
651:
647:
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638:
635:
631:
623:
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608:
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
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573:
569:
561:
556:
548:
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543:
538:
533:
530:
523:
521:
519:
513:
511:
507:
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476:
472:
468:
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331:
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277:auto industry
274:
270:
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255:
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177:
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155:
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146:
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139:
133:
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125:
123:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
33:
19:
1849:Strap wrench
1824:Slide hammer
1819:Sledgehammer
1813:
1744:Paint roller
1629:Caulking gun
1599:Basin wrench
1492:, Scribner,
1487:
1461:
1452:
1439:
1430:
1422:
1415:mrotools.com
1414:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1374:
1367:
1362:October 2011
1347:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1298:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1257:
1251:
1233:
1214:
1201:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1152:27 September
1150:. Retrieved
1140:
1133:
1123:27 September
1121:. Retrieved
1101:
1093:
1068:
1060:
1039:
1033:
1023:
1011:
1000:. Retrieved
986:
975:. Retrieved
961:
950:. Retrieved
936:
925:. Retrieved
916:
907:
857:
817:
815:
808:
750:
721:
695:
693:
688:
685:
681:
673:
668:Many modern
667:
649:
645:
644:
633:
629:
628:
610:
606:
605:
584:cold forming
575:
571:
567:
566:
541:
534:
528:
527:
514:
509:
505:
503:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
467:common blade
466:
462:
458:
456:
408:
405:
401:
386:
363:
351:
329:
324:
320:World War II
289:
260:
241:
234:
222:
204:
191:
187:
173:
142:
134:
126:
118:
100:
98:
18:Screwdrivers
1958:Woodworking
1814:Screwdriver
1809:Scratch awl
1769:Pipe wrench
1619:Breaker bar
1604:Block plane
1477:Works cited
1192:10919/36701
656:Other types
176:Middle Ages
122:power drill
115:Description
101:screwdriver
55:Other names
38:Screwdriver
1974:Categories
1839:Staple gun
1834:Spike maul
1749:Paintbrush
1739:Nut driver
1734:Multi-tool
1714:Lug wrench
1694:Hole punch
1664:Grease gun
1555:Hand tools
1396:2014-09-14
1309:2011-09-28
1279:2012-03-12
1220:US 2474994
1002:2021-08-09
977:2021-08-09
952:2021-08-09
927:2013-12-18
894:References
707:Variations
553:See also:
542:deliberate
471:flat-blade
413:drill bits
273:power tool
200:Gilded Age
160:See also:
1859:Tire iron
1724:Mitre box
1649:Fish tape
1624:Cat's paw
1576:Workbench
1516:462234518
1048:0032-4558
899:Citations
689:Pentalobe
568:Robertson
549:Robertson
495:flat-head
491:flat-head
475:slot-head
392:Drive tip
334:hexagonal
330:turnscrew
326:Gunsmiths
300:cruciform
229:wheellock
192:tournevis
67:Hand tool
58:Turnscrew
1913:Forestry
1903:Cleaning
1874:Tweezers
1684:Headlamp
1566:Sawhorse
1508:00036988
1486:(2000),
1466:Archived
1444:Archived
1419:Archived
1390:Archived
1356:Archived
1303:Archived
1273:Archived
1243:Archived
1146:Archived
1052:archived
996:Archived
971:Archived
946:Archived
921:Archived
877:See also
700:Nintendo
634:Supadriv
630:Pozidriv
617:Pozidriv
611:Frearson
529:Phillips
524:Phillips
506:keystone
487:flat-tip
479:straight
463:standard
411:as with
308:Cadillac
269:hex keys
262:Canadian
218:firearms
211:jousting
1938:Masonry
1928:Kitchen
1789:Plunger
1764:Pincers
1689:Hex key
1644:Crowbar
1639:Crimper
1614:Bradawl
1571:Toolbox
864:⁄
852:ratchet
840:Stanley
811:ratchet
576:Scrulox
537:cam out
510:cabinet
459:slotted
445:Slotted
378:plastic
227:inside
225:pyrites
180:Germany
156:History
130:ratchet
88:Hex key
84:Related
1985:Screws
1948:Mining
1918:Garden
1884:Wrench
1774:Pliers
1719:Mallet
1669:Hammer
1654:Gimlet
1514:
1506:
1496:
1382:
1265:
1226:
1114:
1081:
1046:
848:spiral
832:Yankee
724:clutch
588:Canada
580:square
572:square
489:, or "
382:rubber
370:torque
340:Handle
207:lathes
184:France
109:screws
92:Wrench
1953:Power
1799:Punch
1634:Clamp
1609:Brace
846:in a
826:into
574:, or
248:helix
237:hinge
214:armor
103:is a
73:Types
1923:Hand
1704:Jack
1679:Hawk
1512:OCLC
1504:LCCN
1494:ISBN
1380:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1154:2018
1125:2018
1112:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1044:ISSN
844:pawl
675:Torx
483:flat
409:bits
380:and
105:tool
76:See
1187:hdl
1075:174
1040:173
182:or
99:A
1976::
1510:,
1502:,
1460:.
1442:.
1438:.
1417:.
1413:.
1388:.
1330:^
1301:.
1297:.
1271:.
1241:.
1110:.
1108:18
1077:.
1050:,
1038:,
1032:,
994:.
969:.
944:.
919:.
915:.
873:.
691:.
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
469:,
465:,
294:,
111:.
1547:e
1540:t
1533:v
1518:.
1399:.
1312:.
1282:.
1195:.
1189::
1156:.
1127:.
1087:.
1005:.
980:.
955:.
930:.
866:4
862:1
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
