156:
1500:
1564:
1690:
170:
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1560:, put her crew out of the way, and closed her open sea valves. The ship's captain, Moreau, ordered the scuttling charges in the main turrets lit with shortened fuses and when they exploded and fires took hold, ordered a final evacuation. French and Germans alike fled the vessel. Explosions from the ship's torpedo stores destroyed the vessel, which burned for ten days.
4189:
41:
1236:, made a secret agreement with Admiral Darlan to give him control of French North Africa if he defected to the Allies. An alternative view is that Darlan was an opportunist and switched sides for self-advancement, thus becoming titular head of French North Africa. Following the Allied invasion of French North Africa,
1790:
The scuttling of the fleet did remove
British and Allied strategic concerns about the possibility of it falling into German hands and allowed them to focus their naval resources elsewhere; although the British did try at first to have the French fleet defect to them but its destruction was in the end
1406:
organised by the
British or by the Free French. The population of Toulon, defiant of the Germans, mostly supported the Allies; the soldiers and officers were hostile to the Italians who were seen as "illegitimate victors" and duplicitous. The fate of the fleet, in particular, seemed dubious. Between
1336:
On the French side, as a token of goodwill towards the
Germans, coastal defences were strengthened to safeguard Toulon from an attack from the sea by the Allies. These preparations included preparations to scuttle the fleet, in case the Allies succeeded in landing. French forces commanded by Admiral
1281:
Raeder was led to believe that the
Germans intended to use anti-British sentiment among French sailors to get them to side with the Italians. Hitler in fact intended to seize the fleet and have German sailors capture the French ships and turn them over to Italy; German officers privy to this plan
1470:
The combat groups entered Toulon at 4 a.m. on 27 November and made for the harbour, meeting only weak and sporadic resistance. At 4 a.m. the
Germans entered Fort Lamalgue and arrested Marquis, but failed to prevent his chief of staff, Contre-Admiral Robin, from calling the chief of the
1650:
to scuttle her, and the French crewmen and
Germans jostled one another as the French abandoned ship and the enraged Germans rushed below to try to prevent her from sinking. Unfamiliar with submarines, the Germans were unsuccessful and narrowly avoided drowning as they evacuated the sinking
1491:. The German main force got lost in the arsenal and was behind schedule by one hour; when they reached the main gates of the base, the sentries pretended to need paperwork, to delay the Germans without engaging in an open fight. At 5:25 a.m., German tanks finally rolled through, and
1261:
Beginning 11 November 1942 negotiations took place between
Germany and Vichy France. The resolution was that Toulon should remain a "stronghold" under Vichy control and defended against the Allies and "French enemies of the government of the Maréchal". Grand Admiral
1520:, killing a French officer and wounding five sailors. When naval guns started engaging the German tanks, the Germans attempted to negotiate; a German officer demanded that Laborde surrender his ship, to which the admiral answered that the ship was already sunk.
1204:. The armistice stipulated that the French fleet would be largely disarmed and confined to its harbours under French control, but the French fleet did cooperate with Nazi Germany although the French retained ultimate operational control over their ships. The
1369:, helpless. After the Germans required the remnants of the French Army to disband, French sailors had to man coast defence artillery and anti-aircraft guns, which made it impossible to swiftly gather the crews and get the ships quickly under way.
1787:, and so was satisfied considering the elimination of the French fleet to have sealed the success of Case Anton. The French fleet was annihilated and only a handful of small ships escaped to assist the Allied forces for the rest of the war.
917:
1495:
immediately transmitted the order "Scuttle! Scuttle! Scuttle!" by radio, visual signals and dispatch boat. French crews evacuated, and scuttling parties started preparing demolition charges and opening sea valves on the ships.
4205:
1208:
were concerned that the fleet, which included some of the most advanced warships of the time, might fall into German hands (especially the
British who considered it to be a life-or-death matter) and the British attacked the
1171:
but the French naval crews used subterfuge to delay them until the scuttling was complete. Anton was judged a failure, with the capture of 39 small ships, while the French destroyed 77 vessels; several submarines escaped to
1725:. 39 small ships were captured, most of them sabotaged and disarmed. Some of the major ships were ablaze for several days, and oil polluted the harbour so badly that it would not be possible to swim there for two years.
1354:
Under the armistice, French ships were supposed to have almost empty fuel tanks; in fact, by falsifying reports and tampering with gauges, their crews had managed to store enough fuel to reach North Africa. One of the
1319:
and Auphan. In private, Auphan tried to persuade
Laborde to set sail and join the Allies; Laborde refused to obey anything short of a formal order from the French government, and Auphan resigned shortly thereafter.
1372:
Crews were initially hostile to the Allied invasion but out of the general anti-German sentiment and as rumours about Darlan's defection circulated, this stance evolved into support for De Gaulle. The crews of the
1550:
ordered his ship capsized and demolition charges set. German troops requested permission to come aboard; when this was denied, they did not attempt to board. The ship sank and exploded, burning for seven days.
1587:, in drydock, was boarded by German troops, who disarmed the demolition charges, but the open sea valves flooded the ship. She sank, blocking the drydock. In another drydock, the captain of the damaged
910:
1541:
heard the explosions and tried to persuade her crew that scuttling was forbidden under the armistice provisions. However, the demolition charges were detonated, and the ship burned for twenty days.
380:
1777:
heavily criticised the Vichy admirals for not ordering the fleet to flee to
Algiers. The Vichy regime lost its last token of power, as well as its credibility with the Germans, with the fleet.
903:
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3684:
Tessier, Erwan; Garnier, Cédric; Mullot, Jean-Ulrich; Lenoble, Véronique; Arnaud, Mireille; Raynaud, Michel; Mounier, Stéphane (1 October 2011). Sheppard, Charles; Richardson, B. (eds.).
1780:
While the German Naval War Staff were disappointed, Adolf Hitler took a different perspective. He had little use for capital ships and other large naval vessels, especially after the
1654:
The Germans eventually seized three disarmed destroyers, four badly damaged submarines, three civilian ships, and the remains of two obsolete battleships of no combat value, the
1827:, respectively, but their repair was prevented by Allied bombing and their use would have been unlikely, given the Italians' chronic shortage of fuel. Even the light destroyer
863:
1397:, notably, started chanting "Long live De Gaulle! Set sail!" On 12 November, Admiral Darlan further escalated tensions by calling for the fleet to defect and join the Allies.
1471:
arsenal, Contre-Admiral Dornon. The attack came as a complete surprise to Vichy officers, but Dornon transmitted the order to scuttle the fleet to Admiral Laborde aboard the
4233:
1795:
had envisioned acquiring part of the French fleet for itself; thus, the event strained the relations between Vichy France and Fascist Italia almost to the breaking point.
1728:
As was to be expected, the scuttling ended friendly naval cooperation between the Axis and Vichy France and Germany absorbed whatever naval assets Vichy France had left.
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952:
1481:
Twenty minutes later, German troops entered the arsenal and started machine-gunning the French submarines. Some of the submarines set sail to scuttle in deeper water.
1210:
373:
1463:; and from the west, capturing the main arsenal and the coastal defenses. German naval forces cruised off the harbor to engage any ships attempting to flee, and laid
1478:. Laborde was taken aback by the German operation, but transmitted orders to prepare for scuttling, and to fire on any unauthorised personnel approaching the ships.
1315:
them. The order was then modified, in the interest of recovering the ships after the war, to sinking them on an even keel. On 15 November, Laborde met with Marshal
4193:
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equally acceptable to them. Conversely, the loss of the French ships also had disastrous results in relation to Italian naval strategy and ambitions as the
1448:
The operation was initiated by the Germans on 19 November 1942, to be completed by 27 November. German forces were to enter Toulon from the east, capturing
2432:
366:
1603:
to follow suit. The crew opened the holes caused by British torpedo attacks to sink the ship, and demolition charges destroyed her vital machinery. As
1527:
settled on the bottom, her captain ordered demolition charges ignited, which destroyed the armaments and vital machinery, and ignited her fuel stores.
2715:
5027:
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1940:
1628:
1176:. It marked the end of Vichy France as a credible naval power and marked the destruction of the last political bargaining chip it had with Germany.
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Most of the French light cruisers were salvaged by the Italians, either to restore them as fighting ships or for scrap. The cruisers
1733:
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A year later, the Italian naval fleet did what de Gaulle wished the Vichy French had done. They set sail for North Africa after the
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2012:
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escaped Italy and were available for Italy after the end of World War II. France had to rebuild its whole navy after the war.
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576:
414:
51:
4052:
Burton, Earl; Pincus, JH (1 September 2004). O'Leary, Michael (ed.). "The Other D-Day: The Invasion of Southern France".
5213:
5183:
5135:
4829:
4623:
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2082:
1925:
1755:
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1304:
Similarly oppose foreign troops attempting to board any ships of the fleet and resolve Matters through local negotiation
771:
45:
1888:
guns, in 1944 this fortification duelled with numerous Allied battleships for over a week before being silenced during
1884:, guarding the approaches to Toulon, to replace original fortress guns, sabotaged by their French crews. Mounting four
5045:
4951:
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4403:
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1911:
1697:
Operation Lila was a failure. The French destroyed 77 vessels, including 3 battleships, 7 cruisers, 15 destroyers, 13
1689:
1658:
1588:
1144:, defected to the Allies, who were gaining increasing support from servicemen and civilians. His replacement, Admiral
543:
427:
390:
5093:
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2290:
2026:
1964:
1885:
1301:
Oppose, without spilling blood, entry of foreign troops to any establishment, airbase or buildings of the French Navy
1014:
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officers would fulfill their duty under the armistice to not let the ships fall into the hands of a foreign nation.
5583:
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3686:"Study of the spatial and historical distribution of sediment inorganic contamination in the Toulon bay (France)"
2147:
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1828:
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1137:
982:
809:
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57:
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2019:
1415:, ordered their subordinates to take a pledge of allegiance to the regime. Two senior officers, Humbertand and
1153:
637:
2932:
3523:
Jordan, John; Dumas, Robert; et al. (Design by Stephen Dent, illustrations by Bertrand Magueur) (2009).
5619:
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3190:"6. Maritime power and complex crises: The Royal Navy and the undeclared war with Vichy France, 1940–1942"
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2005:
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1416:
1285:
On 11 November, as German and Italian troops encircled Toulon, the Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Admiral
1229:
758:
698:
590:
1069:
895:
1437:, augmented with four combat groups including two armoured groups and a motorcycle battalion from the
1419:
Pothuau, refused. The crews were first kept aboard their ships, and when they were allowed ashore the
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972:
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1433:
The objective of Operation Lila was to capture the units of the French fleet at Toulon intact. The
1386:
1173:
1084:
842:
837:
787:
746:
661:
555:
204:
4271:
4084:. Eberly College of Arts and Sciences (PhD). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports.
2491:"How the War Was Won: Air-Sea Power and Allied Victory in World War II, by Phillips PaysonO'Brien"
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included the "High Seas Fleet" composed of the 38 most modern and powerful warships, and Admiral
997:
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677:
653:
645:
614:
438:
1347:
1316:
1141:
3844:. The Making of the 20th Century. London, England, United Kingdom: Palgrave. pp. 118–137.
1597:, at first refused orders to scuttle, but was persuaded by his colleague in the nearby cruiser
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3044:
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2573:
2504:
1655:
1625:
1594:
1441:, were entrusted with the mission. To prevent French naval units from scuttling themselves,
1412:
1342:
1294:
763:
622:
505:
196:
5411:
5319:
4905:
4884:
4530:
4296:
2810:
Black, Henry (1 April 1970). "Hopes, fears and premonitions: The French Navy, 1949-1942".
2724:
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1731:
Several submarines ignored orders to scuttle and chose to defect to French North Africa:
1633:
managed to delay German officers with small talk until their ships were completely sunk.
3713:
1407:
the 11th and the 26th, numerous arrests and expulsions took place. The French admirals,
4573:
4543:
4477:
4343:
4264:
3198:. Cass Series: Naval Policy and History (1 ed.). London, England, United Kingdom:
2928:
1710:
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1286:
1282:
objected but Hitler ignored them and gave orders to implement the plan on 19 November.
1185:
1145:
517:
407:
3596:. Solihull, England, United Kingdom: Hellion & Company Limited. pp. 102–136.
5613:
4321:
4089:
3992:. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, California, United States: ABC-CLIO. pp. 388–491.
3882:"Part I: The British Admiralty Delegation, Washington, D.C., March to September 1942"
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802:
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left her moorings, snuck out of the harbour and dove at 5:40 a.m., escaping to
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4060:(9). Chatsworth, California, United States: Challenge Publications, Inc.: 60–70.
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3701:
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2645:. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, California, United States: ABC-CLIO. p. 66.
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3925:. New Studies in European History. Translated by Adrian Belton (2 ed.).
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3237:"After Mers-el-Kébir: The Armed Neutrality of the Vichy French Navy, 1940-43"
3048:
2958:
2886:
2835:
2742:
2733:
2710:
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2516:
1351:
commanded a total of 135 ships, either in armistice custody or under repair.
117:
104:
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4894:
4206:
Adolf Hitler's Letter to Marshal Petain Announcing Decision to Occupy Toulon
4118:
3948:
3926:
3697:
3632:
3199:
3163:. Barnsley, England, United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books Ltd. p. 48.
2995:
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2532:
1769:
was scuttled in the entrance of Toulon harbour. One auxiliary surface ship,
1760:
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3887:
The Cunningham Papers: Volume II: The Triumph of Allied Sea Power 1942–1946
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1192:, France was divided into two zones, one occupied by the Germans, and the
1148:, guessed correctly that the Germans intended to seize the large fleet at
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3922:
Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War
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Britain and the Defeated French: From Occupation to Liberation, 1940-1944
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Vaisset, Thomas; Vial, Philippe (1 September 2020). Viant, Julien (ed.).
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4027:. Barnsley, England, United Kingdom: Pen & Sword Books. p. 78.
40:
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3890:. Vol. 2. London, England, United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 23.
3785:
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Clayton, Anthony; et al. (Illustrations by Peter French) (2016) .
3557:
Jordan & Moulin, Chapter 10, The Fleet is Scuttled 27 November 1942
3120:. London, England, United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 138.
2950:
2639:; Pierpaoli Jr., Paul G.; Osborne, Eric W.; O'Hara, Vincent P. (eds.).
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Frank, Arthur L. (1 April 1973). "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan'".
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Thomas, Martin (1 June 1997). Maddicott, JH; Stevenson, John (eds.).
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95:
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Plaquette concernant le 40anniversaire de la libération de la Corse.
1136:, the Germans invaded the territory administered by Vichy under the
4154:. New York City, New York, United States: Oxford University Press.
3772:"Force H and British strategy in the Western Mediterranean 1939–42"
4169:
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3533:. London, England, United Kingdom: Pen and Sword. pp. 92–99.
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2851:"Success or failure? The divided memory of the sabotage of Toulon"
2711:"The French fleet and the Italian occupation of France, 1940–1942"
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Ordinary Sailors: The French Navy, Vichy and the Second World War
1880:
were later removed and used in a former French turret battery at
1593:, which had been heavily damaged by the British in the attack on
3841:
Britain and Vichy: The Dilemma of Anglo-French Relations 1940–42
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u-boote.fr HENRI POINCARÉ (in French) Accessed 3 September 2022
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and submarines. Germans already had come aboard the submarine
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Three Republics One Navy: A Naval History of France 1870-1999
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The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the Second World War
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On 8 November 1942 the Allies invaded French North Africa in
1200:(free zone). Officially, both zones were administered by the
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exploded. The German party attempting to board the cruiser
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Operation Dragoon: The Liberation of Southern France, 1944
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The Royal Navy and Maritime Power in the Twentieth Century
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Folly, Martin H. (2004). "The War in North Africa 1942".
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2723:(1). International Maritime Economic History Association/
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Engineers had the initial orders to scuttle the ships by
3628:
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3623:"Chapter 4. The Bitter Fate of the French Navy, 1940–44"
3329:
3327:
2572:, California, United States: SAGE Publications: 81–117.
3497:
Chapter Five: Fighting for Germany, Fighting for France
2777:"28. The turn of the tide for the Allies, Winter 1942"
2435:, a similar incident involving the German fleet after
2974:"4. The paradoxes of Vichy foreign policy, 1940-1942"
1228:, with the support of President of the United States
2489:
Murray, Nicholas (1 June 2017). Lord, Carnes (ed.).
1307:
If the above proved impossible, to scuttle the ships
5389:
4247:
2457:
Position des bâtiments au matin du 27 novembre 1942
1425:monitored all suspected targets of the Resistance.
4242:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1942
1531:was a total loss. A few minutes later the cruiser
1152:(even though this was explicitly forbidden in the
886:¹ — Involved an Allied convoy or delivery mission
5640:World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
4019:"Chapter Three: Churchill and Monty take on Ike"
3525:"Chapter 3. Dunkerque and Strasbourg: 1932–1942"
1332:Positions of the main ships during the operation
1244:, the occupation of Vichy France and reinforced
4111:Auphan, Paul; Mordal, Jacques (15 July 2016) .
3079:Chapter 12. The Misunderstanding Over Article 8
2933:"A Question of Honour? Scuttling Vichy's Fleet"
2677:Chapter 12. The Misunderstanding Over Article 8
2420:, a British attempt to destroy the French fleet
1773:, managed to escape and reach Algiers. General
888:² — Involved an Axis convoy or delivery mission
25:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3095:Chapter 14. Naval Politics Under the Armistice
1400:Vichy military authorities lived in fear of a
4227:
4117:. Translated by A.C.J. Sabalot (2 ed.).
911:
374:
16:1942 destruction of the fleet by Vichy France
8:
3917:"6. Relations with the occupied territories"
3090:
3074:
2672:
2472:
2424:Scuttling of the Peruvian fleet at El Callao
1512:At 6:45 a.m. fighting broke out around
1267:
1193:
3565:
3563:
2433:Scuttling of the German fleet at Scapa Flow
1876:The main guns from the scuttled battleship
1554:German troops forcibly boarded the cruiser
1140:. The Vichy Secretary of the Navy, Admiral
4234:
4220:
4212:
4106:– via The Research Repository @ WVU.
3581:
3579:
3577:
3105:
3103:
1802:in 1943. Almost all major warships of the
1459:, headquarters of Admiral Marquis and the
918:
904:
896:
381:
367:
359:
139:German failure to capture the French fleet
22:
4101:
2953:, United Kingdom: History Today Ltd: 32.
2770:
2768:
2732:
2716:International Journal of Maritime History
2477:Chapter 22. Tragedy at Toulon and Bizerte
5645:World War II warships scuttled at Toulon
3460:
3458:
3348:
3346:
2782:The Second World War: A Complete History
1837:) and another four of the same class as
1107:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
5528:Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
4194:Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
3961:
3314:
3035:. Palgrave Concise Historical Atlases.
2972:Jackson, Peter; Kitson, Simon (2020) .
2910:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2448:
1122:scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
1051:Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
309:
224:
26:Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon
3492:
3417:"IV. The Question of the French Fleet"
3333:
2705:MacGalloway, Niall (1 February 2018).
2688:
1544:Meanwhile, the captain of the cruiser
4151:World War II at Sea: A Global History
3338:Chapter Three: From Victory to Defeat
2979:Hitler and his Allies in World War II
1611:reproduced the manoeuvre executed by
968:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
7:
3989:World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia
2927:Clayton, Anthony (1 November 1992).
2642:World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia
1020:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3588:"7. The Second World War 1943—1942"
1445:was assigned to one of the groups.
1132:forces from seizing it. After the
2828:University of Southern Mississippi
2633:"Auphan, Paul Gabriel (1894—1982)"
14:
2976:. In Adelman, Jonathan R. (ed.).
1636:Similar scenes occurred with the
33:German occupation of Vichy France
5595:
5590:
5578:
5570:
4199:
4187:
3470:Germany and the Second World War
1646:by the time her crew opened her
1439:2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich
1090:Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan
168:
154:
39:
4114:The French Navy in World War II
3980:"Italian Social Republic, Navy"
3722:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.07.022
2561:Journal of Contemporary History
1134:Allied invasion of North Africa
1128:on 27 November 1942 to prevent
4017:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2009).
3806:10.1080/00253359.1997.10656629
3435:University of California Press
3155:"Chapter 2 - The French Fleet"
2785:. Rosetta Books. p. 468.
1:
4127:United States Naval Institute
3884:. In Simpson, Michael (ed.).
3794:Society for Nautical Research
3242:The English Historical Review
1324:Technical and tactical aspect
1211:French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir
3530:French Battleships 1922–1956
3126:10.5040/9780755625505.ch-008
2709:; Barnard, Michaela (eds.).
348:4 submarines (badly damaged)
3978:O'Hara, Vincent P. (2012).
3929:, England, United Kingdom:
3850:10.1007/978-1-349-16052-5_7
3836:"Britain and Vichy in 1942"
3472:. Oxford University Press.
3370:, New York, United States:
3253:, England, United Kingdom:
3039:, New York, United States:
2986:, England, United Kingdom:
2693:Chapter Four: Collaboration
2631:Roberts, Priscilla (2012).
1618:Officers of the battleship
1422:Service d'ordre légionnaire
1232:and British Prime Minister
392:Battle of the Mediterranean
5661:
5625:History of the French Navy
4148:Symonds, Craig L. (2018).
3966:20. Twilight of Two Navies
3931:Cambridge University Press
3878:Cunnhingham, Andrew Browne
3649:10.12987/9780300248753-007
3415:Gates, Eleanor M. (1981).
3153:Grainger, John D. (2013).
3112:"Chapter 8. 'Ici Londres'"
2578:10.1177/002200947300800205
1213:on 3 July 1940 and at the
79:27 November 1942
5565:
3915:Rodogno, Davide (2008) .
3766:Simpson, Michael (1997).
3690:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3192:. In Speller, Ian (ed.).
1503:The stern of the cruiser
1443:Marinedetachment Gumprich
1224:. It may be that General
1190:Armistice of 22 June 1940
983:1940 Cochinchina uprising
940:
884:
400:
275:
210:
182:
147:
71:
38:
30:
5630:Military of Vichy France
4094:West Virginia University
3263:10.1093/ehr/CXII.447.643
3188:Griffin, Stuart (2004).
3091:Auphan & Mordal 2016
3075:Auphan & Mordal 2016
3049:10.1057/9780230502390_23
2775:Gilbert, Martin (2014).
2734:10.1177/0843871417746892
2673:Auphan & Mordal 2016
2496:Naval War College Review
2473:Auphan & Mordal 2016
1886:340 mm (13 in)
1663:and the disarmed former
1154:Franco-Italian armistice
3621:Mawdsley, Evan (2019).
3255:Oxford University Press
3110:Mangold, Peter (2010).
2996:10.4324/9780203089552-4
2418:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
1158:French-German armistice
948:Attack on Mers-el-Kébir
346:3 destroyers (disarmed)
3468:; et al. (1990).
2879:10.3917/infle.045.0045
1882:Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer
1694:
1578:
1509:
1333:
1268:
1217:on 23 September 1940.
1194:
1075:Battle of Mont Mouchet
1015:Syria–Lebanon campaign
268:1 motorcycle battalion
183:Commanders and leaders
3834:Thomas, R.T. (1979).
3641:Yale University Press
3363:Ike: An American hero
3358:"Chapter 11: Algiers"
3208:10.4324/9780203002131
2915:16. The Tipping Point
1692:
1566:
1502:
1417:capitaine de vaisseau
1331:
1230:Franklin D. Roosevelt
973:1940 Bắc Sơn uprising
276:Casualties and losses
5635:November 1942 events
4196:at Wikimedia Commons
3798:Taylor & Francis
3777:The Mariner's Mirror
3437:. pp. 247–296.
2691:, pp. 170–171,
2443:Notes and references
1124:was orchestrated by
1032:Battle of Madagascar
993:Battle of Phum Preav
927:Military actions of
137:Vichy French success
118:43.11250°N 5.90694°E
3770:; Phil, D. (eds.).
3714:2011MarPB..62.2075T
1705:, 12 submarines, 9
1693:Toulon in late 1944
1435:7th Panzer Division
1289:, ordered Admirals
1266:, commander of the
1174:French North Africa
1102:1945 Ba Tơ uprising
1085:Liberation of Paris
783:Strait of Bonifacio
205:Johannes Blaskowitz
114: /
3984:Tucker, Spencer C.
3792:, United Kingdom:
3643:. pp. 64–80.
3043:. pp. 45–46.
3041:Palgrave Macmillan
2812:Southern Quarterly
2637:Tucker, Spencer C.
2428:War of the Pacific
1695:
1679:accommodation ship
1579:
1572:watch the burning
1510:
1334:
1167:The Germans began
1160:), and ordered it
998:Battle of Ko Chang
332:19 auxiliary ships
247:19 auxiliary ships
5607:
5606:
4204:Works related to
4192:Media related to
4125:, United States:
4103:10.33915/etd.6852
4092:, United States:
3859:978-0-333-24312-1
3639:, United States:
3433:, United States:
3058:978-1-4039-0285-6
2826:, United States:
2707:Starkey, David J.
2509:Naval War College
2507:, United States:
2408:
2407:
1890:Operation Dragoon
1800:Italian Armistice
1775:Charles de Gaulle
1743:reached Algiers,
1461:Mourillon arsenal
1276:Vichy French Navy
1234:Winston Churchill
1226:Dwight Eisenhower
1138:Armistice of 1940
1115:
1114:
1080:Battle of Vercors
1070:Battle of Glières
1058:Battle of Réunion
893:
892:
357:
356:
143:
142:
123:43.11250; 5.90694
5652:
5599:
5594:
5582:
5574:
5558:
5541:
5530:
5522:
5511:
5494:
5484:
5473:
5462:
5451:
5441:
5431:
5406:
5382:
5360:
5324:
5314:
5311:Thomas T. Tucker
5285:
5284:
5125:La Galissonnière
5029:Commandant Teste
4967:
4956:
4946:
4936:
4926:
4916:
4900:
4889:
4873:
4863:
4847:
4778:
4744:
4743:
4660:
4604:
4601:Viceroy of India
4568:
4525:
4483:
4482:
4367:
4338:
4316:
4306:
4290:
4275:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4213:
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4177:
4144:
4107:
4105:
4083:
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4061:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3975:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3583:
3572:
3567:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3462:
3453:
3452:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3350:
3341:
3331:
3322:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3107:
3098:
3088:
3082:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3028:
3022:
3021:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2924:
2918:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2772:
2763:
2762:
2736:
2702:
2696:
2686:
2680:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2505:Washington, D.C.
2486:
2480:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2460:, Netmarine.net
2453:
2271:La Galissonnière
1942:Commandant Teste
1901:
1817:La Galissonnière
1656:semi-dreadnought
1630:Commandant Teste
1626:seaplane carrier
1609:La Galissonnière
1600:La Galissonnière
1458:
1274:, believed that
1273:
1257:Political aspect
1199:
1010:Battle of Angkor
935:
920:
913:
906:
897:
493:Cape Spartivento
395:
393:
383:
376:
369:
360:
320:13 torpedo boats
306:
235:13 torpedo boats
221:
178:
174:
172:
171:
160:
158:
157:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
86:
84:
73:
72:
43:
23:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5586:
5561:
5544:
5533:
5525:
5514:
5497:
5487:
5476:
5465:
5454:
5448:Giacinto Carini
5444:
5434:
5409:
5398:
5391:
5385:
5363:
5327:
5317:
5292:Empire Cromwell
5288:
4972:
4970:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4929:
4919:
4903:
4892:
4880:Krasnoye Znamya
4876:
4866:
4850:
4781:
4747:
4665:
4663:
4639:Tasker H. Bliss
4612:Edward Rutledge
4607:
4571:
4528:
4486:
4372:
4370:
4341:
4319:
4309:
4293:
4278:
4260:Empire Antelope
4256:
4243:
4240:
4184:
4162:
4147:
4137:
4110:
4081:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4035:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3964:, p. 452,
3960:
3956:
3941:
3933:. p. 216.
3914:
3913:
3909:
3898:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3659:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3604:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3541:
3522:
3521:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3495:, p. 254,
3491:
3487:
3480:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3445:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3382:
3374:. p. 325.
3352:
3351:
3344:
3336:, p. 159,
3332:
3325:
3319:4. France Falls
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3218:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3171:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3136:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3093:, p. 140,
3089:
3085:
3077:, p. 114,
3073:
3066:
3059:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3006:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2929:Marsden, Gordon
2926:
2925:
2921:
2913:, p. 363,
2909:
2902:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2793:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2725:SAGE Publishing
2704:
2703:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2675:, p. 115,
2671:
2664:
2653:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2475:, p. 267,
2471:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2414:
2409:
1935:Seaplane tender
1898:
1841:were salvaged:
1782:sinking of the
1711:auxiliary ships
1687:
1452:
1431:
1348:préfet maritime
1339:Jean de Laborde
1326:
1317:Philippe Pétain
1291:Jean de Laborde
1259:
1254:
1222:Operation Torch
1215:Battle of Dakar
1182:
1169:Operation Anton
1142:François Darlan
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1038:Operation Torch
988:Đô Lương mutiny
978:Franco-Thai War
963:Battle of Gabon
958:Battle of Dakar
936:
926:
924:
894:
889:
887:
880:
876:U-boat Campaign
860:
396:
391:
389:
387:
349:
347:
345:
341:
308:
307:
304:
300:
271:
265:4 combat groups
259:
223:
222:
219:
201:
192:Jean de Laborde
169:
167:
166:
155:
153:
138:
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
99:
82:
80:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5658:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5620:1942 in France
5612:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5542:
5531:
5523:
5512:
5495:
5485:
5474:
5463:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5407:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5364:Unknown date:
5361:
5325:
5315:
5286:
5107:Jean de Vienne
5101:Henri Poincaré
4968:
4957:
4947:
4937:
4927:
4917:
4901:
4890:
4874:
4864:
4848:
4779:
4745:
4661:
4605:
4569:
4526:
4484:
4368:
4339:
4317:
4307:
4291:
4276:
4266:Empire Leopard
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4197:
4183:
4182:External links
4180:
4179:
4178:
4160:
4145:
4135:
4108:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4044:
4033:
4009:
3998:
3970:
3954:
3939:
3907:
3896:
3869:
3858:
3826:
3768:Duffy, Michael
3758:
3676:
3657:
3613:
3602:
3573:
3559:
3550:
3539:
3510:
3501:
3485:
3478:
3454:
3443:
3407:
3380:
3366:(1 ed.).
3354:Korda, Michael
3342:
3323:
3317:, p. 77,
3307:
3227:
3216:
3180:
3169:
3145:
3134:
3099:
3083:
3064:
3057:
3023:
3004:
2990:. p. 82.
2982:(2 ed.).
2964:
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2791:
2764:
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2348:Henri Poincaré
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2264:Jean de Vienne
2257:Light cruisers
2253:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2142:Heavy cruisers
2138:
2137:
2136:
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2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1994:
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1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1813:Jean de Vienne
1771:Leonor Fresnel
1686:
1683:
1677:for use as an
1643:Henri Poincaré
1613:Jean de Vienne
1584:Jean de Vienne
1430:
1429:Operation Lila
1427:
1362:Jean de Vienne
1325:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1287:Gabriel Auphan
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1186:Fall of France
1181:
1178:
1146:Gabriel Auphan
1113:
1112:
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950:
941:
938:
937:
925:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
891:
890:
885:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
872:
871:
864:Allied convoys
859:
858:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
814:
813:
810:Cape Bougaroun
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
785:
780:
775:
772:Messina convoy
769:
761:
756:
749:
744:
736:
728:
717:
716:
710:
702:
696:
688:
683:
675:
666:
659:
651:
643:
635:
628:
620:
612:
600:
599:
594:
588:
582:
574:
566:
561:
553:
547:
541:
534:
529:
522:
515:
509:
497:
496:
490:
482:
476:
469:
461:
455:
447:
442:
436:
431:
425:
419:
412:
401:
398:
397:
388:
386:
385:
378:
371:
363:
355:
354:
351:
350:39 small ships
340:
339:
336:
333:
330:
329:9 patrol boats
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
303:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
290:
287:
281:
278:
277:
273:
272:
270:
269:
266:
262:
260:
258:
257:
256:39 small ships
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:9 patrol boats
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
218:
217:
216:
213:
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208:
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164:
150:
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94:
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77:
69:
68:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5657:
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5638:
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5633:
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5628:
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5618:
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5602:
5601:December 1942
5598:
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5174:
5169:
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5145:
5144:
5143:L'Indomptable
5139:
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5133:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5108:
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4977:
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4969:
4966:
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4958:
4955:
4954:
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4938:
4935:
4934:
4933:Sokrushitelny
4928:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4915:
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4913:Pierce Butler
4909:
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4753:
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4723:
4722:
4721:Le Conquérant
4717:
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4710:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4697:
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4684:
4683:
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4662:
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4632:Hugh L. Scott
4627:
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4606:
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4340:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:City of Cairo
4325:
4324:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4305:
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4299:
4298:
4292:
4289:
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4237:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4218:
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4214:
4208:at Wikisource
4207:
4202:
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4186:
4185:
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4161:9780190243678
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4136:9781682470602
4132:
4128:
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4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:West Virginia
4087:
4080:
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4073:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4034:9781844685325
4030:
4026:
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4020:
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4010:
4005:
4001:
3999:9781598844573
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3974:
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3958:
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3940:9780521845151
3936:
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3897:9781000340853
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3715:
3711:
3708:: 2075–2086.
3707:
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3680:
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3658:9780300248753
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3479:0-19-822884-8
3475:
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3444:9780520309333
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3381:9780060756659
3377:
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3372:HarperCollins
3369:
3368:New York City
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3170:9781783830794
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3135:9781848854314
3131:
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3042:
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3037:New York City
3034:
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3005:9780429603891
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2940:
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2938:History Today
2934:
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2570:Thousand Oaks
2567:
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2534:
2530:
2526:
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2231:
2228:
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2210:Le Flibustier
2207:
2205:
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2200:
2198:
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2186:
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2177:Torpedo-boats
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2160:
2158:
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2150:
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2053:
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2050:
2046:
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2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:L'Indomptable
2032:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1953:
1952:
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1944:
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1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
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1832:
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1819:were renamed
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1736:
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1699:torpedo boats
1691:
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1657:
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1596:
1595:Mers-el-Kébir
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1576:
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1569:Panzertruppen
1565:
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1450:Fort Lamalgue
1446:
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1378:
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1343:André Marquis
1340:
1330:
1323:
1321:
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1314:
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1300:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:André Marquis
1292:
1288:
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1279:
1277:
1272:
1271:
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1249:
1247:
1246:German forces
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930:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:
898:
883:
877:
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869:Malta convoys
867:
866:
865:
862:
861:
856:
853:
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829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
819:
818:
811:
808:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
760:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
745:
742:
741:
737:
734:
733:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
714:
711:
708:
707:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
674:
673:
672:
667:
665:
664:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
636:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
571:
567:
565:
564:Grand Harbour
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:
523:
521:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
494:
491:
488:
487:
483:
480:
477:
475:
474:
470:
467:
466:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
440:
437:
435:
434:Mers-el-Kébir
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
418:
417:
413:
411:
410:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
384:
379:
377:
372:
370:
365:
364:
361:
352:
344:
337:
335:1 school ship
334:
331:
328:
326:12 submarines
325:
322:
319:
317:15 destroyers
316:
313:
311:3 battleships
310:
297:
294:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
280:
279:
274:
267:
264:
263:
261:
255:
252:
250:1 school ship
249:
246:
243:
241:21 submarines
240:
237:
234:
232:18 destroyers
231:
228:
226:3 battleships
225:
215:
214:
209:
206:
203:
198:
197:André Marquis
195:
193:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
177:
165:
163:
152:
151:
146:
136:
133:
132:
127:
97:
93:
90:
89:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
54:
49:
48:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
5588:October 1942
5554:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5518:
5507:
5501:
5489:
5480:
5469:
5458:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5403:Thomas Stone
5402:
5378:
5373:Saint Edmond
5371:
5366:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5338:
5331:
5321:Dunedin Star
5320:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5291:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5167:Marseillaise
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4963:
4952:
4942:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4907:Prins Harald
4906:
4896:
4886:Tower Grange
4885:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4853:
4843:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4739:
4733:
4727:
4720:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4695:Isaac Sweers
4694:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4600:
4594:
4588:Sidi Ferruch
4587:
4582:Joseph Hewes
4581:
4574:
4564:
4558:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4532:
4521:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4489:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4363:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4281:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4174:Google Books
4172:– via
4150:
4141:Google Books
4139:– via
4113:
4077:
4069:Bibliography
4057:
4054:Sea Classics
4053:
4047:
4039:Google Books
4037:– via
4023:
4012:
4004:Google Books
4002:– via
3988:
3973:
3962:Symonds 2018
3957:
3921:
3910:
3902:Google Books
3900:– via
3886:
3872:
3864:Google Books
3862:– via
3840:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3781:
3775:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3693:
3689:
3679:
3671:Google Books
3669:– via
3627:
3616:
3608:Google Books
3606:– via
3592:
3553:
3545:Google Books
3543:– via
3529:
3504:
3488:
3469:
3449:Google Books
3447:– via
3421:
3410:
3400:– via
3362:
3315:Symonds 2018
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3246:
3240:
3230:
3222:Google Books
3220:– via
3194:
3183:
3175:Google Books
3173:– via
3159:
3148:
3140:Google Books
3138:– via
3116:
3086:
3032:
3026:
3018:Google Books
3016:– via
2978:
2967:
2942:
2936:
2922:
2911:Symonds 2018
2858:
2854:
2844:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2797:Google Books
2795:– via
2781:
2720:
2714:
2700:
2684:
2657:Google Books
2655:– via
2641:
2626:
2565:
2559:
2536:. Retrieved
2500:
2494:
2484:
2468:
2456:
2451:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2278:Marseillaise
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2240:
2235:Poursuivante
2234:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1805:Regia Marina
1803:
1797:
1793:Regia Marina
1789:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1765:
1754:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1707:patrol boats
1696:
1673:in 1936 and
1670:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1651:submarine..
1642:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1582:
1581:The cruiser
1580:
1574:
1567:
1556:
1553:
1547:Marseillaise
1546:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1506:Marseillaise
1505:
1492:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1447:
1442:
1432:
1420:
1403:coup de main
1401:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1335:
1310:
1284:
1280:
1270:Kriegsmarine
1264:Erich Raeder
1260:
1238:Adolf Hitler
1219:
1202:Vichy regime
1183:
1166:
1126:Vichy France
1121:
1119:
1095:
1094:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1044:
1037:
1025:
1024:
1003:
1002:
942:
933:World War II
929:Vichy France
855:Ligurian Sea
848:
847:
816:
815:
764:
752:
739:
731:
719:
718:
705:
691:
685:
678:
670:
668:
662:
654:
646:
638:
631:
623:
615:
602:
601:
577:
569:
556:
537:
525:
518:
512:Convoy AN 14
499:
498:
485:
472:
464:
458:Cape Passero
450:
415:
408:
402:
342:
295:
284:
162:Vichy France
148:Belligerents
65:Marseillaise
64:
58:
52:
46:
31:Part of the
18:
5332:Northampton
5305:Nova Scotia
5041:D'Iberville
4625:Hokkai Maru
4575:Hōkoku Maru
4479:West Humhaw
4436:La Surprise
4282:East Indian
3702:Netherlands
3637:Connecticut
3493:Upward 2016
3402:Archive.org
3334:Upward 2016
3257:: 643–670.
2867:French Army
2830:: 309–332.
2824:Mississippi
2820:Hattiesburg
2727:: 139–143.
2689:Upward 2016
2511:: 148–149.
2462:(in French)
2437:World War I
1972:Dédaigneuse
1966:D'Iberville
1906:Battleships
1715:school ship
1465:naval mines
1453: [
1248:in Africa.
1130:Nazi German
747:Pantelleria
285:Casualties:
220:164 vessels
121: /
5614:Categories
5468:HMCS
5337:HMCS
5215:Strasbourg
5131:Lansquenet
5071:Foudroyant
4854:Irish Pine
4818:Le Tonnant
4466:Tramontane
4454:Primauguet
4405:Boulonnais
4387:Amphitrite
4323:Chulmleigh
4249:Shipwrecks
4170:2017032532
4086:Morgantown
3819:25 January
3751:28 January
3667:2019941052
3431:California
3390:2006052856
3300:25 January
2871:Cairn.info
2865:, France:
2855:Inflexions
2538:25 January
2369:Redoutable
2285:Submarines
2183:Bayonnaise
2049:Lansquenet
2000:Destroyers
1987:Impétueuse
1930:(flagship)
1927:Strasbourg
1896:Ships sunk
1863:Lansquenet
1734:Casabianca
1669:, renamed
1638:destroyers
1607:exploded,
1529:Strasbourg
1525:Strasbourg
1514:Strasbourg
1493:Strasbourg
1484:Casabianca
1476:Strasbourg
1376:Strasbourg
1242:Case Anton
1196:zone libre
1184:After the
1045:Case Anton
788:Dodecanese
740:Campobasso
692:Portcullis
597:Alexandria
526:Abstention
445:Cape Spada
314:7 cruisers
305:77 vessels
292:26 wounded
229:7 cruisers
106:43°06′45″N
83:1942-11-27
47:Strasbourg
5553:USS
5536:USS
5519:Swordfish
5517:USS
5500:HMS
5479:USS
5457:USS
5428:Leedstown
5426:USS
5419:USS
5412:HMS
5401:USS
5392:incidents
5357:Uckermark
5330:USS
5297:HMS
5257:Vauquelin
5047:Dunkerque
4999:Bordelais
4962:HMS
4943:Benlomond
4895:USS
4842:USS
4823:USS
4812:Kirishima
4804:USS
4791:HMS
4784:HMS
4726:USS
4713:USS
4700:USS
4687:USS
4680:USS
4673:USS
4630:USS
4617:USS
4610:USS
4593:HMS
4580:USS
4557:HMS
4552:Jean Bart
4544:HMS
4531:HMS
4516:Leedstown
4514:USS
4495:HMS
4430:La Psyché
4393:Argonaute
4362:USS
4335:Dekabrist
4272:Gifu Maru
4119:Annapolis
3927:Cambridge
3880:(2018) .
3814:0025-3359
3800:: 62–75.
3730:0025-326X
3698:Amsterdam
3633:New Haven
3466:Deist, W.
3398:148290264
3295:474766029
3271:0013-8266
3200:Routledge
3014:216530750
2988:Routledge
2959:0018-2753
2895:226424361
2887:1772-3760
2873:: 45–60.
2836:0038-4496
2759:158144591
2743:0843-8714
2618:159589846
2586:0022-0094
2517:0028-1484
2189:Bordelais
2119:Vauquelin
1913:Dunkerque
1833:(renamed
1761:Barcelona
1685:Aftermath
1666:Jean Bart
1660:Condorcet
1605:Dunkerque
1590:Dunkerque
1365:, was in
1313:capsizing
953:Gibraltar
843:La Ciotat
838:Port Cros
828:Santorini
663:Agreement
609:2nd Sirte
591:1st Sirte
557:Substance
532:Souda Bay
353:1 wounded
343:Captured:
289:12 killed
109:5°54′25″E
5545:29 Nov:
5534:28 Nov:
5526:27 Nov:
5515:26 Nov:
5498:20 Nov:
5491:Piemonte
5488:17 Nov:
5477:16 Nov:
5470:Saguenay
5466:15 Nov:
5455:14 Nov:
5445:11 Nov:
5345:Takanami
5328:30 Nov:
5318:29 Nov:
5299:Ithuriel
5289:28 Nov:
5197:Provence
5185:Panthère
5137:L'Espoir
5119:L'Adroit
5113:Kersaint
5059:Eurydice
4971:27 Nov:
4960:25 Nov:
4953:Hayashio
4950:24 Nov:
4940:23 Nov:
4930:22 Nov:
4920:21 Nov:
4904:20 Nov:
4893:19 Nov:
4877:18 Nov:
4867:17 Nov:
4851:16 Nov:
4786:Algerine
4782:15 Nov:
4763:Narkunda
4748:14 Nov:
4708:Kinugasa
4668:Akatsuki
4664:13 Nov:
4608:12 Nov:
4595:Unbeaten
4572:11 Nov:
4529:10 Nov:
4424:Hartland
4417:Frondeur
4411:Fougueux
4399:Brestois
4381:Albatros
4123:Maryland
3949:65203222
3790:Scotland
3738:21864863
3706:Elsevier
3427:Berkeley
3356:(2007).
3287:05040370
2751:21102214
2602:66009877
2533:01779130
2525:75617787
2412:See also
2327:Eurydice
2320:L'Espoir
2084:Panthère
2056:Le Hardi
2042:Kersaint
1960:Curieuse
1920:Provence
1878:Provence
1847:Corsaire
1839:Le Hardi
1830:Le Hardi
1784:Bismarck
1759:reached
1749:reached
1746:Glorieux
1740:Marsouin
1721:, and 4
1648:seacocks
1624:and the
1621:Provence
1473:flagship
1394:Kersaint
1357:cruisers
1240:ordered
1188:and the
1162:scuttled
1156:and the
679:Stoneage
655:Pedestal
647:Vigorous
616:Calendar
578:Duisburg
489: ¹
439:Calabria
422:Club Run
323:6 sloops
238:6 sloops
211:Strength
98:, France
91:Location
5538:Alchiba
5502:Bramham
5481:Electra
5459:Electra
5435:9 Nov:
5410:8 Nov:
5399:7 Nov:
5367:Sibylle
5269:Vengeur
5263:Vautour
5173:Mogador
5161:Mameluk
5095:Guépard
5089:Gerfaut
5083:Galatée
5077:Fresnel
5053:Dupleix
5035:Diamant
5023:Colbert
5017:Cassard
4987:Algérie
4975:Achéron
4825:Preston
4799:Ayanami
4793:Avenger
4757:Scillin
4740:Yūdachi
4728:Monssen
4689:Cushing
4675:Atlanta
4645:Tynwald
4487:9 Nov:
4460:Tornade
4371:8 Nov:
4351:Eveleen
4345:Donbass
4342:7 Nov:
4320:6 Nov:
4310:5 Nov:
4297:Hobbema
4294:4 Nov:
4279:3 Nov:
4257:2 Nov:
3786:Glasgow
3746:4840739
3710:Bibcode
3249:(447).
2951:England
2931:(ed.).
2610:1783199
2397:Vengeur
2341:Galatée
2334:Fresnel
2313:Diamant
2292:Achéron
2224:Mameluk
2217:Le Mars
2203:Fleuret
2163:Dupleix
2156:Colbert
2149:Algérie
2126:Vautour
2077:Mogador
2028:Guépard
2021:Gerfaut
2014:Cassard
1977:Épargne
1955:Chamois
1871:Fleuret
1575:Colbert
1557:Dupleix
1538:Algérie
1533:Colbert
1489:Algiers
1413:Marquis
1409:Laborde
1382:Colbert
1367:drydock
1252:Prelude
1180:Context
931:during
726:Zuwarah
713:Algiers
706:Olterra
639:Harpoon
632:Albumen
570:Halberd
538:Matapan
479:Otranto
473:Taranto
338:28 tugs
296:Losses:
253:28 tugs
176:Germany
81: (
59:Algérie
53:Colbert
5438:Wandle
5421:Gunnel
5339:Quinte
5281:Verdun
5251:Vauban
5239:Trombe
5227:Thétis
5209:Siroco
5203:Sirène
5191:Pascal
5179:Naïade
5011:Casque
5005:Caïman
4993:Aurore
4964:Utmost
4806:Benham
4715:Laffey
4702:Juneau
4682:Barton
4642:, HMS
4565:Méduse
4559:Martin
4522:Typhon
4497:Cromer
4490:Ariane
4473:Walney
4448:Oréade
4375:Actéon
4364:Majaba
4168:
4158:
4133:
4031:
3996:
3947:
3937:
3894:
3856:
3812:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3696:(10).
3665:
3655:
3600:
3537:
3476:
3441:
3396:
3388:
3378:
3293:
3285:
3279:576348
3277:
3269:
3251:Oxford
3214:
3167:
3132:
3055:
3012:
3002:
2984:London
2957:
2947:London
2945:(11).
2893:
2885:
2834:
2789:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2649:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2594:259995
2592:
2584:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2403:
2383:Thétis
2376:Sirène
2362:Pascal
2355:Naïade
2306:Caïman
2299:Aurore
2248:Trombe
2241:Siroco
2196:Casque
2133:Verdun
2112:Vauban
1982:Granit
1949:Sloops
1723:cranes
1703:sloops
1675:hulked
1206:Allies
1150:Toulon
793:Rhodes
778:Bastia
765:Scylla
753:Sicily
699:Skerki
686:Toulon
624:Bowery
544:Tarigo
506:Excess
428:Espero
173:
159:
134:Result
96:Toulon
62:, and
5555:Tunny
5508:I-175
5414:Broke
5390:Other
5379:U-184
5275:Vénus
5245:Valmy
5233:Tigre
5221:Tartu
4981:Aigle
4923:U-517
4897:YP-26
4870:U-331
4860:U-173
4844:Walke
4837:U-259
4775:U-605
4769:U-595
4734:U-411
4657:U-660
4651:U-272
4533:Broke
4509:Diane
4503:Danaé
4442:Milan
4357:Ha-11
4313:U-408
4303:U-132
4287:Ro-65
4082:(PDF)
3982:. In
3784:(1).
3742:S2CID
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