2332:(SPD) until 1931, she began her political career in 1916 and was elected as a representative of the provincial council in Westfalen. In 1933 the Provincial Diet was abolished by the Third Reich, and Nadig was no longer a representative. She refused to commit herself politically until 1947, when she became an elected SPD member of the new German state parliament of Nordrhein-Westfalen. In addition to her position as state representative, she was chosen as a member of the parliamentary council (Parlamentarischer Rat). Although Selbert and the SPD implemented gender equality in the German constitution, her demands for wage equality and equal treatment for children born to married and unmarried parents were unsuccessful.
2481:
individual could propose actions or new groups, and they were welcome to realize their ideas as long as they could find enough people to help them. There was thus no thematic let alone political "line" that determined whether an enterprise was right and permissible. Not having to follow a line also had the advantage of flexibility". The Berlin women's center's info of 1973 stated: "We constantly and collectively developed the women's center's self-understanding. We therefore do not have a self-understanding on paper, but are learning together."
2438:
39:
2434:(a member of the West Berlin SDS and Aktionsrat zur Befreiung der Frauen, the Mission for the Liberation of Women) hit an SDS board member with a tomato. That day, female members of the SDS regional councils founded Weiberräte ("hag-councils") and formed women's centres. The centres encouraged women to protest against "division of labour, birth control, laws, sexuality in politics and abortion".
2057:
2242:, women were required to work in factories to compensate for the lack of male labor. Although their economic value changed, their social status did not. Barbara Brennan described how they were perceived: "The German women who survived the Second World War are often characterized by the familiar images of long lines of women digging the country out from underneath the rubble."
2464:
no leaders. How were we supposed to find out what would make political sense now? Which objectives were worth pursuing? How should we proceed? Among the dogmatists, all these questions were handled by a small leadership circle or even dictated by the GDR (German
Democratic Republic) or China. We non-dogmatics sought inspiration elsewhere. For instance, we read the works of
2380:) was enacted on 1 January 1900, and many changes were needed to reconcile it with contemporary values. In 1949 (when the German constitution was enacted) equal rights were missing from the civil and criminal code, and the Equal Rights Law was intended to correct the omission. The final changes concerning gender inequality were made on 25 April 2006.
2517:, a Women's Liberation Front proclaimed in 1969 combatively that "it will raise silently out of the darkness, strike and disappear again and criticized the women who "brag about jumping onto a party express without realizing that the old jalopy has to be electrified first before it can drive. They've chosen security over the struggle".
2393:), was legally defined. He made important decisions, and his consent was required for his wife to open a bank account. Until 1977 a married woman needed her husband's consent to obtain an employment contract, and he decided the use of his wife's earnings. Abuse (including rape) in a marriage was not punishable, unlike abortion.
2499:
Autonomous feminists of the women's centers viewed the West German state with deep distrust. To apply for state funds was unthinkable (apart for a women's shelter). In the 1970s the search for terrorists would affect any young person active in whatever groups. Over years women's centers were searched
2463:
In the 1970s, the '68er movement split into many factions of a
Leninist, revisionist or Maoist bent, each following their various dogmas. The membership numbers of the non-dogmatic left, in contrast, remained tiny, less than 1 percent of the overall Left. We had no dogmas, no pioneering thinkers and
2222:
In 1933, the Nazis banned female professors from teaching at universities. National
Socialist legislation from 1933 to 1945 restricted women's right to attend university, leading to a rupture in academic employment and career development for women. Discriminatory Nazi legislature was also evident in
2480:
In the 1970s, the West German women's centers, cradle of all those feminist projects, were so inventive and productive because "very group at the Berlin women's center was autonomous and could choose whatever field they wished to work in. The plenary never tried to regiment the groups. Any group or
2388:
From 1949 to 1965 Germany had a conservative government and Konrad
Adenauer, its Roman Catholic chancellor, was regarded as resistant to change. Marriage and the family were protected by traditional role models, and a married woman's legal standing did not correspond with that of a married man. The
2168:
in 1882 as a political principle. Auclert had protested the French government's decision to deny women the right to vote, stood as an illegal candidate for the French government and refused to pay taxes: "I have no rights, therefore, I have no taxes; I do not vote, I do not pay." Auclert's term was
2414:
After the bitter experience of the Nazi regime and Second World War, Germans, both in East and West turned away from militarism. Although West
Germany decided in the early 1950s – despite strong protests in Parliament and among the public – to follow East Germany in rebuilding an army and (unlike
2396:
Girls from rural or working-class backgrounds were heavily underrepresented in secondary and tertiary schools. War veterans were given preference at the few remaining universities in postwar
Germany, and had taken most of the educational slots. Over 50 percent of women graduating from gymnasiums
2250:
After the collapse of the Third Reich, women were gradually relieved of their new duties by returning prisoners of war. Women who served the country during the war as volunteers or conscripts had to face the repercussions of their actions, which affected their careers and personal lives.
2430:, a female SDS activist of the SDS, blamed her male colleagues for not pushing social criticism far enough and ignoring discrimination against women. The SDS was the mirror image of a masculine society. When the association did not discuss the issue and returned to the initial agenda,
2495:
in 1973: "We simply skipped the step of a theoretical platform, which was a must in other groups. Even before this meeting there was a consensus, so that we didn't need a lot of discussion, because all of us had the same experience with left-wing groups behind us."
2144:
is believed to be the founder of the first middle-class women's movement which pursued the participation of women in education and politics. According to Otto-Peters, female participation in politics was a duty rather than a right.
2425:
This political environment enabled the formation of a new women's movement: second-wave feminism. At a 13 September 1968 conference of the
Socialist German Student Association (Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund, or SDS),
2581:
Hilden, Patricia (1982). Dubois, Ellen; Fletcher, Sheila; Harrison, Brian; Kaplan, Marion; McMillan, James; Prochaska, F. K.; Rupp, Leila; Soldon, Norbert; Tentler, Leslie
Woodcock (eds.). "Women's History: The Second Wave".
2314:. One of five female law students among the 300 men, she passed her exams with honours just before the laws barring women from universities took effect in December 1934. Selbert became a leading advocate of sexual equality.
2124:
Historically, social systems throughout the world were organized paternally. Patriarchal structures can be found in all areas of society: in governmental power structures, in the economies of developing countries, in the
2500:
by Police as well as cars and homes of many feminists. The West Berlin women's center went on a week-long hunger strike in 1973 in support of the women strike in prison and rallied repeatedly at the women's jail in
234:
2409:
During the 1960s several feminist groups were founded, which were characterized as the second wave. University students began questioning their educators, many of whom were considered former Nazi collaborators:
2364:
In 1957, the Equal Rights Law (Gleichberechtigungsgesetz) became effective. German legislation differs from the
British and American legal systems, which are based on case law. In Germany, a 2,385-paragraph
146:
2306:
Selbert was a lawyer who had a limited primary and secondary education due to poverty. After finding a job in a telegraph office, Selbert graduated from college and attended law school in
229:
3276:
3945:
3743:
161:
2397:(Germany's academic secondary schools) were forced to abandon further academic education. Universities had very few female professors, and only one-third of all women were employed.
151:
268:
4309:
3545:
1586:
2459:, "the Sponti women who (re-)founded the feminist movement. For that reason it is worth taking a closer look at anarchist theory and tradition", further explaining:
2789:
3398:
2927:
1417:
4278:
2255:
965:
2352:) politician addressed its meaning and phrased it to emphasise the importance of human life and dignity. After hesitating about women's rights, she proposed
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membership and providing expertise as a former member of the national council, Helene Weber became part of the parliament council at the behest of
3209:
2354:"Männer und Frauen stehen bei Wahl und Ausübung des Berufes gleich, verrichten sie gleiche Arbeit, so haben sie Anspruch auf gleiche Entlohnung"
3776:
Menschenrechte als
Frauenrechte und Frauenrechte als Menschenrechte: Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Elisabeth Selberts Leben und Beitrag
1395:
78:
2540:) legitimized militance with feminist theory in the 1980s and attacked bioengineering facilities. Some women disillusioned with the racism of
4339:
4013:
3929:
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2034:
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73:
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2003:
1933:
1243:
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216:
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2013:
2008:
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existed as part of German Christian or political associations. Von Schirach formed a uniformed youth movement out of those groups, the
3497:
2329:
1228:
241:
221:
2901:
2227:("an invasion of the holy and established principles of the nation's manliness"). The Nazis destroyed women's organizations, exiling
3784:
3219:
3165:
2642:
2356:("Men and Women are equal in their choice and execution of work. If they accomplish the same, they have the right to equal wages.")
2039:
1953:
1921:
726:
2625:
Hartsock, Nancy C. M. (1983). "The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism".
2018:
903:
3774:
2254:
Feminism was virtually non-existent from 1945 to 1966. An important exception is a phrase in the human-rights section of the new
1358:
920:
186:
2140:
demanded equal rights for men and women. During this period, the women's movement was influenced predominantly by class issues.
4301:
2415:
East Germany) join NATO, West German soldiers took no part in international combat missions until German reunification in 1990.
196:
141:
4035:
2078:
1870:
1525:
1491:
1400:
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868:
181:
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1983:
1973:
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1405:
1223:
211:
191:
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3329:
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1963:
1938:
1763:
1032:
982:
975:
256:
206:
201:
4270:
2282:
The 1949 German constitution was developed and written by a group of 65 politicians. Of the 65, only four were women:
1968:
1958:
1928:
1810:
1795:
1785:
1373:
1238:
1233:
925:
498:
88:
2401:, stereotypically-female jobs (known as low-wage or mini-jobs) were created to encourage women to remain housewives.
2106:. The second wave (emerging during the first half of the 20th century) was heavily influenced by the policies of the
2366:
1911:
1498:
83:
4116:
3860:
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2071:
1723:
1503:
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1945:
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1621:
1383:
1037:
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705:
678:
591:
491:
3258:
2833:
2485:
2437:
2902:"Auclert, Hubertine – Dictionary definition of Auclert, Hubertine | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary"
2767:
3979:
2977:
2536:
1830:
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1329:
661:
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1978:
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1368:
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776:
532:
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1633:
1464:
1439:
1348:
1213:
970:
930:
410:
327:
2348:(the Federal Republic of Germany's first chancellor). While creating the German constitution, the CDU (
2193:
3518:
Deutschland, Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum, Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik.
3005:
2816:
2431:
2232:
2149:
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1805:
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1508:
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1132:
1112:
1062:
915:
851:
824:
564:
398:
123:
113:
3922:
Der lange Atem der Provokation. Die Frauenbewegung in der Bundesrepublik und in Frankreich 1968–1976
2328:
Nadig was born in Herford on 11 December 1897. Like her father, who was a German politician for the
2561:
2445:
2189:
2129:
and in medicine. The first changes to this system appeared as a self-conscious, feminist movement.
2119:
2103:
1668:
1658:
1628:
1616:
1611:
1513:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1107:
1042:
1022:
955:
898:
856:
834:
800:
734:
486:
391:
320:
170:
118:
108:
63:
2235:(pioneers of the first women's movement and opponents of the Nazi regime) to Switzerland in 1933.
4143:
3075:
2689:
2648:
2607:
2599:
2141:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1820:
1815:
1800:
1753:
1733:
1708:
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1540:
1422:
1412:
1067:
893:
759:
641:
354:
315:
2952:
1313:
68:
2454:
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3493:
3313:
3215:
3161:
2849:
2638:
2530:
2501:
2287:
2153:
2133:
2132:
The emergence of women's movements and the discussion of women's rights was contingent on the
1916:
1780:
1743:
1738:
1718:
1713:
1683:
1648:
1601:
1591:
1555:
1550:
1535:
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1179:
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1137:
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987:
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846:
805:
786:
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656:
636:
623:
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579:
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547:
447:
386:
288:
22:
4006:
Die Neue Frauenbewegung in Deutschland: Abschied vom kleinen Unterschied. Ausgewählte Quellen
3717:
2215:. It had two groups: the militaristic Hitler Jugend and Deutsches Jungvolk for boys, and the
3894:
2679:
2630:
2591:
2549:
2521:
2137:
1865:
1860:
1770:
1698:
1693:
1653:
1606:
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1390:
1318:
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935:
841:
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771:
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479:
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467:
462:
457:
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381:
364:
310:
305:
58:
3805:
2707:
2223:
the Judiciary Training Regulations of 22 July 1934, according to which female lawyers were
38:
3592:
3087:
2861:
2525:
2398:
2377:
2370:
2345:
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992:
950:
888:
810:
700:
646:
604:
542:
537:
503:
415:
369:
4090:"FMT : Chronik der Neuen Frauenbewegung in Deutschland: Vorfrühling 1968–1970 – FMT"
3437:
2272:"Männer und Frauen haben grundsätzlich dieselben staatsbürgerlichen Rechte und Pflichten"
3832:"Der Ritt auf der Schnecke- Rechtliche Gleichstellung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"
2228:
2173:(the Internationaler Kongress für Frauenwerke und Frauenbestrebungen) as a synonym for
1840:
1283:
1248:
1057:
863:
815:
609:
569:
452:
3560:
2188:
made drastic changes to German society, restructuring it around Nazi values. In 1933,
4355:
3666:"Deutscher Bundestag – Vor 60 Jahren: Bundestag beschließt Gleichberechtigungsgesetz"
2877:"Auclert, Hubertine (1848–1914). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia"
2652:
2611:
2295:
1142:
1102:
1097:
1007:
749:
712:
337:
332:
2815:
Ferguson, Ann; Hennessy, Rosemary; Nagel, Mechthild (2018). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
2693:
3236:
2473:
2465:
2427:
2323:
2291:
2283:
2239:
2205:
2197:
2107:
1363:
1293:
1157:
1092:
1087:
1047:
997:
754:
673:
651:
552:
427:
300:
2307:
3519:
3130:"The Role of Women in the Third Reich | Fall 2015 | Washington State University"
2528:. Neither of these terrorist groups showed feminist concerns. The women's group
766:
683:
557:
403:
2595:
2505:
2341:
2201:
2136:'s goals to achieve universal equality. On 14 September 1791, French feminist
1323:
1308:
1002:
3957:
3906:
2634:
2225:"einen Einbruch in den altgeheiligten Grundsatz der Männlichkeit des Staates"
1303:
1298:
376:
3182:
2760:"Women's Rights and the French Revolution | French and Haitian Revolutions"
2684:
2667:
3898:
3691:
2629:. Synthese Library. Vol. 161. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 283–310.
2258:, which states: "Men and women have equal rights". This is similar to the
2734:
2513:
1077:
945:
508:
30:
2928:"A Third Reich Past: Why I Cannot Answer Questions about My Grandfather"
3492:. Verlag Westfälisches Dampfboo. p. Preview in Google booksearch.
2603:
2545:
2311:
2126:
739:
3057:
2821:(Spring 2018 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2790:"Feministin Olympe de Gouges – "Mann, bist du fähig gerecht zu sein?""
2110:
and its attitudes towards gender roles, and those of the postwar era.
2212:
2185:
2170:
3946:"Wie wütende Studenten eine Revolte gegen das braune Erbe anstießen"
2476:, and maintained contacts with French and Italian autonomous groups.
3638:
3611:
2436:
2298:. All four were pioneers of the postwar German women's movement.
2274:("Men and women have strictly the same rights and obligations.")
3101:
3259:"Builders of a Nation: Women's Experiences in Postwar Germany"
2544:
but agreeing with its main points moved on to the anti-racist
4334:. Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia: Edition Assemblage. 2013.
3567:. Stiftung Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
3006:"Bund deutscher Mädel (BDM) – Mädchen im Dritten Reich | ZbE"
2668:"Patriarchy and Womens Subordination: A Theoretical Analysis"
2169:
introduced in 1896 at an international women's convention in
2152:
formed in France, England, the United States, and Australia.
4332:
Fantifa: Feministische Perspektiven Antifascisischer Politik
4036:"Vor 40 Jahren: Neue Frauenbewegung begann mit drei Tomaten"
4008:(2. aktualisierte Auflage ed.). VS Verlag. p. 38.
3612:"Helene Weber, Geschichte der CDU, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung"
3885:
Weinkopf, Claudia (2014). "Women's Employment in Germany".
3464:"Pionierinnen der Wissenschaft – Frauen an den Universiten"
3237:"Das Bild der Frau in der NS-Zeitschrift "NS-Frauen-Warte""
2953:"The History Place – Hitler Youth: Road to Power 1923–1933"
2735:"Liberty, Equality and Fraternity in the French Revolution"
2834:"Geschichte der Frauenbewegung im bundesdeutschen Kontext"
3438:"60 Jahre Grundgesetz: Die Mutter der Gleichberechtigung"
2926:
Schirach, An Essay by Ferdinand von (23 September 2011).
3744:"1900: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch – The German Civil Code"
3520:"Gerade auf LeMO gesehen: LeMO Biografie: Frieda Nadig"
2484:
A prominent example for this gives the founding of the
4202:
4200:
4302:"Militant Women | A Gender Perspective on Militancy?"
2219:
to train girls to be "obedient housewi and mother".
2441:
Frauenzentrum Westberlin pictured in Frankfurt 1973
3806:"Die wichtigsten Etappen zur Gleichberechtigung"
2461:
2412:
2200:. Before 1933, youth organizations such as the
2472:the memoirs of the Russian-American anarchist
2208:, with membership becoming mandatory in 1936.
2708:"Four Waves of Feminism | Pacific University"
2079:
8:
3544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2270:("All Germans are equal under the law") and
2268:"Alle Deutschen sind vor dem Gesetze gleich"
4209:"Starting the Berlin Women's Center (1972)"
3722:Juristisches Informationssystem für die BRD
3208:Derrida, Jacques; Weber, Elisabeth (2004).
3348:"Deutscher Bundestag – X. Das Finanzwesen"
2086:
2072:
1899:
1271:
1201:
966:African-American women's suffrage movement
293:
51:
17:
2683:
2373:(criminal code) resolve legal questions.
4300:Perincioli, Cristina (20 January 2015).
4269:Perincioli, Cristina (23 January 2015).
4238:Perincioli, Cristina (23 January 2015).
4207:Perincioli, Cristina (20 January 2015).
4173:Perincioli, Cristina (20 January 2015).
4142:Perincioli, Cristina (23 January 2015).
4115:Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische.
4084:
4082:
4029:
4027:
4025:
3980:"How World War II shaped modern Germany"
3924:. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. p. 45.
3800:
3798:
3796:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3432:
3430:
3315:Female Administrators of the Third Reich
3124:
3122:
911:Discrimination against transgender women
3000:
2998:
2818:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2573:
2511:In the West Berlin anarchist newspaper
2389:husband's role as master of the house (
2330:Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
2026:
1902:
1339:
436:
353:
169:
132:
99:
29:
4271:"1970 Militant Women's Call to Action"
3588:
3578:
3537:
3490:Das Recht auf Gleichheit und Differenz
3374:"Gleichberechtigung von Mann und Frau"
3083:
3073:
2857:
2847:
2369:(BGB, civil code) and a 358-paragraph
2266:constitution, whose Article 109 read:
4066:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
2350:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
7:
4281:from the original on 18 October 2020
4250:from the original on 19 October 2020
4185:from the original on 17 October 2020
2470:Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
2448:states that it was the women of the
4312:from the original on 25 August 2020
4154:from the original on 25 August 2020
3399:"Die Vier Mütter Des GrunDGesetzes"
2211:The Hitler Youth was structured by
4062:"Ein Tomatenwurf und seine Folgen"
3102:"The Nazi Expulsion of Professors"
14:
4219:from the original on 8 March 2021
3773:Maier, Cornelia (25 April 2002).
3235:Horňáček, Milan (23 April 2018).
3036:Spurensuche in der Obergrafschaft
3010:www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de
2055:
1587:Democratic Republic of the Congo
921:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
37:
3692:"Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB)"
3637:Vom Hofe, Ina (16 March 1881).
3330:"Das Grundgesetz, Artikel 3(2)"
3157:Expansion And Structural Change
3861:"Germany – History Background"
3645:. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung e.V
3565:Lemo, Lebendiges Museum Online
3336:. Federal Republic of Germany.
3154:Windolf, Paul (5 March 2018).
2019:Women's suffrage organizations
1:
4175:"Feminist Projects (1974-76)"
3865:education.stateuniversity.com
3284:www.bremer-frauenausschuss.de
3214:. Stanford University Press.
2148:During the mid-19th century,
3724:. Bundesrepublik Deutschland
3698:. Bundesrepublik Deutschland
3038:(in German). 31 October 2008
2004:Suffragists and suffragettes
1934:American feminist literature
3952:(in German). 9 March 2018.
3059:GRIN – Bund Deutscher Mädel
3032:"Aufgaben der Hitlerjugend"
2524:and the anarchist militant
2376:The BGB (influenced by the
1244:Views on transgender topics
1234:Views on sexual orientation
4383:
4034:WELT (10 September 2008).
3978:Davis, Mark (5 May 2015).
3561:"Frieda Nadig 1897 – 1970"
2508:escaped in 1973 and 1976.
2468:, the publications of the
2321:
2156:, editor of the newspaper
2117:
4240:"1970-77 Fear and Terror"
4117:"bpb.de – Frauenbewegung"
3920:Schulz, Kristina (2002).
3488:Böttger, Barbara (1990).
3134:history.libraries.wsu.edu
2596:10.1017/S0018246X00011717
2260:Weimarer Reichsverfassung
2181:The Third Reich and women
2035:Women's rights by country
941:Female genital mutilation
4060:Dr. Hertkampf, Susanne.
3839:Freie Universität Berlin
3779:(in German). diplom.de.
3718:"Strafgesetzbuch (StGB)"
3643:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
3616:Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
3318:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
3312:Rachel, Century (2017).
3189:. DIE ZEIT Verlagsgruppe
2635:10.1007/0-306-48017-4_15
2486:Frauenzentrum Westberlin
2278:1949 German constitution
2196:(Reich youth leader) by
2040:Feminists by nationality
2014:Women's studies journals
2009:Women's rights activists
727:Movements and ideologies
3748:Duhaime.org – Learn Law
3275:Baumeister, Dr. Hella.
2978:"Hitler Youth Movement"
2548:movement derivative of
2367:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
2102:was a key component of
1428:International relations
289:Intersectional variants
3181:von Münch, Eva Marie.
2836:. Bielefeld University
2794:Deutschlandfunk Kultur
2685:10.3329/AFJ.V4I0.12929
2584:The Historical Journal
2520:Many women joined the
2478:
2442:
2423:
2217:Bund Deutscher Mädchen
2177:("women's movement").
1954:Conservative feminisms
1209:Bicycling and feminism
1185:Women in the workforce
1153:Violence against women
1128:Sexual objectification
1088:Opposition to feminism
345:Vegetarian ecofeminism
3899:10.3917/reof.133.0189
3468:archiv.rwth-aachen.de
3378:egora.uni-muenster.de
2982:History Learning Site
2440:
1984:Feminist rhetoricians
1974:Feminist philosophers
1526:Revisionist mythology
1229:Views on prostitution
1214:Criticism of marriage
904:Children's literature
4362:Second-wave feminism
4306:Berlin Goes Feminist
4275:Berlin Goes Feminist
4244:Berlin Goes Feminist
4213:Berlin Goes Feminist
4179:Berlin Goes Feminist
4148:Berlin Goes Feminist
2906:www.encyclopedia.com
2672:Arts Faculty Journal
2666:Sultana, A. (2012).
2537:Revolutionäre Zellen
2405:Second-wave feminism
2233:Lida Gustava Heymann
2100:second-wave feminism
1964:Feminist art critics
1939:Feminist comic books
1896:Lists and categories
1575:By continent/country
1406:Pathways perspective
1289:Gender mainstreaming
1224:Views on pornography
1133:Substantive equality
1113:Reproductive justice
1063:Matriarchal religion
916:Diversity (politics)
852:Political lesbianism
162:Other women's rights
4367:Feminism in Germany
4004:Lenz, Ilse (2011).
3670:Deutscher Bundestag
3415:on 28 December 2010
3352:Deutscher Bundestag
3334:Deutscher Bundestag
3277:"Arbeit für Frauen"
3211:Questioning Judaism
2875:Gale Research Inc.
2627:Discovering Reality
2562:Feminism in Germany
2450:Undogmatische Linke
2446:Cristina Perincioli
2256:German constitution
2190:Baldur von Schirach
2120:First-wave feminism
2104:feminism in Germany
2062:Feminism portal
1969:Feminist economists
1959:Ecofeminist authors
1764:Trinidad and Tobago
1704:Republic of Ireland
1396:Composition studies
1163:Women's empowerment
1118:Sex workers' rights
1043:Feminist capitalism
1023:Internalized sexism
956:Feminism in culture
64:History of feminism
4094:frauenmediaturm.de
3830:Berghahn, Sabine.
3591:has generic name (
2860:has generic name (
2504:. From this jail,
2443:
2246:After World War II
2194:Reichsjugendführer
2164:) coined the term
2142:Louise Otto-Peters
1374:Literary criticism
1239:Views on sexuality
926:Effects on society
894:Complementarianism
869:Women's liberation
624:Religious variants
598:trans-exclusionary
316:Radical lesbianism
4341:978-3-942885-30-0
4015:978-3-531-17436-5
3931:978-3-593-37110-8
3257:Brennan, Barbra.
2714:. 25 October 2015
2391:Haushaltsvorstand
2384:Existing problems
2302:Elisabeth Selbert
2288:Elisabeth Selbert
2154:Hubertine Auclert
2150:women's movements
2134:French Revolution
2098:The emergence of
2096:
2095:
2047:
2046:
1566:
1565:
1556:womanist theology
1499:Political ecology
1330:Écriture féminine
1257:
1256:
1148:Triple oppression
1138:Toxic masculinity
1123:Sexual harassment
983:Feminist stripper
961:Feminist movement
517:
516:
448:Africana womanism
279:
278:
4374:
4346:
4345:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4144:"1906 Anarchism"
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4031:
4020:
4019:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3950:Der Tagesspiegel
3942:
3936:
3935:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3750:. Archived from
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3559:unknown author.
3556:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3515:
3504:
3503:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3408:. Archived from
3403:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3293:on 10 April 2016
3292:
3286:. Archived from
3281:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2957:historyplace.com
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2881:Encyclopedia.com
2872:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:unknown author.
2829:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2766:. Archived from
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2712:www.pacificu.edu
2704:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2578:
2534:(split from the
2522:Red Army Faction
2494:
2458:
2421:
2360:Equal Rights Law
2340:Unencumbered by
2238:Near the end of
2138:Olympe de Gouges
2088:
2081:
2074:
2060:
2059:
2058:
1999:Feminist parties
1994:Muslim feminists
1989:Jewish feminists
1900:
1881:History of women
1504:Political theory
1272:
1202:
1175:
1168:Women-only space
1053:Likeability trap
1018:Invisible labour
936:Female education
745:Anti-pornography
600:
599:
595:
311:Lesbian of color
294:
171:Women's suffrage
147:Muslim countries
142:Women's suffrage
59:Feminist history
52:
41:
18:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4315:
4313:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4253:
4251:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4188:
4186:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4155:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4099:
4097:
4096:. 17 April 2018
4088:
4087:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4016:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3887:Revue de l'OFCE
3884:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3787:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3754:on 20 June 2018
3742:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3600:
3587:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3500:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3183:"Frau und Robe"
3180:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3082:
3072:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2856:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2770:on 20 June 2018
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2645:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2558:
2526:2 June Movement
2488:
2452:
2422:
2419:
2407:
2399:Gender-specific
2386:
2378:Napoleonic Code
2371:Strafgesetzbuch
2362:
2346:Konrad Adenauer
2338:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2280:
2264:Weimar Republic
2248:
2183:
2122:
2116:
2092:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2048:
1950:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1796:Northern Cyprus
1576:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1384:Science fiction
1335:
1314:Women's studies
1279:Feminist method
1269:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1083:Oedipus complex
1073:Men in feminism
1038:Language reform
1013:Ideal womanhood
993:Gender equality
988:Formal equality
951:Feminationalism
889:Cognitive labor
883:
875:
874:
873:
830:Post-structural
729:
719:
718:
717:
626:
616:
615:
614:
597:
594:Gender-critical
593:
592:
543:Femonationalism
527:
519:
518:
513:
492:Native American
432:
387:Critical theory
349:
291:
281:
280:
275:
230:Second Republic
158:
128:
95:
69:Women's history
49:
12:
11:
5:
4380:
4378:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4340:
4323:
4292:
4261:
4230:
4196:
4165:
4134:
4107:
4078:
4052:
4021:
4014:
3996:
3970:
3937:
3930:
3912:
3893:(2): 189–214.
3877:
3852:
3822:
3792:
3785:
3765:
3735:
3709:
3683:
3664:Heyer, Laura.
3656:
3639:"Helene Weber"
3629:
3598:
3551:
3505:
3499:978-3924550448
3498:
3480:
3455:
3426:
3390:
3365:
3339:
3321:
3304:
3267:
3249:
3227:
3220:
3200:
3173:
3166:
3146:
3118:
3093:
3084:|website=
3049:
3023:
2994:
2969:
2944:
2918:
2893:
2867:
2824:
2807:
2781:
2751:
2733:Hanke, Eigil.
2725:
2699:
2658:
2643:
2617:
2590:(2): 501–512.
2572:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2502:Lehrter Straße
2417:
2406:
2403:
2385:
2382:
2361:
2358:
2337:
2334:
2322:Main article:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2300:
2279:
2276:
2247:
2244:
2229:Anita Augspurg
2192:was appointed
2182:
2179:
2175:Frauenbewegung
2162:Female Citizen
2118:Main article:
2115:
2112:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Feminist poets
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1946:Feminist songs
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1922:by nationality
1914:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1871:United Kingdom
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1482:Existentialism
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:Justice ethics
1467:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:Constructivism
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:Areas of study
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1284:Gender studies
1281:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1249:SCUM Manifesto
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1180:Women's rights
1177:
1174:Women's health
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Male privilege
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1027:International
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
907:
906:
896:
891:
885:
884:
881:
880:
877:
876:
872:
871:
866:
864:Technofeminism
861:
860:
859:
854:
849:
839:
838:
837:
827:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
808:
803:
793:
792:
791:
790:
789:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
757:
747:
742:
737:
731:
730:
725:
724:
721:
720:
716:
715:
710:
709:
708:
698:
693:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
639:
634:
628:
627:
622:
621:
618:
617:
613:
612:
607:
602:
589:
588:
587:
582:
577:
567:
562:
561:
560:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
528:
526:Other variants
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
495:
494:
484:
483:
482:
472:
471:
470:
465:
460:
450:
444:
441:
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
425:
424:
423:
418:
408:
407:
406:
396:
395:
394:
389:
379:
374:
373:
372:
361:
358:
357:
351:
350:
348:
347:
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4314:. Retrieved
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3868:. Retrieved
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3809:
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3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:the original
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3695:
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3615:
3589:|last1=
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3523:
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3467:
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3441:
3417:. Retrieved
3410:the original
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3377:
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3351:
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3295:. Retrieved
3288:the original
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2858:|last1=
2838:. Retrieved
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2798:. Retrieved
2793:
2784:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:the original
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2742:. Retrieved
2738:
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2529:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2474:Emma Goldman
2466:Frantz Fanon
2462:
2444:
2432:Sigrid Rüger
2428:Helke Sander
2424:
2413:
2408:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2353:
2339:
2336:Helene Weber
2327:
2324:Frieda Nadig
2318:Frieda Nadig
2305:
2292:Helene Weber
2284:Frieda Nadig
2281:
2271:
2267:
2253:
2249:
2240:World War II
2237:
2224:
2221:
2210:
2206:Hitler Youth
2198:Adolf Hitler
2184:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2158:La Citoyenne
2157:
2147:
2131:
2123:
2097:
1826:Saudi Arabia
1622:South Africa
1465:Epistemology
1440:Legal theory
1359:Architecture
1349:Anthropology
1328:
1294:Gynocentrism
1158:War on women
1093:Pro-feminism
1048:Gender-blind
998:Gender quota
971:Art movement
740:Anti-fascist
674:Dianic Wicca
553:Postfeminism
428:Xenofeminism
411:Postcolonial
328:Sex-positive
15:
4123:(in German)
3841:. FU Berlin
3672:(in German)
3618:(in German)
3526:(in German)
3444:(in German)
3354:(in German)
3062:(in German)
3012:(in German)
2932:Der Spiegel
2796:(in German)
2739:dandebat.dk
2489: [
2453: [
2166:"féminisme"
2108:Third Reich
1831:South Korea
1811:Philippines
1791:New Zealand
1786:Netherlands
1509:Pornography
1487:Metaphysics
1401:Criminology
1379:Film theory
1354:Archaeology
1033:Women's Day
825:Libertarian
767:Ecofeminism
684:Ecofeminist
565:Reactionary
558:Neofeminism
499:Multiracial
404:Ecofeminist
399:Materialist
242:Switzerland
222:New Zealand
4356:Categories
4316:28 October
4285:28 October
4254:28 October
4223:28 October
4189:28 October
4158:28 October
2568:References
2506:Inge Viett
2420:Mark Davis
2342:Nazi Party
2202:Boy Scouts
2114:First wave
2027:Categories
1929:Literature
1639:Bangladesh
1514:Psychology
1460:Empiricism
1455:Aesthetics
1450:Philosophy
1324:Patriarchy
1309:Matriarchy
1029:Girl's Day
1003:Girl power
976:In hip hop
899:Literature
857:Separatist
835:Postmodern
801:Difference
735:Analytical
679:Reclaiming
487:Indigenous
392:Standpoint
321:Separatist
173:by country
3958:1865-2263
3907:1265-9576
3810:lpb-bw.de
3244:theses.cz
3106:jbuff.com
3086:ignored (
3076:cite book
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3895:doi
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