Knowledge (XXG)

Second-generation gender bias

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2130:, women who recognize these discriminatory acts feel empowered to take action to counter those effects by pushing themselves to achieve leadership opportunities they are qualified for, seeking out sponsors and supporters, and negotiating their work arrangements. Masculine traits, such as strength, confidence, and definitive, are typically preferred in the workplace because they make the company appear to be more driven and confident in its success. However, when a woman shows these "masculine traits", she is often thought of as bossy, rude, and full of herself. Experts say that men are more of the natural-born leaders because of their biological preferences. Women are strong leaders as well because they can be compassionate towards those under them, which in turn could result in better relationships and stronger teams. While women are attending college and earning degrees now more than ever, statistics show that women are not advancing in school like men are. There has been an increase in the number of women who are receiving their doctorates, but the increase does not correspond with the number of women that are becoming professors and taking high level positions, such as president. Many people believe discrimination ended in the mid '60s, when campaigns for ending discrimination still existed. 2177:
intimidated and outnumbered by the males in the workplace, causing them to fear failing while being watched by an audience that is majority male-dominant. If there wasn't such discrimination in the workplace regarding women in charge and working in a place full of men, studies show that women would not have such low self-esteem, and they would possibly continue to try their best to succeed in their field. This behavior of women is sometimes unconscious and is caused because of this second-generation gender bias.
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Where women cannot adhere to masculine expectations, or network through male events, this can affect career progression. Statistics from 2015 show that although 50% of women are now solicitors, only 22% of partners in the top 100 law firms are women. Female lawyers are also often over-represented in
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is a specific example of second-generation bias is how in some places, companies are having trouble keeping women engineers as employees. These women are not staying in their field because of their low self-esteem in regards to failing in front of their mostly male counterparts. These women may feel
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when applying for employment in the workplace. Although this would not change the bias entirely, it would make employers review the resumes without paying attention to gender. Budden et al. (2007) proved that when women were judged by their work blindly, the number of women hired increased. Another
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Ending this second-generation gender bias is hard because men and women alike do not realize discrimination is taking place, or deny that it is occurring. Because this problem is overlooked so frequently, it is not recognized as a major problem in many workplaces. One example of a solution could be
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argues that second-generation gender bias goes unnoticed in the workplace, not only by men but also by women. Many women experience second-generation gender bias in the workplace, but fail to notice that such discrimination is happening. Women who do recognize second-generation gender bias may feel
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bias or personal bias. Few people in workplaces with gender diversity recognize it as a problem, and many people, including those who work in single-gender workplaces, are not aware it is happening at all. An example of second-generation gender bias is that in some work places, women are not being
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The first-generation bias was a function of practices that were once legal. With legislative changes that make gender discrimination illegal in the workplace, in sports, and in college, for instance, second-generation bias refers to the subtle forms of inherent and unconscious bias that stems from
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It is exactly because second-generation bias is not intentional and not directly harmful that causes it to be pernicious. It leads to discomfort, disconnection from male colleagues and superiors, and often creates a context for exclusion in which women feel unwelcome and uneasy about their social
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The law favours characteristics associated with masculinity such as long working hours and inflexible working patterns; plus male networking opportunities (such as golf and male-exclusive dinners/ drinks) where men are able to make connections and fraternal contacts. Long working hours mean that
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The main difference between first-generation gender bias and second-generation gender bias is whether or not it is intentional. In first-generation gender bias, one intentionally discriminates against another, whereas in second-generation gender bias, the discrimination is not intentional.
2037:, in that they apply to everyone, but which discriminate against women because they reflect the values of the men who created or developed the setting, usually a workplace. It is contrasted with first-generation bias, which is deliberate, usually involving intentional exclusion. 5470: 1007: 2202:
easy solution would be to have employees come together and list the biases to create better understanding of the biases taking place. This would allow women to focus less on how they might be being judged by others, and focus more on being good employees and leaders.
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as they move up the ladder of success and face the need to re-situate their identity roles in positive and negative ways. All of these make the struggle for gender equality seem more psychological and stressful as if the barrier is solely created in their own minds.
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legal professionals are expected to be workaholic and this does not factor in that women often have more caring responsibilities than men; where women undertake family responsibilities it can be seen as a lack of commitment to work.
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My firm has the very best intentions when it comes to women. But it seems every time a leadership role opens up, women are not on the slate. The claim is made that they just can't find women with the right skill set and
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because their practices reflect the values of the men who created the setting, which is often the workplace. Gender bias is one of the most regularly appearing biases shown in the workplace, as opposed to
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persist. "By 2015, one might have expected significant leaps forward in corporate gender diversity. But the numbers don't lie, and the barriers, both overt and subtle, seem to be stuck in place."
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and opportunities men seem to have in obtaining management and leadership positions in all aspects of social and political life from education to business to politics in any
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constructive debates about gender disparities. A significant cost of second-generation gender bias is that previously successful junior level women may experience
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more power-driven, rather than taken advantage of, when thinking of the discriminatory acts that they have experienced in the past. According to
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areas such as legal aid work, family law and sexual offences prosecutions. This could be because these areas are made more accessible to women.
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hired because the company is a male-dominated workplace. Work cultures may be created to appear to be neutral and unbiased, but they are not.
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Kelan, Elisabeth K. (September 2009). "Gender fatigue: The ideological dilemma of gender neutrality and discrimination in organizations".
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Due to the subtle and unintentional nature of second-generation gender bias, women may deny or be unaware of the barriers to the same
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documented reports from women in the workplace who suggested that organizational practices and policies were holding them back:
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Gender, Race, and Ethnicity in the Workplace: Emerging Issues and Enduring Challenges: Emerging Issues and Enduring Challenges
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Nicolson, Donald (2005). "Demography, discrimination and diversity: a new dawn for the British legal profession?".
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Diversity in the Legal Profession in England and Wales: A Qualitative Study of Barriers and Individual Choices
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and Fletcher (2000) propose that gender discrimination will never go away, it has just "gone underground."
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Theorizing Women & Leadership: New Insights & Contributions from Multiple Perspectives
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position and access to greater remuneration compared to their male colleagues.
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Ibarra, Herminia; Ely, Robin J.; Kolb, Deborah M. (September 2013).
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Ibarra, Herminia; Ely, Robin J.; Kolb, Deborah M. (September 2013).
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Ibarra, Herminia; Ely, Robin J.; Kolb, Deborah (August 21, 2013).
1290: 101: 4515: 6365: 6194: 2544:"The Invisible Barrier: Second Generation Gender Discrimination" 2223:"The Invisible Barrier: Second Generation Gender Discrimination" 1922: 1753: 4519: 2735: 2574:"Second Generation Gender Bias, A Subtle but Powerful Presence" 2731: 2323:"AU elections: Contemplating second-generation gender bias" 2396:
Storberg-Walker, Julia; Haber-Curran, Paige (2017-01-01).
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Examples of second-generation gender bias in the workplace
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as easy as using initials instead of a full name to hide
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organizational practices and patriarchal structures that
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Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
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University of Westminster Law Press. 2369:Karsten, Margaret Foegen (2016-03-28). 2211: 30: 2238:Susan Ehrlich Martin, Nancy C. Jurik, 3793:Post-structuralist discourse analysis 3070:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary 2567: 2565: 2563: 2538: 2536: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 7: 6453: 5493:Capital punishment for homosexuality 4810:Social determinants of mental health 2259:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, p.  2092:society. It can also lead people to 1030:Capital punishment for homosexuality 323:Social determinants of mental health 5613:Genital modification and mutilation 2691:"Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers" 2594:; Duff, Liz; Muzio, Daniel (2013). 2463:"Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers" 2257:Gender, Authenticity and Leadership 2242:, SAGE Publications, 2006, p.  2044:is that leaders are expected to be 1150:Genital modification and mutilation 14: 2056:First- and second-generation bias 6452: 6443: 6442: 6092:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 5929:Law for Protection of the Nation 5829:White genocide conspiracy theory 4499: 4490: 4489: 4477: 4037:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3460:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2040:An example of second-generation 1643:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1472:Law for Protection of the Nation 1366:White genocide conspiracy theory 38: 16:Psychological misogyny and abuse 5934:MSM blood donation restrictions 5682:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 2298:"Second-Generation Gender Bias" 2274:"Second-Generation Gender Bias" 2077:began, many of the same public 2069:argues explains the persistent 2052:, can be entirely unconscious. 1477:MSM blood donation restrictions 1219:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 5947:(as religious or racial quota) 1490:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 6361:Second-generation gender bias 6077:Constitutional colorblindness 4800:Social determinants of health 2031:Second-generation gender bias 1919:Second-generation gender bias 1628:Constitutional colorblindness 313:Social determinants of health 4399:Suffragists and suffragettes 2111:discrimination against women 6272:Medical model of disability 6124:Hate speech laws by country 2352:Marquette Sports Law Review 2240:Doing Justice, Doing Gender 2075:movement for women's rights 1831:Medical model of disability 1675:Hate speech laws by country 6505: 6381:Social model of disability 4855:Discrimination against men 2572:Guy, Sandra (2014-09-02). 2521:equalnationalityrights.org 1938:Social model of disability 368:Discrimination against men 6484:Employment discrimination 6438: 5734:Opposition to immigration 4647:Race / Ethnicity 4471: 3480:Female genital mutilation 2889:Majority-Muslim countries 2642:10.1080/09695950500246522 1271:Opposition to immigration 152:Race / Ethnicity 5729:Occupational segregation 5498:Compulsory sterilization 4446:Women's studies journals 4404:Women's rights activists 2965:Movements and ideologies 2105:Workplace discrimination 1266:Occupational segregation 1035:Compulsory sterilization 6257:Internalized oppression 6119:Fighting Discrimination 6109:Fat acceptance movement 6067:Anti-discrimination law 5707:Native American mascots 3990:International relations 2718:Harvard Business Review 2695:Harvard Business Review 2496:Harvard Business Review 2467:Harvard Business Review 2151:Harvard Business Review 2063:Harvard Business School 1816:Internalized oppression 1670:Fighting Discrimination 1660:Fat acceptance movement 1618:Anti-discrimination law 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Witnesses 393:Perpetual foreigner 6164:Social integration 6159:Self-determination 6149:Racial integration 6097:Diversity training 6087:Cultural pluralism 6062:Affirmative action 5962:Racial segregation 5872:Crime of apartheid 5774:Religious violence 5279:Indigenous people 4674:Sexual orientation 3860:Literary criticism 3738:Complementarianism 3465:Effects on society 3433:Complementarianism 3245:Women's liberation 2663:Simmons, Richard. 2192:Possible solutions 1715:Social integration 1710:Self-determination 1700:Racial integration 1648:Diversity training 1638:Cultural pluralism 1613:Affirmative action 1505:Racial segregation 1415:Crime of apartheid 1311:Religious violence 808:Indigenous people 179:Sexual orientation 6466: 6465: 6334:Racism by country 6262:Intersectionality 6247:Heteronormativity 6046:Voter suppression 5794:Sexual harassment 5593:Forced conversion 5513:Cultural genocide 5178:African Americans 4997:post–Cold War era 4982:Eastern Orthodoxy 4735:Anti-drug addicts 4730:Anti-homelessness 4657:Scientific racism 4513: 4512: 4467: 4466: 3877:Political ecology 3783:Écriture féminine 3682:Triple oppression 3672:Toxic masculinity 3657:Sexual harassment 3522:Feminist stripper 3500:Feminist movement 3419: 3418: 3357:Ethnic and racial 2958: 2957: 2607:978-0-9927330-0-1 2028: 2027: 1893:Racism by country 1821:Intersectionality 1806:Heteronormativity 1589:Voter suppression 1331:Sexual harassment 1130:Forced conversion 1050:Cultural genocide 707:African Americans 518:post–Cold War era 503:Eastern Orthodoxy 248:Anti-drug addicts 243:Anti-homelessness 162:Scientific racism 6496: 6456: 6455: 6446: 6445: 6386:Social privilege 6371:Social exclusion 6299:Police brutality 6220:Multiculturalism 6190:Amatonormativity 6021:Social exclusion 5857:Age of candidacy 5657:Homeless dumping 5563:Ethnic cleansing 4540: 4533: 4526: 4517: 4503: 4502: 4493: 4492: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4348: 4331:History of women 3808:Political theory 3709: 3702:Women-only space 3587:Likeability trap 3475:Female education 2971: 2966: 2926:African-American 2856:Women's suffrage 2847: 2834:Feminist history 2776: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2699: 2698: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2569: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2548:Psychology Today 2540: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2488: 2471: 2470: 2458: 2441: 2440: 2437:10.1002/cjas.106 2420: 2414: 2413: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2321:Mwaura, Gitura. 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2270: 2264: 2253: 2247: 2236: 2230: 2227:Psychology Today 2219: 2020: 2013: 2006: 1943:Social privilege 1928:Social exclusion 1858:Police brutality 1779:Multiculturalism 1749:Amatonormativity 1564:Social exclusion 1400:Age of candidacy 1194:Homeless dumping 1100:Ethnic cleansing 42: 19: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6434: 6309:Polyculturalism 6205:Civil liberties 6173: 6154:Reappropriation 6055:Countermeasures 6050: 5979:Racial steering 5945:Numerus clausus 5849: 5843: 5568:Ethnic conflict 5503:Corrective rape 5454: 5096: 4943: 4835:HIV/AIDS stigma 4693: 4642:Mental disorder 4580: 4549: 4544: 4514: 4509: 4500: 4478: 4476: 4463: 4407: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4246:Northern Cyprus 4018: 4010:Science fiction 3803:Oedipus complex 3763:Women's studies 3725: 3724: 3723: 3707: 3617:Oedipus complex 3607:Men in feminism 3572:Language reform 3552:Ideal womanhood 3532:Gender equality 3527:Formal equality 3490:Feminationalism 3415: 3383:Native American 3352: 3351: 3350: 3249: 3159:Post-structural 2964: 2954: 2850: 2843: 2839:Women's history 2817: 2765: 2760: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2708: 2706:Further reading 2703: 2702: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2571: 2570: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2474: 2460: 2459: 2444: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2306: 2304: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2255:Rita Gardiner, 2254: 2250: 2237: 2233: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2194: 2171: 2128:Herminia Ibarra 2107: 2098:identity threat 2058: 2024: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1868:Polyculturalism 1764:Civil liberties 1736: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1705:Reappropriation 1605: 1604:Countermeasures 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1522:Racial steering 1488:Numerus clausus 1392: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1105:Ethnic conflict 1040:Corrective rape 995: 987: 986: 985: 984: 983: 632: 621: 620: 619: 618: 617: 470: 460: 459: 458: 457: 456: 348:HIV/AIDS stigma 210: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 147:Mental disorder 89: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6354:Reverse racism 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6324:Prisoner abuse 6321: 6316: 6314:Power distance 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6232:Ethnic penalty 6229: 6228: 6227: 6225:Neurodiversity 6222: 6212: 6210:Dehumanization 6207: 6202: 6200:Cisnormativity 6197: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6179: 6178:Related topics 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6036:State religion 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5972:Nuremberg Laws 5969: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5914:Ghetto benches 5911: 5909:Gerrymandering 5906: 5901: 5896: 5894:Gender pay gap 5891: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5848:Discriminatory 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5677:Lavender scare 5674: 5672:Kill Haole Day 5669: 5667:Indian rolling 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5553:Eliminationism 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5488:Cancel culture 5485: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5462: 5460: 5459:Manifestations 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5355:Middle Eastern 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5092:Zoroastrianism 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5019:Untouchability 5016: 5006: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4845:Leprosy stigma 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4547:Discrimination 4545: 4543: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4497: 4487: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4452:SCUM Manifesto 4448: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4321:United Kingdom 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3995:Existentialism 3992: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3951:Existentialism 3948: 3947: 3946: 3944:Justice ethics 3936: 3931: 3926: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3743:Gender studies 3740: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3714:Women's rights 3711: 3708:Women's health 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3592:Male privilege 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3561:International 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3299: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3040: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2928: 2923: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2904:United Kingdom 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2681: 2655: 2620: 2606: 2579: 2559: 2532: 2508: 2472: 2442: 2431:(3): 197–210. 2415: 2408: 2388: 2381: 2361: 2338: 2313: 2289: 2265: 2248: 2231: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2193: 2190: 2170: 2167: 2106: 2103: 2086:social rewards 2057: 2054: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2008: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1913:Reverse racism 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1883:Prisoner abuse 1880: 1875: 1873:Power distance 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1791:Ethnic penalty 1788: 1787: 1786: 1784:Neurodiversity 1781: 1771: 1769:Dehumanization 1766: 1761: 1759:Cisnormativity 1756: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1737: 1735:Related topics 1734: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1579:State religion 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1515:Nuremberg Laws 1512: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1457:Ghetto benches 1454: 1452:Gerrymandering 1449: 1444: 1439: 1437:Gender pay gap 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1214:Lavender scare 1211: 1209:Kill Haole Day 1206: 1204:Indian rolling 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1090:Eliminationism 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1025:Cancel culture 1022: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1010: 999: 998: 997: 996: 994:Manifestations 993: 992: 989: 988: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 884:Middle Eastern 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 825: 824: 819: 814: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 720: 719: 714: 709: 699: 694: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 635: 634: 633: 627: 626: 623: 622: 616: 615: 613:Zoroastrianism 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 589: 588: 578: 577: 576: 575: 574: 569: 564: 559: 544: 543: 542: 540:Untouchability 537: 527: 522: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 490: 485: 480: 474: 473: 472: 471: 466: 465: 462: 461: 455: 454: 449: 444: 443: 442: 437: 432: 422: 421: 420: 415: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 358:Leprosy stigma 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 214: 213: 212: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 197: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 165: 164: 159: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 83: 82: 76: 75: 70: 65: 60: 54: 53: 52: 51: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 32:Discrimination 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6501: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6459: 6451: 6449: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Social stigma 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:State atheism 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5967:Jim Crow laws 5965: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:One-drop rule 5950: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5867:Blood quantum 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814:Victimisation 5812: 5810: 5809:Trans bashing 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779:Religious war 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5759:Racialization 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630:Glass ceiling 5628: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573:Ethnic hatred 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5508:Counter-jihad 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5293:United States 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5156:United States 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5077:Protestantism 5075: 5073: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992:LDS or Mormon 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922:Transmisogyny 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:Gerontophobia 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:Anti-intersex 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720:Anti-albinism 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4561:Institutional 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4506: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4326:United States 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4174:Latin America 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4005:Technoscience 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3855:Art criticism 3853: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3768:Men's studies 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3677:Transmisogyny 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637:Purplewashing 3635: 3633: 3632:Protofeminism 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3547:Honor killing 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3223:Transnational 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3092:Individualist 3090: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991:Anti-abortion 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2961: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2917: 2916:United States 2914: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2682: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2411: 2409:9781681236841 2405: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2382:9781440833700 2378: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2339: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2229:, 1 May 2011. 2228: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2168: 2166: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094:de-legitimize 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:glass ceiling 2068: 2064: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1965:Social stigma 1963: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1574:State atheism 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1510:Jim Crow laws 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1495:One-drop rule 1493: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1410:Blood quantum 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1388: 1387: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351:Victimisation 1349: 1347: 1346:Trans bashing 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1316:Religious war 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1296:Racialization 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1167:Glass ceiling 1165: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1110:Ethnic hatred 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045:Counter-jihad 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 991: 990: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 823: 822:United States 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 809: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 686: 685:United States 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 631: 625: 624: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598:Protestantism 596: 594: 591: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 553: 550: 549: 548: 545: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 528: 526: 523: 519: 516: 514: 513:LDS or Mormon 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 495: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 469: 464: 463: 453: 450: 448: 445: 441: 438: 436: 435:Transmisogyny 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 423: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 338:Gerontophobia 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 258:Anti-intersex 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 233:Anti-albinism 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 206: 205: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 85: 84: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 59: 58:Institutional 56: 55: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 25: 21: 20: 6360: 6242:Gender-blind 6129:Human rights 5957:Racial quota 5944: 5924:Jewish quota 5904:Gerontocracy 5899:Gender roles 5877:Disabilities 5862:Blood purity 5834:Wife selling 5824:White flight 5804:Slut-shaming 5784:Scapegoating 5702:Murder music 5375:Palestinians 5188:South Africa 5173:Black people 5151:South Africa 4972:Christianity 4962:Baháʼí Faith 4890:Sectarianism 4830:Heterosexism 4795:Ephebiphobia 4760:Antisemitism 4755:Anti-Masonry 4622:Hair texture 4475: 4450: 4394:Rhetoricians 4384:Philosophers 4276:Saudi Arabia 4072:South Africa 3934:Epistemology 3887:Anthropology 3882:Architecture 3845:Legal theory 3753:Gynocentrism 3692:War on women 3627:Pro-feminism 3582:Gender-blind 3537:Gender quota 3510:Art movement 3307:Dianic Wicca 3186:Sex-positive 3149:Postcolonial 3016:Conservative 2996:Anti-fascist 2721:. Retrieved 2717: 2694: 2684: 2672:. Retrieved 2668: 2658: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2611:. Retrieved 2596: 2592:Webley, Lisa 2551:. Retrieved 2547: 2524:. Retrieved 2520: 2511: 2500:. Retrieved 2498:. 2013-08-21 2495: 2466: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2398: 2391: 2375:. ABC-CLIO. 2371: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2330:. Retrieved 2326: 2316: 2305:. Retrieved 2301: 2292: 2281:. Retrieved 2277: 2268: 2256: 2251: 2239: 2234: 2226: 2195: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2121: 2108: 2083: 2059: 2039: 2030: 2029: 1801:Gender-blind 1680:Human rights 1500:Racial quota 1487: 1467:Jewish quota 1447:Gerontocracy 1442:Gender roles 1420:Disabilities 1405:Blood purity 1371:Wife selling 1361:White flight 1341:Slut-shaming 1321:Scapegoating 1239:Murder music 904:Palestinians 717:South Africa 702:Black people 680:South Africa 493:Christianity 483:Baháʼí Faith 403:Sectarianism 343:Heterosexism 308:Ephebiphobia 273:Antisemitism 268:Anti-Masonry 127:Hair texture 6144:Nonviolence 6139:LGBT rights 6104:Empowerment 6072:Anti-racism 5994:Segregation 5939:No kid zone 5739:Persecution 5652:Hate speech 5603:Gay bashing 5578:Ethnic joke 5533:Dog whistle 5478:Blood libel 5168:Azerbaijani 5072:Neopaganism 5065:Persecution 5031:Persecution 5014:Persecution 4977:Catholicism 4912:Transphobia 4895:Supremacism 4850:Lesbophobia 4765:Aporophobia 4725:Anti-autism 4576:Taste-based 4571:Statistical 4434:Comic books 4359:Art critics 4281:South Korea 4261:Philippines 4241:New Zealand 4236:Netherlands 3968:Pornography 3956:Metaphysics 3897:Criminology 3892:Archaeology 3865:Film theory 3567:Women's Day 3317:Ecofeminist 3176:Reactionary 3124:Materialist 2899:Switzerland 2894:New Zealand 2813:Fourth-wave 2796:Second-wave 2199:gender bias 2181:Bias in Law 2159:experience. 2123:Faye Crosby 2090:patriarchal 2079:gender gaps 2042:gender bias 1695:Nonviolence 1690:LGBT rights 1655:Empowerment 1623:Anti-racism 1537:Segregation 1482:No kid zone 1276:Persecution 1189:Hate speech 1140:Gay bashing 1115:Ethnic joke 1070:Dog whistle 1015:Blood libel 697:Azerbaijani 593:Neopaganism 586:Persecution 552:Persecution 535:Persecution 498:Catholicism 425:Transphobia 408:Supremacism 363:Lesbophobia 278:Aporophobia 238:Anti-autism 73:Taste-based 68:Statistical 6479:Chauvinism 6473:Categories 6418:Stereotype 6413:Speciesism 6294:Oppression 6289:Oikophobia 6185:Allophilia 6169:Toleration 6026:Sodomy law 5919:Internment 5839:Witch-hunt 5717:Blackhawks 5647:Hate group 5635:Hate crime 5608:Gendercide 5598:Freak show 5588:Excellence 5548:Employment 5518:Defamation 5450:Vietnamese 5445:Venezuelan 5335:Lithuanian 5004:Falun Gong 4939:Xenophobia 4934:Vegaphobia 4917:Non-binary 4875:Pedophobia 4840:Homophobia 4652:Skin color 4612:Disability 4585:Attributes 4566:Structural 4424:Literature 4369:Economists 4089:Bangladesh 4023:By country 3973:Psychology 3929:Empiricism 3924:Aesthetics 3919:Philosophy 3778:Patriarchy 3758:Matriarchy 3563:Girl's Day 3542:Girl power 3515:In hip hop 3438:Literature 3373:Indigenous 3312:Reclaiming 3208:Standpoint 3181:Separatism 3154:Postmodern 3048:Vegetarian 3038:Difference 2981:Analytical 2808:Third-wave 2791:First-wave 2669:The Lawyer 2636:(2): 205. 2553:2015-10-23 2526:2015-11-05 2502:2015-11-05 2332:2017-04-08 2307:2017-04-08 2302:Korn Ferry 2283:2017-04-08 2278:Korn Ferry 2206:References 2132:Sandra Bem 2065:professor 2035:non-sexist 1975:Stereotype 1970:Speciesism 1853:Oppression 1848:Oikophobia 1744:Allophilia 1720:Toleration 1569:Sodomy law 1462:Internment 1376:Witch-hunt 1254:Blackhawks 1184:Hate group 1172:Hate crime 1145:Gendercide 1135:Freak show 1125:Excellence 1085:Employment 1055:Defamation 979:Vietnamese 974:Venezuelan 864:Lithuanian 525:Falun Gong 452:Xenophobia 447:Vegaphobia 430:Non-binary 388:Pedophobia 353:Homophobia 157:Skin color 117:Disability 88:Attributes 63:Structural 6391:Christian 6319:Prejudice 6267:Masculism 6215:Diversity 6009:religious 5984:Redlining 5583:Ethnocide 5543:Education 5435:Ukrainian 5370:Pakistani 5360:Mongolian 5283:Australia 5265:Hungarian 5220:Colombian 5200:Bulgarian 5082:Rastafari 5036:Ahmadiyya 4949:Religious 4927:Trans men 4885:Pregnancy 4820:Gayphobia 4815:Fatphobia 4710:Acephobia 4705:Arophobia 4689:Viewpoint 4179:Argentina 4139:Indonesia 4129:Hong Kong 4084:Australia 3985:Seriality 3909:Geography 3835:Sociology 3788:Economics 3773:Kyriarchy 3275:Christian 3255:Religious 3196:Socialist 2986:Anarchist 2931:States of 2869:Australia 2723:13 August 2650:143515642 2067:Robin Ely 2046:assertive 1948:Christian 1878:Prejudice 1826:Masculism 1774:Diversity 1552:religious 1527:Redlining 1120:Ethnocide 1080:Education 964:Ukrainian 899:Pakistani 889:Mongolian 812:Australia 794:Hungarian 749:Colombian 729:Bulgarian 603:Rastafari 557:Ahmadiyya 468:Religious 440:Trans men 398:Pregnancy 333:Gayphobia 328:Fatphobia 223:Acephobia 218:Arophobia 194:Viewpoint 6448:Category 6430:The talk 6366:Snobbery 6284:Net bias 6114:Feminism 6041:Ugly law 5882:Catholic 5850:policies 5697:Mortgage 5692:Lynching 5623:examples 5618:Genocide 5538:Economic 5523:Democide 5483:Bullying 5400:Romanian 5365:Nigerian 5315:Japanese 5245:Georgian 5230:Filipino 5163:Assyrian 5136:Armenian 5126:American 5121:Albanian 5103:National 5087:Yazidism 5009:Hinduism 4967:Buddhism 4870:Nepotism 4865:Misogyny 4860:Misandry 4785:Cronyism 4780:Clannism 4775:Biphobia 4715:Adultism 4632:Language 4495:Category 4429:American 4301:Thailand 4256:Pakistan 4226:Malaysia 4209:Paraguay 4199:Honduras 4047:Ethiopia 3914:Pedagogy 3840:Rhetoric 3830:Sexology 3823:Womanist 3818:Thealogy 3813:Theology 3612:Misogyny 3485:Femicide 3470:Equality 3424:Concepts 3339:Orthodox 3302:Neopagan 3290:Womanist 3270:Buddhist 3238:Africana 3233:Womanism 3129:Maternal 3119:Lipstick 3085:Activism 3055:Equality 3021:Cultural 3006:Carceral 2941:Virginia 2921:Timeline 2864:Timeline 2801:timeline 2786:Timeline 2763:Feminism 2674:13 April 2613:13 April 2140:Meyerson 1987:The talk 1923:Snobbery 1843:Net bias 1665:Feminism 1584:Ugly law 1425:Catholic 1391:Policies 1234:Mortgage 1229:Lynching 1160:examples 1155:Genocide 1075:Economic 1060:Democide 1020:Bullying 929:Romanian 894:Nigerian 844:Japanese 774:Georgian 759:Filipino 692:Assyrian 665:Armenian 655:American 650:Albanian 630:national 608:Yazidism 530:Hinduism 488:Buddhism 383:Nepotism 378:Misogyny 373:Misandry 298:Cronyism 293:Clannism 288:Biphobia 228:Adultism 137:Language 24:a series 22:Part of 6458:Commons 6237:Figleaf 5662:Housing 5430:Turkish 5380:Pashtun 5350:Mexican 5330:Kurdish 5310:Italian 5305:Israeli 5255:Haitian 5240:Finnish 5215:Chinese 5210:Chechen 5205:Catalan 5195:Bengali 5116:African 5101:Ethnic/ 5060:Judaism 5051:Sunnism 5041:Shi'ism 4957:Atheism 4790:Elitism 4679:Species 4617:Genetic 4607:Dialect 4441:Parties 4316:Ukraine 4311:Vietnam 4221:Lebanon 4119:Germany 4109:Finland 4104:Denmark 4079:Albania 4067:Senegal 4062:Nigeria 3978:Therapy 3961:Science 3872:Biology 3400:Mizrahi 3368:Chicana 3329:Islamic 3265:Atheist 3201:Marxist 3171:Radical 3107:Liberal 3102:Lesbian 3080:Hip hop 3060:Eugenic 3001:Atheist 2974:General 2946:Wyoming 2779:General 2771:History 2402:. IAP. 1796:Figleaf 1199:Housing 959:Turkish 909:Pashtun 879:Mexican 859:Kurdish 839:Italian 834:Israeli 784:Haitian 769:Finnish 744:Chinese 739:Chechen 734:Catalan 724:Bengali 645:African 628:Ethnic/ 581:Judaism 572:Sunnism 562:Shi'ism 478:Atheism 303:Elitism 184:Species 122:Genetic 112:Dialect 6489:Sexism 6423:threat 6277:autism 6014:sexual 6004:racial 5887:Jewish 5744:Pogrom 5722:Chiefs 5712:Braves 5440:Uyghur 5415:Somali 5410:Slavic 5395:Romani 5390:Quebec 5385:Polish 5325:Korean 5320:Jewish 5288:Canada 5275:Indian 5260:Hazara 5235:Fulani 5146:France 5111:Afghan 5046:Sufism 4770:Audism 4698:Social 4627:Height 4455:(1967) 4379:Muslim 4374:Jewish 4352:People 4306:Turkey 4296:Taiwan 4286:Sweden 4271:Russia 4266:Poland 4251:Norway 4204:Mexico 4184:Brazil 4159:Israel 4124:Greece 4114:France 4094:Canada 4032:Africa 3939:Ethics 3798:Method 3731:Theory 3642:Racism 3407:Romani 3395:Jewish 3334:Jewish 3280:Mormon 3228:Victim 3191:Social 3164:French 3112:Equity 3075:Global 3011:Choice 2884:Kuwait 2874:Canada 2822:Social 2648:  2604:  2406:  2379:  2116:racist 1980:threat 1836:autism 1557:sexual 1547:racial 1430:Jewish 1281:Pogrom 1259:Chiefs 1249:Braves 969:Uyghur 944:Somali 939:Slavic 924:Romani 919:Quebec 914:Polish 854:Korean 849:Jewish 817:Canada 804:Indian 789:Hazara 764:Fulani 675:France 640:Afghan 567:Sufism 283:Audism 209:Social 132:Height 6401:white 5754:Purge 5420:Tatar 5345:Māori 5340:Malay 5300:Irish 5250:Greek 5225:Croat 5183:China 5141:Asian 5026:Islam 4900:White 4637:Looks 4602:Class 4597:Caste 4554:Forms 4505:Index 4412:Other 4389:Poets 4344:Lists 4291:Syria 4231:Nepal 4194:Haiti 4189:Chile 4169:Japan 4164:Italy 4134:India 4099:China 4052:Ghana 4042:Egypt 3602:Media 3412:White 3363:Black 3324:Hindu 3295:Asian 3218:Trans 3213:State 3144:Post- 3097:Labor 3026:Cyber 2909:Wales 2879:Japan 2646:S2CID 1958:white 1291:Purge 949:Tatar 874:Māori 869:Malay 829:Irish 779:Greek 754:Croat 712:China 670:Asian 547:Islam 413:White 142:Looks 107:Class 102:Caste 49:Forms 6396:male 6195:Bias 5640:LGBT 5425:Thai 5405:Serb 5270:Igbo 5131:Arab 4905:Male 4684:Size 4664:Rank 4149:Iraq 4144:Iran 4057:Mali 3565:and 3388:Sámi 3346:Sikh 3134:Neo- 2936:Utah 2725:2015 2676:2021 2615:2021 2602:ISBN 2404:ISBN 2377:ISBN 2149:The 1953:male 1754:Bias 1177:LGBT 954:Thai 934:Serb 799:Igbo 660:Arab 418:Male 189:Size 169:Rank 5999:age 4669:Sex 4592:Age 3850:Art 3285:New 3139:New 3065:Fat 3043:Eco 3031:HCI 2638:doi 2433:doi 2244:126 1542:age 174:Sex 97:Age 6475:: 2716:. 2693:. 2667:. 2644:. 2634:12 2632:. 2582:^ 2562:^ 2546:. 2535:^ 2519:. 2494:. 2475:^ 2465:. 2445:^ 2429:26 2427:. 2356:26 2354:. 2350:. 2325:. 2300:. 2276:. 2261:52 2225:, 2214:^ 26:on 4539:e 4532:t 4525:v 2755:e 2748:t 2741:v 2727:. 2697:. 2678:. 2652:. 2640:: 2617:. 2576:. 2556:. 2529:. 2505:. 2469:. 2439:. 2435:: 2412:. 2385:. 2335:. 2310:. 2286:. 2263:. 2246:. 2019:e 2012:t 2005:v

Index

a series
Discrimination

Institutional
Structural
Statistical
Taste-based
Age
Caste
Class
Dialect
Disability
Genetic
Hair texture
Height
Language
Looks
Mental disorder
Race / Ethnicity
Skin color
Scientific racism
Rank
Sex
Sexual orientation
Species
Size
Viewpoint
Arophobia
Acephobia
Adultism

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