876:
451:
48:
320:
305:
290:
175:
267:
250:
221:
208:
195:
418:
151:
237:
163:
839:
1273:
458:
425:
554:. The Ottoman Army made two major attempts to retake the pass in 1877, but was unsuccessful, as the Russian and Bulgarian defenders were able to hold the pass against this overwhelming force, playing an important role in the war. The deciding moment of the Shipka campaign, and by extent the war, came in August 1877, when a group of 5,000
754:
Pass realized that they could not withstand the offensive. On the morning of 19th July, while pretending to consider the terms of surrender, the
Ottoman garrison slipped away to the west in small groups, leaving behind a large cache of explosives, ammunition, and artillery. The strong position was finally occupied by the Russians.
875:
1005:
Suleiman Pasha was later court-martialed due to the colossal failure at Shipka, even though the pass was already lost when he had arrived. His failure to seek alternatives, wasting of men and material that would have been essential later in the campaign, and his failure to secure his remaining troops
818:
On August 23, the
Ottoman forces attacked all Russian positions, with the main effort again at St. Nicholas where most of the defenders were Bulgarian volunteers. The Ottoman forces thought that the volunteer positions would be easy to capture, but this turned out to be a miscalculation. Instead, the
830:
charge. More
Russian reinforcements arrived the same day and an attack was made against the Ottoman position but driven back to Central Hill. This ended the battle for all practical purposes. Suleiman entrenched himself in the position he then occupied, in a semi-circle round the southern end of the
917:
to cut off the
Ottoman retreat. On January 8, Radezky's attack began but Skobelev was held up by unexpectedly heavy resistance and Mirskii attacked unsupported, making little progress. On January 9, Mirskii faced an Ottoman counter-attack, but Skobelev was able to move forward in support and defeat
834:
In these attacks, the
Russians lost close on 4,000 men, while Süleyman losses approached 10,000 killed or wounded. The Bulgarians and Russians had made a gallant stand. Near the end of the fighting, having run out of ammunition, they threw rocks and bodies of fallen comrades to repulse the Ottoman
753:
Mirsky attacked the same day but Turks repulsed this very first assault. Gurko arrived the next day with two infantry battalions and two companies of
Cossacks and also attacked the pass. This second attack also failed. Despite beating back two Russian attacks, the Ottoman commanders at the Shipka
781:
at Hersek was then ordered to prepare his experienced army and rush to relieve Osman Pasha at Pleven. It was not possible to reach Pleven by land as the terrain was very difficult. Süleyman loaded his 25,000 troops on transport ships at the
Montenegrin port of Bar and sailed them through the
749:
to attack the positions simultaneously. On 17th July, Mirsky and his 2,000 men of the 36th
Orlovsky Infantry Regiment plus Cossacks and artillery was ready to act. However, while advancing from South, Gurko's men skirmished with some Ottoman troops so they approached the pass in delay.
856:. On September 13, Suleiman began to shell the Russians. The bombardment continued in earnest until the 17th when Suleiman launched a frontal assault against the St. Nicholas position. Capturing the first line of trenches, the Ottoman forces moved towards the peak. General
806:
On August 21, the
Ottoman forces bombarded Russian positions and then made an attack against St. Nicholas. The attack was repulsed and the Ottoman forces dug in 100 yards (91 m) away. As the desperate fight raged, a regiment arrived from Selvi (now
774:
General Gurko had been resting about the Shipka Pass with 5,000 men, including five battalions of
Bulgarians. They were placed on three positions at St. Nicholas (today: Peak Stoletov), Central Hill and the reserves in between these two points.
851:
In September 1877, Suleiman Pasha made another attempt to retake the Shipka Pass from the Russians after the failed attempt in August. The Russian defenses had continually been improved since August but reinforcements were limited due to the
517:
770:
forces built up a defensive position there. The Ottoman Tuna Army was effectively cut in half by the Balkan Mountain range. It was thought that if Pleven could be defended, the Russian Army would not move south without taking it.
802:
from which they marched towards the southern slopes of Shipka. Some 15 battalions under Reouf Pasha joined Süleyman until his army reached about 30,000 Ottomans determined to retake the pass instead of simply bypassing it.
609:
942:
which was under siege at that time. The war would have then been fought effectively only in northern Bulgaria from that point on, which would have led to a stalemate, which would have created a major advantage for the
892:
surrendered to the Russian Army, freeing a significant number of Russian troops. General Gourko now had as many as 65,000 soldiers to contend with the Ottomans. Gourko forced the Araba Konak Pass and took
934:
had strategic importance for the progress of the war. Had the Ottomans been able to take the pass, they would have been in a position to threaten the supply lines of the Russian and Romanian forces in
860:, now commanding the defenses, brought in reinforcements and a Russian counterattack drove the Ottoman forces from all captured ground. Secondary Ottoman assaults to the north were repulsed as well.
602:
958:
a major breakthrough and a chance to turn the tide of the war. This strategic defensive victory illustrated their important role in the war and was dramatized by the Bulgarian poet and writer
3554:
450:
595:
1288:
1563:
3023:
826:
On the 26th, an Ottoman attack on St. Nicholas (a position referred to as "the Eagle's Nest") reached the Russian trenches but was repulsed again by a Bulgarian
3004:
1612:
523:
3488:
2202:
1350:
1293:
1174:
2699:
546:
passes. In just over two weeks, Gurko had captured three important mountain passes but the main army was held up the day after Shipka Pass fell in the
1603:
2137:
1124:
2118:
1409:
1445:
3497:
1804:
1471:
2256:
914:
2498:
417:
2282:
1708:
2493:
3559:
1917:
1818:
2604:
909:, commanding the garrison, made preparations to attack from the pass on January 5 while Gourko brought up two columns under Generals
619:
504:
39:
92:
47:
3432:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2733:
1961:
1236:
1204:
819:
first unit to begin to retreat were the Russians on Central Hill. However, they rallied when the 4th Rifle Brigade, commanded by
294:
1666:
2777:
2517:
2342:
433:
309:
3529:
3348:
1701:
1522:
1257:
980:
2831:
2529:
3442:
3410:
2999:
2855:
2766:
2761:
2756:
1596:
2677:
778:
3426:
3277:
3086:
3173:
741:
At the beginning of the war, Shipka Pass was held by an Ottoman garrison of 4,000 soldiers and 12 guns. It was ordered
3252:
3096:
2789:
1966:
2482:
2391:
2309:
3322:
2611:
2598:
2423:
2335:
2302:
2261:
1903:
1625:
633:
3564:
3549:
3544:
2771:
2504:
2488:
2158:
2144:
2064:
1981:
742:
199:
2377:
2027:
3539:
3534:
3447:
3152:
2942:
2862:
2849:
2722:
2711:
2227:
1951:
1589:
964:
718:
697:
236:
162:
3282:
2549:
2405:
998:
was opened, and with it the path to victory in the war and a chance for Russia to gain an upper hand in the "
3420:
3404:
3364:
3358:
3315:
3127:
3091:
2994:
2978:
2960:
2947:
2902:
2897:
2868:
2783:
2635:
2622:
2576:
2564:
2544:
2523:
2469:
2463:
1999:
1946:
1874:
1868:
3304:
3101:
3074:
2873:
2844:
2433:
2398:
2250:
2195:
2104:
2097:
2038:
1886:
1858:
1824:
1764:
692:
658:
1121:
3262:
3242:
3069:
2912:
2878:
2363:
2323:
2124:
2083:
1829:
1779:
1645:
1569:
1487:
3293:
2989:
2617:
2534:
2356:
1542:
1405:
2316:
1431:
3353:
3257:
3232:
3198:
3147:
3080:
3042:
2907:
2884:
2838:
2717:
2592:
2570:
2511:
2457:
2446:
2244:
2221:
2208:
2076:
2012:
1863:
1797:
1769:
1747:
1735:
1729:
1018:
707:
897:. From Sofia, he moved south through the Balkan Mountains to cut off Ottoman access to Shipka Pass.
872:
took place January 5–9 1878. It was the final battle for Shipka Pass and a crushing Ottoman defeat.
3380:
3375:
3299:
3287:
3247:
3203:
2937:
2641:
2554:
2439:
2370:
2170:
2111:
2050:
1987:
1785:
1752:
1673:
1467:
919:
663:
1164:
324:
3462:
3457:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3186:
3157:
3121:
3116:
3106:
3009:
2922:
2917:
2804:
2727:
2657:
2651:
2239:
2090:
2057:
1956:
1941:
1936:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1680:
638:
271:
3134:
3064:
2646:
815:
up the mountainside and bombarded the pass while the infantry moved around the Russian flank.
3386:
3370:
3338:
3180:
3162:
3141:
2984:
2953:
2705:
2671:
2628:
2581:
2539:
2452:
2428:
2417:
2384:
2233:
2188:
2164:
2130:
1722:
1715:
1694:
1687:
1652:
1581:
1437:
1251:
1050:
He was a member of the Southern Detachment of Radetsky's troops and led Russo-Bulgarian units.
935:
724:
687:
653:
643:
558:
and 2,500 Russian troops repulsed an attack against the peak by a 30,000-strong Ottoman army.
275:
1006:
were too blatant to forgive. He was initially sentenced to death but then commuted by Sultan
3415:
3053:
3047:
2891:
2824:
2559:
2267:
2044:
2032:
2006:
1993:
1976:
1811:
1791:
1774:
1758:
1659:
1278:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
910:
682:
562:
543:
254:
241:
86:
17:
1340:
1068:
He approached Stoletov as reinforcements and was wounded the same day (thus out of action).
3467:
3452:
3437:
3333:
3272:
3267:
3227:
3167:
3111:
3059:
2932:
2927:
2682:
2664:
2586:
2475:
2411:
2329:
2214:
1971:
1880:
1852:
1741:
1576:
1500:
1128:
972:
939:
906:
857:
853:
820:
712:
669:
648:
547:
225:
1383:
Francis Vinton Greene,Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878
1369:
Francis Vinton Greene,Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878
3343:
3237:
3192:
2349:
2022:
1616:
984:
955:
944:
838:
791:
702:
574:
496:
484:
319:
304:
289:
266:
249:
220:
207:
194:
180:
156:
127:
1228:
1196:
3523:
3309:
2151:
2017:
1345:
1284:
1279:
1169:
1007:
566:
578:
531:
811:) to increase the defenders to 7,500. The next day the Ottoman forces moved their
1022:
951:
931:
746:
555:
551:
539:
500:
492:
212:
167:
131:
82:
979:. It allowed Russian forces under Gourko to crush Suleiman Pasha's army at the
587:
1514:
1395:
The Russian Army and Its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877-1878 Yazar: F. V. Greene.
999:
959:
918:
the Ottoman forces. Completely surrounded, the remaining Ottoman forces under
787:
488:
1354:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 981–982.
1178:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 932–935.
107:
94:
812:
1083:
Svyatopolk-Mirsky, in conjunction with Skobelev, also acted under Radetsky.
550:. Thus the defense of the pass was left to the Russian vanguard as well as
1163:
808:
570:
535:
1441:
1297:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 466.
1011:
827:
799:
1229:"ШИПКИ ОБОРОНА 1877 • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version"
1197:"ШИПКИ ОБОРОНА 1877 • Great Russian Encyclopedia – Electronic version"
1122:
https://www.pressreader.com/uk/history-of-war/20200416/281681141993811
954:
played a decisive role in defending the Shipka Pass, thus denying the
991:
976:
889:
795:
767:
582:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
766:
took place in August 1877. After taking the pass in July 1877, the
401:
IV stage: 36,000 captured incl. 6,000 sick and wounded; killed n.a.
1339:
995:
894:
837:
783:
569:. It is a part of the main road from North to South, leading from
1307:
Kutlu, Rus Kaynaklara Göre 1877-1878 Osmanlı Rus Harbi, p.158-167
1002:" by establishing a sphere of influence in the Eastern Balkans.
1585:
1363:
1361:
591:
1470:. 99–138. Council of the Bulgarian-British Association. 1937.
938:, and organize an operation to relieve the major fortress at
975:
on December 10 1877, and set the stage for the invasion of
483:
consisted of four battles that were fought between the
386:
IV stage: 5,500 total or 1,122 killed and 4,362 wounded
1371:. D. Appleton and Company. 1879. p. 213 and 356.
542:
led a detachment of 11,000 men to capture the vital
3396:
3035:
3022:
2970:
2816:
2803:
2691:
2294:
2281:
2180:
1929:
1916:
1896:
1637:
1624:
1025:commemorating the warriors who died in the battle.
27:
1877–78 battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
823:, arrived and all Ottoman attacks were repulsed.
32:
1157:
561:The pass itself crosses the main ridge of the
1597:
1385:. D. Appleton and Company. 1879. p. 356.
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1059:He was also under Radetsky's overall command.
603:
530:In July 1877, four Russian corps crossed the
457:
424:
8:
3555:Battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1564:Battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
1551:Compton's Home Library: Battles of the World
3489:List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century
1120:Mark Simner. Shipka Pass. Pressreader.com.
798:. The troops were then loaded on trains to
3032:
2813:
2291:
1926:
1634:
1604:
1590:
1582:
610:
596:
588:
29:
1406:"Şıpka Geçidi (1877 Osmanlı – Rus Harbi)"
276:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
874:
1515:"Reminiscence from Days of Liberation*"
1096:
1076:
1034:
465:Battle of Shipka Pass (European Russia)
3498:List of Ottoman battles in World War I
1496:
1485:
1249:
1223:
1221:
990:With this victory and the conquest of
3484:For 20th-century battles before 1914
1246: – See Battle of Shipka-Sheynovo
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
994:at the end of 1877, the path towards
363:III stage: 20,000 plus reinforcements
7:
1433:Where East is West: life in Bulgaria
3493:For the battles during World War I
1338:Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911).
1162:Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911).
971:The victory at Shipka Pass ensured
538:. Preceding the main Russian army,
507:. The final battle is known as the
888:In December 1877, the fortress of
25:
1525:from the original on 16 June 2012
71:September 13–17, 1877 (3rd stage)
1474:from the original on 27 May 2024
1448:from the original on 27 May 2024
1271:
1017:Today the Shipka Pass is in the
983:several days later and threaten
456:
449:
423:
416:
390:Total: 13,500 killed and wounded
318:
303:
288:
265:
248:
235:
219:
206:
193:
173:
161:
149:
46:
1412:from the original on 2022-08-07
1239:from the original on 2023-02-21
1207:from the original on 2023-02-21
973:the fall of the Pleven fortress
53:The Defence of the Eagle's Nest
69:August 21–26, 1877 (2nd stage)
1:
1289:Dragomirov, Michael Ivanovich
930:The defensive victory at the
505:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
345:~2,500 reinforcement 1st day;
73:January 5–9, 1878 (4th stage)
40:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
870:Fourth Battle of Shipka Pass
764:Second Battle of Shipka Pass
347:~4,000 reinforcement 3rd day
67:July 17–19, 1877 (1st stage)
18:Second Battle of Shipka Pass
499:for control over the vital
468:Show map of European Russia
108:42.76666694°N 25.31666694°E
3581:
3560:Battles involving Bulgaria
1468:"Bulgarian British Review"
1430:Gladys, Henrietta (1933).
1256:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1165:"Russo-Turkish Wars"
922:surrendered the same day.
3508:Ottoman victories are in
3506:
3480:
743:Nikolay Svyatopolk-Mirsky
629:
522:
518:Шипко-Шейновское сражение
516:
509:battle of Shipka-Sheynovo
410:
373:
334:
200:Nikolay Svyatopolk-Mirsky
186:
142:
59:
45:
37:
1545:Sword of the Motherland
965:The Volunteers at Shipka
437:Location within Bulgaria
382:II stage: 4,000 or 3,600
343:II stage: 5,000 initial;
113:42.76666694; 25.31666694
1351:Encyclopædia Britannica
1294:Encyclopædia Britannica
1175:Encyclopædia Britannica
981:Battle of Philippopolis
947:in peace negotiations.
786:, and then through the
85:and surrounding areas,
1495:Cite journal requires
880:
843:
842:Cannons on Shipka pass
349:III stage: 7,500–7,900
187:Commanders and leaders
3530:Battle of Shipka Pass
1570:Epic of the Forgotten
1010:and sent to exile in
878:
841:
481:Battle of Shipka Pass
374:Casualties and losses
33:Battle of Shipka Pass
1543:Russian Warrior.com
1436:. Houghton Mifflin.
1131:Accessed 7 June 2023
1019:Bulgarka Nature Park
952:Bulgarian volunteers
779:Süleyman Hüsnü Pasha
565:near the village of
556:Bulgarian volunteers
552:Bulgarian volunteers
491:volunteers known as
440:Show map of Bulgaria
434:class=notpageimage|
55:, Alexey Popov, 1893
1341:"Shipka Pass"
879:The Shipka Monument
790:and landed them at
380:I stage: 150 or 211
314:(2nd to 3rd Stages)
299:(1st to 3rd Stages)
104: /
1127:2023-06-07 at the
881:
844:
831:Russian position.
794:, on the coast of
513:battle of Sheynovo
384:III stage: unknown
365:IV stage: 36,000+
272:Mikhail Dragomirov
246: •
233: •
3517:
3516:
3476:
3475:
3027:(1789–1908)
3018:
3017:
2808:(1700–1789)
2799:
2798:
2286:(1550–1700)
2277:
2276:
1921:(1453–1550)
1912:
1911:
1629:(1299–1453)
936:Northern Bulgaria
782:Adriatic, around
733:
732:
620:Russo-Turkish War
477:
476:
351:IV stage: 66,000
330:
315:
300:
284:
260:
229:
216:
203:
138:
137:
16:(Redirected from
3572:
3565:Balkan mountains
3550:1878 in Bulgaria
3545:1877 in Bulgaria
3411:2nd Kerch Strait
3033:
3028:
3000:1st Kerch Strait
2814:
2809:
2292:
2287:
2257:Strait of Hormuz
2119:Peñón of Algiers
1927:
1922:
1635:
1630:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1521:. 3 March 2011.
1511:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1343:
1335:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1193:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1159:
1132:
1118:
1084:
1081:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
911:Mikhail Skobelev
624:
612:
605:
598:
589:
563:Balkan Mountains
526:
520:
469:
460:
459:
453:
441:
427:
426:
420:
399:III stage: 3,000
397:II stage: 10,000
395:I stage: unknown
361:II stage: 30,000
328:
323:
322:
313:
308:
307:
298:
293:
292:
282:
278:
270:
269:
258:
255:Mikhail Skobelev
253:
252:
242:Nikolay Stoletov
240:
239:
228:
224:
223:
215:
211:
210:
202:
198:
197:
179:
177:
176:
168:Bulgarian Legion
166:
165:
155:
153:
152:
119:
118:
116:
115:
114:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
97:
87:Ottoman Bulgaria
61:
60:
50:
30:
21:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3540:Battles in 1878
3535:Battles in 1877
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3502:
3472:
3433:6th Dardanelles
3427:5th Dardanelles
3392:
3026:
3025:
3014:
2966:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2751:4th Dardanelles
2745:3rd Dardanelles
2740:2nd Dardanelles
2734:1st Dardanelles
2687:
2499:2nd Zrínyiújvár
2494:1st Zrínyiújvár
2489:Jurjeve Stijene
2285:
2284:
2273:
2176:
1920:
1919:
1908:
1892:
1628:
1627:
1620:
1610:
1577:Shipka Memorial
1560:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1494:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1337:
1336:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1287:, ed. (1911). "
1283:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1183:
1161:
1160:
1135:
1129:Wayback Machine
1119:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1021:and is home to
928:
915:Nikolai Mirskii
907:Fyodor Radetzky
903:
886:
866:
858:Fyodor Radetzky
854:siege of Pleven
849:
821:Fyodor Radetsky
760:
739:
734:
729:
625:
621:
618:
616:
548:Siege of Pleven
544:Balkan Mountain
524:Шейновска битка
473:
472:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
461:
444:
443:
442:
439:
438:
436:
430:
429:
428:
402:
400:
398:
396:
387:
385:
383:
381:
364:
362:
360:
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
327:
317:
316:
312:
302:
301:
297:
287:
281:
264:
263:
257:
247:
234:
226:Fyodor Radetsky
218:
217:
205:
204:
192:
174:
172:
160:
159:
150:
148:
112:
110:
106:
103:
98:
95:
93:
91:
90:
89:
72:
70:
68:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2723:Cape Celidonia
2720:
2715:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2518:Saint Gotthard
2515:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2392:Alcácer Quibir
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2283:Transformation
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1887:Constantinople
1883:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1621:
1617:Ottoman Empire
1615:involving the
1611:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1506:
1497:|journal=
1459:
1422:
1397:
1388:
1374:
1357:
1346:Chisholm, Hugh
1309:
1300:
1285:Chisholm, Hugh
1263:
1217:
1181:
1170:Chisholm, Hugh
1133:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1041:All the stages
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
985:Constantinople
945:Ottoman Empire
927:
924:
902:
899:
885:
882:
865:
862:
848:
845:
759:
756:
738:
735:
731:
730:
728:
727:
722:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
673:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
627:
626:
617:
615:
614:
607:
600:
592:
511:or simply the
497:Ottoman Empire
485:Russian Empire
475:
474:
464:
455:
454:
448:
447:
446:
445:
432:
431:
422:
421:
415:
414:
413:
412:
411:
408:
407:
392:
376:
375:
371:
370:
368:Total: 60,000+
359:I stage: 4,000
356:
354:Total: 70,000+
341:I stage: 5,000
337:
336:
332:
331:
310:Süleyman Hüsnü
285:
262:
261:
244:
230:
189:
188:
184:
183:
181:Ottoman Empire
170:
157:Russian Empire
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
125:
121:
120:
81:
79:
75:
74:
65:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3577:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:Naval battles
3395:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Philippopolis
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3024:Modernization
3021:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:Naval battles
2969:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:Naval battles
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:Naval battles
2179:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1918:Classical Age
1915:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:Naval battles
1895:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:by Ivan Vazov
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1489:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:public domain
1267:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1238:
1234:
1233:old.bigenc.ru
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1206:
1202:
1201:old.bigenc.ru
1198:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1077:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:Abdulhamid II
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
941:
937:
933:
925:
923:
921:
920:Veissel Pasha
916:
912:
908:
900:
898:
896:
891:
883:
877:
873:
871:
864:Fourth battle
863:
861:
859:
855:
846:
840:
836:
832:
829:
824:
822:
816:
814:
810:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
758:Second battle
757:
755:
751:
748:
744:
736:
726:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:
674:
672:
671:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
623:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:; Bulgarian:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
452:
435:
419:
409:
406:
405:Total: 60,000
403:
393:
391:
388:
378:
377:
372:
369:
366:
357:
355:
352:
339:
338:
333:
326:
321:
311:
306:
296:
291:
286:
279:
273:
268:
256:
251:
245:
243:
238:
232:
231:
227:
222:
214:
209:
201:
196:
191:
190:
185:
182:
171:
169:
164:
158:
147:
146:
141:
133:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
99:25°19′0.001″E
96:42°46′0.001″N
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3509:
3494:
3485:
3425:
3403:
3385:
3363:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3292:
3220:
3213:
3191:
3179:
3172:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3079:
3052:
3036:Land battles
2977:
2959:
2952:
2890:
2883:
2861:
2854:
2850:2nd Belgrade
2845:Petrovaradin
2837:
2830:
2823:
2817:Land battles
2788:
2776:
2749:
2732:
2710:
2698:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2636:Egri Palanka
2634:
2627:
2610:
2603:
2591:
2569:
2522:
2510:
2503:
2481:
2474:
2462:
2445:
2438:
2416:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2295:Land battles
2266:
2262:Gulf of Oman
2249:
2232:
2220:
2213:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2169:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2037:
2005:
1998:
1986:
1952:1st Belgrade
1930:Land battles
1885:
1873:
1851:
1834:
1825:Hermannstadt
1817:
1810:
1805:Thessalonica
1803:
1796:
1784:
1757:
1740:
1730:Philadelphia
1728:
1721:
1714:
1709:Sırp Sındığı
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1646:Kulaca Hisar
1644:
1638:Land battles
1568:
1550:
1544:
1527:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1488:cite journal
1476:. Retrieved
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1432:
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1349:
1303:
1292:
1266:
1241:. Retrieved
1232:
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
1173:
1079:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1016:
1004:
989:
970:
963:
949:
929:
904:
887:
869:
867:
850:
847:Third battle
833:
825:
817:
805:
777:
773:
763:
761:
752:
740:
737:First battle
717:
693:Gorni-Dubnik
676:
675:
668:
659:Stara Zagora
560:
534:and entered
532:Danube River
529:
512:
508:
480:
478:
404:
394:
389:
379:
367:
358:
353:
340:
325:Veysel Pasha
143:Belligerents
52:
38:Part of the
3329:Shipka Pass
3283:Başgedikler
3278:Akhaltsikhe
3243:Akhaltsikhe
3087:Mount Tabor
3070:Shubra Khit
3005:2nd Ochakov
2948:2nd Ochakov
2908:Stavunchany
2903:1st Ochakov
2447:Nagykanizsa
2125:Leobersdorf
1529:20 December
1478:15 November
1452:15 November
962:in his ode
932:Shipka Pass
747:Iosif Gurko
677:Shipka Pass
622:(1877–1878)
540:Iosif Gurko
503:during the
501:Shipka Pass
493:opalchentsi
487:, aided by
329:(4th Stage)
283:(2nd Stage)
259:(4th Stage)
213:Iosif Gurko
111: /
83:Shipka Peak
3524:Categories
3323:Kızıl Tepe
3199:Dervenakia
3097:Heliopolis
2961:Karánsebes
2885:Banja Luka
2805:Old Regime
2790:Samothrace
2718:Cape Corvo
2612:Negroponte
2599:2nd Mohács
2593:Vrtijeljka
2560:2nd Vienna
2545:2nd Khotyn
2530:Krasnobród
2470:1st Khotyn
2458:Tashiskari
2424:Călugăreni
2371:Gvozdansko
2343:Mostaganem
2222:Formentera
2215:1st Jeddah
2112:1st Mohács
2077:Mercidabık
2013:Breadfield
2000:Valea Albă
1962:Târgoviște
1947:2nd Oranik
1875:2nd Kosovo
1869:1st Oranik
1770:Karanovasa
1736:Dubravnica
1702:Adrianople
1442:B002PX9OLG
1416:2022-08-07
1243:2023-09-22
1211:2023-09-22
1091:References
1023:a monument
1000:Great Game
960:Ivan Vazov
901:The battle
884:Background
835:attacks.
788:Aegean Sea
708:Tashkessen
634:Kızıl Tepe
583:Adrianople
579:Eski Zagra
515:(Russian:
495:, and the
295:Rauf Pasha
3381:Velestino
3376:Al Wajbah
3300:Eupatoria
3288:Kurekdere
3248:Kulevicha
3204:Karpenisi
3174:Drăgășani
2938:Kozludzha
2874:Yeghevārd
2778:Oinousses
2642:Slankamen
2555:Trembowla
2505:Novi Zrin
2440:Keresztes
2434:2nd Brest
2399:1st Brest
2171:Sokhoista
2159:Esztergom
2084:Han Yunus
2028:Cătlăbuga
1988:Otlukbeli
1967:2nd Mokra
1904:Gallipoli
1859:1st Mokra
1819:Novo Brdo
1786:Nicopolis
1765:Kırkdilim
1688:Gallipoli
1674:Pelekanon
926:Aftermath
813:artillery
489:Bulgarian
132:Bulgarian
3463:Navarino
3458:Gerontas
3421:Kaliakra
3354:Taşkesen
3344:4th Kars
3310:3rd Kars
3305:Chernaya
3294:Oltenița
3258:2nd Acre
3233:2nd Kars
3222:Phaleron
3215:Kamatero
3209:Arachova
3187:Vasilika
3158:Valtetsi
3122:Al-Safra
3117:Slobozia
3107:Arpachai
3081:1st Acre
3075:Pyramids
3010:Fidonisi
2923:Aspindza
2918:Khresili
2913:1st Kars
2772:Mytilene
2728:Focchies
2658:Moulouya
2652:Ustechko
2618:Batočina
2535:Niemirów
2483:Köbölkút
2310:Temesvár
2240:Girolata
2203:Balearic
2091:Ridanieh
2071:Koçhisar
2058:Turnadag
2051:Çaldıran
1957:Albulena
1942:Krusevac
1937:Leskovac
1847:Torvioll
1842:Kunovica
1836:Zlatitsa
1681:Demotika
1558:See also
1523:Archived
1519:Novinite
1472:Archived
1446:Archived
1410:Archived
1252:cite web
1237:Archived
1235:. 2017.
1205:Archived
1203:. 2017.
1125:Archived
956:Ottomans
905:General
809:Sevlievo
792:Dedeağaç
725:Harmanli
639:Simnitza
536:Bulgaria
335:Strength
78:Location
3510:italics
3448:Nauplia
3443:Algiers
3387:Domokos
3371:Mouzaki
3359:Novšiće
3339:Aladzha
3316:Al-Hasa
3253:Algiers
3181:Sculeni
3163:Doliana
3153:Erzurum
3142:Alamana
3054:Giurgiu
3043:Focșani
2985:Matapan
2954:Mehadia
2943:Kinburn
2898:Perekop
2863:Samarra
2856:Kurijan
2767:Algiers
2762:Algiers
2757:Algiers
2706:Lepanto
2629:Zernest
2623:2nd Niš
2582:Eperjes
2565:Párkány
2540:Komarno
2524:Ładyżyn
2453:Sufiyan
2429:Giurgiu
2385:Torches
2357:Szigeth
2336:Tlemcen
2303:Tlemcen
2245:Alborán
2234:Preveza
2189:Zonchio
2165:Karagak
2145:Algiers
2138:Baghdad
2131:Gorjani
2105:Tlemcen
2065:Algiers
2007:Shkodra
1864:Otonetë
1830:1st Niš
1812:Golubac
1798:Çamurlu
1748:Pločnik
1723:Maritsa
1716:Samokov
1695:Ihtiman
1653:Bapheus
1613:Battles
1348:(ed.).
1282::
1172:(ed.).
1012:Baghdad
828:bayonet
768:Russian
719:Plovdiv
698:Erzurum
688:Aladzha
654:Nikopol
644:Svistov
575:Tirnovo
571:Zistovi
274: (
134:victory
3416:Tendra
3405:Andros
3365:Ulcinj
3334:Plevna
3148:Gravia
3128:Jeddah
3092:Abukir
3060:Izmail
3048:Rymnik
2995:Patras
2979:Imbros
2892:Grocka
2869:Kirkuk
2825:Chelif
2784:Andros
2700:Cyprus
2605:Crimea
2476:Candia
2464:Cecora
2378:Çıldır
2317:Palast
2268:Djerba
2045:Dubica
2039:Krbava
2033:Vrpile
1994:Vaslui
1977:Vaikal
1792:Ankara
1775:Rovine
1759:Kosovo
1753:Bileća
1667:Nicaea
1660:Dimbos
1619:by era
1553:CD-ROM
1440:
1276:
992:Pleven
977:Thrace
940:Pleven
890:Pleven
800:Filibe
796:Thrace
683:Lovcha
670:Plevna
567:Shipka
178:
154:
124:Result
3468:Sinop
3453:Samos
3438:Athos
3273:Nezib
3268:Konya
3238:Varna
3228:Petra
3168:Lalas
3135:Čegar
3112:Batin
3102:Derna
3065:Măcin
2990:Çeşme
2933:Kagul
2928:Larga
2879:Ganja
2839:Pruth
2712:Tunis
2683:Zenta
2665:Lugos
2647:Hodów
2587:Kassa
2512:Jijel
2418:Banat
2412:Sisak
2406:Bihać
2350:Krupa
2330:Tadla
2251:Ponza
2228:Tunis
2196:Modon
2098:Jajce
2023:Adana
1982:Meçad
1972:Ohrid
1881:Polog
1853:Varna
1780:Ohrid
1742:Savra
1344:. In
1168:. In
1029:Notes
996:Sofia
895:Sofia
784:Morea
713:Sofia
664:Măcin
649:Elena
128:Russo
3263:Hims
3193:Peta
2832:Oran
2678:Azov
2672:Ulaş
2571:Buda
2550:Lwów
2152:Pest
1626:Rise
1531:2011
1501:help
1480:2012
1454:2012
1438:ASIN
1258:link
950:The
913:and
868:The
762:The
745:and
703:Kars
577:and
479:The
64:Date
3495:see
3486:see
2577:Vác
2364:Fez
2324:Fez
2209:Diu
2018:Una
1291:".
1014:.
581:to
573:by
527:).
277:WIA
3526::
1517:.
1492::
1490:}}
1486:{{
1444:.
1408:.
1360:^
1312:^
1254:}}
1250:{{
1231:.
1220:^
1199:.
1184:^
1136:^
1099:^
987:.
968:.
585:.
3512:.
1605:e
1598:t
1591:v
1533:.
1503:)
1499:(
1482:.
1456:.
1419:.
1260:)
1214:.
611:e
604:t
597:v
280:)
130:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
