25:
2870:
184:
so fundamentally that a much smaller scale of assistance than that provided in the
Hardihood Agreement of the spring of 1943 would be necessary. The British proposed a reduced scale of Aid Plan Saturn. The Turks, on the other hand, wished to make certain that upon their entry into the war they would be strong enough to defend their homeland and they doubted that the new plan would fully meet their security needs. Churchill, faced with
176:
3223:
2811:
2860:
106:. But the early victories of the Axis until the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate a possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a sizeable Army and Air Force throughout the war, and especially Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the
188:
only six months away, reluctantly concluded that the resources demanded and the time required for strengthening Turkey could not be conceded. The U.S. Chiefs of Staff and their planners, on the other hand, felt relieved that this possible threat to concentration on
Operation Overlord had at last been
183:
Perhaps the biggest reason for Turkey's hesitation to immediately join the war on the side of the Allies was the eventual reduction of the amount of financial and military aid which
Churchill had promised in Adana. By December 1943 the Anglo-American authorities felt the overall situation had changed
777:
16:
This article is about the Second Cairo
Conference of December 4–6, 1943, between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Turkey. For the First Cairo Conference of November 22–26, 1943, between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Republic of China, see
782:
2826:
243:. However, Turkey didn't directly participate in a military conflict; limiting its participation to providing materials and supplies for the Allies, and imposing political and economic sanctions on the Axis states.
2999:
219:
Roosevelt and İnönü got what they wanted, while
Churchill was disappointed with the result, because he believed that an active Turkish participation in the war would quicken the German defeat by hitting their
965:
144:) between 1911 and 1922, and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. İnönü also wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the
2848:
444:
3014:
1966:
1703:
1698:
2038:
1708:
955:
2120:
1971:
2028:
623:
417:
3148:
2570:
1912:
1728:
1555:
836:
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1296:
3138:
2427:
1028:
3024:
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1351:
1308:
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2841:
164:
had openly expressed. The fear of a Soviet invasion and Stalin's unconcealed desire to control the
Turkish straits eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of
2900:
1672:
1663:
437:
579:
2984:
2023:
1595:
1549:
125:
Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a
Turkish attack would be too risky and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies.
110:. Prior to the conference in Cairo, on January 30, 1943, Churchill had secretly met with İnönü inside a train wagon at the Yenice station, 23 kilometers outside of
1976:
1378:
1356:
469:
405:
3286:
950:
3311:
2989:
2563:
2437:
1693:
1683:
1007:
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3143:
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2219:
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1678:
1217:
922:
430:
3108:
3246:
2679:
2449:
2324:
2105:
1320:
390:
Center of
Military History, United States Army, Washington D.C., 1990. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 53-61477. First Printed 1959-CMH Pub 1-4.
352:
Center of
Military History, United States Army, Washington D.C., 1990. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 53-61477. First Printed 1959-CMH Pub 1-4.
128:İnönü knew very well the hardships and losses of territory, population and wealth which his country had to suffer during 11 years of incessant war (the
200:
air operations in the region, but construction works began after the end of the Second World War. Incirlik Air Base later played an important role for
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1420:
1286:
1162:
972:
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2389:
2377:
2372:
1981:
1780:
1325:
722:
3316:
3173:
2917:
2444:
2154:
1986:
1961:
1833:
1814:
1740:
1616:
1033:
461:
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1855:
982:
858:
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24:
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2507:
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2018:
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1154:
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1525:
94:
Until 1941, both
Roosevelt and Churchill maintained the opinion that Turkey's continuing neutrality would serve the interests of the
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3251:
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1826:
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1790:
1085:
889:
853:
299:
247:
3281:
2629:
2278:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
1900:
1760:
1646:
1638:
1461:
1253:
1125:
977:
945:
915:
770:
1543:
3301:
2814:
2299:
2125:
1895:
1619:
1581:
1182:
1101:
884:
668:
192:
At the end of the conference, it was decided that Turkey's neutrality should be maintained. It was also decided to build the
3296:
3276:
2760:
2621:
2432:
2142:
2013:
1993:
1802:
1797:
1627:
1430:
1203:
812:
734:
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2337:
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1269:
1248:
1189:
1040:
987:
868:
863:
559:
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511:
656:
3123:
2724:
2653:
1785:
1750:
1745:
1481:
1443:
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1149:
992:
746:
141:
99:
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1002:
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1821:
1770:
1513:
1210:
908:
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2192:
2147:
2095:
1872:
1507:
1274:
1263:
740:
674:
591:
505:
361:
Mustafa Aydın, SAM, "Turkish Foreign Policy: Framework and Analysis", Center for Strategic Research, 2004, p. 47.
3133:
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2736:
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1885:
1045:
680:
603:
597:
585:
547:
517:
493:
3082:
1922:
388:
U.S. Army: "Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944" by Maurice Matloff, Chapter XVI, pp. 379-380.
350:
U.S. Army: "Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944" by Maurice Matloff, Chapter XVI, pp. 379-380.
227:
Turkey eventually joined the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945, after it was announced at the
3206:
1951:
1537:
1531:
1093:
824:
609:
541:
271:
84:
32:
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1938:
1425:
1023:
758:
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251:
197:
95:
60:
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68:
28:
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2209:
2135:
2065:
1880:
1877:
1860:
1848:
1838:
1630:
1489:
1133:
778:
Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
2645:
2637:
2591:
2550:
2490:
1809:
1436:
1258:
1196:
806:
764:
686:
3193:
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1956:
1907:
1723:
1501:
1331:
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387:
349:
285:
185:
3072:
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1718:
931:
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566:
289:
275:
193:
129:
76:
36:
2964:
2948:
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2512:
2314:
2159:
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1843:
1314:
1109:
788:
716:
650:
616:
553:
529:
487:
481:
281:
267:
228:
119:
18:
179:
Roosevelt and İnönü got what they wanted, while Churchill was disappointed with the result.
3183:
2943:
2800:
2718:
2169:
1733:
1495:
1456:
1398:
728:
692:
293:
255:
236:
209:
157:
418:
Keeping the Pot Boiling: British Propaganda in Neutral Turkey during the Second World War
175:
3188:
2994:
2793:
2748:
2575:
2524:
2230:
2224:
2090:
2003:
1561:
1450:
240:
149:
80:
3240:
2910:
2869:
2697:
2420:
2309:
2268:
2203:
1946:
1932:
1408:
1117:
1077:
662:
422:
161:
145:
72:
3052:
2164:
1927:
1224:
232:
153:
64:
412:
2454:
2048:
2008:
1998:
1519:
395:
137:
133:
103:
783:
Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China
399:
396:"Chapter 10: Overlord Versus the Mediterranean at the Cairo-Tehran Conferences"
2979:
2772:
2100:
2110:
2080:
1917:
1403:
374:, U.S. Government, 8 June 2011, www.archives.gov/research/pentagon-papers.
39:
at the Second Cairo Conference, which was held between December 4–6, 1943.
1713:
205:
1573:
1069:
107:
2859:
115:
88:
56:
900:
413:
World War II Database: Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943)
213:
111:
52:
48:
3000:
Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C.
201:
169:
2830:
1577:
904:
426:
208:. Another decision was to postpone Operation Anakim against
2121:
Military history of the United States during World War II
3015:
FBI investigation into Eric Adams' 2021 mayoral campaign
624:
United Nations Conference on International Organization
3149:
Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research
837:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
231:
that only the states which were formally at war with
3139:
Congressional Caucus on Turkey and Turkish Americans
3101:
3033:
2957:
2926:
2878:
2688:
2468:
2408:
2323:
2287:
2178:
2037:
1657:
1480:
1391:
1341:
1234:
1174:
1054:
1016:
938:
877:
846:
641:
460:
3025:United States recognition of the Armenian genocide
2906:Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations
2901:Consulate General of the United States, Istanbul
246:Another discussed issue was the independence of
102:from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the
2985:2008 United States consulate in Istanbul attack
284:of November 22–26, 1943, attended by President
270:of January 30–31, 1943, attended by President
2842:
1589:
916:
438:
406:United States Army Center of Military History
8:
2990:2013 United States embassy bombing in Ankara
3144:Federation of Turkish American Associations
1218:Never was so much owed by so many to so few
2896:Ambassadors of the United States to Turkey
2891:Ambassadors of Turkey to the United States
2849:
2835:
2827:
2428:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite
1596:
1582:
1574:
1338:
923:
909:
901:
445:
431:
423:
345:
343:
341:
339:
337:
335:
3179:Assembly of Turkish American Associations
2460:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
1164:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
315:
292:of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo
239:by 1 March 1945 would be admitted to the
2530:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies
2373:1920 United States presidential election
1982:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
1781:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
580:Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference
174:
67:. The meeting was attended by President
23:
3227:Category:Turkey–United States relations
3174:American Turkish Friendship Association
2918:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
2054:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933
1987:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination
1815:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
1741:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
311:
152:would stand beside Turkey in case of a
3109:Ottoman Empire–United States relations
1538:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill
1287:Schools and higher education (various)
859:Sino-American Cooperative Organization
1063:The Story of the Malakand Field Force
1046:Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955
288:of the United States, Prime Minister
7:
3093:Office of Defense Cooperation Turkey
2503:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
2343:Democratic National Convention, 1920
2143:Declaration by United Nations (1942)
2131:Combined Munitions Assignments Board
1776:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
398:. In Kent Roberts Greenfield (ed.).
3312:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
2059:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934
1861:Defense industry non-discrimination
1150:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)
723:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
3154:Turkish American Cultural Alliance
3119:Turkish lobby in the United States
3114:2010 FIBA World Championship final
2886:Embassy of Turkey, Washington D.C.
2508:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
2496:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
1866:Fair Employment Practice Committee
1834:Securities and Exchange Commission
1766:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1041:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945
454:Diplomatic history of World War II
14:
3247:History of the Republic of Turkey
3164:Turkish Women's League of America
2076:Second London Naval Treaty (1936)
1913:Executive Office of the President
1827:Federal Communications Commission
1309:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel
1292:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario
1244:Bibliography of Winston Churchill
1024:Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945
3222:
3221:
3020:Turkish Guantanamo Bay detainees
3005:Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi
2868:
2858:
2810:
2809:
2249:State of the Union Address (1934
2066:Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945)
1791:National Recovery Administration
1087:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
890:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
854:Anglo-French Supreme War Council
699:Declaration of St James's Palace
300:List of World War II conferences
59:'s possible contribution to the
3287:Turkey–United Kingdom relations
3272:1943 in international relations
3257:Diplomatic conferences in Egypt
2631:World War II: When Lions Roared
2486:Presidential Library and Museum
1761:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
1639:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1462:1940 British war cabinet crisis
1254:International Churchill Society
1127:Marlborough: His Life and Times
771:Declaration of the Four Nations
254:, as documented briefly by the
166:neutrality in foreign relations
47:of December 4–6, 1943, held in
3317:December 1943 events in Africa
3292:Turkey–United States relations
2865:Turkey–United States relations
2126:Home front during World War II
1620:President of the United States
1556:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill
1259:Churchill War Rooms and Museum
1183:A total and unmitigated defeat
885:German Instrument of Surrender
711:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre
669:Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact
488:Second Inter-Allied Conference
394:Leighton, Richard M. (2000) .
1:
2970:Assassination of Orhan Gündüz
2731:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
2623:Backstairs at the White House
2295:Early life, education, career
1972:Federal Judicial appointments
1803:National Youth Administration
1798:Works Progress Administration
1204:We shall fight on the beaches
966:"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939
735:Declaration by United Nations
506:Third Inter-Allied Conference
476:First Inter-Allied Conference
470:U.S.–British Staff Conference
274:of Turkey and Prime Minister
3169:U.S.-Turkey Business Council
3159:Turkish Coalition of America
3010:2023 Turkish drone shootdown
2333:1928 New York state election
2274:1944 (Second Bill of Rights)
2198:Madison Square Garden speech
2071:Montevideo Convention (1933)
1952:Jefferson's Birthday holiday
1891:Japanese American internment
1270:Churchill College, Cambridge
1190:Blood, toil, tears and sweat
869:Council of Foreign Ministers
864:European Advisory Commission
560:Greater East Asia Conference
512:Second Washington Conference
118:, to discuss the issue (see
3124:American Hellenic Institute
2737:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
1962:Judicial Court-Packing Bill
1901:Italian-American internment
1786:Public Works Administration
1751:Agricultural Adjustment Act
1746:Civilian Conservation Corps
1444:Terminological inexactitude
747:Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942
536:Third Washington Conference
142:Turkish War of Independence
3333:
2525:White House Roosevelt Room
2106:1940 Selective Service Act
2029:Presidential Proclamations
1896:German-American internment
1822:Communications Act of 1934
1771:Tennessee Valley Authority
1431:St Martin's Church, Bladon
1211:This was their finest hour
370:“Pentagon Papers Part 1.”
15:
3218:
2788:
2755:James Roosevelt Roosevelt
2193:Commonwealth Club Address
2148:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
2096:Destroyers-for-bases deal
1873:Indian Reorganization Act
1611:
1472:Honorary U.S. citizenship
1275:Churchill Archives Centre
1264:National Churchill Museum
1166:(1956–1958, four volumes)
1129:(1933–1938, four volumes)
1113:(1923–1931, five volumes)
741:Punishment for War Crimes
675:Destroyers-for-bases deal
592:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
296:of the Republic of China.
3307:1943 in military history
3252:World War II conferences
3134:American-Turkish Council
3129:American Turkish Society
3063:Denizköy VLF transmitter
3041:CIA activities in Turkey
2416:Early life and education
2305:Governorship of New York
2155:World War II conferences
1886:War Relocation Authority
1158:(1948–1953, six volumes)
956:Liberal Party, 1904–1924
681:Franco-Italian Armistice
604:Fourth Moscow Conference
598:Second Quebec Conference
586:Bretton Woods Conference
518:Second Moscow Conference
196:near Adana for possible
2939:Second Cairo Conference
2170:Morgenthau Plan support
2116:Atlantic Charter (1941)
1839:Monetary gold ownership
1532:Lord Randolph Churchill
1103:Lord Randolph Churchill
973:World War II, 1939–1945
825:Treaty of San Francisco
657:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
574:Second Cairo Conference
548:Third Moscow Conference
542:First Quebec Conference
494:First Moscow Conference
45:Second Cairo Conference
2713:Anna Roosevelt Halsted
2300:Warm Springs Institute
2243:The More Abundant Life
2188:1932 Acceptance speech
1939:Four Freedoms Monument
1878:Executive Orders 9066,
1856:Record on civil rights
1704:Third and fourth terms
1699:First and second terms
1647:New York State Senator
1550:John Spencer-Churchill
1426:Siege of Sidney Street
951:In politics, 1900–1939
813:United Nations Charter
753:Armistice of Cassibile
705:Anglo-Soviet Agreement
372:U.S. National Archives
282:First Cairo Conference
278:of the United Kingdom.
252:French Colonial Empire
180:
40:
3302:Cairo in World War II
3083:Kürecik Radar Station
3078:Kisecik Radar Station
2975:TCG Muavenet (DM 357)
2615:The White House Years
2601:Sunrise at Campobello
2537:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2315:Assassination attempt
1756:Emergency Banking Act
1605:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1467:Bengal famine of 1943
1415:Operation Unthinkable
1352:Palace of Westminster
1143:Arms and the Covenant
978:Later life, 1945–1965
961:Chancellor, 1924–1929
946:Early life, 1874–1904
831:Austrian State Treaty
524:Casablanca Conference
178:
69:Franklin D. Roosevelt
27:
3297:Conferences in Cairo
3277:December 1943 events
2609:Eleanor and Franklin
2269:1941 (Four Freedoms)
2215:Arsenal of Democracy
2210:Day of Infamy speech
2136:War Production Board
1631:Governor of New York
1490:Clementine Churchill
1156:The Second World War
1135:Great Contemporaries
1095:Ian Hamilton's March
819:Paris Peace Treaties
2647:Hyde Park on Hudson
2593:The Roosevelt Story
2582:I'd Rather Be Right
2571:U.S. Postage stamps
2565:Unfinished portrait
2551:Four Freedoms Award
2491:Roosevelt Institute
2220:"...is fear itself"
1923:Cullen–Harrison Act
1918:G.I. Bill of Rights
1810:Social Security Act
1437:Sword of Stalingrad
1326:Cultural depictions
1321:Sutherland portrait
1197:Be ye men of valour
807:Potsdam Declaration
765:Moscow Declarations
687:Moscow Peace Treaty
482:Atlantic Conference
3194:Christopher Robert
3088:Pirinçlik Air Base
3034:Military relations
2934:Chester concession
2719:James Roosevelt II
2696: •
2518:Four Freedoms Park
2086:Export Control Act
2009:Modern Oval Office
1957:Jefferson Memorial
1908:Brownlow Committee
1724:New Deal coalition
1514:Marigold Churchill
1502:Randolph Churchill
1421:Political ideology
1332:Churchillian Drift
1266:(Fulton, Missouri)
631:Potsdam Conference
500:Arcadia Conference
286:Franklin Roosevelt
224:in the southeast.
186:Operation Overlord
181:
160:after the war, as
89:Republic of Turkey
41:
3234:
3233:
3073:Izmir Air Station
3068:Incirlik Air Base
3058:Task Force Viking
3046:Counter-Guerrilla
2824:
2823:
2801:Harry S. Truman →
2767:Warren Delano Jr.
2743:James Roosevelt I
2725:Elliott Roosevelt
2707:Eleanor Roosevelt
2450:Paralytic illness
2237:Quarantine Speech
1571:
1570:
1526:Winston Churchill
1387:
1386:
1357:Parliament Square
1008:Death and funeral
983:Electoral history
932:Winston Churchill
898:
897:
801:Potsdam Agreement
795:Nuremberg Charter
759:Cairo Declaration
567:Tehran Conference
401:Command Decisions
290:Winston Churchill
276:Winston Churchill
222:"soft underbelly"
194:Incirlik Air Base
130:Italo-Turkish War
77:Winston Churchill
75:, Prime Minister
3324:
3262:1943 conferences
3225:
3224:
3207:Midnight Express
2965:Gourgen Yanikian
2949:Zurich Protocols
2879:Diplomatic posts
2873:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2828:
2813:
2812:
2794:← Herbert Hoover
2657:2014 documentary
2513:Roosevelt Island
2160:Quebec Agreement
2081:ABCD line (1940)
2024:Executive Orders
1844:Gold Reserve Act
1650:
1642:
1634:
1623:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1575:
1379:Washington, D.C.
1339:
1315:The Roaring Lion
1111:The World Crisis
925:
918:
911:
902:
789:Moscow Armistice
717:Atlantic Charter
651:Munich Agreement
617:Yalta Conference
610:Malta Conference
554:Cairo Conference
530:Adana Conference
447:
440:
433:
424:
409:
375:
368:
362:
359:
353:
347:
268:Adana Conference
229:Yalta Conference
156:invasion of the
120:Adana Conference
98:by blocking the
83:, and President
19:Cairo Conference
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3214:
3184:Hollings Center
3097:
3029:
2953:
2944:Truman Doctrine
2922:
2874:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2825:
2820:
2784:
2761:Isaac Roosevelt
2749:Sara Ann Delano
2695:
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2775:(family dog)
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2288:Other events
2179:Presidential
2165:Europe first
2039:Presidential
2014:Official car
1937:
1928:Roerich Pact
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988:As a painter
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3282:İsmet İnönü
3201:Billy Hayes
2455:Top Cottage
2433:Adams House
2049:Banana Wars
1649:(1911–1913)
1641:(1913–1920)
1633:(1929–1932)
1622:(1933–1945)
1520:Mary Soames
1034:conferences
993:As a writer
462:Conferences
272:İsmet İnönü
204:during the
134:Balkan Wars
104:Middle East
85:İsmet İnönü
3241:Categories
2980:Hood event
2715:(daughter)
2383:theme song
2101:Lend-Lease
1673:Transition
1659:Presidency
1528:(grandson)
1522:(daughter)
1516:(daughter)
1510:(daughter)
1498:(daughter)
1237:depictions
1235:Legacy and
1017:Ministries
306:References
140:, and the
2958:Incidents
2927:Diplomacy
2693:Roosevelt
2559:paintings
2545:Roosevelt
2438:FDR Suite
2325:Elections
2111:Hull note
2019:Criticism
1546:(brother)
1404:Chartwell
250:from the
248:Indochina
189:removed.
172:in 1952.
168:and join
37:Churchill
29:Roosevelt
2815:Category
2751:(mother)
2745:(father)
2181:speeches
1719:overview
1714:New Deal
1664:timeline
1540:(mother)
1534:(father)
1362:Woodford
1175:Speeches
1055:Writings
1029:timeline
1003:His pets
262:See also
206:Cold War
148:and the
3102:Related
2481:Statues
1994:Cabinet
1392:Related
1374:Toronto
1348:London
1342:Statues
1249:Honours
1071:Savrola
878:Related
767:(1943)
233:Germany
108:Balkans
87:of the
79:of the
71:of the
2709:(wife)
2698:Delano
2689:Family
2588:Films
2469:Legacy
1492:(wife)
1482:Family
1297:others
1145:(1938)
1137:(1937)
1121:(1930)
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198:Allied
154:Soviet
136:, the
132:, the
116:Turkey
96:Allies
61:Allies
57:Turkey
2779:Major
2739:(son)
2733:(son)
2727:(son)
2721:(son)
2611:1976,
2279:1945)
1504:(son)
1369:Paris
237:Japan
214:Burma
210:Japan
112:Adana
53:Egypt
49:Cairo
33:İnönü
2773:Fala
2649:2012
2641:2005
2617:1977
2603:1960
2595:1947
2543:USS
2535:USS
2400:1944
2395:1940
2390:1936
2378:1932
2368:1944
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2358:1936
2353:1932
2348:1924
2338:1930
2264:1940
2259:1939
2254:1938
1881:9102
1694:4th)
1628:44th
1617:32nd
939:Life
235:and
202:NATO
170:NATO
100:Axis
43:The
35:and
2671:FDR
1689:3rd
1684:2nd
1679:1st
212:in
122:).
114:in
63:in
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21:.
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