1468:
48:
373:
354:
343:
332:
321:
310:
299:
218:
161:
148:
2153:
1281:
1926:
177:
1076:
266:
1769:
1203:
411:
398:
385:
278:
196:
231:
1056:, assuring him that they desired to see maintained both the independence and the territorial integrity of his country. By the 1890s, the predominant French interest was already directed towards the establishment of a French protectorate over Morocco; and it was feared that an overt action against the Saharan territories which Morocco claimed would antagonize not merely the Moroccans, but also the other European powers who had become equally involved in Moroccan affairs.
1052:, a water hole strategically situated in a mountain corridor that led directly to the valley of the Zousfana to the south of Figuig. Djéniene Bourzeg was in a disputable area; and while an initial Moroccan protest had first induced the French to withdraw, the Moroccans, in November 1886 agreed to recognize the locale as being in Algerian territory. Britain, Spain and Italy in 1887 had sent a note to
1602:. In the vital issue of opposing European expansion Abd al-Hafid proved as ineffective as his brother. On 8 February 1909, a further Franco-German agreement reaffirmed Morocco's independence while recognizing France's âspecial political interestsâ and Germany's economic interests in North Africa. Further north the French forces at Oujda advanced westwards, established a base at
1703:
1836:, the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, had feared that Germany meant to seek her compensation in West Morocco and establish the naval base on the Atlantic coast. To this England had been resolutely opposed for years; it had been one of her main motives for supporting France in Morocco. Unlike in 1905â1906, the two alliance blocs, the
1437:. 3,000 French and 500 Spanish troops were landed. The dispatch of the Spanish troops was a formality intended to give to the intervention the character of a police operation in accordance with the joint Franco-Spanish mandate to police the town under the Act of Algeciras. While the Spanish troops took no part in fighting, the French forces under
1503:, was proclamied Sultan in Marrakesh on 16 August 1907. Abd al-Hafid had the support of spiritual authorities such as the al-Kattanis and close relations with the so-called Lords of the Atlas, a loose collection of Berber clans who ruled the High Atlas region with impunity. Foremost among them were the Glawi family, headed by
1467:
1809:
protection for their life and property in southern
Morocco; the German Government had therefore sent a warship to Agadir, which would withdraw as soon as affairs in Morocco had calmed down. It was true that German firms had petitioned the Foreign Office to protect their interests in southern Morocco, but it is clear that
2049:
was inhabited mostly by Berber mountaineers, Lyautey's conservatism, as well as political expediency, led him to keep the
Berbers isolated from the predominantly Arabized lowlands. The outcome of Lyautey's policy was to create two distinct reservations, a Berber one mostly in the mountainous regions,
1351:
officer stationed in
Tangier was to act as inspector of the foreign police forces and to report to the sultan and the diplomatic corps in Tangier. The Act also provided for the creation of a Moroccan state bank financed by the powers, with France controlling it by virtue of providing a third of the
1257:
and France made defensive preparations â the French reinforced units, trained reservists and procured arms â to signal their determination. Germany only took similar limited steps late in the crisis. Despite these moves, neither side desired war. The French knew that they were weak and did not wish
2238:
to limit the Zaians' freedom of movement. They opened negotiations with Hammou's sons, persuading three of them, along with many of their followers, to submit to French rule. A split in the Zaian
Confederation between those who supported submission and those still opposed led to infighting and the
1232:
in 1890. The
Germans tried to thwart the implementation of the Franco-British agreement on Morocco, more for reasons connected with the emerging system of alliance in Europe than for any specific political aims they had in Morocco itself. At the time of the negotiations between Spain and France in
1130:
by France in 1901. Attacks by the Beni Guil, Doui Menia, Oulad Djerir, AĂŻt Atta, and by pillagers emanating from Figuig continued on the frontier throughout all of the latter part of 1902 and during much of the year 1903. It was not until April 1903 that Paris finally agreed that the
Algerian
1004:
seemed then to be the greatest threat to
Morocco. Popular support in both France and in Algeria for a Saharan conquest came into being in 1875, after a French engineer, Duponchel, had suggested that the commerce of the Sahara and of central Africa might be opened up to French interests by the
1993:
The Treaty for the
Organization of the French Protectorate in the Sherifien Empire provided that the French government would establish in cooperation with the sultan âa new regime comprising the administrative, judicial, educational, economic, financial, and military reforms which the French
1808:
on July 1, 1911, ostensibly to protect German interests during the local native uprising in
Morocco but in reality to cow the French. Germany notified France and the other Powers that German business houses, alarmed at the fermentation among the natives caused by recent events, had asked for
1314:
After nearly three months of diplomatic wrangling the powers adopted the Act of
Algeciras on 7 April which provided for âreformsâ amounting to a joint Franco-Spanish control of Morocco's police and finances. The policing of the major Moroccan ports was entrusted to France and Spain, with the
1373:
and seeing Germany unable to restrain France, accepted the Act of Algeciras. But the Moroccans were provoked by the increasing activities of Europeans in the country. In their attacks on Europeans, they provided France and Spain with the excuse for military intervention.
1145:
wished to establish and place military posts as far as possible towards the areas considered to be Moroccan. In October 1903, after further attacks had been perpetrated against the French troops stationed in the Zousfana, Paris agreed to the installation of a post west
1715:
After 1910, Sultan Moulay Abd al-Hafid, who had aroused a strong religious sense of opposition to European domination, was viewed, like Abd al-Aziz before him, as a tool in the hands of the Europeans. In 1911 the Shrarda and Banu Mtir tribes to the north and south of
1307:, were to prepare a programme of reform for Morocco that would preserve the sultan's sovereignty and Morocco's territorial integrity, and maintain the policy of the open door in commercial activity. As the principal consideration in the minds of the delegates was the
1577:
was ambushed by partisans of his brother, and his soldiers melted away in the torrid summer heat. Abandoned by his men, his jallaba shredded by bullets, the ex-sultan fled to the safety of French-held Casablanca, where he announced his abdication two days later.
2111:
On 17 April 1912, Moroccan infantrymen mutinied in the French garrison in Fez. The Moroccans were unable to take the city and were defeated by a French relief force. In late May 1912, Moroccan forces unsuccessfully attacked the enhanced French garrison at Fez.
1265:
The Kaiser's visit was followed by the German demand that an international conference on Morocco be convened. The French, anxious to avoid conflict with Germany, and relying on the diplomatic support of Britain, Spain and Italy, agreed to the demand in July.
1562:
turned the tide for Abd al-Hafid, and soon the other imperial cities followed suit. Yet the war of succession dragged on for another six months as Abd al-Aiz continued his resistance, egged on by the French. The conflict ended on 19 August 1908 at the
1039:
of the Saharan Atlas that had been given to Algeria by the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia. The next year, in 1882, the French Government requested from the Moroccans permission to construct the Trans-Saharan Railroad along the route leading from the
1868:) were now more evenly matched in armaments, and the Entente took yet more extensive, though still defensive, military measures in a display of determination. London, alarmed that it had lost track of the German fleet for a time, brought the
2058:. The Treaty of Fes also specified that Spanish interests and possessions in Morocco would be recognized following bilateral negotiations between France and Spain. It also accepted the existing special international status of Tangier. The
1110:. The actual intervention in the Gourara-Tuat-Tidikelt did not take place until the very end of 1899. The military contingent escorting the mission quickly routed the Saharans and took advantage of the opportunity to occupy the oasis of
1237:, whose future international character was a central issue already accepted by the French and the British. Since 1904 the German Empire directed its efforts towards the internationalization of the Moroccan question. With this intention
973:. While providing a useful service to European and Moroccan merchants, the existence of the foreign post offices constituted an enlargement of the normal extraterritorial rights and an encroachment upon Moroccan Government functions.
2208:. Despite the loss of their base at Khénifra, the Zaians inflicted heavy losses on the French. The capture of Taza in May 1914 enabled the French to establish contact between their forces in eastern Morocco and those in the west.
2104:, because the situation in the region of Fes required prompt military action. Lyautey was able to disperse the tribesmen surrounding Fes, control agitation in the city itself, and start the conquest of the remaining parts of the
1249:
as an independent ruler, warned against hasty reforms (a reference to France's mandate in the 1904 agreement with Britain to âreformâ the Moroccan structure), and warned that Germany's interests in Morocco would be protected.
2033:, the part containing the fertile lands and the mineral resources which the future settlers and the entrepreneurs would want to exploit. Priority was consequently given in the extension of French control to the former
504:
1188:. The Franco-British agreement also specified a zone to be entrusted to Spain when it became necessary for France to occupy Morocco, and subsequent British pressure on Spain to accept France's terms.
2239:
death of Hammou in Spring 1921. The French reacted with a three-pronged attack into the Middle Atlas that resulted in the French establishing a permanent control of the area. Some tribesmen, led by
3395:
1750:
repulsed the tribes and occupied Meknes after taking Moulay al-Zayn captive on 8 June. A large French expeditionary force entered Fes on 21 May 1911. Both Spain and Germany registered a protest.
1690:
against the Spanish occupation in the eastern Rif and an attack on a group of Spanish military personnel undertaking topographic works at a position near Ishafen, near the Kert River, led to the
1994:
government may see fir to introduce within the Moroccan territory.â While preserving the religious status and traditional prestige of the sultan, the French would organize a reformed sharifian
1180:
over Morocco failed in 1902 because of disagreement over the limits of the future Spanish zone and the insistence of the French on reserving to themselves the right of intervention in it. The
2006:
of the sultan upon the proposal of the French government, represented by a resident general, who was empowered to act as the sole intermediary between the sultan and foreign representatives.
1102:
became foreign minister in 1898, the French followed a more aggressive policy of penetration. In executing this policy they worked to prevent the reformation of the Moroccan Government under
1730:
625:
2054:, existing side by side with a dynamic European community undertaking the rapid development of the country's resources to its won advantage. On 28 April Hubert Lyautey was made the first
1304:
1899:
was concluded on 27 November 1912, slightly revising the previous Franco-Spanish boundaries in Morocco. The negotiations of 1911â12 between the powers also led up to the eventual
47:
1606:
in June 1910 and started to send patrols along the way leading to Fes. By 1911, the French campaign from the east, through what is now the southwest of Algeria, had reached the
1879:
of 4 November 1911 concluded the Agadir Crisis, in which France was given rights to a protectorship over Morocco and, in return, Germany was given strips of territory from the
1048:(a governor) at the oasis of Figuig, on the upper reaches of the Oued Zousfana. In 1885 French troops crossed the crest of the Saharan Atlas and began to construct a post at
497:
2234:
in November 1918, significant forces of tribesmen remained opposed to French rule. The French resumed their offensive in the Khenifra area in 1920, establishing a series of
1739:, the French, in violation of the Algeciras agreement, were able to intervene on the pretext of defending the sultan and the Europeans in the capital. A French column under
3233:
3911:
3789:
2059:
1920:
1896:
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as being Algerian. But the French refused to delineate the frontier to the south of Figuig on the ground that a frontier was superfluous in uninhabited desert land. The
896:
110:
2152:
3388:
1978:, with considerable autonomy in crusial areas like justice and the internal workings of the administration. However, the Treaty of Fes was modeled explicitly upon the
1106:
while at the same time drawing it towards greater recognition of France's special interests in Morocco by continually raising problems connected with incidents on the
1872:
to a high state of alert. German restraint again made for a peaceful outcome: the Germans avoided provocative military moves and accepted an unfavourable compromise.
1044:
to the Touat. The Moroccans, however, refused. Fearing that the French might nevertheless continue their advance towards the south, in 1883, the Moroccans placed an
3846:
490:
618:
1672:. While the Spaniards were taking control of northern Morocco, the French were expanding the area under their control. In June 1911, Spanish troops occupied
1184:
reached on 8 April 1904 involved the recognition of the predominant position of France in Morocco in exchange for France's recognition of the permanency of
3381:
2182:
2055:
1845:
997:
3906:
1833:
1308:
1433:
tribesmen and Muslims from Casablanca attacked the European workmen, killing nine of them. The French opened a western front on 5 August 1907 with the
2281:
1668:(1909). In December 1910 the King of Spain made a visit to Mellila, then inspected construction works in the Zaffarin islands, and reviewed troops in
1610:, 200 miles within the Moroccan border. This effectively put a large swath of the pre-Saharan area in the southeast of Morocco under French control.
976:
From the 1850s, politicians in France and the authorities in Algeria started to advocate the creation of military posts in the southern parts of the
611:
1280:
1720:
respectively, became alarmed by the French expansion in their direction from the west and rose in rebellion. Simultaneously, a new member of the
3901:
3287:
3178:
3157:
3125:
3104:
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3062:
3041:
3020:
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in Europe, it proved difficult to agree on the share that each of the powers represented was to have in carrying out the so-called reforms.
989:
694:
2078:
where the sultan remained nominally the sovereign and was represented by the vice regent under the control of the Spanish high commission.
3189:
1925:
1176:
in exchange for an Italian assurance that, as far as they were concerned, France might have a âfree handâ in Morocco. Negotiations with
1135:
1975:
1185:
1075:
3333:
2227:' intelligence and financial support to the Zaian Confederation and continual raids and skirmishes reducing scarce French manpower.
993:
945:. The Treaty of Lalla Maghnia signed in March 1845 between France and Morocco recognized the boundary existing before 1830 between
1141:
was making an inspection tour of the frontier area when he was shot at in the vicinity of Figuig. On June 8 Figuig was bombarded.
1416:
1262:, the German chancellor, alive to the danger of escalation, had no intention of risking a European war over African concessions.
1258:
to provoke the Germans, and Delcassé, the foreign minister, who alone advocated firmness, was forced to resign from the cabinet.
3242:
1598:
against the French. After repulsing this attack the French forces advanced into south-eastern Morocco and established a base at
1033:
in Tunisia in 1881. In 1881 France established a military post in AĂŻn SĂ©fra. This act solidified French control over all of the
3841:
3420:
2289:
2216:
2063:
904:
120:
1301:
3836:
3415:
3345:
2293:
1983:
1971:
892:
235:
116:
95:
1150:. BĂ©char had been one of the locales utilized most frequently as a refuge by the nomads who had attacked the Zousfana line.
1202:
3693:
2305:
3636:
2157:
1810:
1707:
714:
684:
336:
1817:
was using this merely as a pretext. His real motive was to bring the French to the point of making a generous offer of
774:
1107:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3861:
3856:
3851:
2320:
2315:
1900:
1783:
1395:
to Morocco and run a pharmacy and suspected of conspiring to lay the groundwork for French takeover of Morocco, in
1238:
1213:
1030:
719:
659:
1768:
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3487:
2127:
2121:
1434:
958:
749:
704:
3779:
1876:
1763:
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3754:
3456:
1884:
1665:
1619:
920:
834:
764:
3703:
1099:
303:
3831:
3446:
2978:
2101:
1948:
1711:
French colonial Propaganda: "France will be able to freely bring civilization, wealth and peace to Morocco."
1490:
1472:
1070:
942:
729:
560:
403:
3764:
3708:
3555:
3550:
3482:
2231:
2197:
1628:
Following the allowance of its interests and recognition of its influence in northern Morocco through the
1159:
962:
926:
554:
541:
526:
450:
446:
434:
907:. The French still conducted a series of military operations to pacify rebellions in Morocco until 1934.
3805:
3646:
3492:
2273:
1987:
1841:
1745:
1242:
1197:
1006:
965:
in November 1851. In 1859 French troops occupied the oasis of Sidi Yahia, a place seven kilometres from
876:
814:
222:
152:
1522:
1458:
1259:
961:
temporarily weakened French diplomacy. France's desire to reassert her influence in Morocco led to the
454:
3769:
3254:
2185:
2011:
1822:
1740:
1633:
1549:
1486:
1297:
1275:
1246:
1169:
1103:
390:
314:
1725:
3698:
3688:
3631:
3565:
3436:
2310:
2285:
2269:
2170:
1779:
1661:
1641:
1564:
1518:
1462:
1422:
1229:
1177:
1053:
1049:
981:
916:
900:
809:
789:
754:
635:
548:
423:
325:
181:
39:
1115:
3512:
3507:
3373:
3362:
3343:
Burke, E. (1972). "Pan-Islam and Moroccan resistance to French colonial penetration, 1900â1912".
3170:
Oujda, une ville frontiÚre du Maroc (1907-1956): Musulmans, Juifs et Chrétiens en milieu colonial
2220:
985:
859:
819:
759:
739:
724:
699:
689:
669:
585:
533:
3641:
1952:
377:
3774:
3759:
3545:
3522:
3329:
3283:
3174:
3153:
3136:
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1931:
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1603:
1477:
1442:
1430:
1388:
1292:
The Moroccan conference, attended by the representatives of thirteen countries, was opened in
1080:
1018:
1009:. Initially, the idea was to put such a railroad through the Saharan region lying east of the
977:
849:
358:
249:
3195:
3147:
1126:
confederation. The conflict ended by the annexation of the Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt complex to
3718:
3713:
3580:
3517:
3354:
3262:
3031:
2265:
1957:
1629:
1504:
1367:. The sultan, realizing that Britain had relinquished her role as protector of the Moroccan
1364:
1181:
1165:
1022:
854:
829:
779:
679:
415:
362:
2100:
was appointed in May to replace Regnault, who had negotiated the Treaty of Fes with Sultan
1986:
in 1881. By its terms the sultan was to be reduced to a position approximating that of the
969:. In 1860 a French post office was founded in Tangier as a branch of the postal service of
3734:
3662:
3590:
2352:
2344:
1979:
1861:
1772:
1360:
1206:
1138:
946:
799:
784:
458:
17:
2223:. Over the following four years, the French retained most of their territory despite the
954:
1228:'s influence and commerce in Morocco expanded after concluding a commercial treaty with
3626:
3621:
3497:
2224:
2193:
2097:
2092:
2022:
2002:
1865:
1853:
1849:
1837:
1649:
1400:
1142:
1127:
1001:
934:
709:
654:
649:
347:
270:
165:
2268:'s reign, from 1912 to 1927, was turbulent and marked with frequent uprisings against
1974:. Moroccan officials believed that Morocco would be given a regime similar to that of
1586:
In 1908 the French desert post of Colomb-BĂ©char was attacked by Moulay Lahsen, a Sufi
3825:
3810:
3784:
3605:
3575:
3366:
3030:
Best, Antony; Hanhimaki, Jussi; Maiolo, Joseph A.; Schulze, Kirsten E., eds. (2008).
2174:
2131:
1963:
1944:
1936:
1916:
1857:
1795:
1787:
1759:
1721:
1691:
1677:
1623:
1438:
1324:
1225:
1041:
1026:
888:
844:
794:
769:
734:
674:
419:
282:
244:
210:
188:
140:
89:
1445:, during 1907 and 1908 proceeded to subjugate the Shawiya region around Casablanca.
3570:
3560:
3305:
2240:
2189:
2017:
1967:
1880:
1818:
1736:
1660:
attacks on the Spanish Rif Mines Company prompted the military governor of Melilla
1514:
744:
442:
438:
428:
3222:
3075:
Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Pre-Colonial Protest and Resistance, 1860-1912
1021:. Other than British and Spanish hostilities, France had to also contend with the
3277:
3267:
3211:
3168:
3115:
3094:
3073:
3052:
3010:
2999:
1359:
to accept a diplomatic defeat. This not only confirmed Berlin's isolation â only
3595:
3585:
2212:
2205:
1800:
1645:
1348:
1233:
1902 and 1904 the Germans encouraged Spain to insist on being allowed to police
1123:
804:
664:
3358:
2244:
2235:
2075:
1895:). Spain at first objected; but, through the intervention of Great Britain, a
1888:
1869:
1545:
1426:
1340:
1316:
3461:
3326:
Morocco under Colonial Rule: French Administration of Tribal Areas 1912â1956
3117:
Resistance in the Desert: Moroccan Responses to French Imperialism 1881-1912
2147:
2135:
1607:
1500:
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1336:
1332:
1293:
1285:
1173:
839:
572:
482:
2642:
2640:
2638:
1702:
1530:
1363:
offered support â but more importantly France and Britain strengthened the
1147:
1735:, was proclaimed Sultan in Meknes on 17 April. As the tribes advanced on
1669:
1599:
1573:
1454:
1391:, who was chosen by decree of the minister of foreign affairs to go from
1300:. Its objectives, as stated in the opening session by its president, the
1111:
592:
1131:
military forces could make a âpolice actionâ west of the Zousfana line.
3600:
3466:
2296:. A coalition of France and Spain finally defeated the rebels in 1926.
2260:
2200:. The war began well for the French, who quickly took the key towns of
2178:
2071:
1996:
1904:
1892:
1673:
1657:
1495:
1369:
1344:
1320:
1254:
1234:
1217:
1010:
938:
930:
884:
577:
253:
200:
73:
603:
2181:
fought a war of opposition against the French between 1914 and 1921.
2038:
1805:
1717:
1587:
1356:
1091:
953:
was recognized in the same treaty as being Moroccan and the oasis of
950:
372:
353:
342:
331:
320:
309:
298:
895:
on 30 March 1912. France later concluded, on the 27th November, the
1534:
made a series of demands: that the new sultan should undertake the
1403:
sending soldiers across the border to occupy the important town of
3054:
People of Salé: Tradition and Change in a Moroccan City, 1830-1930
2151:
2042:
1924:
1767:
1701:
1686:
1594:
1568:
1541:
1536:
1508:
1466:
1404:
1328:
1279:
1201:
1074:
966:
880:
3149:
French Military Rule in Morocco: Colonialism and its Consequences
2201:
2162:
1086:
1034:
1014:
970:
3377:
3227:. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C. : The University.
2625:
2623:
607:
486:
2277:
2067:
1653:
984:
and eventually uniting the French colonies of Algeria and the
1592:
who mobilized the population of the eastern High Atlas in a
883:
on 29 March 1907. The French launched campaigns against the
2951:
2949:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2598:
2596:
1164:
In 1900 the French agreed to recognize the predominance of
2901:
2646:
2420:
2418:
2405:
2403:
2390:
2388:
3033:
International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond
2786:
2784:
2782:
2276:. The most serious of these was a Berber uprising in the
2188:
sought to extend French influence eastwards through the
2037:, comprising the coastal plains and the regions of Fes,
1937:
treaty establishing the French protectorate over Morocco
2924:
2922:
2738:
2736:
2009:
The French also inherited the division of Morocco into
2000:. Measures of the new regime would be established by a
3012:
Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion
2801:
2799:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
1786:
aiming for the dove of peace on the platform of the
3798:
3747:
3727:
3671:
3655:
3614:
3538:
3531:
3475:
3429:
2050:and a traditional Islamic one in the cities of the
2060:Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco
1921:Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco
1652:, in March 1908. The enduring instability in the
1114:. An armed conflict opposed French troops to the
980:and beyond it for the purpose of controlling the
949:and Morocco as being still binding. The oasis of
3096:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
2829:
2817:
1813:, the German State Secretary for Foreign Affairs
1798:(1911) was precipitated when the German gunboat
2288:in the Rif. Though this rebellion began in the
1540:neglected by his predecessor; that he liberate
32:
3405:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844â1934)
3191:Tarifa y las Campañas de Marruecos (1909-1927)
2980:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period
929:considerably expanded their activities in the
3389:
619:
498:
8:
3255:"Los orĂgenes de la Campaña del Rif de 1909"
2865:
2366:
2360:
1355:The close Anglo-French collaboration forced
3001:Histoire de Casablanca, des origines Ă 1914
1339:, and both French and Spanish policemen in
1000:to oppose France, who from her position in
3535:
3396:
3382:
3374:
2841:
2790:
2394:
2062:, concluded on 27 November, established a
1821:, and to emphasize to the Powers that the
1387:The assassination of the French physician
1245:, and stated while there that he regarded
626:
612:
604:
505:
491:
483:
29:
3266:
2955:
2940:
2773:
2761:
2667:
2629:
2602:
2515:
2460:
2424:
2409:
2196:. This was opposed by the Zaians, led by
1571:and Marrakesh, when the deposed sultan's
3912:Resistance to the French colonial empire
2251:against the French well into the 1930s.
2215:, France withdrew troops for service in
1901:internationalization of the Tangier zone
1154:French agreements on Morocco (1900â1904)
3194:(in Spanish). Aljaranda. Archived from
2691:
2384:
2337:
2066:over the northern coastal zone and the
1425:began works in May 1907 in the port of
1284:Arrival of the Moroccan ambassadors in
887:which culminated in the signing of the
2928:
2805:
2742:
2727:
2715:
2679:
1528:on Abd al-Hafid to become sultan. The
1493:, the elder brother of the sultan and
2913:
2853:
2614:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2527:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2448:
2436:
2219:, and they lost more than 600 in the
2056:Resident-General of France in Morocco
7:
3452:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907â12)
3253:Saro Gandarillas, Francisco (1993).
3241:(in Spanish). Entemu. Archived from
2703:
2539:
1084:: General O'Connor's bombardment of
52:Pacification of Morocco (1907â1927).
2889:
2877:
2348:
1778:caricature of the French President
1485:Deeply Alarmed by the inability of
1521:deposed Abd al-Aziz and imposed a
1065:South-Oranese Campaign (1899â1903)
937:(1844). French representatives in
561:South-Oranese Campaign (1897â1903)
25:
3907:African resistance to colonialism
3847:FranceâMorocco military relations
1243:visit to Tangier on 31 March 1905
542:Second French colonial empire era
3503:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
3488:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
3437:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
3232:Ramos Oliver, Francisco (2013).
2365:, "Pacification of Morocco"; or
2351:, "French invasion of Morocco";
1656:threatened Melilla, and further
1417:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
1411:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
1118:, a fraction of the AĂŻt Ounbgui
527:First French colonial empire era
409:
396:
383:
371:
352:
341:
330:
319:
308:
297:
276:
264:
229:
216:
194:
175:
159:
146:
46:
3421:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
3078:. University of Chicago Press.
3057:. Manchester University Press.
905:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
515:Franco–Moroccan conflicts
3442:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859â60)
3416:French protectorate in Morocco
3346:The Journal of African History
2983:. Cambridge University Press.
2082:Pacification of the rebellions
2025:was quick to realize that the
1984:French protectorate of Tunisia
1972:French protectorate in Morocco
1891:(part of the German colony of
1489:to hold the country together,
1475:on the French daily newspaper
1025:'s hostility, as the Italians
893:French Protectorate in Morocco
236:French Protectorate in Morocco
1:
3902:French colonisation in Africa
3216:. Cambridge University Press.
3210:Miller, Susan Gilson (2013).
3135:Fay, Sidney Bradshaw (1930).
3093:Clark, Christopher M (2013).
3004:(in French). Ăditions Ophrys.
2292:in the north, it reached the
2284:, who managed to establish a
2130:in 1912, the French defeated
1614:Spanish campaigns (1908â1912)
567:Conquest of Morocco (1907â34)
27:Conquest of Morocco by France
3790:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
3493:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
3268:10.5944/aldaba.22.1993.20298
3138:The Origins of the World War
2977:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987).
2029:was, in his expression, the
1982:, which had established the
1929:Page of the daily newspaper
1811:Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter
1582:French expansion (1908â1911)
1031:French military intervention
3780:MoroccoâCongo Treaty (1911)
3770:Algeciras Conference (1906)
3447:First Melilla War (1893â94)
3279:Morocco's Saharan Frontiers
3261:(in Spanish) (22): 97â130.
3213:A History of Modern Morocco
1907:and its environs, in 1923.
1270:Algeciras Conference (1906)
1186:Britain's position in Egypt
1136:Governor-General of Algeria
941:were no longer consuls but
3928:
3694:Manuel FernĂĄndez Silvestre
3483:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
3221:Nelson, Harold D. (1985).
3173:(in French). L'Harmattan.
3146:Gershovich, Moshe (2012).
3051:Brown, Kenneth L. (1976).
3015:. Macmillan Education UK.
2321:French conquest of Tunisia
2316:French conquest of Algeria
2258:
2145:
2119:
2090:
1914:
1757:
1617:
1473:Sultan Moulay Abd al-Hafid
1452:
1414:
1383:Occupation of Oujda (1907)
1273:
1195:
1192:Tangier Crisis (1905â1906)
1157:
1068:
914:
873:French conquest of Morocco
555:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
549:Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
115:Partition of Morocco into
33:French conquest of Morocco
18:Second Franco-Moroccan War
3637:Joseph-François Poeymirau
3513:Battle of El Herri (1914)
3508:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
3498:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
3457:Second Melilla War (1909)
3411:
3359:10.1017/S0021853700000281
3188:León Rojas, José (2018).
2230:After the signing of the
2211:With the outbreak of the
2128:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman
2122:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman
2116:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman
1487:Sultan Moulay Abd al-Aziz
1435:Bombardment of Casablanca
1378:War against the sultanate
1302:Duke of AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
1247:Sultan Moulay Abd al-Aziz
891:and establishment of the
645:
534:Larache expedition (1765)
522:
464:
290:
132:
56:
45:
37:
3806:Tangier Crisis (1905â06)
3775:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
3760:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
3755:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
3523:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
3276:Trout, Frank E. (1969).
3235:Las guerras de Marruecos
3224:Morocco, a country study
3009:Aldrich, Robert (1996).
2306:FranceâMorocco relations
1962:on 30 March 1912 in the
1885:French Equatorial Africa
1877:Franco-German Convention
1666:Second Melillan campaign
1620:Second Melillan campaign
1399:on 19 March 1907 led to
1182:Franco-British agreement
959:Paris Revolution of 1848
921:Abd al-Rahman of Morocco
3684:Arsenio MartĂnez-Campos
3518:Battle of Annual (1921)
3324:Bidwell, Robin (1973).
2290:Spanish-controlled area
2161:: French occupation of
1782:and the German Emperor
1507:. In January 1908, the
1315:Spaniards in charge of
1071:Pacification of Algeria
586:Post-colonial conflicts
3842:Wars involving Morocco
3709:Miguel Primo de Rivera
3679:Juan GarcĂa y Margallo
3556:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
3551:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
3167:Katan, Yvette (1990).
3114:Dunn, Ross E. (1977).
3072:Burke, Edmund (2009).
2367:
2361:
2359:, "Morocco campaign";
2356:
2294:French-controlled area
2232:Armistice with Germany
2198:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
2166:
2070:, as well as over the
1940:
1828:Many weeks before the
1796:Second Moroccan Crisis
1791:
1788:Second Moroccan Crisis
1712:
1558:The assent of the Fes
1482:
1289:
1221:
1160:Treaty of Paris (1900)
1095:
903:which established the
879:occupying the city of
435:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
291:Commanders and leaders
3837:Wars involving France
2830:Saro Gandarillas 1993
2818:Saro Gandarillas 1993
2362:pacification du Maroc
2155:
1947:was signed by Sultan
1928:
1897:Franco-Spanish Treaty
1771:
1705:
1470:
1283:
1205:
1198:First Moroccan Crisis
1108:frontier with Algeria
1078:
1007:Trans-Saharan Railway
472:12,000 natives killed
465:Casualties and losses
3811:Agadir Crisis (1911)
3785:Treaty of Fes (1912)
3765:Treaty of Fes (1894)
2998:Adam, André (1968).
2186:Louis-Hubert Lyautey
2064:Spanish protectorate
1970:and established the
1951:and French diplomat
1911:Treaty of Fes (1912)
1764:MoroccoâCongo Treaty
1754:Agadir Crisis (1911)
1698:Fes Rebellion (1911)
1634:Algeciras Conference
1567:on the road between
1449:Hafidiya (1907â1908)
1423:Compaganie Marocaine
1276:Algeciras Conference
1230:Sultan Moulay Hassan
1134:On 31 May 1903, the
990:Hispano-Moroccan War
931:Sultanate of Morocco
885:Sultanate of Morocco
451:Abdel-Salam Mohammed
447:Hammou of Oulad Hriz
315:Louis-Hubert Lyautey
257:Various other tribes
3632:Paul Prosper Henrys
3462:Zaian War (1914â21)
3304:Britannica (2023).
2943:, pp. 369â370.
2880:, pp. 284â285.
2866:Ramos Oliver (2013)
2632:, pp. 310â311.
2311:Franco-Moroccan War
2171:Zaian Confederation
2102:Moulay Abd al-Hafid
1949:Moulay Abd al-Hafid
1565:Battle of Marrakesh
1519:Muhammad al-Kattani
1463:Battle of Marrakesh
1305:Juan Manuel SĂĄnchez
982:trans-Saharan trade
963:Bombardment of Salé
917:Franco-Moroccan War
855:South Africa (1914)
820:South Africa (1906)
785:South Africa (1899)
755:Matabeleland (1896)
745:South Africa (1895)
725:Matabeleland (1893)
690:Somalia (1888â1924)
685:Equatoria (1886â89)
655:South Africa (1880)
650:South Africa (1879)
637:Scramble for Africa
573:Zaian War (1914â21)
470:8,622 French killed
326:Paul Prosper Henrys
254:Zaian Confederation
96:French protectorate
40:Scramble for Africa
3704:José Millån-Astray
3647:Henry de Bournazel
3576:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
3282:. Librairie Droz.
2221:Battle of El Herri
2192:mountains towards
2167:
2087:Bloody Days of Fes
2074:area south of the
1941:
1792:
1713:
1648:, a town near the
1483:
1459:Conditioned Bay'ah
1290:
1260:Bernhard von BĂŒlow
1222:
1104:Moulay Abd al-Aziz
1100:Théophile Delcassé
1096:
1005:construction of a
943:chargés d'affaires
710:Mashonaland (1890)
593:Ifni War (1957â58)
304:Théophile Delcassé
94:Morocco becomes a
3897:Conflicts in 1934
3892:Conflicts in 1933
3887:Conflicts in 1932
3882:Conflicts in 1931
3877:Conflicts in 1930
3862:Conflicts in 1909
3857:Conflicts in 1908
3852:Conflicts in 1907
3819:
3818:
3743:
3742:
3546:Mohammed Ameziane
3467:Rif War (1921â26)
3306:"Moroccan crises"
3289:978-2-600-04495-0
3180:978-2-7384-0861-7
3159:978-1-136-32587-8
3127:978-0-299-07360-2
3106:978-0-06-219922-5
3099:. HarperCollins.
3085:978-0-226-08084-0
3064:978-0-7190-0623-4
3043:978-1-134-07081-7
3022:978-0-333-56740-1
2990:978-0-521-33767-0
2357:Campagne du Maroc
2326:Pact of Cartagena
1887:, comprising the
1825:had broken down.
1682:Mohammed Ameziane
1638:Pact of Cartagena
1441:, and then under
1239:Kaiser Wilhelm II
1081:Le Petit Parisien
992:(1859â1860), the
868:
867:
825:Morocco (1907â34)
815:Morocco (1905â06)
810:Tanganyika (1905)
790:Somaliland (1900)
730:Morocco (1893â94)
715:Katanga (1891â92)
680:Madagascar (1883)
601:
600:
578:Rif War (1921â26)
481:
480:
337:General Poeymirau
128:
127:
16:(Redirected from
3919:
3719:Francisco Franco
3699:DĂĄmaso Berenguer
3689:José Marina Vega
3566:Mhand n'Ifrutant
3536:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3370:
3339:
3328:. London: Cass.
3313:
3293:
3272:
3270:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3228:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3184:
3163:
3142:
3131:
3110:
3089:
3068:
3047:
3026:
3005:
2994:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2902:Best et al. 2008
2899:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2650:
2647:Best et al. 2008
2644:
2633:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2372:
2371:, "Morocco war".
2370:
2364:
2350:
2349:ŰșŰČÙ Ù۱Ù۳ۧ ÙÙÙ
Űș۱ۚ
2342:
2247:and continued a
2183:Resident-General
2158:Le Petit Journal
1961:
1903:, consisting of
1832:went to Agadir,
1780:Armand FalliĂšres
1749:
1734:
1708:Le Petit Journal
1662:José Marina Vega
1630:Entente Cordiale
1323:, the French of
1309:balance of power
1168:'s interests in
1050:Djéniene Bourzeg
1027:had been angered
1023:Kingdom of Italy
996:joined with the
994:Kingdom of Spain
901:Kingdom of Spain
897:Treaty of Madrid
770:Wassoulou (1898)
735:Wassoulou (1894)
675:Wassoulou (1883)
640:
638:
628:
621:
614:
605:
517:
516:
507:
500:
493:
484:
455:Mhamadi Bojabbar
432:
414:
413:
412:
401:
400:
399:
388:
387:
386:
376:
375:
367:
357:
356:
346:
345:
335:
334:
324:
323:
313:
312:
302:
301:
281:
280:
279:
269:
268:
267:
234:
233:
232:
221:
220:
219:
199:
198:
197:
180:
179:
178:
164:
163:
162:
151:
150:
149:
111:Treaty of Madrid
58:
57:
50:
30:
21:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3872:1920s conflicts
3867:1910s conflicts
3822:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3794:
3739:
3735:Mohamed Meziane
3723:
3667:
3663:Thami El Glaoui
3651:
3642:Philippe PĂ©tain
3610:
3591:Assou Oubasslam
3527:
3471:
3425:
3407:
3402:
3342:
3336:
3323:
3320:
3318:Further reading
3303:
3300:
3290:
3275:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3220:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3187:
3181:
3166:
3160:
3145:
3134:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3092:
3086:
3071:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3029:
3023:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2842:LeĂłn Rojas 2018
2840:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2797:
2791:Britannica 2023
2789:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2749:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2653:
2645:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2395:Gershovich 2012
2393:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2368:guerre du Maroc
2343:
2339:
2334:
2302:
2263:
2257:
2213:First World War
2150:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2095:
2089:
2084:
2035:Bled el-Makhzen
2027:Bled el-Makhzen
2012:Bled el-Makhzen
1980:Treaty of Bardo
1955:
1953:EugĂšne Regnault
1923:
1915:Main articles:
1913:
1862:Austria-Hungary
1834:Sir Edward Grey
1819:Congo territory
1766:
1758:Main articles:
1756:
1743:
1741:General Moinier
1728:
1700:
1636:(1906) and the
1626:
1618:Main articles:
1616:
1584:
1505:Madani al-Glawi
1471:Interview with
1465:
1453:Main articles:
1451:
1443:General d'Amade
1429:. Neighbouring
1419:
1413:
1385:
1380:
1361:Austria-Hungary
1298:16 January 1906
1278:
1272:
1200:
1194:
1162:
1156:
1139:Charles Jonnart
1073:
1067:
1062:
923:
913:
877:French Republic
875:began with the
869:
864:
850:Libya (1911â12)
760:Zanzibar (1896)
750:Ethiopia (1896)
641:
636:
634:
632:
602:
597:
582:
571:
565:
559:
553:
538:
518:
514:
513:
511:
473:
471:
459:Assou Oubasslam
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
426:
422:
418:
410:
408:
407:
397:
395:
394:
384:
382:
378:Philippe PĂ©tain
370:
369:
363:
351:
350:
340:
339:
329:
328:
318:
317:
307:
306:
296:
286:
277:
275:
274:
265:
263:
262:
258:
256:
252:
230:
228:
225:
217:
215:
203:
195:
193:
176:
174:
173:
160:
158:
155:
147:
145:
105:
85:French victory
76:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3925:
3923:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3832:French Morocco
3824:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3728:Spanish allies
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:Hubert Lyautey
3624:
3622:Charles Mangin
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3606:Beni Ouryaghel
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3340:
3334:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3273:
3250:
3248:on 2020-08-27.
3229:
3218:
3207:
3185:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3120:. Croom Helm.
3111:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3069:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3006:
2995:
2989:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:, p. 370.
2956:Abun-Nasr 1987
2945:
2941:Abun-Nasr 1987
2933:
2918:
2916:, p. 181.
2906:
2894:
2892:, p. 286.
2882:
2870:
2868:, p. 176.
2858:
2856:, p. 205.
2846:
2834:
2832:, p. 120.
2822:
2820:, p. 121.
2810:
2795:
2778:
2776:, p. 312.
2774:Abun-Nasr 1987
2766:
2764:, p. 313.
2762:Abun-Nasr 1987
2747:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2706:, p. 105.
2696:
2684:
2672:
2670:, p. 311.
2668:Abun-Nasr 1987
2651:
2634:
2630:Abun-Nasr 1987
2619:
2617:, p. 171.
2607:
2605:, p. 308.
2603:Abun-Nasr 1987
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2542:, p. 146.
2532:
2520:
2518:, p. 306.
2516:Abun-Nasr 1987
2508:
2496:
2484:
2465:
2463:, p. 303.
2461:Abun-Nasr 1987
2453:
2441:
2439:, p. 177.
2429:
2427:, p. 307.
2425:Abun-Nasr 1987
2414:
2412:, p. 299.
2410:Abun-Nasr 1987
2399:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2298:
2259:Main article:
2256:
2253:
2243:, fled to the
2225:Central Powers
2194:French Algeria
2146:Main article:
2143:
2140:
2120:Main article:
2117:
2114:
2093:1912 Fez riots
2091:Main article:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
1912:
1909:
1854:Central Powers
1846:United Kingdom
1838:Triple Entente
1755:
1752:
1726:Moulay al-Zayn
1722:'Alawite house
1699:
1696:
1684:'s call for a
1664:to launch the
1650:Moulouya River
1615:
1612:
1583:
1580:
1450:
1447:
1415:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1401:Hubert Lyautey
1389:Ămile Mauchamp
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1212:caricature of
1196:Main article:
1193:
1190:
1155:
1152:
1143:Hubert Lyautey
1094:oasis in 1903.
1090:Zenaga in the
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
998:United Kingdom
978:region of Oran
935:Battle of Isly
912:
909:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
845:Morocco (1911)
842:
840:Ouaddai (1909)
837:
835:Morocco (1909)
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
805:Namibia (1904)
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
780:Fashoda (1898)
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
740:Ashanti (1895)
737:
732:
727:
722:
720:Dahomey (1892)
717:
712:
707:
705:Dahomey (1890)
702:
697:
695:Eritrea (1889)
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
660:Tunisia (1881)
657:
652:
646:
643:
642:
633:
631:
630:
623:
616:
608:
599:
598:
596:
595:
589:
588:
581:
580:
575:
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
544:
537:
536:
530:
529:
523:
520:
519:
512:
510:
509:
502:
495:
487:
479:
478:
475:
474:15,000 wounded
467:
466:
462:
461:
380:
359:René Laverdure
348:Charles Mangin
293:
292:
288:
287:
271:Ottoman Empire
250:Chaouia tribes
248:
240:
239:
238:
214:
205:
204:
192:
184:
169:
168:
166:French Algeria
144:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
113:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
92:
82:
78:
77:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3924:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:José Sanjurjo
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:French allies
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Ma al-'Aynayn
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3353:(1): 97â118.
3352:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3335:0-7146-2877-8
3331:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3198:on 2020-08-13
3197:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:. Routledge.
3151:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3036:. Routledge.
3035:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2931:, p. 43.
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2904:, p. 23.
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2844:, p. 50.
2843:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:, p. 78.
2744:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2730:, p. 77.
2729:
2724:
2721:
2718:, p. 76.
2717:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2694:, p. 34.
2693:
2688:
2685:
2682:, p. 75.
2681:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2649:, p. 22.
2648:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2590:, p. 34.
2589:
2584:
2581:
2578:, p. 57.
2577:
2572:
2569:
2566:, p. 53.
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:, p. 52.
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2530:, p. 30.
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2506:, p. 26.
2505:
2500:
2497:
2494:, p. 25.
2493:
2488:
2485:
2482:, p. 28.
2481:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2454:
2451:, p. 20.
2450:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2397:, p. 74.
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:Rif Mountains
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:guerrilla war
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:in May 1914.
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2134:and captured
2133:
2132:Ahmed al-Hiba
2129:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:British Egypt
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:Mnebhi Palace
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1945:Treaty of Fes
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1917:Treaty of Fes
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:Algeciras Act
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1760:Agadir Crisis
1753:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1694:(1911â1912).
1693:
1692:Kert campaign
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1678:Ksar el-Kebir
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1624:Kert campaign
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1439:General Drude
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1407:on March 29.
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1226:German Empire
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1054:Moulay Hassan
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Oued Zousfana
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:French Empire
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:Treaty of Fes
886:
882:
878:
874:
861:
860:Darfur (1916)
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:Mufilo (1907)
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Angola (1902)
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
639:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
609:
606:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
574:
570:
568:
564:
562:
558:
556:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
531:
528:
525:
524:
521:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
488:
485:
476:
469:
468:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
430:
425:
424:Merebbi Rebbu
421:
420:Ahmed al-Hiba
417:
416:Ma al-'Aynayn
406:
405:
393:
392:
381:
379:
374:
368:
366:
360:
355:
349:
344:
338:
333:
327:
322:
316:
311:
305:
300:
295:
294:
289:
284:
283:German Empire
272:
261:
255:
251:
247:
246:
245:Treaty of Fes
241:
237:
227:
226:
224:
213:
212:
211:Treaty of Fes
207:
206:
202:
191:
190:
189:Treaty of Fes
185:
183:
172:
171:Supported by:
167:
157:
156:
154:
143:
142:
141:Treaty of Fes
137:
136:
131:
122:
118:
114:
112:
109:
108:
103:
102:
97:
93:
91:
90:Treaty of Fes
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3571:Ali Amhaouch
3561:Moha ou Said
3451:
3404:
3350:
3344:
3325:
3309:
3278:
3258:
3243:the original
3234:
3223:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3196:the original
3190:
3169:
3148:
3141:. Macmillan.
3137:
3116:
3095:
3074:
3053:
3032:
3011:
3000:
2979:
2966:Bibliography
2936:
2909:
2897:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2813:
2769:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2692:Aldrich 1996
2687:
2675:
2610:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2340:
2266:Sultan Yusef
2264:
2241:Moha ou Said
2229:
2210:
2190:Middle Atlas
2168:
2156:
2125:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2051:
2047:Bled es-Siba
2046:
2045:. But since
2034:
2030:
2026:
2018:Bled es-Siba
2016:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:Bey of Tunis
1942:
1930:
1881:French Congo
1874:
1829:
1827:
1814:
1804:was sent to
1799:
1793:
1773:
1714:
1706:
1685:
1627:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1572:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1548:and end the
1535:
1529:
1524:
1523:conditioned
1509:
1494:
1491:Abd al-Hafid
1484:
1476:
1420:
1386:
1368:
1354:
1313:
1291:
1264:
1252:
1223:
1216:'s visit of
1207:
1170:Tripolitania
1163:
1133:
1119:
1116:AĂŻt Khabbash
1097:
1085:
1079:
1045:
1035:
988:. After the
975:
924:
872:
870:
824:
765:Benin (1897)
700:Congo (1895)
670:Egypt (1882)
665:Sudan (1881)
566:
443:Ali Amhaouch
439:Moha ou Said
404:Abd al-Hafid
402:
389:
364:
285:(1914â1918)
259:
242:
208:
186:
170:
138:
133:Belligerents
84:
38:Part of the
3586:Abd el-Krim
2929:Nelson 1985
2806:Miller 2013
2743:Miller 2013
2728:Miller 2013
2716:Miller 2013
2680:Miller 2013
2282:Abd el-Krim
2236:blockhouses
2106:Maroc utile
2052:Maroc utile
2031:Maroc utile
1956: [
1744: [
1729: [
1646:Ras Kebdana
1421:The French
775:Chad (1898)
427: [
391:Abd al-Aziz
273:(1914â1916)
104:Territorial
3826:Categories
3532:Key people
3310:Britannica
3202:2023-04-05
2914:Burke 2009
2854:Clark 2013
2615:Trout 1969
2588:Trout 1969
2576:Trout 1969
2564:Trout 1969
2552:Trout 1969
2528:Trout 1969
2504:Trout 1969
2492:Trout 1969
2480:Trout 1969
2449:Katan 1990
2437:Brown 1976
2379:References
2245:High Atlas
2177:tribes in
2076:Draa River
1889:Neukamerun
1870:Royal Navy
1852:) and the
1784:Wilhelm II
1546:Casablanca
1427:Casablanca
1341:Casablanca
1214:Wilhelm II
1158:See also:
1069:See also:
933:after the
915:See also:
911:Background
795:Aro (1901)
243:Post-1912
209:Post-1912
3672:Spaniards
3539:Moroccans
3367:162615790
2704:Adam 1968
2540:Dunn 1977
2280:, led by
2148:Zaian War
2142:Zaian War
2136:Marrakesh
1644:occupied
1608:Ziz River
1501:Marrakesh
1397:Marrakesh
1393:Jerusalem
1352:capital.
1337:Essaouira
1333:El Jadida
1294:Algeciras
1286:Algeciras
1253:Britain,
1174:Cyrenaica
1112:AĂŻn Salah
955:AĂŻn SĂ©fra
899:with the
187:Pre-1912
139:Pre-1912
64:1907â1934
3748:Treaties
3596:AĂŻt Atta
3298:Websites
2890:Fay 1930
2878:Fay 1930
2300:See also
2286:republic
2206:Khenifra
1932:Le Matin
1776:Maganize
1670:Selouane
1640:(1907),
1632:(1904),
1604:Taourirt
1600:Boudenib
1574:mahallah
1478:Le Matin
1455:Hafidiya
1210:Maganize
1124:AĂŻt Atta
1019:Tidikelt
260:Support:
69:Location
3601:Zayanes
3476:Battles
2261:Rif War
2255:Rif War
2179:Morocco
2126:In the
2098:Lyautey
2072:Tarfaya
2023:Lyautey
1997:Makhzen
1935:on the
1905:Tangier
1893:Kamerun
1858:Germany
1830:Panther
1801:Panther
1674:Larache
1658:Riffian
1551:protégé
1517:led by
1496:khalifa
1481:(1912).
1431:Shawiya
1370:makhzen
1365:Entente
1345:Tangier
1321:Larache
1317:TĂ©touan
1255:Belgium
1241:made a
1235:Tangier
1218:Tangier
1128:Algeria
1122:of the
1060:Prelude
1029:by the
1011:Gourara
1002:Algeria
986:Senegal
947:Algeria
939:Tangier
477:100,000
365:†
201:Morocco
121:Spanish
106:changes
74:Morocco
3799:Crises
3615:French
3365:
3332:
3286:
3259:Aldaba
3177:
3156:
3124:
3103:
3082:
3061:
3040:
3019:
2987:
2353:French
2345:Arabic
2274:France
2217:Europe
2175:Berber
2039:Meknes
1866:Turkey
1850:Russia
1842:France
1806:Agadir
1718:Meknes
1589:shaykh
1560:'ulama
1553:system
1531:bay'ah
1525:bay'ah
1510:'Ulama
1461:, and
1357:Berlin
1335:, and
1148:BĂ©char
1098:After
1092:Figuig
951:Figuig
361:
223:France
153:France
117:French
81:Result
3363:S2CID
3246:(PDF)
3239:(PDF)
2971:Books
2332:Notes
2270:Spain
2043:Oujda
2003:zahir
1960:]
1748:]
1733:]
1687:jihad
1642:Spain
1595:jihad
1569:Rabat
1542:Oujda
1537:jihad
1405:Oujda
1349:Swiss
1329:Rabat
1178:Spain
1166:Italy
1120:khams
1036:ksour
1015:Touat
967:Oujda
881:Oujda
431:]
182:Spain
123:zones
3430:Wars
3330:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3154:ISBN
3122:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3038:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2272:and
2204:and
2202:Taza
2169:The
2163:Taza
2041:and
2015:and
1943:The
1919:and
1883:and
1875:The
1864:and
1848:and
1794:The
1774:Puck
1762:and
1676:and
1622:and
1544:and
1347:. A
1343:and
1325:Safi
1319:and
1224:The
1208:Puck
1172:and
1087:Ksar
1046:amel
971:Oran
925:The
919:and
871:The
119:and
61:Date
3355:doi
3263:doi
2173:of
2068:Rif
1968:Fes
1966:in
1737:Fes
1654:Rif
1515:Fes
1513:of
1499:in
1296:on
3828::
3361:.
3351:13
3349:.
3308:.
3257:.
2948:^
2921:^
2798:^
2781:^
2750:^
2735:^
2654:^
2637:^
2622:^
2595:^
2468:^
2417:^
2402:^
2387:^
2355::
2347::
2138:.
2108:.
2021:.
1990:.
1958:fr
1860:,
1844:,
1746:fr
1731:ar
1724:,
1680:.
1555:.
1457:,
1331:,
1327:,
429:fr
3397:e
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3369:.
3357::
3338:.
3312:.
3292:.
3271:.
3265::
3205:.
3183:.
3162:.
3130:.
3109:.
3088:.
3067:.
3046:.
3025:.
2993:.
2808:.
2793:.
1939:.
1856:(
1840:(
1815:,
1790:.
1288:.
1220:.
1017:-
1013:-
627:e
620:t
613:v
506:e
499:t
492:v
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