673:
415:
177:
40:
606:. Braun remained the titular premier but with little power; he was finally dismissed by presidential decree on 6 February 1933. In the aftermath of the coup, Papen used his new position of power to replace dozens of Social Democratic and liberal police-presidents and regional administrators throughout Prussia with more conservative and autocratic officials. The coup was a flagrant violation of the
707:
733:(Reich Governor) to oversee the government of each state. These new central government officials were charged with ensuring that the policy guidelines formulated by the Reich Chancellor were observed. They were empowered to preside over meetings of the state government, and to appoint and dismiss the
689:
The Nazi government used the emergency powers granted to it by the
Enabling Act to issue the "Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich" on 31 March 1933. This decree dissolved the duly-elected sitting state parliaments of the German länder except for the Prussian landtag that
342:(Reich Governor) appointed by the central government to effectively take control of each state administration. The effect of these laws was to undermine the power and influence of all political parties other than the Nazis and the DNVP, and to move Germany significantly away from being a
639:
When Hitler was appointed Reich
Chancellor on 30 January 1933, the Nazi Party had control of only five of the state governments. Hitler perceived that elements in the remaining states could form the nucleus of an opposition to the central government. Using the
486:(Land Tax Law) of 30 March 1920. Such moves toward more central government found support among those aspiring to create a unitary state. There were some adherents of this policy in most political parties of the time. Some, such as the Nazi Party and the
403:. All the states also had some sort of representative assembly, with varying degrees of popular representation and authority. These ranged from freely elected assemblies which acted as true legislatures in the republics, to representatives of
828:, the upper body of Germany's parliament whose members were appointed by the state governments to represent their interests in national legislation, was now rendered superfluous. Within two weeks, the Reich government formally dissolved the
745:
the state parliaments, call for new elections and grant pardons. With these new powerful officials in place by May 1933, soon all the state governments were in the hands of loyal Nazi politicians. The law also specifically prohibited
450:
and the state governments were responsible to them. The states were largely autonomous in terms of internal affairs and had control over matters such as education and public order, including the police and the courts.
515:
was founded. This organization was composed of several interest groups of industrialists, bankers, farmers, politicians, administrators, scientists, and journalists. This umbrella organization, first chaired by former
610:. Papen's coup dealt a staggering blow to the Republic by destroying the principle of federalism, seizing control of the largest state and opening the door to further centralization.
750:
by the state parliaments against the minister-presidents or other members of the state governments. The Second Law also specifically conferred the executive authority in
Prussia as
727:
issued the "Second Law on the
Coordination of the States with the Reich." This law provided for the appointment by the Reich President, on the advice of the Reich Chancellor, of a
438:(1919–1933) was established. After some consolidation, it ultimately consisted of 17 republics, largely styled "free states," each with its own popular assembly. Most were named
975:
Die bĂĽrgerlichen
Parteien in Deutschland. Handbuch der Geschichte der bürgerlichen Parteien und anderer bürgerlicher Interessenorganisationen vom Vormärz bis zum Jahre 1945.
951:
Die bĂĽrgerlichen
Parteien in Deutschland. Handbuch der Geschichte der bürgerlichen Parteien und anderer bürgerlicher Interessenorganisationen vom Vormärz bis zum Jahre 1945.
264:
149:
698:
elections and effectively installed a working majority for the Nazis and their ally, the DNVP, in each state. The law was a clear violation of the Weimar
Constitution.
660:
for a period of four years. Having thus obtained essentially dictatorial control of the central government, Hitler set about curtailing the independence of the
555:
were strongest, would remain autonomous. Although this actual plan was never implemented, the philosophy behind it contributed to subsequent developments.
490:(KPD), even advocated an authoritarian government. Even some of the bourgeois parties wished to accompany centralization with an increase of power for the
839:
By late 1934, all
Prussian state ministries, with the exception of the Prussian Finance Ministry, had been merged with the corresponding Reich ministries.
811:." This law formally abolished the parliaments of the German states, subordinated the state administrations to the Reich, and transferred the states'
798:
met for the last time and passed an "enabling act" that conferred emergency legislative powers on the Göring administration for a period of four years.
862:
631:
was expanded to apply to the process by which other institutions of government and society were also centralized and put under the Reich's control.
548:
523:, worked to establish an authoritarian presidential government. One of their proposals involved a major reorganization of the states. At the time,
694:
election, except that the seats won by the
Communist Party were expressly excluded. This law essentially nullified the results of the most recent
505:
808:
527:
was by far the largest state with about two thirds of
Germany's land and three fifths of its population. To strengthen the central government
1370:
1349:
1311:
1292:
1273:
1254:
833:
783:
in the Hitler cabinet since 30 January. (On 30 June 1933, a presidential regulation was enacted formally repealing the position of Prussian
492:
1458:
656:(23 March 1933) which granted to the Chancellor and his cabinet emergency powers to enact and enforce laws without the involvement of the
619:("coordination" or "synchronization") meaning the abolition of the autonomy of the German states first came into use. Other terms such as
1443:
1361:
408:
431:
627:("unitization") also were used by the German public to describe this centralization of power. After the Nazis came to power, the term
580:
315:
690:
was elected on 5 March and which the Nazis controlled. It then reconstituted them based on the electoral results of the 5 March 1933
1453:
1330:
327:
474:"I am confident in my position and I want to make that position clear: The implementation of a unified tax organisation for the
564:
850:
replaced with a unitary system. Although the German states as constituted during the Weimar Republic would continue to exist
927:
Einkommensteuer und Einkommensteuerverwaltung in Deutschland: Ein historischer und verwaltungswissenschaftlicher Ăśberblick.
17:
772:
300:
1448:
776:
510:
419:
368:
332:
563:
The first major step towards the abolition of the German federal system was taken on 20 July 1932 with the so-called
531:
the states, the Federation proposed that all the states in northern Germany should be merged into Prussia to form a
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1433:
487:
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455:
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States of the Weimar Republic in 1919. (By 1933, Waldeck-Pyrmont had been merged with Prussia, and
1223:
1078:
795:
734:
584:
463:
447:
311:
1144:
Regulation of the Reich President on the Restitution of Normal Government Conditions in Prussia
819:
under the supervision of the Reich Ministry of the Interior, ensuring more centralized control.
648:(28 February 1933) which significantly curtailed civil liberties. They then passed through the
1366:
1345:
1326:
1307:
1288:
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713:
679:
536:
423:
338:
1266:
The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich
363:
Germany long had a federal system of government composed of numerous independent states. The
1215:
1070:
857:
517:
414:
343:
1399:
Partial Translation of the Preliminary Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
962:
938:
914:
Süddeutschland in der Weimarer Republik: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Innenpolitik 1918–1923.
615:
602:
592:
572:
435:
287:
676:
Promulgation of Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich in the
458:
also had far-reaching autonomy. This autonomy of both the municipalities as well as the
176:
39:
724:
710:
Promulgation of the Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich in the
641:
384:
241:
204:
194:
126:
89:
57:
1404:
Partial Translation of the Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
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909:
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of the state governments as well as other high officials and judges. They also could
376:
364:
347:
226:
111:
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1386:
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as a pretext, the Nazi government persuaded Reich President Hindenburg to issue the
482:
The states and municipalities lost their financial independence with passage of the
295:
222:
107:
292:
Vorläufiges Gesetz und Zweites Gesetz zur Gleichschaltung der Länder mit dem Reich
1387:
Full Text of the Preliminary Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
812:
520:
404:
182:
45:
284:
Provisional Law and Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
1403:
1398:
1108:
738:
706:
587:
336:
seats. The Second Law (7 April 1933) established the new powerful position of
319:
68:
1393:
Full Text of the Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
400:
396:
846:
372:
304:). The Provisional (First) Law (31 March 1933) dissolved all the sitting
1227:
1082:
852:
540:
535:
directly governed by the Reich government. The four southern states of
478:
will be a step towards the construction of a unitarian national state."
388:
380:
306:
1206:
Wells, Roger H. (April 1936). "The Liquidation of the German Länder".
1061:
Wells, Roger H. (April 1936). "The Liquidation of the German Länder".
314:, and reconstituted them in accordance with the results of the recent
544:
446:(literally, citizenry). All these parliaments were freely elected by
392:
274:
159:
1219:
1074:
787:.) On 25 April 1933, Hitler also delegated his powers as Prussian
779:) effectively superseding Papen who had held the post of Prussian
705:
671:
413:
77:
Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
1109:"Second Law for the Coordination of the Länder with the Reich"
466:. On 19 August 1919, Erzberger informed the delegates of the
371:. Twenty-two were hereditary monarchies consisting of four
170:
Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
18:
Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
664:
and seizing control of the state government institutions.
33:
First Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
1359:
Zentner, Christian; BedĂĽrftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) .
298:
to expand its control over the seventeen German states (
860:, they would in practice be replaced by the Nazi Party
1214:(2). American Political Science Association: 354–355.
856:
until the fall of the Nazi regime at the end of the
764:
On 10 April 1933, Hitler, acting in his capacity as
294:) were two laws enacted by the German government of
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210:
200:
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169:
143:
135:
125:
117:
103:
95:
85:
56:
32:
1069:(2). American Political Science Association: 351.
754:directly on the Reich Chancellor, namely, Hitler.
567:. Using the outbreak of violence that occurred on
265:Control Council Law No. 1 - Repealing of Nazi Laws
150:Control Council Law No. 1 - Repealing of Nazi Laws
916:Duncker & Humblot, 1970, S. 185 ff.
652:, in the form of a constitutional amendment, the
1193:
986:
882:
462:, was eroded by the reforms of Finance Minister
967:Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches (BER) 1928–1933
943:Bund zur Erneuerung des Reiches (BER) 1928–1933
905:
903:
442:but those in the three city-states were called
815:to the central government. It also placed the
634:
387:. In addition, there were three city-states (
8:
711:
677:
506:Federation for the Renewal of the ''Reich''
1167:"Prussian Diet Out for Four-Year Period".
1247:Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany
434:and the abolition of the monarchies, the
1323:The History of the Nazi Party: 1919–1933
894:
575:obtained the consent of Reich President
310:(state parliaments), except for that of
1340:Robinson, Janet; Robinson, Joe (2009).
1181:
1154:
1095:
1011:
875:
668:Issuance of the provisional (first) law
635:Hitler's accession and the Enabling Act
613:Around the time of this coup, the term
500:Federation for the Renewal of the Reich
74:
977:Band 1, Leipzig 1968. S. 195–200.
953:Band 1, Leipzig 1968. S. 195–200.
809:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
623:(roughly "Reichification") as well as
166:
29:
27:Nazi German laws related to federalism
1208:The American Political Science Review
1129:"Goering is Named Prussian Premier".
1063:The American Political Science Review
1048:
1037:Enzyklopädie des Nationalsozialismus.
1023:
834:Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat
318:of 5 March 1933, which had given the
7:
1002:Walter de Gruyter, 2015, S. 25.
600:ruler of Prussia, with the title of
590:through invocation of the policy of
1362:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
929:Springer-Verlag, 2013, S. 133.
346:and put it on a path to becoming a
1325:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
25:
1306:. New York: St. Martin's press.
1000:Regionalbanken im Dritten Reich.
175:
38:
1039:Klett-Cotta, 1997, S. 490.
571:as a pretext, Reich Chancellor
470:about his structural reforms:
432:German Revolution of 1918–1919
367:(1871–1918) contained 25 such
328:German National People's Party
205:Government of the German Reich
195:Government of the German Reich
90:Government of the German Reich
58:Government of the German Reich
1:
1304:Weimar and the Rise of Hitler
1302:Nicholls, Anthony J. (2000).
1285:The Coming of the Third Reich
773:Minister President of Prussia
768:for Prussia, formally named
1342:Handbook of Imperial Germany
1194:Zentner & BedĂĽrftig 1997
1133:. 12 April 1933. p. 16.
987:Zentner & BedĂĽrftig 1997
883:Robinson & Robinson 2009
559:Prussian coup d'Ă©tat of 1932
1459:Repealed German legislation
1365:. New York: Da Capo Press.
1287:. New York: Penguin Books.
1475:
1444:Government of Nazi Germany
1283:Evans, Richard J. (2005).
844:Federalism in Germany was
702:Issuance of the second law
558:
488:Communist Party of Germany
330:(DNVP), a majority of the
1268:. New York: Longman Inc.
1171:. 19 May 1933. p. 8.
270:
263:
174:
155:
148:
63:
37:
1454:Legal history of Germany
1321:Orlow, Dietrich (1969).
1264:Broszat, Martin (1981).
1245:Broszat, Martin (1987).
801:On 30 January 1934, the
748:motions of no confidence
1249:. Berg Publishers Ltd.
583:government of Prussian
454:Until 1919, the German
186:of the Weimar Republic,
49:of the Weimar Republic,
836:" on 14 February 1934.
720:
712:
686:
678:
480:
427:
316:parliamentary election
723:On 7 April 1933, the
709:
675:
646:Reichstag Fire Decree
551:, where feelings for
472:
417:
794:On 18 May 1933, the
569:Altona Bloody Sunday
565:Prussian coup d'Ă©tat
1449:Law of Nazi Germany
1184:, pp. 112–113.
1014:, pp. 118–121.
885:, pp. 71–110..
735:minister-presidents
608:Weimar Constitution
596:. Papen became the
577:Paul von Hindenburg
496:(Reich President).
796:Landtag of Prussia
758:Subsequent actions
721:
687:
585:Minister-President
484:Landessteuergesetz
464:Matthias Erzberger
448:universal suffrage
428:
422:was still under a
1439:March 1933 events
1434:April 1933 events
1372:978-0-306-80793-0
1351:978-1-449-02113-9
1313:978-0-312-23351-8
1294:978-0-143-03469-8
1275:978-0-582-48997-4
1256:978-0-854-96517-5
897:, pp. 33–34.
832:by enacting the "
817:Reichsstatthalter
789:Reichsstatthalter
777:Interior Minister
766:Reichsstatthalter
752:Reichsstatthalter
730:Reichsstatthalter
714:Reichsgesetzblatt
680:Reichsgesetzblatt
581:Social Democratic
579:to supersede the
468:National Assembly
424:League of Nations
359:German federalism
339:Reichsstatthalter
280:
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254:20 September 1945
188:from 1933 to 1935
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51:from 1933 to 1935
16:(Redirected from
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246:7 April 1933
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223:Adolf Hitler
214:7 April 1933
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108:Adolf Hitler
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1419:1933 in law
1395:(in German)
1389:(in German)
1114:14 February
813:sovereignty
549:WĂĽrttemberg
521:Hans Luther
509: [
409:Mecklenburg
405:the estates
259:Repealed by
183:Reichsadler
144:Repealed by
46:Reichsadler
1413:Categories
1049:Orlow 1969
1024:Evans 2005
870:References
791:to Göring.
739:promulgate
588:Otto Braun
553:federalism
533:Reichsland
383:and seven
354:Background
320:Nazi Party
69:Long title
973:(Hrsg.):
949:(Hrsg.):
830:Reichsrat
825:Reichsrat
804:Reichstag
692:Reichstag
658:Reichstag
650:Reichstag
529:vis-Ă -vis
426:mandate.)
401:republics
333:Reichstag
324:coalition
242:Effective
127:Effective
847:de facto
743:dissolve
598:de facto
420:the Saar
373:kingdoms
322:and its
307:landtage
275:Repealed
251:Repealed
160:Repealed
136:Repealed
1239:Sources
1228:1947263
1083:1947263
853:de jure
696:landtag
541:Bavaria
525:Prussia
440:landtag
389:Hamburg
381:duchies
379:, five
312:Prussia
272:Status:
211:Enacted
157:Status:
96:Enacted
1369:
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969:. In:
945:. In:
662:länder
545:Saxony
460:länder
397:LĂĽbeck
393:Bremen
375:, six
369:states
301:länder
288:German
233:Signed
118:Signed
1224:JSTOR
1079:JSTOR
537:Baden
513:]
476:Reich
1367:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1116:2023
863:Gaue
822:The
547:and
395:and
282:The
1216:doi
1071:doi
407:in
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