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was dominated by national monopolies; these effectively excluded competitors from their networks. Starting in 1991, the EU developed legislation to open railways up to competition, which would help them regain
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Directives 96/48 and 2001/16; it has since been updated by 2008/57/EC.
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European
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132:: The First Railway Package
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361:Rail transport in Europe
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112:Regulation (EC) 881/2004
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22:International trains at
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152:Third railway package
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124:See also
54:History
32:Thalys
202:(PDF)
136:ERTMS
28:ICE 3
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