1418:, a Major General in the Republic of Korea Army with decidedly ambiguous political leanings, was heavily influenced by this unfolding intellectual reaction. Park became the leader of a reformist and discontented faction within the military that plotted a coup d'etat against the civilian government of the Second Republic on 12 May 1961. The plot was aborted after being leaked, however, the military attempted another coup four days later on 16 May which was successful, dissolving the Second Republic. They proceeded to broadcast a proclamation outlining the policy objectives of the coup, including anti-communism, strengthening of ties with the United States, the elimination of political corruption, the construction of an autonomous national economy which during that time was heavily depended on aid from the United States,
421:
158:
60:
48:
396:
168:
565:
741:
1412:" occurring in Japan, in marked contrast to Rhee's presidency which saw little significant effort to develop the economy, which remained stagnant, poor and largely agrarian. The lack of development under Rhee provoked a growing nationalistic intellectual reaction which called for a radical restructuring of society and a thorough political and economic reorganization, rejecting the model being pursued by the governing elite.
1222:
120:
118:
130:
129:
109:
123:
1369:
The Second
Republic suffered from numerous political, economic, and social issues that were both new and inherited from the First Republic. Failure to properly address the issues caused a growth in political instability as factional fighting within the Democratic Party, combined with the increasing
126:
116:
122:
1293:
of military and police officials who had been involved in anti-democratic activities or corruption during the First
Republic. A special law to this effect was passed on 31 October 1960. Around 40,000 people were placed under investigation; of these, more than 2,200 government officials and 4,000
121:
128:
117:
114:
110:
108:
103:
125:
119:
106:
105:
104:
102:
127:
115:
107:
112:
124:
113:
111:
131:
99:
1312:
lost half of its value against the US dollar between fall 1960 and spring 1961. The government formulated a five-year economic plan based around agriculture and light industry to decrease unemployment, but was ultimately overthrown before having the chance to carry it up.
100:
611:-dominated government declined in the mid-to-late 1950s, as the South Korean public were increasingly discontent with the repression and the limited economic and social development. In April 1960, Rhee was overthrown by widespread protests known as the "
1273:
The Second
Republic repealed the severe curbs on political expression that had been in place under the Rhee regime, and as a result, freedom returned and an increase in political activity. Much of this activity was from
657:. Due to Rhee's numerous abuses of power, the President's power was greatly reduced, to the point that he was a figurehead without even nominal political powers. The President was elected by a joint session of the
1422:, and the removal of the present generation of politicians. Park and his supporters subsequently established the Military Revolutionary Committee as a military junta government, later renamed the
1707:
1250:
101:
1401:
790:
770:
1717:
709:
596:, who was widely considered to be a corrupt leader abused his presidential powers to maintain his rule and cronyism. Although the First Republic was officially a
616:
1286:
and activity grew rapidly during the later months of 1960. Estimates suggest around 2,000 demonstrations were held during eight months of the Second
Republic.
1712:
1423:
896:
542:
414:
59:
1207:
658:
47:
1668:
631:
1404:– that they blamed for the stalling of development in South Korea. Military figures noted how South Korea had been intensively developed under the
1306:
The Second
Republic government was faced with mounting instability in economic terms as well, seeing unemployment and wholesale prices rise. The
689:
662:
313:
972:
1243:
677:
982:
601:
697:
298:
1722:
1655:
1633:
1614:
1595:
1574:
1200:
1180:
283:
1322:
1236:
962:
720:
665:. The Second Republic was the first and only instance of the South Korean government using a parliamentary system instead of a
1385:
1185:
519:
462:
157:
780:
642:
238:
1397:
1081:
608:
670:
615:" in response to the discovery of a high school student murdered by police during demonstrations against Rhee and
600:, Rhee adopted a strongly anti-communist position and used the threat of communism to enact a policy (such as the
1409:
1405:
1326:
760:
1195:
1175:
1111:
952:
650:
597:
208:
1430:
dictator of South Korea as the
Chairman of the council, while Yun Bo-seon remained president as a figurehead.
1190:
1048:
1030:
1010:
914:
808:
589:
546:
491:
401:
1295:
1170:
1165:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1101:
1091:
1071:
1061:
729:
680:, which had been in the opposition during the First Republic, easily gained power; Rhee's former opponent
535:
523:
201:
1419:
638:
623:
511:
495:
1329:. The Second Republic established diplomatic relations with many newly established countries, with
934:
666:
538:
142:
604:) of severe repression against all political opposition, effectively assuming dictatorial powers.
1647:
1226:
646:
1463:
1651:
1629:
1610:
1591:
1570:
750:
564:
515:
367:
1294:
police officers were purged. In addition, the government considered reducing the size of the
1308:
992:
838:
612:
553:
552:
The short-lived Second
Republic was the only government under a parliamentary system in the
507:
483:
336:
167:
1370:
activity from opposition and activist groups, led to a breakdown in South Korean politics.
1282:
groups, which had been instrumental in the overthrow of the First
Republic. Membership of
740:
522:
to develop the formerly neglected economy. After thirteen months it was overthrown by the
452:
188:
1585:
1415:
924:
581:
531:
1701:
1564:
1020:
654:
577:
198:
1393:
1334:
1330:
1325:, which had not progressed under the Rhee regime that had existed since the end of
828:
685:
661:, while the Prime Minister, who held effective political power, was elected by the
593:
487:
98:
1379:
1289:
Under pressure from the left-wing, the Chang government carried out a series of
1283:
886:
701:
693:
573:
527:
476:
439:
349:
307:
292:
227:
1626:
The North and South Korean
Political Systems: A Comparative Analysis (rev. ed.)
1471:
876:
866:
818:
681:
569:
503:
269:
1683:
1670:
705:
499:
257:
1462:
1338:
627:
323:
1389:
1358:
1354:
1279:
1275:
90:
1346:
1290:
563:
178:
1321:
Chang's government resumed negotiations for the normalization of
1350:
1342:
712:
as the second
President of South Korea on 13 August 1960.
568:
Proclamation of the Second Republic of Korea. From right:
1445:
1443:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1483:
1481:
466:
83:
435:
363:
346:
333:
319:
304:
289:
279:
263:
251:
237:
221:
207:
194:
184:
174:
23:
1465:Constitution of the Republic of Korea (June 1960)
1607:Korea: A History of the Korean People (2nd ed.)
684:became prime minister. The new legislature was
622:After Rhee's fall, power was briefly held by a
475: "Second Republic") was the government of
1708:States and territories disestablished in 1961
1244:
8:
1298:by 100,000, although this plan was shelved.
580:(President of the House of Councillors) and
456:
147:
77:
1424:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
1337:, attending the independence ceremonies of
897:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
543:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
482:The Second Republic was founded during the
472:
415:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
16:Government of South Korea from 1960 to 1961
1251:
1237:
714:
166:
20:
1388:held animosity for so-called "liberation
534:. The Second Republic was replaced by a
1439:
728:
717:
592:had existed since 1948 under President
303:
1545:
1449:
1402:United States Army Military Government
584:(President of the Chamber of Deputies)
1718:1961 disestablishments in South Korea
637:The Second Republic operated under a
345:
332:
328:
288:
262:
250:
246:
236:
220:
216:
206:
7:
1533:
1516:
1499:
1487:
506:. The Second Republic ended Rhee's
1713:1960 establishments in South Korea
14:
1587:A New History of Korea (rev. ed.)
1384:Many high-ranking figures of the
1323:Japan–Korea diplomatic relations
1220:
739:
486:mass protests against President
419:
394:
156:
96:
58:
46:
963:Assassination of Park Chung-hee
457:
1:
771:Korean Provisional Government
643:Prime Minister of South Korea
479:from April 1960 to May 1961.
1398:Korean independence movement
1396:politicians involved in the
1082:1997 Asian financial crisis
518:, and formulated the first
467:
84:
1739:
1377:
1333:, the first ambassador to
781:People's Republic of Korea
634:was held on 29 July 1960.
630:as prime minister until a
607:Tolerance of Rhee and his
1569:. New York: W.W. Norton.
1142:Yoon Seok-yeol government
925:Park Chung-hee government
373:
359:
329:
275:
247:
233:
217:
165:
148:
140:
78:
72:
42:
37:
1723:Second Republic of Korea
1624:Yang, Sung Chul (1999).
1605:Nahm, Andrew C. (1996).
1566:Korea's Place in the Sun
1406:Japanese colonial system
1392:" – the ruling class of
1122:Park Geun-hye government
1112:Lee Myung-bak government
1072:Kim Young-sam government
1021:Chun Doo-hwan government
690:House of Representatives
671:semi-presidential system
663:House of Representatives
651:President of South Korea
617:rigged election in March
598:representative democracy
496:parliamentary government
449:Second Republic of Korea
314:House of Representatives
1563:Cumings, Bruce (1997).
1102:Roh Moo-hyun government
1092:Kim Dae-jung government
1031:June Democracy Movement
829:Syngman Rhee government
590:First Republic of Korea
547:Third Republic of Korea
402:First Republic of Korea
1227:South Korea portal
1208:Science and technology
1132:Moon Jae-in government
1062:Roh Tae-woo government
632:parliamentary election
585:
202:parliamentary republic
1584:Lee, Ki-baek (1984).
1386:South Korean military
602:National Security Act
567:
185:Common languages
1420:Korean reunification
867:Yun Posun government
751:Preludes to Division
698:House of Councillors
639:parliamentary system
624:caretaker government
299:House of Councillors
1680: /
1590:. Seoul: Ilchogak.
1548:, pp. 270–271.
1502:, pp. 410–412.
935:Yushin Constitution
539:military government
502:and Prime Minister
494:and establishing a
1684:37.583°N 127.000°E
1648:Yonhap News Agency
1426:. Park became the
1146:2022–present
877:Chang Myon cabinet
647:head of government
586:
572:(Prime Minister),
91:The Patriotic Song
1644:Korea Annual 2004
1628:. Seoul: Hollym.
1609:. Seoul: Hollym.
1317:Foreign relations
1296:South Korean Army
1261:
1260:
1181:Foreign relations
1150:
1149:
1039:
1038:
1001:
1000:
943:
942:
905:
904:
847:
846:
799:
798:
659:National Assembly
545:, leading to the
524:South Korean Army
516:liberal democracy
490:, succeeding the
445:
444:
431:
430:
427:
426:
407:
406:
284:National Assembly
265:• 1960–1961
223:• 1960–1961
132:
25:Republic of Korea
1730:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1661:
1639:
1620:
1601:
1580:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1410:economic miracle
1253:
1246:
1239:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1203:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1017:
1016:
993:Gwangju Uprising
973:December 12 coup
959:
958:
921:
920:
863:
862:
839:April Revolution
815:
814:
757:
756:
743:
733:
715:
678:Democratic Party
613:April Revolution
554:history of Korea
508:authoritarianism
498:under President
484:April Revolution
474:
470:
460:
459:
423:
422:
411:
410:
398:
397:
391:
390:
375:
374:
337:April Revolution
170:
160:
152:
151:
150:
134:
133:
87:
81:
80:
62:
50:
32:
21:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1698:
1697:
1689:37.583; 127.000
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1623:
1617:
1604:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1319:
1304:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1199:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1096:1998–2003
1086:1997–2001
1055:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1014:
1003:
1002:
956:
953:Fourth Republic
945:
944:
918:
907:
906:
860:
857:Second Republic
849:
848:
812:
801:
800:
754:
731:
724:
562:
520:Five-Year Plans
468:Je-i Gonghwaguk
420:
395:
352:
339:
310:
295:
266:
254:
224:
161:
154:
146:
145:
136:
135:
97:
88:
82:
68:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
51:
33:
30:
28:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1640:
1634:
1621:
1615:
1602:
1596:
1581:
1575:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1536:, p. 411.
1521:
1519:, p. 412.
1504:
1492:
1490:, p. 196.
1477:
1454:
1452:, p. 270.
1438:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1416:Park Chung Hee
1378:Main article:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1318:
1315:
1303:
1300:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1049:Sixth Republic
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1011:Fifth Republic
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
989:
988:
985:
979:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
957:
951:
950:
947:
946:
941:
940:
937:
931:
930:
927:
919:
915:Third Republic
913:
912:
909:
908:
903:
902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
883:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
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855:
854:
851:
850:
845:
844:
841:
835:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
813:
809:First Republic
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
796:
793:
787:
786:
783:
777:
776:
773:
767:
766:
763:
755:
749:
748:
745:
744:
736:
735:
726:
725:
718:
582:Kwak Sang-hoon
561:
558:
532:Park Chung Hee
492:First Republic
443:
442:
437:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
417:
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404:
399:
387:
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365:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
343:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
320:Historical era
317:
316:
311:
305:
302:
301:
296:
290:
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
239:Prime Minister
235:
234:
231:
230:
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222:
219:
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205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
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138:
137:
95:
94:
70:
69:
64:
57:
56:
52:
45:
44:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1735:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1659:
1657:89-7433-070-9
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
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1635:1-56591-105-9
1631:
1627:
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1618:
1616:1-56591-070-2
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1608:
1603:
1599:
1597:89-337-0204-0
1593:
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1582:
1578:
1576:0-393-31681-5
1572:
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1567:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1546:Yonhap (2004)
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
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1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
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1493:
1489:
1484:
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1473:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1450:Yonhap (2004)
1446:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
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1391:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Japanese rule
1324:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1263:
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1249:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1206:
1202:
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1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:2017–22
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:2013–17
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:2008–13
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:2003–08
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:1993–98
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:1988–93
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:1981–87
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:1981–88
1012:
1007:
1006:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
955:1972–81
954:
949:
948:
938:
936:
933:
932:
929:1963–79
928:
926:
923:
922:
917:1963–72
916:
911:
910:
901:1961–63
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:1960–61
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
859:1960–63
858:
853:
852:
842:
840:
837:
836:
833:1948–60
832:
830:
827:
826:
823:1950–53
822:
820:
817:
816:
811:1948–60
810:
805:
804:
795:1945–48
794:
792:
789:
788:
785:1945–46
784:
782:
779:
778:
775:1919–48
774:
772:
769:
768:
765:1910–45
764:
762:
761:Japanese rule
759:
758:
753:1910–48
752:
747:
746:
742:
738:
737:
734:
727:
722:
716:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:head of state
652:
648:
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1331:Sohn Won-yil
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594:Syngman Rhee
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384:Succeeded by
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253:• 1960
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1687: /
1534:Nahm (1996)
1517:Nahm (1996)
1500:Nahm (1996)
1488:Yang (1999)
1390:aristocrats
1380:May 16 coup
1374:May 16 coup
1365:Dissolution
1051:1988–
983:May 17 coup
887:May 16 coup
732:South Korea
730:History of
702:upper house
694:lower house
688:, with the
641:, with the
574:Yun Bo-seon
536:provisional
528:May 16 coup
514:, formed a
477:South Korea
465::
455::
440:South Korea
379:Preceded by
355:16 May 1961
350:May 16 coup
308:Lower house
293:Upper house
280:Legislature
228:Yun Bo-seon
1702:Categories
1472:Wikisource
1434:References
1196:Presidents
819:Korean War
682:Chang Myon
626:headed by
570:Chang Myon
541:under the
512:repression
504:Chang Myon
270:Chang Myon
195:Government
1646:. Seoul:
1408:and the "
1176:Education
706:Yun Posun
686:bicameral
500:Yun Posun
258:Heo Jeong
209:President
149:"국새 (國璽)"
38:1960–1961
1650:. 2004.
1428:de facto
1339:Cameroon
1264:Politics
1191:Politics
1186:Military
1159:By topic
721:a series
719:Part of
696:and the
649:and the
628:Ho Chong
364:Currency
324:Cold War
1675:127°0′E
1672:37°35′N
1556:Sources
1359:Morocco
1355:Nigeria
1302:Economy
1280:student
1276:leftist
1269:Freedom
1171:Economy
1166:Culture
1053:present
791:USAMGIK
710:elected
700:as the
692:as the
653:as the
645:as the
530:led by
526:in the
348:•
335:•
306:•
291:•
199:Unitary
175:Capital
85:Aegukga
74:Anthem:
1654:
1632:
1613:
1594:
1573:
1467:
1357:, and
1347:Guinea
1291:purges
1284:unions
723:on the
471:;
461:;
453:Korean
243:
213:
189:Korean
76:
65:Emblem
458:제2공화국
179:Seoul
1652:ISBN
1630:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1400:and
1351:Mali
1343:Togo
1278:and
1201:List
1035:1987
997:1980
987:1980
977:1979
967:1979
939:1972
891:1961
871:1960
843:1960
708:was
676:The
588:The
510:and
473:lit.
447:The
368:hwan
53:Flag
31:大韓民國
29:대한민국
1309:won
669:or
79:애국가
1704::
1524:^
1507:^
1480:^
1442:^
1361:.
1353:,
1349:,
1345:,
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673:.
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463:RR
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1579:.
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1252:e
1245:t
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1198:(
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