1545:
512:
constituted four independent counter coincidence systems. The single-piece plastic scintillator dome surrounded the whole assembly except at the bottom to discriminate against charged particles. The threshold of the instrument was about 30-MeV, and energies up to about 200-MeV could be measured along with the integral flux above 200 MeV. The angular resolution of the telescope varied as a function of energy and arrival direction from 1.5° to 5°. During the lifetime of the experiment from 15 November 1972 to 8 June 1973, approximately 55% of the celestial sphere, including most of the galactic plane, was surveyed.
85:
3715:
467:
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system. Sandwiched between these two assemblies was a plane of plastic scintillator formed by the four scintillation counters. Thin tungsten plates, averaging 0.010 cm (0.0039 in) thick, were interleaved between the spark chamber modules, which had an active area of 640-cm. These plates provided the material for the gamma ray to convert into an
722:
701:
654:
619:
474:
The telescope experiment was initially turned on 20 November 1972 and by 27 November 1972, the spacecraft became fully operational. The low-voltage power supply for the experiment failed on 8 June 1973. No useful scientific data were obtained after that date. With the exception of a slightly degraded
449:
and provide power to the spacecraft and telescope experiment. The spacecraft was spin stabilized by an internal wheel, and a magnetically torqued commandable control system was used to point the spin axis of the spacecraft to any point of the sky within approximately 1°. The experiment axis lay along
511:
scattering. The spark chamber modules revealed the position and direction of the particles; from this information, the energy and direction of the gamma ray was determined. The scintillation counters and the four directional
Cerenkov counters that were placed below the second spark chamber assembly
498:
The instrument consisted of two spark-chamber assemblies, four plastic scintillation counters, four
Cherenkov counters, and an anticoincidence scintillation counter dome assembled to form a telescope. The spark chamber assembly consisted of 16-wire spark-chamber modules with a magnetic core readout
38:
1591:
445:, into a nearly equatorial orbit. The orbiting spacecraft was in the shape of a cylinder approximately 59 cm (23 in) in diameter and 135 cm (53 in) in length. Four solar paddles were used to recharge a 6 amp-h, eight-cell,
2632:
2130:
1393:
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401:, visible, and infrared regions. The primary objective of the SAS-B was to measure the spatial and energy distribution of primary galactic and extragalactic gamma radiation with energies between 20 and 300
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this axis allowing the telescope to look at any selected region of the sky with its ± 30° acceptance aperture. The nominal spin rate was 1/12
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2001:
1940:
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and simultaneously transmitted in real time. The recorded data were transmitted once per orbit. This required approximately 5 minutes.
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2017:
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1969:
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405:. The instrumentation consisted principally of a guard scintillation detector, an upper and a lower spark chamber, and a charged
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2009:
1908:
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1165:
3680:
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1275:
93:
72:
3325:
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2607:
1713:
686:
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The spacecraft was launched on 15 November 1972 into an initial orbit of about 632 km (393 mi) of
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176:
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1993:
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17:
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775:
318:
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406:
235:
670:
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2062:
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830:
507:
pair and provided a means of determining the energy of these particles by measuring their
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398:
331:
326:
3365:
2677:
2517:
2234:
860:
850:
840:
835:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
475:
star sensor, the spacecraft control section performed in an excellent manner.
386:
3030:
2438:
2146:
1961:
1852:
1055:
487:
394:
370:
166:
1626:
Symbol indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned
3317:
3253:
3094:
2806:
2562:
2462:
2454:
2358:
2303:
2114:
1977:
1803:
1795:
1447:
1437:
1020:
985:
548:
504:
500:
374:
3540:
3471:
3309:
2958:
2918:
2814:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2398:
2382:
2350:
1454:
1268:
508:
479:
3644:
3381:
3237:
2950:
2894:
2862:
2854:
2777:
2757:
2612:
2327:
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2202:
2041:
1868:
1828:
1705:
1357:
1239:
1150:
1125:
1120:
1115:
483:
442:
744:
1635:
3614:
3609:
3412:
3349:
3269:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3102:
2966:
2926:
2878:
2870:
2838:
2830:
2430:
1811:
1469:
1459:
1338:
1318:
930:
880:
845:
465:
454:. Data were taken at 1000 bps and could be recorded on an onboard
438:
422:
418:
390:
272:
262:
704:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
657:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
622:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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3535:
3455:
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2446:
2138:
1289:
359:
65:
37:
1639:
748:
377:
of 632 km. It completed its observations on 8 June 1973.
563:"NASA - NSSD - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details (SAS-B)"
549:"Technical details for satellite EXPLORER 48 (SAS 2)"
3668:
3523:
3424:
3393:
2646:
2498:
2343:
2246:
2061:
1952:
1786:
1741:
1680:
1673:
1559:
1552:
1410:
1299:
1189:
798:
791:
389:designed to extend the astronomical studies in the
301:
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251:
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195:
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172:
162:
147:
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126:
121:
105:
92:
71:
61:
51:
1411:
1415:
365:. It was launched on 15 November 1972 into the
1419:
1190:
1651:
760:
738:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
584:"NASA - NSSDC - Spacecraft - Details (SAS-B)"
8:
385:SAS 2 was the second in the series of small
30:
605:"Trajectory: Explorer 48 (SAS-B) 1972-091A"
1677:
1658:
1644:
1636:
1556:
795:
767:
753:
745:
83:
36:
29:
634:
632:
640:"Display: Explorer 48 (SAS-B) 1972-091A"
537:
7:
543:
541:
3747:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
785:List of Explorers Program missions
25:
3686:List of proposed space telescopes
2367:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1611:indicates active current missions
687:"Experiment: Gamma-Ray Telescope"
490:that exploded 300,000 years ago.
3714:
3713:
1543:
725: This article incorporates
720:
699:
675:Internet Encyclopedia of Science
652:
617:
486:believed to be the remnant of a
18:Second Small Astronomy Satellite
2588:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
1623:indicate missions yet to launch
421:, 443 km (275 mi) of
130:166.0 kilograms (366.0 lb)
307:15 November 1972, 22:13:00 UTC
109:6 months and 24 days
95:
1:
3696:List of heliophysics missions
1617:indicates cancelled missions
277:632 kilometers (393 mi)
267:443 kilometers (275 mi)
42:Artist's impression of SAS-2
3676:Great Observatories program
527:Small Astronomy Satellite 3
433:of 95.40 minutes. from the
344:Small Astronomy Satellite 2
31:Small Astronomy Satellite 2
3778:
3167:Orbiting Solar Observatory
522:Small Astronomy Satellite1
3719:Category:Space telescopes
3709:
1604:
1541:
782:
315:
311:
222:
218:
186:
182:
138:
134:
117:
113:
47:
35:
3681:List of space telescopes
689:. NASA. 28 October 2021
642:. NASA. 28 October 2021
607:. NASA. 28 October 2021
3007:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
727:public domain material
471:
447:nickel–cadmium battery
373:of 443 km and an
2628:Space Solar Telescope
478:SAS-2 first detected
469:
346:, also known also as
232:Reference system
122:Spacecraft properties
3757:Gamma-ray telescopes
3701:List of planetariums
2598:NRO donation to NASA
3742:1972 in spaceflight
3397:(Mission completed)
1682:Radio and Microwave
494:Gamma-Ray Telescope
427:orbital inclination
363:gamma ray telescope
32:
27:Gamma ray telescope
3334:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
3159:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
3143:Mikhailo Lomonosov
2991:Hinotori (Astro-A)
2593:New Worlds Mission
961:25 (Injun 4, IE-B)
472:
435:San Marco platform
297:95.40 minutes
227:Orbital parameters
3752:Explorers Program
3727:
3726:
3625:SIM & SIMlite
2999:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
2959:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
2513:Astro-1 Telescope
2339:
2338:
1633:
1632:
1600:
1599:
1539:
1538:
1046:42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)
776:Explorers Program
437:off the coast of
340:
339:
16:(Redirected from
3769:
3762:Space telescopes
3717:
3716:
3516:
3512:Hitomi (Astro-H)
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3417:
3409:
3398:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
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2658:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2249:or unclassified)
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1994:Hinode (Solar-B)
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1885:Hinode (Solar-B)
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1800:
1779:
1771:
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1710:
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1694:
1678:
1667:Space telescopes
1660:
1653:
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1610:
1557:
1547:
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1491:
1484:
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1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1206:
1192:
796:
769:
762:
755:
746:
741:
724:
723:
709:
703:
702:
698:
696:
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683:
677:
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662:
656:
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651:
649:
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627:
621:
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287:1.9 degrees
263:Perigee altitude
206:
204:
158:
156:
151:15 November 1972
143:Start of mission
106:Mission duration
97:
88:
87:
81:
40:
33:
21:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3705:
3691:X-ray telescope
3664:
3546:Constellation-X
3519:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3396:
3395:
3389:
3384:
3382:Yokoh (Solar-A)
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3350:Tenma (Astro-B)
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3111:LISA Pathfinder
3105:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2967:HALCA (MUSES-B)
2961:
2953:
2945:
2943:Ginga (Astro-C)
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2662:Akari (Astro-F)
2656:
2642:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
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2353:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2248:
2247:Other (particle
2242:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
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1664:
1634:
1629:
1614:
1608:
1596:
1548:
1535:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1470:
1448:
1406:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1295:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1204:
1185:
787:
778:
773:
730:
721:
717:
712:
700:
692:
690:
685:
684:
680:
669:
665:
653:
645:
643:
638:
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630:
618:
610:
608:
603:
602:
598:
589:
587:
582:
581:
577:
568:
566:
561:
560:
556:
547:
546:
539:
535:
518:
496:
464:
415:
383:
367:low Earth orbit
336:
335:
329:
322:
273:Apogee altitude
202:
200:
154:
152:
82:
77:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3759:
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3725:
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3703:
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3637:
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3627:
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3597:
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3428:
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3418:
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3399:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3084:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2823:Compton (CGRO)
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2755:
2750:ASCA (Astro-D)
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2548:Hypertelescope
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Fresnel Imager
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2171:Max Valier Sat
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2107:HXMT (Insight)
2104:
2099:Einstein Probe
2096:
2088:
2083:Chandra (AXAF)
2080:
2071:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1814:constellation
1809:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1241:85–89 (THEMIS)
1237:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:52 (Hawkeye 1)
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:44 (Solrad 10)
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
802:
800:
793:
789:
788:
783:
780:
779:
774:
772:
771:
764:
757:
749:
743:
742:
716:
713:
711:
710:
678:
663:
628:
596:
575:
554:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
524:
517:
514:
495:
492:
463:
460:
431:orbital period
414:
411:
382:
379:
338:
337:
330:
324:
323:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
299:
298:
295:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
275:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
255:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
197:
193:
192:
191:End of mission
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
90:
89:
75:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
45:
44:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3730:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3342:Taiyo (SRATS)
3340:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2423:Solar-C EUVST
2421:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2320:Solar Orbiter
2318:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2034:Solar Orbiter
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1698:Solar Orbiter
1696:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:76 (TERRIERS)
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:37 (Solrad 9)
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:30 (Solrad 8)
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
781:
777:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
750:
747:
739:
735:
734:
728:
719:
718:
714:
707:
706:public domain
688:
682:
679:
676:
672:
667:
664:
660:
659:public domain
641:
635:
633:
629:
625:
624:public domain
606:
600:
597:
585:
579:
576:
564:
558:
555:
550:
544:
542:
538:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
515:
513:
510:
506:
502:
493:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
468:
461:
459:
457:
456:tape recorder
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
334: →
333:
328:
325:←
321:
320:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
234:
230:
225:
221:
217:
214:16 April 1979
213:
209:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
168:
165:
161:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
91:
86:
80:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
56:Earth science
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
3729:
3567:
3550:
3394:Hibernating
3293:
3146:(2016–2019?)
2689:(1962, 1964)
2583:Nano-JASMINE
2407:NEO Surveyor
2331:(since 2006)
2323:(since 2020)
2315:(since 1995)
2307:(since 2019)
2299:(since 2017)
2291:(since 2008)
2283:(since 2015)
2275:(since 2015)
2267:(since 2011)
2259:(since 1997)
2238:(since 1999)
2230:(since 2024)
2222:(since 2023)
2214:(since 2022)
2206:(since 2012)
2198:(since 2017)
2190:(since 2018)
2182:(since 2009)
2174:(since 2017)
2166:(since 2004)
2158:(since 2024)
2150:(since 2019)
2142:(since 2021)
2134:(since 2020)
2126:(since 2008)
2118:(since 2002)
2110:(since 2017)
2102:(since 2024)
2094:(since 2015)
2086:(since 1999)
2078:(since 2015)
2053:(since 2004)
2045:(since 2006)
2037:(since 2020)
2029:(since 2008)
2021:(since 1995)
2013:(since 2010)
2005:(since 2013)
1997:(since 2006)
1989:(since 2021)
1981:(since 2015)
1973:(since 2022)
1965:(since 2023)
1944:(since 2018)
1936:(since 2004)
1928:(since 2008)
1920:(since 1995)
1912:(since 2010)
1904:(since 2001)
1896:(since 2013)
1888:(since 2006)
1880:(since 1990)
1872:(since 2005)
1864:(since 2013)
1856:(since 2021)
1848:(since 2023)
1840:(since 2015)
1832:(since 2019)
1824:(since 2021)
1816:(since 2013)
1807:(since 2015)
1799:(since 2018)
1778:(since 2009)
1770:(since 2008)
1762:(since 2001)
1754:(since 2022)
1733:(since 2024)
1725:(since 1994)
1717:(since 2018)
1709:(since 2006)
1701:(since 2020)
1693:(since 2018)
1620:
1609:Green titles
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1455:82 (CHIPSat)
1399:
1392:
1385:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1075:
1036:40 (Injun 5)
931:S-66A (BE-A)
732:
691:. Retrieved
681:
666:
644:. Retrieved
609:. Retrieved
599:
588:. Retrieved
578:
567:. Retrieved
557:
497:
477:
473:
416:
384:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:
317:
253:Eccentricity
199:June 8, 1973
196:Last contact
52:Mission type
3507:(2014–2015)
3459:(2012–2013)
3425:Lost/Failed
3416:(1998–2010)
3408:(1998–2005)
3385:(1991–2001)
3377:(2001–2010)
3361:(1970–1973)
3353:(1983–1985)
3345:(1975–1980)
3337:(2005–2015)
3329:(2003–2020)
3321:(2011–2019)
3313:(1979–1985)
3305:(1975–1979)
3297:(1972–1973)
3289:(1992–2004)
3281:(1995–2012)
3273:(1990–1999)
3265:(2002–2018)
3257:(1983–1984)
3249:(2009–2013)
3233:(2006–2016)
3162:(1972–1981)
3154:(1968–1973)
3138:(1996–1997)
3130:(2003–2019)
3122:(2015–2017)
3114:(2015–2017)
3106:(1997–2002)
3098:(1990–2001)
3090:(2009–2018)
3082:(1996–2004)
3074:(1978–1996)
3066:(1996–1998)
3058:(1995–1996)
3034:(1989–1993)
3026:(2000–2008)
3018:(1979–1981)
3010:(1978–1982)
3002:(2013–2023)
2994:(1981–1991)
2986:(2009–2013)
2978:(1977–1979)
2970:(1997–2005)
2962:(1979–1985)
2954:(1989–1998)
2946:(1987–1991)
2938:(1990–1992)
2930:(2003–2013)
2922:(1987–2001)
2914:(1999–2007)
2906:(1992–2001)
2898:(1983–1986)
2887:Explorer 11
2858:(2017–2019)
2850:(1989–1993)
2842:(1975–1982)
2834:(2006–2013)
2826:(1991–2000)
2818:(2003–2008)
2810:(1996–2003)
2802:(1974–1976)
2794:(1983–1991)
2753:(1993–2000)
2745:(1973–1974)
2737:(2017–2019)
2729:(1979–1982)
2721:(1974–1980)
2713:(1971–1972)
2705:(1967–1969)
2681:(1962–1972)
2673:(1993–2005)
2665:(2006–2011)
2657:(2007–2024)
1954:Ultraviolet
1615:Grey titles
1443:79 (HETE-2)
1359:93 (NuSTAR)
1334:81 (RHESSI)
1309:68 (SAMPEX)
1151:61 (Magsat)
1126:56 (ISEE-1)
1016:36 (GEOS-B)
981:29 (GEOS-A)
693:16 November
646:16 November
611:16 November
425:, 1.90° of
409:telescope.
399:ultraviolet
356:Explorer 48
332:Explorer 49
327:Explorer 47
283:Inclination
173:Launch site
148:Launch date
127:Launch mass
3736:Categories
3366:Vanguard 3
2678:Alouette 1
2518:AstroSat-2
2235:XMM-Newton
1751:James Webb
1339:83 (GALEX)
1319:73 (TRACE)
1283:HelioSwarm
1234:84 (Swift)
1216:78 (IMAGE)
1101:53 (SAS-C)
1086:50 (IMP-J)
1081:49 (RAE-B)
1076:48 (SAS-B)
1071:47 (IMP-H)
1061:45 (SSS-A)
1051:43 (IMP-I)
1041:41 (IMP-G)
1026:38 (RAE-A)
1011:35 (IMP-E)
1006:34 (IMP-F)
1001:33 (IMP-D)
991:31 (DME-A)
976:28 (IMP-C)
966:26 (EPE-D)
951:23 (S-55C)
941:21 (IMP-B)
921:18 (IMP-A)
911:16 (S-55B)
906:15 (EPE-C)
901:14 (EPE-B)
896:13 (S-55A)
891:12 (EPE-A)
806:Explorer 1
715:References
590:2008-02-27
569:2008-02-27
462:Experiment
429:, with an
387:spacecraft
236:Geocentric
211:Decay date
203:1973-06-09
155:1972-11-15
3569:Eddington
3524:Cancelled
3031:Hipparcos
2439:Spektr-UV
2304:Mini-EUSO
2296:ISS-CREAM
2147:Spektr-RG
2067:Gamma-ray
1962:Aditya-L1
1853:Hayabusa2
1730:Queqiao 2
1674:Operating
1560:Proposals
1553:Proposals
1433:72 (SNOE)
1380:97 (IXPE)
1366:94 (IRIS)
1352:91 (IBEX)
1329:75 (WIRE)
1324:74 (SWAS)
1314:70 (FAST)
1262:96 (ICON)
1255:95 (TESS)
1248:92 (WISE)
1221:80 (WMAP)
1211:77 (FUSE)
1199:69 (RXTE)
1181:67 (EUVE)
1176:66 (COBE)
1161:63 (DE-2)
1156:62 (DE-1)
1146:60 (SAGE)
1136:58 (HCMM)
1111:55 (AE-E)
1106:54 (AE-D)
1091:51 (AE-C)
1031:39 (AD-C)
996:32 (AE-B)
971:27 (BE-C)
956:24 (AD-B)
946:22 (BE-B)
936:20 (IE-A)
926:19 (AD-A)
916:17 (AE-A)
876:11 (S-15)
861:9 (S-56A)
799:1958–1992
488:supernova
395:gamma-ray
371:periapsis
319:Explorers
246:Low Earth
177:San Marco
167:Scout D-1
79:1972-091A
73:COSPAR ID
3620:Sentinel
3318:Spektr-R
3254:RELIKT-1
3095:Kristall
2983:Herschel
2807:BeppoSAX
2563:JEM-EUSO
2558:iWF-MAXI
2500:Proposed
2463:LiteBIRD
2455:Spektr-M
2187:MinXSS-2
2115:INTEGRAL
1978:Astrosat
1804:Astrosat
1743:Infrared
1449:INTEGRAL
1345:90 (AIM)
1205:71 (ACE)
1171:65 (CCE)
1166:64 (SME)
1141:59 (ICE)
1131:57 (IUE)
1066:46 (MTS)
841:7 (S-1A)
792:Missions
516:See also
505:positron
501:electron
407:particle
375:apoapsis
358:, was a
62:Operator
3669:Related
3580:FINESSE
3558:Destiny
3541:Astro-G
3504:Tsubame
3496:Astro-E
3472:ABRIXAS
3326:Spitzer
3310:Solwind
3262:R/HESSI
3222:Orion 2
3214:Orion 1
2919:Kvant-1
2815:CHIPSat
2778:Astro-2
2758:Astro-1
2734:ASTERIA
2726:Ariel 6
2718:Ariel 5
2710:Ariel 4
2702:Ariel 3
2694:Ariel 2
2686:Ariel 1
2647:Retired
2638:THESEUS
2623:Solar-D
2618:PhoENiX
2458:(2030+)
2415:JASMINE
2383:Xuntian
2351:SPHEREx
2344:Planned
1893:NEOSSat
1788:Optical
1714:Queqiao
1621:Italics
1567:FINESSE
1516:SunRISE
1394:TRACERS
1269:SPHEREx
836:6 (S-2)
671:Geminga
509:coulomb
480:Geminga
423:perigee
381:Mission
369:with a
257:0.01366
201: (
153: (
94:SATCAT
3645:TAUVEX
3552:Darwin
3531:Aelita
3515:(2016)
3499:(2000)
3491:(1999)
3483:(1996)
3480:HETE-1
3475:(1999)
3467:(1965)
3451:(1976)
3443:(1970)
3435:(1966)
3369:(1959)
3286:SAMPEX
3246:Planck
3241:(2018)
3238:PicSat
3230:PAMELA
3225:(1973)
3217:(1971)
3119:MinXSS
3087:Kepler
3050:(1983)
3042:(2024)
3023:HETE-2
3015:HEAO-3
2975:HEAO-1
2951:Granat
2895:EXOSAT
2890:(1961)
2882:(2010)
2874:(2008)
2866:(1993)
2855:CXBN-2
2791:Astron
2786:(1995)
2761:(1990)
2697:(1964)
2670:ALEXIS
2613:PETREL
2573:LUVOIR
2523:EXCEDE
2490:(2035)
2482:(2035)
2479:Athena
2474:(2033)
2466:(2032)
2450:(2030)
2442:(2030)
2434:(2029)
2426:(2028)
2418:(2028)
2410:(2027)
2402:(2027)
2394:(2027)
2386:(2026)
2378:(2026)
2370:(2026)
2362:(2026)
2359:K-EUSO
2354:(2025)
2328:STEREO
2264:AMS-02
2227:XPoSat
2203:NuSTAR
2042:STEREO
1986:Hibari
1877:Hubble
1869:HiRISE
1845:Euclid
1837:DSCOVR
1829:CHEOPS
1706:STEREO
1592:ESCAPE
1587:EXCEDE
1477:Hitomi
1465:Suzaku
1428:HETE-1
1121:DADE-B
1116:DADE-A
673:, The
586:. NASA
565:. NASA
484:pulsar
443:Africa
419:apogee
413:Launch
293:Period
242:Regime
163:Rocket
3640:SPOrt
3635:SPICA
3615:OSO K
3610:OSO J
3464:OSO C
3448:CORSA
3440:OAO-B
3432:OAO-1
3413:TRACE
3358:Uhuru
3302:SAS-C
3294:SAS-B
3270:ROSAT
3207:OSO 8
3202:OSO 7
3197:OSO 6
3192:OSO 5
3187:OSO 4
3182:OSO 3
3177:OSO B
3172:OSO 1
3151:OAO-2
3103:LEGRI
3039:ILO-X
2935:Gamma
2927:GALEX
2879:EPOXI
2871:EPOCh
2839:Cos-B
2831:CoRoT
2766:BBXRT
2654:AGILE
2633:THEIA
2603:ORBIS
2553:ILO-1
2538:HabEx
2533:FOCAL
2508:Arcus
2471:Taiji
2431:ARIEL
2375:PLATO
2280:DAMPE
2272:CALET
2219:XRISM
2195:NICER
2163:Swift
2131:GECAM
2123:Fermi
2091:DAMPE
2075:CALET
2063:X-ray
2050:Swift
2026:SOLAR
1970:ASO-S
1933:Swift
1925:SOLAR
1821:CHASE
1812:BRITE
1767:SOLAR
1582:ASTRE
1577:OHMIC
1572:Arcus
1503:GUSTO
1497:XRISM
1483:NICER
1471:TWINS
1460:CINDI
1387:PUNCH
1191:MIDEX
881:S-45A
846:S-46A
733:SAS-B
729:from
533:Notes
470:SAS 2
439:Kenya
391:X-ray
352:SAS B
348:SAS-2
303:Epoch
3660:XIPE
3655:XEUS
3630:SNAP
3605:LOFT
3600:JDEM
3585:GEMS
3575:FAME
3563:EChO
3536:AOSO
3488:WIRE
3456:CXBN
3405:SWAS
3374:WMAP
3278:RXTE
3127:MOST
3079:IXAE
3055:IRTS
3047:IRAS
2911:FUSE
2903:EUVE
2847:COBE
2578:Lynx
2568:LUCI
2487:LISA
2447:UVEX
2399:LORD
2391:COSI
2312:SOHO
2288:IBEX
2211:LEIA
2179:MAXI
2155:SVOM
2139:IXPE
2065:and
2018:SOHO
2002:IRIS
1941:TESS
1917:SOHO
1901:Odin
1861:Gaia
1775:WISE
1759:Odin
1722:Wind
1690:NCLE
1530:CASE
1523:EZIE
1490:GOLD
1412:UNEX
1401:COSI
1373:GEMS
1301:SMEX
1290:UVEX
1276:MUSE
1227:FAME
886:S-55
866:S-45
856:S-56
695:2021
648:2021
613:2021
482:, a
360:NASA
342:The
101:6282
66:NASA
3650:TPF
3595:IXO
3590:HOP
3135:MSX
3071:IUE
3063:ISO
2863:DXS
2799:ANS
2782:HUT
2771:HUT
2742:ATM
2608:OST
2543:HWO
2256:ACE
2010:SDO
1909:SDO
1796:Aoi
1509:AWE
831:S-1
452:rpm
403:MeV
354:or
96:no.
3738::
2784:)
1416:MO
871:10
736:.
631:^
540:^
441:,
397:,
393:,
2780:(
1659:e
1652:t
1645:v
1420:I
1418:/
1414:/
851:8
826:5
821:4
816:3
811:2
768:e
761:t
754:v
740:.
708:.
697:.
661:.
650:.
626:.
615:.
593:.
572:.
551:.
503:-
350:,
205:)
157:)
20:)
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