387:
38:
133:
Wars between the taifas were common and rulers of Muslim taifas were known to ally with the
Iberian Christians (and the North African kingdoms) against European or Mediterranean Christian rulers from outside of al-Andalus. These alliances frequently included payments of large tributes in return for
302:
Reversing the trend of the
Umayyad period, when the Christian kingdoms of the north often had to pay tribute to the Caliph, the disintegration of the Caliphate left the rival Muslim kingdoms much weaker than their Christian counterparts, particularly the Castilian–Leonese monarchy, and many had to
243:, Eastern European former slaves. The most secure rulers were governors of frontier provinces, such as the “Farthest Frontier” of Zaragoza; since these regions had been ruled by families for generations prior to the fall of the caliphate, there was minor immediate impact when the caliphate fell.
1642:
261:
However, the political decline and chaos was not immediately followed by cultural decline. To the contrary, intense intellectual and literary activity grew in some of the larger taifas.
1635:
291:
Observers in al-Andalus in the 1080s did not see a decline as likely, much less imminent or probable. However, by the 1090s, popular revolt became a real possibility as the
1439:
250:
that had been conquered by
Muslims. By this time the caliphate of Cordova, among the richest and most powerful states in Europe, had suffered a civil war, known as the
1628:
1001:
1534:
403:
After the fall of the
Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031 about 33 independent taifas emerged out the civil war and conflict in al-Andalus. Many of the less tenable
2445:
1262:
358:
to fight neighbouring realms (both
Christian and Muslim). The most dynamic taifa, which conquered most of its neighbours before the Almoravid invasion, was
2049:
277:(rulers) competed among themselves, not only militarily but also for cultural prestige. They tried to recruit the most famous poets and artisans.
347:
dynasties in al-Andalus would join forces with
Christian powers as a last attempt to shift momentum back in their favor against the Almoravids.
194:
first applied the term to the regional rulers who appeared after the collapse of
Umayyad power in Spain, "whose condition was like that of the
1872:
1569:
1517:
1474:
1393:
1054:
190:. The negative portrayal of the Parthian period by Muslim historians may have been inherited from Sasanian propaganda. In the 11th century,
2450:
2264:
2465:
2460:
2455:
994:
1338:
1365:
1298:
183:
151:
362:, which ironically was also the first of the major taifas to fall, followed (somewhat quickly) by Badajoz, Valencia and Zaragoza.
1789:
473:
246:
During the late 11th century, the
Christian rulers of the northern Iberian peninsula set out to retake the lands of the former
191:
2042:
1769:
987:
721:
174:
means "kings of the territorial divisions" or "party kings". Muslim historians originally used these terms to refer to the
1784:
902:
467:
754:
130:
courts were renowned centres of cultural excellence in which poets, scientists, and other scholars were able to thrive.
2404:
1602:(1993–2002) s.v. "Almoraviden §2. Verbreiding", "Almohaden §2. Machtsuitbreiding". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
1355:
1288:
1507:
798:
427:. The most notable taifa to conquer most of its weak neighbours was the Taifa of Seville under the Abbadid dynasty.
2414:
2409:
2384:
2369:
1555:
1460:
2389:
2374:
2279:
2035:
1542:
1447:
774:
336:, which resulted in the defeat of the Christians. Nevertheless, the Almoravids and the Almohads did not help the
2399:
2058:
1877:
1066:
779:
1861:
1042:
2419:
2161:
823:
224:
92:
2364:
1666:
607:
551:
31:
2303:
2156:
1794:
727:
2101:
1922:
1717:
1132:
944:
683:
623:
603:
This region only includes the provinces of Huesca, Lleida, Teruel, Zaragoza and
Tarragona of Spain.
2354:
2335:
2284:
2275:
2229:
1899:
1843:
1748:
1702:
1676:
1136:
1094:
1020:
769:
667:
461:
251:
218:
179:
2379:
2330:
2293:
2288:
2250:
2238:
2197:
2113:
2089:
1671:
1546:
1451:
1252:
924:
865:
515:
499:
333:
247:
155:
2233:
1987:
1893:
1737:
1722:
1088:
563:
435:
This region includes the
Central and Lisbon region of Portugal and Extremadura region of Spain.
366:
was also very powerful and expansive, but inhibited by the neighbouring Christian states of the
316:
princes appealed for North African warriors to come fight Christian kings on two occasions. The
2321:
2298:
2243:
2185:
2173:
2151:
2118:
2072:
2015:
2010:
1948:
1917:
1827:
1821:
1758:
1682:
1565:
1513:
1470:
1389:
1361:
1334:
1294:
1237:
1231:
1166:
1120:
1108:
965:
887:
860:
845:
818:
733:
715:
705:
677:
639:
617:
573:
412:
321:
317:
271:
During the heyday of the taifas, in the 11th century and again in the mid 12th century, their
265:
143:
111:
103:
73:
2308:
1331:
Infidel Kings and Unholy Warriors: Faith, Power, and Violence in the Age of Crusade and Jihad
491:
This region includes the Madrid region and the provinces of Toledo and Guadalajara of Spain.
264:
There was a second period when taifas arose, toward the middle of the 12th century, when the
2317:
2271:
2254:
1993:
1882:
1866:
1855:
1815:
1799:
1743:
1712:
1697:
1692:
1266:
1256:
1213:
1098:
1076:
1060:
1048:
1036:
695:
629:
591:
567:
557:
545:
535:
531:
519:
439:
424:
420:
359:
147:
135:
407:
kingdoms had disappeared by the 1030s, having been taken over by more powerful neighboring
2440:
2359:
2325:
2004:
1998:
1965:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1809:
1804:
1774:
1763:
1753:
1727:
1620:
1225:
1219:
1195:
1179:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1114:
1104:
1070:
813:
784:
711:
701:
651:
579:
495:
479:
445:
416:
325:
187:
175:
139:
89:
54:
122:
kingdoms. Taifa kings were wary of calling themselves "kings", so they took the title of
2394:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1888:
1849:
1779:
1732:
1707:
1687:
1550:
1538:
1455:
1443:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1126:
1082:
1030:
939:
689:
673:
633:
585:
541:
525:
223:
The origins of the taifas must be sought in the administrative division of the Umayyad
1492:
The Rise and Fall of the Party-kings: Politics and Society in Islamic Spain, 1002–1086
386:
2434:
371:
1615:
17:
442:
1013–1022/1034–1094 (Aftasid Dynasty); 1027–1034 (to Seville): 1094 (to Almoravids)
2217:
975:
970:
949:
411:. The strongest and largest taifas in this first period (11th century) were the
286:
159:
126:, presenting themselves as representatives for a temporarily absent caliph. The
2138:
747:
643:
611:
85:
2084:
355:
209:"), by way of which the Arabic term has entered English (and French) usage.
119:
95:
between 1009 and 1031. They were a recurring feature of al-Andalus history.
2027:
236:
227:, as well in the ethnic division of the elite of this state, divided among
1409:
1024:
647:
367:
363:
340:
emirs but rather annexed their lands to their own North African empires.
240:
77:
789:
375:
232:
1386:
The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon
2108:
737:
305:
69:
378:
had previously been the border military districts of the Caliphate.
37:
2096:
663:
This region includes the region of Valencia, Murcia and Baleares.
457:
This region includes the Alentejo and Algarve region of Portugal.
385:
228:
81:
36:
511:
This region includes the autonomous region of Andalucia in Spain
273:
2031:
1624:
1616:
History of Spain: Disintegration of the Caliphate (1010–1260)
239:(indigenous Muslim converts, a significant majority) and the
1589:. Princeton: Princeton University press. pp. 40, 39–40.
1509:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus
470:
1012/1013–1051/1053 (Bakrid Dynasty); 1051–1091 (to Seville)
448:
1022–1034 (Banu Sabur Dynasty); 1034–1093 (Aftasids Dynasty)
114:. The fall of the Almohads resulted in a flourishing of the
154:. By the end of the 13th century, only one remained, the
198:
of the Persians". The phrase implied cultural decline.
68:, meaning "party, band, faction") were the independent
482:: 1027–1063 (Muzaymid Dynasty); 1063–1091 (to Seville)
118:, and this was the case despite constant warfare with
740:, nominally vassal of Castile but allied to Banu Hud)
320:
was invited after the fall of Toledo (1085), and the
464:
1033–1044 (Tayfurid Dynasty); 1044–1091 (to Seville)
106:
in the late 11th century and, on its collapse, many
1958:
1836:
1659:
476:
1018–1051 (Harunid Dynasty); 1051–1091 (to Seville)
258:, small rival emirates fighting among themselves".
160:
incorporated into the Christian states of the north
1388:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 84–85.
182:. That period was treated as an interlude between
2179:
874:
2191:
2167:
1333:. New York, NY, USA: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
911:
832:
88:, that emerged from the decline and fall of the
1384:O'Connell, Monique; Dursteler, Eric R. (2016).
632:: 1039–1060 (to Zaragoza); 1081/1082–1092 (to
2043:
1636:
995:
8:
1440:"Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif, 2. In Pre-Islamic Persia"
1234:: 1239/1240–1249/1250 (to Murcia or Castile)
1023:: 1145–1147 (briefly to Castile and then to
1079:: 1145–1159 (to Murcia); 1168 (to Almohads)
110:re-appeared only to be incorporated by the
2211:
2132:
2066:
2050:
2036:
2028:
1643:
1629:
1621:
1556:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1461:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1002:
988:
743:
1564:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 552–554.
1469:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 551–552.
1244:Additionally, but not usually considered
1194:: 1233–1236 (to Almohads), 1249–1305 (to
303:submit to them, paying tributes known as
178:and other regional rulers that succeeded
1433:
1431:
1429:
1157:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
1123:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
1057:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
1051:: dates and destiny uncertain or unknown
650:); 1046–1110 (to Almoravids; in 1118 to
1587:Europe and the Islamic World: A History
1279:
957:
923:
910:
886:
873:
844:
831:
797:
753:
746:
598:
1535:"Mulūk al-Ṭawāʾif, 2. In Muslim Spain"
1410:"taifa | Spanish history | Britannica"
599:Al-Tagr al-A'la (Aragon and Catalonia)
201:The corresponding term in Spanish is
7:
1379:
1377:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
287:Reconquista § Muslim infighting
134:security. Eventually, the taifas of
102:were eventually incorporated by the
2446:Former Islamic monarchies in Europe
1600:Encarta Winkler Prins Encyclopaedia
72:principalities and kingdoms of the
58:
2109:(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
431:Al-Tagr al-Adna (Central Portugal)
343:In the 1100s, the remnants of the
25:
2152:Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
1654:Kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula
1290:The Companion to Hispanic Studies
487:Al-Tagr al-Awsat (Central Spain)
312:Due to their military weakness,
27:Independent states of al-Andalus
2380:Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
1354:Barton, Simon (30 June 2009).
1287:Davies, Catherine (May 2014).
254:. As a result, it "broke into
184:Alexander's conquest of Persia
1:
903:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
588:: 1039/1040–1065 (to Seville)
582:: 1023/1024–1091 (to Seville)
84:), referred to by Muslims as
1873:Constantina and Hornachuelos
1494:, Princeton University Press
1240:: 1228/1229–1238 (to Aragon)
1055:Constantina and Hornachuelos
1015:Second period (12th century)
570:); 1073–1090 (to Almoravids)
2451:Former monarchies of Europe
1174:Third period (13th century)
730:: 1065–1075 (to Almoravids)
724:: 1086–1092 (to Almoravids)
692:: 1051–1091 (to Almoravids)
670:: 1011–1091 (to Almoravids)
620:: 1009–1106 (to Almoravids)
594:: 1023–1091 (to Almoravids)
560:: 1013–1090 (to Almoravids)
453:Al-Garb (Southern Portugal)
399:First period (11th century)
2482:
2466:13th century in al-Andalus
2461:12th century in al-Andalus
2456:11th century in al-Andalus
1533:D. J. Wasserstein (1993).
1512:. Routledge. p. 130.
1490:D. J. Wasserstein (1985),
1145:: 1147–? (destiny unknown)
1117:: 1145–1150? (to Almohads)
1111:); 1147–1172 (to Almohads)
686:: 11th century (to Toledo)
284:
216:
29:
2350:
2280:Principality of Catalonia
2225:
2214:
2210:
2147:
2135:
2131:
2080:
2069:
2065:
1169:: 1145–1172 (to Almohads)
1163:: 1145–1150 (to Almohads)
1151:: 1144–1155 (to Almohads)
1091:: 1145–1153 (to Almohads)
1045:: 1144–1150 (to Almohads)
1039:: 1145–1150 (to Almohads)
698:: 1018–1203 (to Almohads)
299:kings gained popularity.
186:and the formation of the
2059:Spain in the Middle Ages
1228:: 1234–1262 (to Castile)
1222:: 1228–1266 (to Castile)
1210:: 1240–1265 (to Castile)
1188:: 1224–1226 (to Castile)
1182:: 1232–1244 (to Castile)
799:Umayyad state of Córdoba
576:: 1013–1066 (to Seville)
554:: 1031–1091 (to Seville)
528:: 1011–1068 (to Seville)
328:(1147). Warriors of the
2218:Feudal Christian realms
1216:: 1228–1287 (to Aragon)
1204:: 1224–1227 (to Aragon)
824:Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
659:Al-Xarq (Eastern Spain)
626:: 1118–1130 (to Aragon)
2365:Monarchs of al-Andalus
1790:Santa Maria do Algarve
1506:Kennedy, Hugh (2014).
1360:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1329:Catlos, Brian (2015).
1129:: 1145 (to Almoravids)
474:Santa Maria do Algarve
395:
46:
32:Taifa (disambiguation)
1770:Murviedro and Sagunto
748:History of Al-Andalus
736:: 1010/1011–1094 (to
722:Murviedro and Sagunto
714:: 1011/1012–1065 (to
676:: 1010/1012–1076 (to
566:: 1026–1057/1058 (to
498:: 1010/1031–1085 (to
389:
217:Further information:
40:
2415:Monarchs of Valencia
2375:Monarchs of Asturias
2162:Caliphate of Córdoba
2102:Kingdom of the Suebi
1585:Tolan, John (2013).
1085:: 1145 (to Almohads)
1063:: 1145 (to Almohads)
1033:: 1143 (to Almohads)
945:Battle of the Strait
295:accusations against
225:Caliphate of Córdoba
93:Caliphate of Córdoba
30:For other uses, see
18:Second Taifas period
2410:Monarchs of Navarre
2405:Monarchs of Majorca
2395:Monarchs of Granada
2390:Monarchs of Galicia
2385:Monarchs of Castile
2355:Visigothic monarchs
2336:Kingdom of Valencia
2304:Kingdom of Artajona
2285:Kingdom of Pamplona
2276:County of Barcelona
2230:Kingdom of Asturias
875:Second Taifa period
770:Battle of Guadalete
252:Fitna of al-Andalus
219:Fitna of al-Andalus
180:Alexander the Great
2370:Monarchs of Aragon
2331:Kingdom of Majorca
2294:Kingdom of Viguera
2289:Kingdom of Navarre
2251:Kingdom of Castile
2239:Kingdom of Galicia
2198:Emirate of Granada
2157:Emirate of Córdoba
2114:Duchy of Cantabria
2090:Visigothic Kingdom
1438:M. Morony (1993).
1414:www.britannica.com
1357:A History of Spain
1135:: ?–1147 (to
925:Emirate of Granada
912:Third Taifa period
866:Battle of Sagrajas
833:First Taifa period
780:Battle of Toulouse
704:: ?–1100 (to
396:
334:Battle of Sagrajas
248:Visigothic Kingdom
156:Emirate of Granada
47:
2428:
2427:
2346:
2345:
2322:Kingdom of Aragon
2299:Kingdom of Najera
2265:Kingdom of Toledo
2244:County of Castile
2206:
2205:
2186:Almohad Caliphate
2174:Almoravid Emirate
2127:
2126:
2119:Duchy of Vasconia
2073:Early Middle Ages
2025:
2024:
1785:Saltés and Huelva
1571:978-90-04-09419-2
1519:978-1-317-87041-8
1476:978-90-04-09419-2
1395:978-1-4214-1901-5
1012:
1011:
966:Iberian Peninsula
819:Abd al-Rahman III
468:Saltés and Huelva
413:Taifa of Zaragoza
332:took part in the
322:Almohad Caliphate
318:Almoravid dynasty
268:were in decline.
192:Ṣāʿid al-Andalusī
158:, the rest being
112:Almohad Caliphate
104:Almoravid dynasty
74:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
2473:
2400:Monarchs of León
2318:County of Aragon
2312:
2272:Catalan counties
2255:Crown of Castile
2212:
2133:
2067:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2029:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1547:Heinrichs, W. P.
1530:
1524:
1523:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1452:Heinrichs, W. P.
1435:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1305:
1304:
1284:
1265:: 1568–1571 (to
1255:: 1237–1492 (to
1097:: 1144–1145 (to
1069:: 1145–1151 (to
1004:
997:
990:
958:Related articles
932:
931:
919:
918:
895:
894:
882:
881:
853:
852:
840:
839:
806:
805:
775:Siege of Córdoba
762:
761:
744:
642:: 1018–1046 (to
610:: 1011–1104 (to
544:: 1061–1084 (to
534:: 1013–1091 (to
518:: 1035–1058 (to
425:Taifa of Seville
421:Taifa of Badajoz
354:hired Christian
266:Almoravid rulers
196:mulūk al-ṭawāʾif
172:mulūk al-ṭawāʾif
170:The Arabic term
150:paid tribute to
60:
21:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2420:Military orders
2360:Suebic monarchs
2342:
2326:Crown of Aragon
2306:
2234:Kingdom of León
2221:
2202:
2143:
2123:
2076:
2061:
2056:
2026:
2021:
1954:
1878:Guadix and Baza
1832:
1655:
1649:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1539:Bosworth, C. E.
1532:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1444:Bosworth, C. E.
1437:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1308:
1301:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1176:
1067:Guadix and Baza
1017:
1008:
929:
928:
927:
916:
915:
914:
892:
891:
890:
879:
878:
877:
850:
849:
848:
837:
836:
835:
814:Abd al-Rahman I
803:
802:
801:
785:Battle of Tours
759:
758:
757:
755:Muslim conquest
661:
601:
509:
489:
455:
433:
417:Taifa of Toledo
401:
384:
289:
283:
221:
215:
203:reyes de taifas
188:Sasanian Empire
176:Parthian Empire
168:
64:, plural طوائف
45:(green) in 1031
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2296:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2070:
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2180:Second Taifa
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1959:13th Century
1837:12th Century
1660:11th Century
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1417:. Retrieved
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888:Almohad rule
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370:. Zaragoza,
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2192:Third Taifa
2168:First Taifa
1560:Volume VII:
1551:Pellat, Ch.
1465:Volume VII:
1456:Pellat, Ch.
1107:: 1145 (to
976:Convivencia
971:Reconquista
950:Granada War
930:(1232–1492)
917:(1232–1287)
893:(1147–1238)
880:(1140–1203)
851:(1085–1145)
838:(1009–1110)
356:mercenaries
205:("kings of
146:, and even
2435:Categories
2142:(711-1492)
2139:Al-Andalus
1908:(III / IV)
1902:(II / III)
1667:Albarracín
1419:2022-09-23
1274:References
804:(756–1031)
646:; then to
644:Banu Tujib
612:Almoravids
608:Albarracín
324:after the
285:See also:
152:Alfonso VI
86:al-Andalus
2085:Visigoths
1672:Algeciras
760:(711–732)
516:Algeciras
166:Etymology
120:Christian
2016:Valencia
2011:Orihuela
1949:Valencia
1923:Santarém
1918:Purchena
1885:(I / II)
1828:Zaragoza
1824:(I / II)
1822:Valencia
1818:(I / II)
1812:(I / II)
1766:(I / II)
1744:Mallorca
1740:(I / II)
1683:Alpuente
1679:(I / II)
1553:(eds.).
1458:(eds.).
1238:Valencia
1232:Orihuela
1196:Marinids
1167:Valencia
1137:Portugal
1133:Santarém
1121:Purchena
1109:Valencia
1025:Almohads
861:Conquest
734:Valencia
716:Valencia
678:Zaragoza
648:Banu Hud
640:Zaragoza
618:Alpuente
423:and the
368:Pyrenees
364:Zaragoza
350:Certain
241:Saqaliba
237:Muladíes
144:Zaragoza
78:Portugal
76:(modern
1994:Menorca
1900:Mértola
1867:Carmona
1856:Badajoz
1844:Almería
1816:Tortosa
1800:Seville
1795:Segorbe
1749:Mértola
1713:Granada
1703:Córdoba
1698:Carmona
1693:Badajoz
1677:Almería
1562:Mif–Naz
1467:Mif–Naz
1267:Castile
1257:Castile
1253:Granada
1248:, are:
1214:Menorca
1099:Badajoz
1095:Mértola
1061:Granada
1049:Carmona
1037:Badajoz
1021:Almería
790:Fihrids
728:Segorbe
696:Majorca
668:Almería
630:Tortosa
592:Seville
568:Granada
558:Granada
552:Córdoba
546:Granada
536:Seville
532:Carmona
520:Seville
500:Castile
462:Mértola
440:Badajoz
394:in 1080
376:Badajoz
360:Seville
281:Decline
233:Berbers
148:Sevilla
136:Badajoz
90:Umayyad
66:ṭawā'if
2441:Taifas
2005:Niebla
1999:Murcia
1988:Málaga
1966:Arjona
1944:Tejada
1939:Tavira
1933:Silves
1928:Segura
1912:Niebla
1906:Murcia
1894:Málaga
1810:Toledo
1805:Silves
1775:Niebla
1764:Murcia
1754:Molina
1738:Málaga
1728:Lisbon
1723:Lleida
1718:Jerica
1568:
1549:&
1516:
1473:
1454:&
1392:
1364:
1337:
1297:
1246:taifas
1226:Niebla
1220:Murcia
1180:Arjona
1161:Tejada
1155:Tavira
1149:Silves
1143:Segura
1115:Niebla
1105:Murcia
1089:Málaga
1071:Murcia
738:El Cid
712:Murcia
706:Aragon
702:Molina
684:Jérica
652:Aragon
580:Niebla
564:Málaga
496:Toledo
480:Silves
446:Lisbon
409:taifas
392:taifas
374:, and
372:Toledo
352:taifas
330:taifas
306:parias
256:taifas
207:taifas
140:Toledo
116:taifas
108:taifas
100:taifas
70:Muslim
62:ṭā'ifa
55:Arabic
53:(from
51:taifas
43:taifas
2311:]
2097:Suebi
2007:(III)
1982:Lorca
1976:Dénia
1971:Baeza
1951:(III)
1896:(III)
1889:Jerez
1850:Arcos
1846:(III)
1780:Ronda
1759:Morón
1733:Lorca
1708:Dénia
1688:Arcos
1652:Taifa
1537:. In
1442:. In
1208:Lorca
1202:Denia
1192:Ceuta
1186:Baeza
1127:Ronda
1083:Jerez
1031:Arcos
690:Lorca
674:Denia
634:Denia
624:Rueda
586:Ronda
574:Morón
542:Ceuta
526:Arcos
405:taifa
345:taifa
338:taifa
314:taifa
297:taifa
293:ulama
274:emirs
229:Arabs
128:taifa
124:hajib
82:Spain
59:طائفة
2278:) →
2018:(IV)
1990:(IV)
1984:(II)
1978:(II)
1935:(II)
1914:(II)
1883:Jaén
1869:(II)
1858:(II)
1852:(II)
1566:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1335:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1077:Jaén
390:The
213:Rise
98:The
80:and
49:The
41:The
2001:(V)
2437::
2324:→
2320:→
2309:eu
2287:→
2261:)
2253:→
2232:→
1558:.
1545:;
1541:;
1463:.
1450:;
1446:;
1428:^
1412:.
1376:^
1309:^
419:,
415:,
309:.
235:,
231:,
162:.
142:,
138:,
57::
2274:(
2257:(
2051:e
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1644:e
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1398:.
1370:.
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1303:.
1269:)
1259:)
1198:)
1139:)
1101:)
1073:)
1027:)
1003:e
996:t
989:v
718:)
708:)
680:)
654:)
636:)
614:)
548:)
538:)
522:)
502:)
34:.
20:)
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