Two Treatises of Government

869:, even as most of those who employed such arguments were deeply troubled by his absolutist conclusions. Locke's state of nature can be seen in light of this tradition. There is not and never has been any divinely ordained monarch over the entire world, Locke argues. However, the fact that the natural state of humanity is without an institutionalized government does not mean it is lawless. Human beings are still subject to the laws of God and nature. In contrast to Hobbes, who posited the state of nature as a hypothetical possibility, Locke takes great pains to show that such a state did indeed exist. Actually, it still exists in the area of international relations where there is not and is never likely to be any legitimate overarching government (i.e., one directly chosen by all the people subject to it). Whereas Hobbes stresses the disadvantages of the state of nature, Locke points to its good points. It is free, if full of continual dangers (2nd Tr., § 123). Finally, the proper alternative to the natural state is not political dictatorship/tyranny but a government that has been established with consent of the people and the effective protection of basic human rights to life, liberty, and property under the rule of law. 1742: 950:

and so could not have granted that power to their governors: the aggressor therefore was not acting as their representative, and they cannot be punished for his actions. And while the conqueror may seize the person of the vanquished aggressor in an unjust war, he cannot seize the latter's property: he may not drive the innocent wife and children of a villain into poverty for another's unjust acts. While the property is technically that of the defeated, his innocent dependents have a claim that the just conqueror must honour. He cannot seize more than the vanquished could forfeit, and the latter had no right to ruin his dependents. (He may, however, demand and take reparations for the damages suffered in the war, so long as these leave enough in the possession of the aggressor's dependants for their survival).

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To which it is obvious to answer, that though in the state of nature he hath such a right, yet the enjoyment of it is very uncertain, and constantly exposed to the invasion of others: for all being kings as much as he, every man his equal, and the greater part no strict observers of equity and justice, the enjoyment of the property he has in this state is very unsafe, very unsecure. This makes him willing to quit a condition, which, however free, is full of fears and continual dangers: and it is not without reason, that he seeks out, and is willing to join in society with others, who are already united, or have a mind to unite, for the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties and estates, which I call by the general name, property. (2nd Tr., § 123)

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labour would be to make him a slave. One can therefore take items from the common store of goods by mixing one's labour with them: an apple on the tree is of no use to anyone—it must be picked to be eaten—and the picking of that apple makes it one's own. In an alternate argument, Locke claims that we must allow it to become private property lest all mankind have starved, despite the bounty of the world. A man must be allowed to eat, and thus have what he has eaten be his own (such that he could deny others a right to use it). The apple is surely his when he swallows it, when he chews it, when he bites into it, when he brings it to his mouth, etc.: it became his as soon as he mixed his labour with it (by picking it from the tree).

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not have to ask permission to act or depend on the will of others to arrange matters on their behalf. The natural state is also one of equality in which all power and jurisdiction is reciprocal and no one has more than another. It is evident that all human beings—as creatures belonging to the same species and rank and born indiscriminately with all the same natural advantages and faculties—are equal amongst themselves. They have no relationship of subordination or subjection unless God (the lord and master of them all) had clearly set one person above another and conferred on him an undoubted right to dominion and sovereignty.

570:, one of the foremost Locke scholars, has suggested that Locke held the printers to a higher "standard of perfection" than the technology of the time would permit. Be that as it may, the first edition was indeed replete with errors. The second edition was even worse, in addition to being printed on cheap paper and sold to the poor. The third edition was much improved, but still deemed unsatisfactory by Locke. He manually corrected the third edition by hand and entrusted the publication of the fourth to his friends, as he died before it could be brought out. 40: 873:

to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that... no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions" (2nd Tr., § 6). The specifics of this law are unwritten, however, and so each is likely to misapply it in his own case. Lacking any commonly recognised, impartial judge, there is no way to correct these misapplications or to effectively restrain those who violate the law of nature.

977:. Second, he removes much of the incentive for conquest in the first place, for even in a just war the spoils are limited to the persons of the defeated and reparations sufficient only to cover the costs of the war, and even then only when the aggressor's territory can easily sustain such costs (i.e., it can never be a profitable endeavour). Needless to say, the bare claim that one's spoils are the just compensation for a just war does not suffice to make it so, in Locke's view. 1014:, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things". By saying that political society was established for the better protection of property, he claims that it serves the private (and non-political) interests of its constituent members: it does not promote some good that can be realised only in community with others (e.g. virtue). 785:) will eventually be the downfall of all governments. In his final chapter he asks, "Who heir?" If Filmer is correct, there should be only one rightful king in all the world—the heir of Adam. But since it is impossible to discover the true heir of Adam, no government, under Filmer's principles, can require that its members obey its rulers. Filmer must therefore say that men are duty-bound to obey their present rulers. Locke writes: 722:. Locke's argument proceeds along two lines: first, he undercuts the Scriptural support that Filmer had offered for his thesis, and second he argues that the acceptance of Filmer's thesis can lead only to slavery (and absurdity). Locke chose Filmer as his target, he says, because of his reputation and because he "carried this Argument farthest, and is supposed to have brought it to perfection" (1st Tr., § 5). 3628: 156: 547: 470:. Some dispute the extent to which the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina portray Locke's own philosophy, vs. that of the Lord proprietors of the colony; the document was a legal document written for and signed and sealed by the eight Lord proprietors to whom Charles II had granted the colony. In this context, Locke was only a paid secretary, writing it much as a lawyer writes a will. 2582: 1726: 696: 1418:, Tully describes Locke's view of man as a social dependent, with Christian sensibilities, and a God-given duty to care for others. Property, in Tully's explanation of Locke, belong to the community as the public commons but becomes "private" so long as the property owner, or more correctly the "custodian", serves the community. 1073:, sec. 132). Locke uses the term Common-wealth to mean "not a democracy, or any form of government, but any independent community" (sec. 133) and "whatever form the Common-wealth is under, the Ruling Power ought to govern by declared and received laws, and not by extemporary dictates and undetermined resolutions." (sec 137) 1391:. The motivation in both cases is self-preservation with Hobbes arguing the need of an absolute monarch to prevent the war of "all against all" inherent in anarchy while Locke argues that the protection of life, liberty, and property can be achieved by a parliamentary process that protects, not violates, one's rights. 1463:

industry, i.e. "fruits of one’s labor", are secure. Locke's prohibition of ill-gotten gains, whether for well-connected gentry or the profligate, is not a lack of Locke's foresight to the problems in the latter stages of liberalism but an application of equal protection of the law to every individual.

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believes Tully is reading into Locke rights and duties that just aren’t there. Huyler finds that Locke explicitly condemned government privileges for rich, contrary to Macpherson's pro-capitalism critique, but also rejected subsidies to aid the poor, in contrast to Tully's social justice apologetics.

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In providing a justification for slavery, he has rendered all forms of slavery as it actually exists invalid. Moreover, as one may not submit to slavery, there is a moral injunction to attempt to throw off and escape it whenever it looms. Most scholars take this to be Locke's point regarding slavery:

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In the rhetoric of 17th-century England, those who opposed the increasing power of the kings claimed that the country was headed for a condition of slavery. Locke therefore asks, facetiously, under what conditions such slavery might be justified. He notes that slavery cannot come about as a matter of

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to describe Locke's view of human nature, Huyler emphases the "virtue of industriousness" of Locke's Protestant England. Productive work is man's earthly function or calling, ordained by God and required by self-preservation. The government's protection of property rights insures that the results of

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The argument proceeds negatively: Locke proposes one power a conqueror could gain, and then demonstrates how in point of fact that power cannot be claimed. He gains no authority over those that conquered with him, for they did not wage war unjustly: thus, whatever other right William may have had

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Locke first argues that, clearly, aggressors in an unjust war can claim no right of conquest: everything they despoil may be retaken as soon as the dispossessed have the strength to do so. Their children retain this right, so an ancient usurpation does not become lawful with time. The rest of the

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contract (which became the basis of Locke's political system). To be a slave is to be subject to the absolute, arbitrary power of another; as men do not have this power even over themselves, they cannot sell or otherwise grant it to another. One that is deserving of death, i.e., who has violated the

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IF man in the state of nature be so free, as has been said; if he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest, and subject to no body, why will he part with his freedom? Why will he give up this empire, and subject himself to the dominion and control of any other power?

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Nobody in the natural state has the political power to tell others what to do. However, everybody has the right to authoritatively pronounce justice and administer punishment for breaches of the natural law. Thus, men are not free to do whatever they please. "The state of nature has a law of nature

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To properly understand political power and trace its origins, we must consider the state that all people are in naturally. That is a state of perfect freedom of acting and disposing of their own possessions and persons as they think fit within the bounds of the law of nature. People in this state do

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by right of conquest. The subdued are under the conqueror's despotical authority, but only those who actually took part in the fighting. Those who were governed by the defeated aggressor do not become subject to the authority of the victorious aggressor. They lacked the power to do an unjust thing,

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in his role as father possessed unlimited power over his children and this authority passed down through the generations. Locke attacks this on several grounds. Accepting that fatherhood grants authority, he argues, it would do so only by the act of begetting, and so cannot be transmitted to one's

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all invoked Lockean ideals. But at the same time, as Goldie describes it, "a wind of doubt about Locke's credentials gathered into a storm. The sense that Locke's philosophy had been misappropriated increasingly turned to a conviction that it was erroneous". By the 1790s Locke was associated with

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Locke does, however, make a distinction between an executive (e.g. a monarchy), a "Power always in being" (sec 144) that must perpetually execute the law, and the legislative that is the "supreme power of the Common-wealth" (sec 134) and does not have to be always in being. (sec 153) Furthermore,

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He begins by asserting that each individual, at a minimum, "owns" himself, although, properly speaking, God created man and we are God's property; this is a corollary of each individual's being free and equal in the state of nature. As a result, each must also own his own labour: to deny him his

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Gold does not rot. Neither does silver, or any other precious metal or gem. They are, moreover, useless, their aesthetic value not entering into the equation. One can heap up as much of them as one wishes, or take them in trade for food. By the tacit consent of mankind, they become a form of

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forbids reducing one's fellows to a state of desperation, if one possesses a sufficient surplus to maintain oneself securely. And even if this charity were not commanded by reason, Locke continues, such a strategy for gaining dominion would prove only that the foundation of government lies in

2585: 1139:, or to reduce them to Slavery under Arbitrary Power, they put themselves into a state of War with the People, who are thereupon absolved from any farther Obedience, and are left to the common Refuge, which God hath provided for all Men, against Force and Violence. Whensoever therefore the 1457:

Jerome Huyler and Michael P. Zuckert approach Locke in the broader context of his oeuvre and historical influence. Locke is situated within changing religious, philosophical, scientific, and political dimensions of 17th century England. Objecting to the use of the contemporary concept of

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Bacon, Locke and Newton, whose pictures I will trouble you to have copied for me: and as I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral

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had said that, if there even were a state of nature (which he denied), everything would be held in common: there could be no private property, and hence no justice or injustice (injustice being understood as treating someone else's goods, liberty, or life as if it were one's own).

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money (one accepts gold in exchange for apples with the understanding that someone else will accept that gold in exchange for wheat). One can therefore avoid the spoilage limitation by selling all that one has amassed before it rots; the limits on acquisition thus disappear.

678:, and appeals to god's creative intent in his case for human equality in this primordial context. From this, he goes on to explain the hypothetical rise of property and civilization, in the process explaining that the only legitimate governments are those that have the 533:

were written before the Revolution, objected that Shaftesbury's party did not advocate revolution during the Exclusion Crisis. He suggests that they are instead better associated with the revolutionary conspiracies that swirled around what would come to be known as the

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was first published anonymously in December 1689 (following printing conventions of the time, its title page was marked 1690). Locke was dissatisfied with the numerous errors and complained to the publisher. For the rest of his life, he was intent on republishing the

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an individual is allowed to take from the common store of nature. There is a necessity to do so to eat, but this does not yet establish why others must respect one's property, especially as they labour under the like necessity. Locke assures his readers that the

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by examining the history told in the Bible and the history of the world since then; he concludes that there is no evidence to support Filmer's hypothesis. According to Locke, no king has ever claimed that his authority rested upon his being the heir of Adam. It is

1349:, on the other hand, maintains that it was neither the Lockean tradition nor the classical republican tradition that drove the revolution, but instead Scottish moral philosophy, a political philosophy that based its conception of society on friendship, 936:

was therefore a topic rife with constitutional connotations. Locke does not say that all subsequent English monarchs have been illegitimate, but he does make their rightful authority dependent solely upon their having acquired the people's approbation.

643:. typically shortened to "Book I" and "Book II" respectively. Before publication, however, Locke gave it greater prominence by (hastily) inserting a separate title page: "An Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent and End of Civil Government." The 1401:

stress the continuity of thought. In their view Locke and Hobbes describe an atomistic man largely driven by a hedonistic materialistic acquisitiveness. Strauss' Locke is little more than Hobbes in "sheep’s clothing". C. B. Macpherson argued in his

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that Locke sets the stage for unlimited acquisition and appropriation of property by the powerful creating gross inequality. Government is the protector of interests of capitalists while the "labouring class not considered to have an interest".

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I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical & Moral sciences". The colonists frequently cited

584:, has been irretrievably lost. Peter Laslett maintains that, while Locke may have added or altered some portions in 1689, he did not make any revisions to accommodate for the missing section; he argues, for example, that the end of the 953:

In so arguing, Locke accomplishes two objectives. First, he neutralises the claims of those who see all authority flowing from William I by the latter's right of conquest. In the absence of any other claims to authority (e.g.,

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Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Letter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil

1345:, who argued that the revolution was not a struggle over property, taxation, and rights, but rather "a Machiavellian effort to preserve the young republic's 'virtue' from the corrupt and corrupting forces of English politics." 1631:

Two Treatises of Government: In The Former the False Principles and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer and His Followers, are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter is An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil

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children because only God can create life. Nor is the power of a father over his children absolute, as Filmer would have it; Locke points to the joint power parents share over their children referred to in the Bible. In the

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and endorsed the ideology of patriarchalism. Not only did patriarchalism continue to be a legitimate political theory in the 18th century, but as J. G. A. Pocock and others have gone to great lengths to demonstrate, so was

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had very little effect on British political theory; he maintains that there was no contractarian revolution. Rather, he sees these other long-standing traditions as far more important for 18th-century British politics.

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have countered, demonstrating numerous elements in the thought of more influential founders that have a Lockean pedigree. They argue that there is no conflict between Lockean thought and classical Republicanism.

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would become well known in the second half of the 18th century, they were somewhat neglected when published. Between 1689 and 1694, around 200 tracts and treatises were published concerning the legitimacy of the

538:. Locke, Shaftesbury and many others were forced into exile; some, such as Sidney, were even executed for treason. Locke knew his work was dangerous—he never acknowledged his authorship within his lifetime. 1124:, to replace the government with one that served the interests of citizens. In some cases, Locke deemed revolution an obligation. The right of revolution thus essentially acted as a safeguard against 623:

were exposed to it. The only American edition from the 18th century was printed in 1773 in Boston; it, too, left out all of these sections. There were no other American editions until the 20th century.

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In the middle of the 18th century, Locke's position as a political philosopher suddenly rose in prominence. For example, he was invoked by those arguing on behalf of the American colonies during the

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is a state of plenty: one may take from communal store if one leaves a) enough and b) as good for others, and since nature is bountiful, one can take all that one can use without taking anything

765:). But, even if it were not, he argues, God's grant to Adam covered only the land and brute animals, not human beings. Nor could Adam, or his heir, leverage this grant to enslave mankind, for the 1021:: the state cannot be the sole origin of property, declaring what belongs to whom. If the purpose of government is the protection of property, the latter must exist independently of the former. 1050:

someone else. Moreover, one can take only so much as one can use before it spoils. There are then two provisos regarding what one can take, the "enough and as good" condition and "spoilage."

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suggests that the bulk of the writing was instead completed between 1679–1680 (and subsequently revised until Locke was driven into exile in 1683). According to Laslett, Locke was writing his

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did not become popular until the 1760s, ideas from them did start to become important earlier in the century. According to Goldie, "the crucial moment was 1701" and "the occasion was the

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governments are charged by the consent of the individual, "i.e. the consent of the majority, giving it either by themselves, or their representatives chosen by them." (sec 140)

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I think he is the first Politician, who, pretending to settle Government upon its true Basis, and to establish the Thrones of lawful Princes, ever told the World, That he was

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context of his times. But they also restrict his importance to those times. Ashcraft's Locke takes the side of the burgeoning merchant class against the aristocracy.

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arguing that the treatise "ignored the existing inequalities in property. And how could people truly have equal rights, with stark differences in wealth"? and others

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His notions of people's rights and the role of civil government provided strong support for the intellectual movements of both the American and French Revolutions.

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Locke did not demand a republic. Rather, Locke felt that a legitimate contract could easily exist between citizens and a monarchy, an oligarchy or some mixed form (

3677: 522: 309: 913:, may be enslaved. This is, however, but the state of war continued (2nd Tr., § 24), and even one justly a slave therefore has no obligation to obedience. 1155:, the People had put into their hands, for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the People, who have a Right to resume their original Liberty". (sec. 222) 3036: 1576: 3296: 4108: 4467: 2646: 1293: 4652: 1962:

Jefferson called Bacon, Newton, and Locke, who had so indelibly shaped his ideas, "my trinity of the three greatest men the world had ever produced"

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is prefaced with Locke announcing what he aims to achieve, also mentioning that more than half of his original draft, occupying a space between the

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was a monolithic and unavoidable presence for political writers in Restoration England in a way that in the first half of the eighteenth the

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Locke's influence during the American Revolutionary period is disputed. While it is easy to point to specific instances of Locke's

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had argued the same thing. Locke therefore provides an account of how material property could arise in the absence of government.

5593: 5340: 3790: 3642: 3201: 2765: 1061:. Property could therefore predate the existence of government, and thus society can be dedicated to the protection of property. 462:, written in 1660, Locke defends a very conservative position; however, Locke never published it. In 1669, Locke co-authored the 1473:

that leads to the socialist critique that those not engaging in physical labor exploit wage earners. Huyler, relying on Locke's

1334:, writing at the beginning of the 20th century, took it for granted that Locke was the political philosopher of the revolution. 4296: 4147: 3549: 2929: 2273: 5497: 5350: 4236: 3191: 2599: 1811: 1783: 1272:, his alma mater (it was later restored to a position of prominence, and currently hangs in the dining hall of the college). 1010: 797:

is to say, that Regal and Supreme Power is properly and truly his, who can by any Means seize upon it; and if this be, to be

251: 2610: 5568: 5537: 5410: 4632: 3663: 3222: 2639: 1629: 1244: 1210:." The pamphlet war that ensued was one of the first times Locke's ideas were invoked in a public debate, most notably by 761:

over all the world. To this, Locke responds that the world was originally held in common (a theme that will return in the

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Ch. 4 ("Of Slavery") and Ch. 16 ("Of Conquest") are sources of some confusion: the former provides a justification for

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that can nonetheless never be met, and thus constitutes an argument against the institution, the latter concerns the

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requires. It also covers conquest and slavery, property, representative government, and the right of revolution.

818:, Locke alleges, who is the innovator in politics, not those who assert the natural equality and freedom of man. 1547:

Armitage, D. (2004). John Locke, Carolina, and the two treatises of government. Political Theory, 32(5), 602–27.

695: 5573: 5320: 2907: 2632: 925: 611:). It was in this form that Locke's work was reprinted during the 18th century in France and in this form that 458: 379: 208: 138: 2280:

The Political Thought of John Locke:An Historical Account of the Argument of the 'Two Treatises of Government'

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Locke returns to a discussion of parental power. (Both of these discussions have drawn the interest of modern

682:. Therefore, any government that rules without the consent of the people can, in theory, be overthrown, i.e. 5300: 5220: 5034: 4637: 4226: 4137: 3113: 3080: 2860: 1387: 1228: 1183: 974: 836:, wherein individuals are under no obligation to obey one another but are each themselves judge of what the 679: 663:

and ridiculing them as senseless, until concluding that no government can be justified by an appeal to the

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shows that reason is the most fundamental virtue, underwrites all productive virtue, and leads to human

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as well as for the perceived secularisation of society. By 1815, Locke's portrait was taken down from

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shall transgress this fundamental Rule of Society; and either by Ambition, Fear, Folly or Corruption,

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properly a King, whose Manner of Government was by Supreme Power, by what Means soever he obtained it

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For this account to work, individuals must possess some property outside of society, i.e., in the

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William III of Oranje-Nassau (William of Orange), who as a result ascended the English throne as

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It is to avoid the state of war that often occurs in the state of nature, and to protect their

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being invoked, the extent of the acceptance of Locke's ideals and the role they played in the

1265: 1022: 933: 918: 902: 734: 715: 525:, Locke's mentor, patron and friend, introduced the bill, but it was ultimately unsuccessful. 203: 97: 2615: 1524: 17: 5460: 5390: 5160: 5079: 5074: 5064: 4999: 4974: 4909: 4899: 4869: 4849: 4839: 4706: 4701: 4659: 4602: 4399: 4082: 4077: 4052: 3997: 3972: 3533: 3525: 3453: 3150: 3090: 2843: 2729: 2719: 2704: 2674: 2368: 2325: 1439: 1398: 1301: 1207: 1057:

In this way, Locke argues that a full economic system could, in principle, exist within the

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Laslett, Peter (1956). "The English Revolution and Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government'".

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is a violation of the law of nature, for one does not have the right to enslave oneself.

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Michael P. Zuckert (2005). Ellen Frankel Paul; Fred D. Miller Jr.; Jeffrey Paul (eds.).

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whenever the Legislators endeavor to take away, and destroy the Property of the People

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puts Locke on the side of the agrarian interests, not the manufacturing bourgeoisie.

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in 1651, by contrast, dozens of texts were immediately written in response to it. As

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living in the Netherlands. This translation left out Locke's "Preface," all of the

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By Birth Or Consent: Children, Law, and the Anglo-American Revolution in Authority

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over the Lives, Liberties, and Estates of the People; By this breach of Trust

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Locke develops a number of notable themes. It begins with a depiction of the

509:

that its purpose is to justify William III's ascension to the throne, though

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God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought

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Ward, Lee. (2010), John Locke and Modern Life. Cambridge University Press.

1482: 1451: 1240: 1218:, for example, launched a "sustained and sophisticated assault" against the 970: 660: 456:

This publication contrasts with former political works by Locke himself. In

505:, also called the Revolution of 1688. Locke claims in the "Preface" to the 1088:

The concept of the right of revolution was also taken up by John Locke in

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that men enter into civil or political society, i.e., state of society.

659:. Locke proceeds through Filmer's arguments, contesting his proofs from 5512: 5425: 4313: 4281: 4271: 4042: 4002: 3835: 3760: 3745: 3725: 3655: 3346: 3140: 3133: 2998: 2794: 2337: 1667:. Ed. Peter Laslett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 137. 1414:

finds no evidence that Locke specifically advocates capitalism. In his

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that attempted to gain support for the rebellion. Of Locke's influence

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The law of nature is therefore ill enforced in the state of nature.

1381:

Locke's political philosophy is often compared and contrasted with

757:

Filmer also suggested that Adam's absolute authority came from his

674:

outlines a theory of civil society. Locke begins by describing the

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Revolutionary Politics and Locke's "Two Treatises of Government"

1105: 1008:). Thus, by "property" he means "life, liberty, and estate." In 941:

chapter then considers what rights a just conqueror might have.

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from the original on 20 December 2016 – via Google Books.

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Two Treatises on Government: A Translation into Modern English

1713:

Two Treatises on Government: A Translation into Modern English

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against the government when it acted against the interests of

973:, etc.), all kings would have to found their authority on the 801:, I wonder how he came to think of, or where he will find, an 2374:

Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke

441:

outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on

2015: 2013: 2624: 1214:. Locke's ideas did not go unchallenged and the periodical 2300:

Locke in America: The Moral Philosophy of the Founding Era

1326:, which synthesised Lockean political philosophy with the 1116:; under the social contract, the people could instigate a 3460:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

1446:, uses a historical methodology to situate Locke in the 945:

in England, he could not claim kingship over his fellow

2438:

A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries

1525:"John Locke – Biography, Treatises, Works, & Facts" 1243:

debates of 1765–66. Marginalized groups such as women,

449:. The book is a key foundational text in the theory of 1842:. 6 vols. London: Pickering & Chatto (1999), xxii. 1635:(3 ed.). London: Awnsham and John Churchill. 1698 1004:, or what is one's own, including oneself (cf. French 566:

in a form that better reflected its intended meaning.

2505:

Launching Liberalism: On Lockean Political Philosophy

1970: 1968: 595:

was translated into French by David Mazzel, a French

1806:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing. p. 26. 1149:

or put into the hands of any other an Absolute Power

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published in America during the 18th century (1773)

133: 125: 115: 103: 93: 75: 67: 59: 49: 2277: 1618:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1988), 9. 1566:"Walbert, D. (2008). A little kingdom in Carolina" 1131:Locke affirmed an explicit right to revolution in 427:in the form of sentence-by-sentence refutation of 928:depended on (somehow) demonstrating descent from 1371:taking issue with his Labour theory of property 2034:Natural Rights Liberalism from Locke to Nozick 523:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 3671: 2640: 2602:13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive 1946:"Monticello Explorer: Portrait of John Locke" 1774:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. 607:(which summarised Locke's conclusions in the 529:, following in Laslett's suggestion that the 380: 8: 4177: 1404:Political Theory of Possessive Individualism 32: 4113: 4241: 3678: 3664: 3656: 2991: 2647: 2633: 2625: 2120: 725:Filmer's text presented an argument for a 466:, which endorses aristocracy, slavery and 387: 373: 150: 38: 31: 2489:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2471:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2354:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2284:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2250:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1430:of political thought, led principally by 2507:, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2487:Natural Rights and the New Republicanism 2419:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2398:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2302:, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2180: 848:Locke defines the state of nature thus: 5261:Reflections on the Revolution in France 2144: 2084:A People's History of the United States 2004: 1516: 342: 291: 226: 171: 2228: 2191: 2168: 2156: 2132: 2108: 2096: 2061:. University of North Carolina Press. 2019: 1377:Controversies regarding interpretation 2607:The Two Treatises of Civil Government 1952:from the original on 12 November 2012 1247:and those campaigning to abolish the 464:Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 7: 1582:from the original on 29 August 2017. 5371:The End of History and the Last Man 5281:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 2620:, lightly edited for easier reading 2618:Second Treatise of Civil Government 2549:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2535:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2266:Locke's Two Treatises of Government 1323:Commentaries on the Laws of England 1096:theory. Locke declared that under 2544:"John Locke: Political Philosophy" 2396:The Spirit of Modern Republicanism 2351:Locke: Two Treatises of Government 1676:Laslett, "English Revolution," 42. 1535:from the original on 19 July 2017. 993:was created for the protection of 905:, which Locke seeks to challenge. 865:popularized theories based upon a 25: 2587:Two Treatises of Civil Government 1922:from the original on 15 June 2009 1840:The Reception of Locke's Politics 1495:United Kingdom constitutional law 1231:. Pocock has argued that Locke's 415:published anonymously in 1689 by 44:Title page from the first edition 5341:The Open Society and Its Enemies 3627: 3626: 2580: 1905:Goldie, "Introduction," xxxviii. 1802:(1983) . Tully, James H. (ed.). 1715:, ISR/Google Books, 2009, p. 70. 1614:Laslett, Peter. "Introduction." 647:is focused on the refutation of 154: 4148:Family as a model for the state 1896:Goldie, "Introduction, xxxviii. 1878:Goldie, "Introduction," xxviii. 1768:(1988) . Laslett, Peter (ed.). 1731:. Industrial Systems Research. 1694:Laslett, "Introduction," 14–15. 1685:Laslett, "Introduction," 12–13. 1592:Laslett, "Introduction", 59–61. 737:monarchy. According to Filmer, 603:, and the first chapter of the 5498:Separation of church and state 5396:Collectivism and individualism 5351:The Origins of Totalitarianism 3192:Right of way (property access) 2440:, Cambridge University Press, 2036:. Cambridge University Press. 1985:Spirit of Modern Republicanism 1838:Goldie, Mark. "Introduction". 1804:A Letter Concerning Toleration 1725:Locke, John (15 August 2013). 1011:A Letter Concerning Toleration 252:A Letter Concerning Toleration 1: 5564:Books in political philosophy 5538:Category:Political philosophy 5411:Critique of political economy 2611:The Online Library of Liberty 2570:Second Treatise of Government 2503:Zuckert, Michael. P. (2002), 2485:Zuckert, Michael. P. (1994), 1974:Goldie, "Introduction," liii. 1887:Goldie, "Introduction," xxxv. 1869:Goldie, "Introduction," xxiv. 1860:Goldie, "Introduction," xxxi. 1851:Goldie, "Introduction," xxii. 1654:Laslett, "Introduction," 8–9. 1353:and the controlled passions. 1292:are echoed in phrases in the 18:Second Treatise on Government 5436:Institutional discrimination 5431:History of political thought 4163:Negative and positive rights 2597:Extensive Locke bibliography 2318:Cambridge Historical Journal 1337:This view was challenged by 588:breaks off in mid-sentence. 33:Two Treatises of Government 5446:Justification for the state 5231:Two Treatises of Government 3498:Two Treatises of Government 2590:public domain audiobook at 2558:Two Treatises of Government 2377:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1771:Two Treatises of Government 1665:Two Treatises of Government 1616:Two Treatises of Government 1475:Essays on the Law of Nature 1294:Declaration of Independence 1133:Two Treatises of Government 1090:Two Treatises of Government 401:Two Treatises of Government 257:Two Treatises of Government 219:Argument from consciousness 139:Two Treatises of Government 5615: 4116:Bellum omnium contra omnes 2264:Ashcraft, Richard (1987), 2246:Ashcraft, Richard (1986), 1469:argues that Locke holds a 5533: 3622: 2994: 2417:Natural Right and History 2330:10.1017/S1474691300000329 1260:and being blamed for the 1065:Representative government 714:is an extended attack on 501:This is now known as the 244:Fundamental Constitutions 37: 5321:The Revolt of the Masses 3550:The Great Transformation 2908:Labor theory of property 1755:Second Treatise, Sec. 85 1288:are far from clear. The 805:. (1st Tr., § 79) 550:The only edition of the 494:. He ruled jointly with 459:Two Tracts on Government 232:(listed chronologically) 209:Labor theory of property 5594:Books about sovereignty 5301:The Communist Manifesto 4227:Tyranny of the majority 4138:Consent of the governed 3119:Forest-dwelling (India) 3081:restraint on alienation 2861:Common good (economics) 2298:Huyler, Jerome (1995), 2204:Pipes, Richard (1999). 1993:Natural Rights Republic 1416:A Discourse on Property 1229:classical republicanism 1159:Reception and influence 975:consent of the governed 773:Locke intimates in the 310:1st Earl of Shaftesbury 27:1689 Work by John Locke 4178: 4128:Clash of civilizations 4114: 3558:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 3332:Primitive accumulation 3187:Right of way (transit) 2972:Tragedy of the commons 2854:fictitious commodities 1776:Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222 1603:Revolutionary Politics 1153:they forfeit the Power 1037:This does not yet say 883: 855: 807: 707: 555: 492:William III of England 4143:Divine right of kings 3611:The Wealth of Nations 3591:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3583:The Ethics of Liberty 2268:, Boston: Unwin Hyman 2208:. Knopf. p. 36. 2057:Holly Brewer (2005). 1471:labor theory of value 930:William the Conqueror 924:The legitimacy of an 878: 850: 787: 779:divine right of kings 777:that the doctrine of 698: 680:consent of the people 665:divine right of kings 549: 320:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5569:Classical liberalism 5291:Democracy in America 4670:political philosophy 4653:political philosophy 4468:political philosophy 4297:political philosophy 4207:Separation of powers 4168:Night-watchman state 4153:Monopoly on violence 3687:Political philosophy 3474:Progress and Poverty 2808:Common-pool resource 2206:Property and Freedom 1989:Launching Liberalism 1552:25 July 2015 at the 989:, Locke claims that 903:rights of conquerors 893:Conquest and slavery 859:17th-century England 651:, in particular his 635:is divided into the 413:political philosophy 356:Classical liberalism 274:Concerning Education 88:Classical liberalism 80:Political philosophy 5589:Works by John Locke 5481:Right-wing politics 5361:A Theory of Justice 5331:The Road to Serfdom 5251:The Social Contract 3958:Christian democracy 3597:The Social Contract 3285:population transfer 3202:prior-appropriation 2881:homestead principle 2111:, pp. 102, 120 1481:or happiness in an 1410:Unlike Macpherson, 1286:American Revolution 1175:Glorious Revolution 1084:Right of revolution 542:Publication history 503:Glorious Revolution 480:James II of England 265:Human Understanding 263:An Essay Concerning 34: 5493:Political violence 5488:Political theology 5471:Left-wing politics 5466:Political spectrum 3577:Murray N. 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3204: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3012: 3004: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2937: 2932: 2930:Natural rights 2927: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2785: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2603: 2594: 2578: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2540: 2524: 2523:External links 2521: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2500: 2495: 2482: 2477: 2461: 2451: 2446: 2430: 2425: 2409: 2404: 2388: 2383: 2365: 2360: 2346:Laslett, Peter 2342: 2313: 2308: 2295: 2290: 2270: 2261: 2256: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2221: 2214: 2196: 2184: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2082:Zinn, Howard. 2074: 2067: 2049: 2042: 2024: 2009: 1997: 1976: 1964: 1937: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1871: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1831: 1819: 1812: 1791: 1784: 1757: 1748: 1737: 1717: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1656: 1647: 1620: 1607: 1594: 1585: 1557: 1538: 1529:britannica.com 1515: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1378: 1375: 1343:Gordon S. Wood 1339:Bernard Bailyn 1277: 1274: 1225:civic humanism 1181:published the 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1085: 1082: 1066: 1063: 982: 979: 894: 891: 861:, the work of 845: 842: 825: 820: 811:First Treatise 775:First Treatise 752:Carole Pateman 712:First Treatise 692: 690:First Treatise 687: 657:patriarchalism 645:First Treatise 637:First Treatise 629: 626: 609:First Treatise 601:First Treatise 586:First Treatise 543: 540: 536:Rye House Plot 488:Dutch Republic 475: 472: 443:natural rights 425:patriarchalism 421:First Treatise 395: 394: 392: 391: 384: 377: 369: 366: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 345: 344: 343:Related topics 340: 339: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 294: 293: 289: 288: 287: 286: 279: 277: 270: 268: 261: 259: 254: 249: 242: 237: 236: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 189: 184: 176: 175: 169: 168: 160: 159: 147: 146: 135: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 104: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 77: 73: 72: 69: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5611: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Republicanism 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Jurisprudence 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271:Rights of Man 5268: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5181:De re publica 5178: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4801:20th and 21st 4799: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4534:18th and 19th 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Nizam al-Mulk 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4073:Republicanism 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3658: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631:Categories: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3572:David Ricardo 3570: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3539:Elinor Ostrom 3537: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3337:Privatization 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317:Legal plunder 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3268:Expropriation 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3002:(watercourse) 3001: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2945:primogeniture 2943: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2925:Legal plunder 2923: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2876:appropriation 2874: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2866:Excludability 2864: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2459:9780521192804 2456: 2452: 2449: 2447:0-521-22830-1 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2181:Ashcraft 1986 2177: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2147:, p. 367 2146: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2123:, p. 228 2122: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2068:0-8078-2950-1 2064: 2060: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2043:0-521-61514-3 2039: 2035: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1703:Laslett, 266. 1700: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663:Locke, John. 1660: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1634: 1633: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1578: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Richard Pipes 1464: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:Peter Laslett 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1383:Thomas Hobbes 1376: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1355:Thomas Pangle 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:Two Treatises 1287: 1283: 1282:Two Treatises 1276:North America 1275: 1273: 1271: 1270:Christ Church 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1233:Two Treatises 1230: 1226: 1221: 1220:Two Treatises 1217: 1216:The Rehearsal 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204:Two Treatises 1200: 1198: 1197:Two Treatises 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1170:Two Treatises 1168:Although the 1163: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1028:Thomas Hobbes 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 991:civil society 988: 980: 978: 976: 972: 969: 965: 961: 960:primogeniture 957: 951: 948: 942: 938: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 914: 912: 911:law of nature 906: 904: 900: 892: 890: 888: 882: 877: 874: 870: 868: 864: 863:Thomas Hobbes 860: 854: 849: 843: 841: 839: 838:law of nature 835: 831: 824: 821: 819: 817: 812: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 786: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768: 767:law of nature 764: 760: 755: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 705: 702: 697: 691: 688: 686: 685: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:Two Treatises 627: 625: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 593:Two Treatises 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574:Two Treatises 571: 569: 568:Peter Laslett 565: 564:Two Treatises 560: 559:Two Treatises 553: 548: 541: 539: 537: 532: 531:Two Treatises 528: 524: 520: 516: 515:Two Treatises 512: 511:Peter Laslett 508: 507:Two Treatises 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 473: 471: 469: 465: 461: 460: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435: 430: 429:Robert Filmer 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 404:(full title: 403: 402: 390: 385: 383: 378: 376: 371: 370: 368: 367: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 347: 346: 341: 336: 333: 331: 330:Immanuel Kant 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 305:Thomas Hobbes 303: 301: 300:Robert Filmer 298: 297: 296: 295: 290: 284: 278: 275: 272:Some Thoughts 269: 266: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 247: 241: 240: 239: 238: 225: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 194: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161: 157: 153: 152: 145: 141: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 118: 114: 108: 102: 99: 96: 92: 89: 85: 81: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 55: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5522: 5421:Elite theory 5369: 5359: 5349: 5339: 5329: 5319: 5309: 5299: 5289: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5249: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5219: 5209: 5199: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5159: 4458:Guicciardini 4414:Early modern 4237:Philosophers 4187:Open society 4123:Body politic 3993:Distributism 3983:Conservatism 3978:Confucianism 3897:Gerontocracy 3887:Dictatorship 3841:Sovereignty‎ 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The 292:People 68:Series 50:Author 5524:Index 5153:Works 5140:Weber 5105:Spann 5100:Sorel 5065:Röpke 5060:Rawls 5015:Negri 5005:Mosca 5000:Mises 4965:Lenin 4935:Hoppe 4930:Hayek 4895:Fromm 4885:Evola 4875:Dugin 4772:Taine 4752:Smith 4732:Renan 4727:Paine 4648:Iqbal 4633:Hegel 4583:Comte 4573:Burke 4485:Locke 4475:James 4428:Bodin 4360:Dante 4355:Bruni 4309:Shang 4292:Plato 3846:State 3796:Power 3781:Peace 3716:Elite 3694:Terms 3411:Theft 3197:Water 3091:title 3020:legal 3008:Ejido 2746:Croft 2725:State 2690:Crown 2334:JSTOR 1580:(PDF) 1569:(PDF) 1506:Notes 1310:Locke 1306:Bacon 999:Latin 962:from 578:First 478:King 228:Works 129:Print 5055:Rand 5050:Qutb 4950:Kirk 4825:Aron 4742:Sade 4722:Owen 4707:Mill 4697:Marx 4665:Kant 4643:Hume 4505:More 4405:Wang 4287:Mozi 3711:Duty 3394:poll 3377:wage 3146:Land 3030:real 2783:real 2715:Self 2616:The 2509:ISBN 2491:ISBN 2473:ISBN 2455:ISBN 2442:ISBN 2421:ISBN 2400:ISBN 2379:ISBN 2356:ISBN 2304:ISBN 2286:ISBN 2252:ISBN 2210:ISBN 2063:ISBN 2038:ISBN 1958:2012 1928:2009 1808:ISBN 1780:ISBN 1733:ISBN 1641:2014 1627:See 1426:The 1397:and 1357:and 1341:and 1312:and 1264:and 1256:and 1227:and 1106:life 1048:from 964:Adam 710:The 670:The 619:and 580:and 445:and 134:Text 109:1689 71:None 5120:Sun 4980:Mao 3856:War 3751:Law 3384:Tax 3109:Air 2573:at 2326:doi 1135:: “ 1039:why 958:'s 857:In 754:.) 718:'s 431:'s 142:at 5555:: 2546:. 2532:. 2332:. 2322:12 2320:. 2012:^ 1991:, 1967:^ 1948:. 1930:. 1918:. 1778:. 1741:. 1575:. 1571:. 1531:. 1527:. 1438:, 1434:, 1385:’ 1373:. 1308:, 1128:. 1108:, 966:, 733:, 729:, 667:. 615:, 453:. 167:on 86:, 82:, 3679:e 3672:t 3665:v 3427:) 3423:( 3225:/ 2648:e 2641:t 2634:v 2552:. 2538:. 2340:. 2328:: 2218:. 2071:. 2046:. 1995:. 1960:. 1816:. 1788:. 1643:. 1605:. 781:( 388:e 381:t 374:v 20:)

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