Voyages of Christopher Columbus

1638:

none on Hispaniola being baptized for another two years. Columbus's brother Diego warned Margarit to follow the admiral's orders, which provoked him to take three caravels back to Spain. Fray Buil, who was supposed to perform baptisms, accompanied Margarit. After arriving in Spain in late 1494, Buil complained to the Spanish court of the Columbus brothers and that there was no gold. Groups of Margarit's soldiers who remained in the west continued brutalizing the natives. Instead of forbidding this, Columbus participated in enslaving the indigenous people. In February 1495, he took over 1,500 Arawaks, some of whom had rebelled against the oppression of the colonists, and many of whom were subsequently released or taken by the Caribs. That month, Columbus shipped approximately 500 of these Americans to Spain to be sold as slaves; about 40% died en route, and half of the rest were sick upon arrival. In June of that year, the Spanish crown sent ships and supplies to the colony on Hispaniola, which Florentine merchant Gianotto Berardi had helped procure. In October, Berardi received almost 40,000

1923:

other Christians that half of the indigenous servants should be yielded to him. Further, he allegedly ordered at least 12 Spaniards to be whipped and tied by the neck and feet for trading gold for something to eat without his permission. Other allegations include that he: ordered a woman to be whipped naked on the back of a donkey for lying that she was pregnant, had a woman's tongue cut out for seeming to insult him and his brothers, cut a Spaniard's throat for being homosexual, ordered Christians to be hanged for stealing bread, ordered a cabin boy's hand cut off and posted publicly for using a trap to catch a fish, and ordered for a man to have his nose and ears cut off, as well as to be whipped, shackled, and banished. Multiple culprits were given a potentially fatal 100 lashes, sometimes while naked. Some fifty men starved to death on La Isabela because of tight control over the ship's rations, despite there being an abundance.

1108: 1467:, the Europeans saw a canoe with a few Carib men and two women. They had two male captives, and had recently castrated them. The Europeans pursued them, and were met with arrows from both the men and women, fatally wounding at least one man, who perished about a week later. The Europeans either killed or captured all aboard the canoe, thereafter beheading them. Another was thrown overboard, and when he was spotted crawling away holding his entrails, the Arawaks recommended he be recaptured so he would not alert his tribe; he was thrown overboard again, and then had to be shot down with arrows. Columbus's childhood friend Michele da Cuneo—according to his own account—took one of the women in the skirmish, whom Columbus let him keep as a slave; Cuneo subsequently beat and raped her. 1907:, complete control as governor in the Americas. Bobadilla arrived in Santo Domingo in August 1500, where Diego was overseeing the execution of rebels, while Columbus was suppressing a revolt at Grenada. Bobadilla immediately received many serious complaints about all three Columbus brothers, including that "seven Spanish men had been hanged that week," with another five awaiting execution. Bobadilla had orders to find out "which persons were the ones who rose up against the admiral and our justice and for what cause and reason, and what ... damage they have done," then "detain those whom you find guilty ... and confiscate their goods." The crown's command regarding Columbus dictated that the admiral must relinquish all control of the colonies, keeping only his personal wealth. 1571:, and that except for some Spanish casualties resulting from sickness and quarrel, the rest of his men were well. The next day, the Spanish fleet discovered the burnt remains of the Navidad fortress, and Guacanagari's cousin admitted that the Europeans had been wiped out by Caonabo. Other natives showed the Spaniards some of the bodies, and said that they had "taken three or four women apiece". While some suspicion was placed on Guacanagari, it gradually emerged that two of the Spaniards had formed a murderous gang in search of gold and women, prompting Caonabo's wrath. The fleet then fought the winds, traveling only 32 miles over 25 days, and arriving at a plain on the north coast of Hispaniola on 2 January 1494. There, they established the settlement of 1956:

in Africa and Europe, and more than 1,700 islands... In seven years I, by the divine will, made that conquest. At a time when I was entitled to expect rewards and retirement, I was incontinently arrested and sent home loaded with chains... The accusation was brought out of malice on the basis of charges made by civilians who had revolted and wished to take possession on the land... I beg your graces, with the zeal of faithful Christians in whom their Highnesses have confidence, to read all my papers, and to consider how I, who came from so far to serve these princes... now at the end of my days have been despoiled of my honor and my property without cause, wherein is neither justice nor mercy.

1846:

gardeners, 20 handymen, and 30 women. In addition to this, plans were made to maintain friars and clergymen, a physician, a pharmacist, an herbalist, and musicians for entertaining the colonists. Fearing that the king was going to restrict money allotted for wages, Columbus suggested that Spanish criminals be pardoned in exchange for a few years unpaid service in Hispaniola, and the king agreed to this. A pardon for the death penalty would require two years of service, and one year of service was required for lesser crimes. They also instructed that those who had been sentenced to exile would also be redirected to be exiled in Hispaniola.

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receive a brass or copper token which he must wear about his neck as proof that he had made his payment; any Indian found without such a token was to be punished." The monarchs, who suggested the tokens, called for a light punishment, but any Indian found without a copper token had their hands cut off, which was a likely death sentence. Since there was no abundance of gold on the island, the natives had no chance of meeting Columbus's quota and thousands are reported to have committed suicide. By 1497, the tribute system had all but collapsed.

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pot on a hot fire. Never did the sky look more terrible; for one whole day and night it blazed like a furnace, and the lightning broke with such violence that each time I wondered if it had carried off my spars and sails; the flashes came with such fury and frightfulness that we all thought that the ship would be blasted. All this time the water never ceased to fall from the sky; I do not say it rained, for it was like another deluge. The men were so worn out that they longed for death to end their dreadful suffering.

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land discovered by Columbus became necessary to avoid conflict. This was resolved by papal intervention in 1494 when the Treaty of Tordesillas purported to divide the world between the two powers. The Portuguese were to receive everything outside of Europe east of a line that ran 270 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. The Spanish received everything west of this line, territory that was still almost completely unknown, and proved to be primarily the vast majority of the continents of the Americas and the

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sailors lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him and his brothers of gross mismanagement. Columbus had some of his crew hanged for disobedience. He had an economic interest in the enslavement of the Hispaniola natives and for that reason was not eager to baptize them, which attracted criticism from some churchmen. An entry in his journal from September 1498 reads: "From here one might send, in the name of the Holy Trinity, as many slaves as could be sold ..."

754: 1202:, gold jewelry from the natives, a few Taíno he had kidnapped, flowers, and a hammock. He also brought the previously unknown tobacco plant, the pineapple fruit, and the turkey. He did not bring any of the precious East Indies spices such as black pepper, ginger or cloves. In his log, he wrote "there is also plenty of 'ají', which is their pepper, which is more valuable than black pepper, and all the people eat nothing else, it being very wholesome". 969: 443: 2124:. Here was supposed to be found "gold without limit", "people who wear coral on their heads" who "know of pepper", "do business in fairs and markets", and who were "accustomed to warfare". Columbus would later write to the sovereigns that, according to the natives, "the sea encompasses Ciguare and ... it is a journey of ten days to the Ganges River." This could suggest that Columbus knew he had found a unknown continent distinct from Asia. 2164: 505: 1780:. Columbus, suffering from a monthlong bout of insomnia and impaired vision from his bloodshot eyes, authorized the other fleet captains to go ashore first: one planted a cross, and the other recorded that Columbus subsequently landed to formally take the province for Spain. They sailed further west, where the sight of pearls compelled Columbus to send men to obtain some, if not gold. The natives provided nourishment including a 1990: 1275: 1693: 901: 1168:, planning to arrest Columbus. When Columbus defied him, Castanheira said he did not believe or care about Columbus' story, denounced the Spaniards, and went back to the island. After another two days, Castanheira released the prisoners, having been unable to get confessions from them or to capture his real target, Columbus. Some claimed that Columbus was captured, but this is contradicted by Columbus's logbook. 2054:, considered the fleet's least seaworthy vessel. The onset of a hurricane drove some ships ashore, with some sinking in the harbor of Santo Domingo; Bobadilla's ship is thought to have reached the eastern end of Hispaniola before sinking. About 20 other vessels sank in the Atlantic, with a total of some 500 people drowning. Three damaged ships made it back to Santo Domingo; one of these had Juan de la Cosa and 2385: 48: 881:, on the outward bound voyage Columbus recorded two sets of distances: one was in measurements he normally used, the other in the Portuguese maritime leagues used by his crew. Las Casas originally interpreted that he reported the shorter distances to his crew so they would not worry about sailing too far from Spain, but Oliver Dunn and James Kelley state that this was a misunderstanding. 1969:. With his chains at last removed, Columbus wore shortened sleeves so the marks on his skin would be visible. At the palace, the royal couple heard the brothers' pleas; Columbus was brought to tears as he admitted his faults and begged for forgiveness. Their freedom was restored. On 3 September 1501, the door was firmly shut on Columbus's role as governor. From that point forward, 1209:, addressed to the Spanish court, he insisted he had reached Asia, describing the island of Hispaniola as being off the coast of China. He emphasized the potential riches of the land, exaggerating the abundance of gold, and that the natives seemed ready to convert to Christianity. The letter was translated into multiple languages and widely distributed, creating a sensation: 2197:

from the governor Ovando, on 29 June, when a caravel sent by Diego Méndez finally appeared on the island. At this time there were 110 members of the expedition alive out of the 147 who sailed from Spain with Columbus. Due to the strong winds, it took the caravel 45 days to reach La Hispaniola. This was a trip that Diego Méndez had previously made in four days in a canoe.

706: 6967: 1567:, decomposing bodies of four men; one had a beard implying he had been a Spaniard. On the night of 27 November, cannons and flares were ignited in an attempt to signal La Navidad, but there was no response. A canoe party led by a cousin of Guacanagari presented Columbus with two golden masks and told him that Guacanagari had been injured by another chief, 482: 1712:, for his third trip to the Americas. Three of the ships headed directly for Hispaniola with much-needed supplies, while Columbus took the other three in an exploration of what might lie to the south of the Caribbean islands he had already visited, including a hoped-for passage to continental Asia. Columbus led his fleet to the Portuguese island of 2759:"... these people are very simple as regards the use of arms, as your Highnesses will see from the seven that I have caused to be taken ... unless your Highnesses should order them all to be brought to Castille, or to be kept as captives on the same island; for with fifty men they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them." ( 2896:

with her nails that I wished I had never begun. But—to cut a long story short—I then took a piece of rope and whipped her soundly, and she let forth such incredible screams that you would not have believed your ears. Eventually we came to such terms, I assure you, that you would have thought that she had been brought up in a school for whores.

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under his brothers Diego and Bartolomew). By the time Columbus arrived on Hispaniola, Roldán held the territory of Xaraguá, and some of the new colonists had joined his rebellion. Over months, Columbus tried negotiating with the rebels. At his behest, Roldán tried the other rebels, ordering his former partner, Adrián de Mújica, to be hanged.

1076:, the only natives who offered violent resistance during this first voyage. The Ciguayos refused to trade the number of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing clash one Ciguayo was stabbed in the buttocks and another wounded with an arrow in his chest. Because of the Ciguayos' use of arrows, Columbus named the inlet the 535:(about 1,480 meters). Alfraganus had calculated the length of a degree to be 56⅔ Arabic miles (66.2 nautical miles). Columbus therefore estimated the size of the Earth to be about 75% of Eratosthenes's calculation, and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan as 2,400 nautical miles (about 23% of the real figure). 964:. They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language. 2297:, calling them "unknown to all the world". He gathered information later that year from the natives of Central America which seem to further indicate that he realized he had found a new land. Vespucci, who had initially followed Columbus in the belief that he had reached Asia, suggested in a 1503 letter to 2895:

While I was in the boat, I captured a very beautiful Carib woman, whom the said Lord Admiral gave to me. When I had taken her to my cabin she was naked—as was their custom. I was filled with a desire to take my pleasure with her and attempted to satisfy my desire. She was unwilling, and so treated me

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starting in the 15th century, Europeans explored the world by ocean, searching for particular trade goods, humans to enslave, and trading locations and ports. The most desired trading goods were gold, silver and spices. For the Catholic monarchies of Spain and Portugal, a division of influence of the

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For nine days I was as one lost, without hope of life. Eyes never beheld the sea so angry, so high, so covered with foam. The wind not only prevented our progress, but offered no opportunity to run behind any headland for shelter; hence we were forced to keep out in this bloody ocean, seething like a

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was brewing and had a ship that needed to be replaced, so he headed to Hispaniola, despite being forbidden to land there. He arrived at Santo Domingo on June 29, but was denied port, and the new governor refused to listen to his warning of a storm. While Columbus's ships sheltered at the mouth of the

1910:

Bobadilla used force to prevent the execution of several prisoners, and subsequently took charge of Columbus's possessions, including papers that he would have used to defend himself in Spain. Bobadilla suspended the tribute system for a twenty-year period, then summoned the admiral. In early October

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The Spanish fleet departed La Isabela on 10 March 1496. Again set back by unfavorable trade winds, supplies began to run low; on 10 April, Columbus requested food from the natives of Guadeloupe. Upon going ashore, the Spaniards were ambushed by arrows; in response, they destroyed some huts. They then

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These new colonists were sent directly to Hispaniola in three ships with supplies, while Columbus was taking an alternate route with the other three ships to explore. As these new Colonists arrived on Hispaniola, a rebellion was brewing under Francisco Roldán (a man Columbus had left as chief mayor,

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After his second journey, Columbus had requested that 330 people be sent to stay permanently (though voluntarily) on Hispaniola, all on the king's pay. Specifically, he asked for 100 men to work as wood men, soldiers, and laborers; 50 farmers, 40 squires, 30 sailors, 30 cabin boys, 20 goldsmiths, 10

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By 1494, Columbus had shared his viceroyship with one of his military officers named Margarit, ordering him to prioritize Christianizing the natives, but that part of their noses and ears should be cut off for stealing. Margarit's men exploited the natives by beating, raping and enslaving them, with

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On October 10, Columbus quelled a mutiny by sailors who wanted to abandon the search and return to Spain. On the next day, they saw several artefacts floating up the sea, which caused them to believe that land was nearby. Columbus changed the fleet's course to due west, and sailed through the night,

1955:

It is now seventeen years since I came to serve these princes with the Enterprise of the Indies. They made me pass eight of them in discussion, and at the end rejected it as a thing of jest. Nevertheless I persisted therein... Over there I have placed under their sovereignty more land than there is

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of the mid-Atlantic, where they were becalmed for several days, the heat doing damage to their ships, food, and water supply. An easterly wind finally propelled them westwards, which was maintained until 22 July, when birds flying from southwest to northeast were sighted, and the fleet turned north

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Many of the men I have seen have scars on their bodies, and when I made signs to them to find out how this happened, they indicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here

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In 1486, Columbus was granted an audience with the Catholic Monarchs, and he presented his plans to Isabella. She referred these to a committee, which determined that Columbus had grossly underestimated the distance to Asia. Pronouncing the idea impractical, they advised the monarchs not to support

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In May 1504 a battle took place between men loyal to Columbus and those loyal to the Porras brothers, in which there was a sword fight between Bartholomew Columbus and Francisco de Porras. Bartholomew won against Francisco but he spared his life. In this way, the mutiny ended. Help finally arrived

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According to the abstract of Columbus's journal made by Bartolomé de Las Casas, the objective of the third voyage was to verify the existence of a continent that King John II of Portugal suggested was located to the southwest of the Cape Verde Islands. King John reportedly knew of the existence of

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Bobadilla's inquiry produced testimony that Columbus forced priests not to baptize natives without his express permission, so he could first decide whether or not they should be sold into slavery. He allegedly captured a tribe of 300 under Roldán's protection to be sold into slavery, and informed

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Columbus was eventually forced to make peace with the rebellious colonists on humiliating terms. In 1500, the Crown had him removed as governor, arrested, and transported in chains to Spain. He was eventually freed and allowed to return to the Americas, but not as governor. As an added insult, in

1823:

In poor health, Columbus returned to Hispaniola on 19 August, only to find that many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were in rebellion against his rule, claiming that Columbus had misled them about the supposedly bountiful riches they expected to find. A number of returning settlers and

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Columbus became ill in 1495, and during this time, his troops acted out of order, enacting cruelties on the natives, including torturing them to learn where the supposed gold was. When he recovered, he led men and dogs to hunt down natives who fled their forced duties, killing them or cutting off

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Columbus's tribute system was described by his son Ferdinand: "In the Cibao, where the gold mines were, every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to pay a large hawk's bell of gold dust; all others were each to pay 25 pounds of cotton. Whenever an Indian delivered his tribute, he was to

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was known to both scholars and navigators. Where Columbus differed from the generally accepted view of his time was in his incorrect assumption of a significantly smaller diameter for the Earth, claiming that Asia could be easily reached by sailing west across the Atlantic. Most scholars accepted

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to the Indian Ocean. On 14 March 1502, Columbus started his fourth voyage with 147 men and with strict orders from the king and queen not to stop at Hispaniola, but only to search for a westward passage to the Indian Ocean mainland. Before he left, Columbus wrote a letter to the Governors of the

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Upon first landing in the West, Columbus pondered enslaving the natives, and upon his return broadcast the perceived willingness of the natives to convert to Christianity. Columbus's second voyage saw the first major skirmish between Europeans and Native Americans for five centuries, when the

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About 38 of the 110 men who survived decided not to board again and stayed in Hispaniola instead of returning to Spain. On 11 September 1504, Christopher Columbus and his son Fernando embarked in a caravel to travel from Hispaniola to Spain, paying their corresponding tickets. They arrived in

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had been spared. Not finding King John II of Portugal in Lisbon, Columbus wrote to him and waited for a reply. The king agreed to meet Columbus at Vale do Paraíso, despite the poor relations between Portugal and Castile at the time. Upon learning of Columbus's discoveries, the Portuguese king

1164:, planning to send the other half later. While the shore party were in prayer, they were taken prisoner by order of the island's captain, João de Castanheira, ostensibly out of fear that they were pirates. Castanheira commandeered their shore boat, which he took with several armed men to the 655:

of the newly claimed and colonized for the Crown; he would also receive ten percent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity if he was successful. He had the right to nominate three people, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. The terms were

2148:, who had demanded they not go down the Belén River. El Quibían escaped, and returned with an army to attack and repel the Spanish, damaging some of the ships so that one vessel had to be abandoned. Columbus left for Hispaniola on 16 April; on 10 May, he sighted the 1213:

Hispaniola is a miracle. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are both fertile and beautiful ... the harbors are unbelievably good and there are many wide rivers of which the majority contain gold. ... There are many spices, and great mines of gold and other

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A number of returned settlers and friars lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him of mismanagement. By his own request, Columbus remained in chains during the entire voyage home. Once in Cádiz, a grieving Columbus wrote to a friend at court:

457:(who assumed three variables he had not proved: the distance of the sun, parallel light rays, and that the earth was spherical) had measured the diameter of the Earth with good precision in the 2nd century BC, and the means of calculating its diameter using an 1861:. In October 1499, he sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Castile to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern. On 3 February 1500, he returned to Santo Domingo with plans to sail back to Spain to defend himself from the accounts of the rebels. 1784:

wine, new to Columbus. Compelled to reach Hispaniola before the food aboard his ship spoiled, Columbus was disappointed to discover that they had sailed into a gulf, and while they had obtained fresh water, they had to go back east to reach open waters again.

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peoples. Noting their gold ear ornaments, Columbus took some of the Arawaks prisoners and insisted that they guide him to the source of the gold. Columbus noted that their primitive weapons and military tactics made the natives susceptible to easy conquest.

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In the Americas the Spanish found a number of empires that were as large and populous as those in Europe. Small bodies of Spanish conquistadors, with large armies of indigenous groups, managed to conquer these states. The most notable amongst them were the

1153:, but the cable broke on sharp rocks, forcing Columbus to stay offshore until morning when a safer location was found nearby. A few sailors took a boat to the island, where they were told by several islanders of a still safer place to land, so the 2967:

Bobadilla's 48-page report, derived from the testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers—had originally been lost for centuries, but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in

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Columbus had planned for Queen Isabella to set up trading posts with the cities of the Far East made famous by Marco Polo, but whose Silk Road and eastern maritime routes had been blockaded to her crown's trade. However, Columbus would never find

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The stated purpose of the second voyage was to convert the indigenous Americans to Christianity. Before Columbus left Spain, he was directed by Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain friendly, even loving, relations with the natives. He set sail from

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broke. Martín Alonso Pinzón suspected the owners of the ship of sabotage, as they were afraid to go on the journey. The crew was able to secure the rudder with ropes until they could reach the Canary Islands, where they arrived on 9 August. The

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their hands as a warning to others. Brutalities and murders were carried out even against natives who were sick and unarmed. In addition, Spanish colonists under Columbus's rule began to buy and sell natives as slaves, including children.

551:, during which almost no progress can be made. To effectively make the return voyage, Columbus would need to follow the curving trade winds northeastward to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where he would be able to catch the " 609:

returned to Portugal following a successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa. With an eastern sea route now under its control, Portugal was no longer interested in trailblazing a western trade route to Asia crossing unknown seas.

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A taster even tasted the food from each of his dishes before he ate to "make sure it was not poisoned". He was given his own footmen to open doors for him and to serve him at the table. Columbus was even rewarded with his own coat of

2179:, detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men. In the meantime, Columbus had to mesmerize the natives in order to prevent being attacked by them and gain their goodwill. He did so by correctly predicting a 1622:(where gold was being mined), which resulted in Ojeda's capturing several natives on an accusation of theft. Ojeda cut the ears off of one native, and sent the others to La Isabela in chains, where Columbus ordered them to be 2251:

had come to the Americas. One of the women was captured in the battle by a friend of Columbus, who let him keep her as a slave; this man subsequently beat and raped her. In 1503, the Spanish monarchs established the Indian

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explained that any male captives were eaten, and that their own male offspring were castrated and made to serve the Caribs until they were old enough to be considered good to eat. The Europeans rescued three of these boys.

547:. He planned to first sail to the Canary Islands before continuing west by utilizing the northeast trade wind. Part of the return to Spain would require travelling against the wind using an arduous sailing technique called 2972:. It contained an account of Columbus's seven-year reign as the first governor of the Indies. Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian, states: "Even those who loved him had to admit the atrocities that had taken place." 2625:

Two others thought they saw this light, one independently from Columbus. The strong winds and the fact that they were some 56 kilometres (35 mi) from land indicate that this was unlikely from a native inhabitant

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Christopher Columbus: his life, his work, his remains, as revealed by original printed and manuscript records, together with an essay on Peter Martyr of Anghera and Bartolomé De Las Casas, the first Historians of

6874: 640:, who argued that Columbus would bring his ideas elsewhere, and offered to help arrange the funding. Isabella then sent a royal guard to fetch Columbus, who had travelled several kilometers toward Córdoba. 1634:: "A great many died from this plague, and many others died of hunger. They could not get up to search for food, and everyone else was too sick to care for them, so they starved to death in their beds." 1960:

Columbus and his brothers were jailed for six weeks before the busy King Ferdinand ordered them released. On 12 December 1500, the king and queen summoned the Columbus brothers to their presence at the

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with many sailors looking for land. At around 10:00 pm on 11 October, Columbus thought he saw a light "like a little wax candle rising and falling". Four hours later, land was sighted by a sailor named

2305:, published c. 1505 and purportedly by Vespucci, claims that he first voyaged to the American mainland in 1497, a year before Columbus. In 1507, a year after Columbus's death, the New World was 7240: 3744:, Vol. 44, No. 3. (Autumn, 1991), pp. 572–574.The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America 1492–93, Abstracted by Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas. by Oliver Dunn; James E. Kelley, Jr. 2050:, Governor Bobadilla departed, with Roldán and Columbus's gold aboard his ship, accompanied by a convoy of 30 other vessels. Columbus's personal gold and other belongings were put on the fragile 1919:

recorded that the governor took "testimony from their open enemies, the rebels, and even showing open favor," and auctioned off some of his father's possessions "for one third of their value."

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as another form of punishment. By the end of 1494, disease and famine had claimed two-thirds of the Spanish settlers. A native Nahuatl account depicts the social breakdown that accompanied the

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was to be the new governor of the Indies, although Columbus retained the titles of admiral and viceroy. A royal mandate dated 27 September ordered Bobadilla to return Columbus's possessions.

564:('turn of the sea'). Columbus's knowledge of the Atlantic wind patterns was, however, imperfect at the time of his first voyage. By sailing directly due west from the Canary Islands during 5971: 2932:

The hawk's bells were to be filled with gold every three months. Based on Bartolomé de las Casas' account, the required quarterly weight was about the equivalent of $ 400 in 2021 currency.

232:. The Norse maintained a presence in North America for hundreds of years, but contacts between their North American settlements and Europe had all but ceased by the early 15th century. 605:

In 1488 Columbus again appealed to the court of Portugal, receiving a new invitation for an audience with John II. This again proved unsuccessful, in part because not long afterwards

6300: 5386: 2317:, Las Casas, and many historians convincingly argued that the Soderini letter had been a falsification. On his new map, Waldseemüller labelled the continent discovered by Columbus 1107: 6695:

The Last Voyage of Columbus: Being the Epic Tale of the Great Captain's Fourth Expedition, Including Accounts of Swordfight, Mutiny, Shipwreck, Gold, War, Hurricane, and Discovery

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According to Las Casas, Christopher and Diego Columbus went about arresting rebels with a priest at hand so they could be forced to convert to Christianity before their execution.

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In mid-November, Columbus was told by some of the natives that a province called Ciguare "lie just nine days' journey by land to the west", or some 200 miles from his location in

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the proposed venture. To keep Columbus from taking his ideas elsewhere, and perhaps to keep their options open, the Catholic Monarchs gave him an allowance, totaling about 14,000

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After 29 days out of sight of land, on October 7 1492, the crew spotted "mmense flocks of birds", some of which his sailors trapped and determined to be "field" birds (probably

7453: 6620: 4793: 1744:, Trinidad's southwesternmost point) where they made contact with a group of Amerindians in canoes. On 1 August, Columbus and his men arrived at a landmass near the mouth of 1582:, on 5 May. He explored the south coast of Cuba, which he believed to be a peninsula of China rather than an island, and several nearby islands including La Evangelista (the 1157:

moved once again. At this spot, Columbus took aboard several islanders with food. When told of the vow to Our Lady, the islanders directed the crew to a small shrine nearby.

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For a year Columbus and his men remained stranded on Jamaica. A Spaniard, Diego Mendez, and some natives paddled a canoe to get help from Hispaniola. The island's governor,

1804:, with the "stalk" portion ascending towards Heaven. (In fact, the Earth ever so slightly is pear-shaped, with its "stalk" pointing north.) He then sailed to the islands of 2342:), and his fleet ended up sailing around the whole Earth. Almost a century later, another, wider passage to the Pacific would be discovered farther to the south, bordering 341:. The fledgling Spanish Empire decided to fund Columbus's expedition in hopes of finding new trade routes and circumventing the lock Portugal had secured on Africa and the 4918: 1486:, on the afternoon of 17 November 1493. The fleet sailed along the island’s southern coast for a whole day, before making landfall on its northwestern coast at the Bay of 3535:

Jewish Pirates of the Caribbean: How a Generation of Swashbuckling Jews Carved Out an Empire in the New World in Their Quest for Treasure, Religious Freedom – and Revenge

928:. Triana immediately alerted the rest of the crew with a shout, and the ship's captain, Martín Alonso Pinzón, verified the land sighting and alerted Columbus by firing a 3231: 2595:, with experimentation of suspended magnetic needles and "the improved meridian determined by Shen's measurement of the distance between the polestar and true north". 478:

of the terrestrial sphere, and dismissed Columbus's claim that the Earth was much smaller and that Asia was only a few thousand nautical miles to the west of Europe.

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arrived at a point on the eastern coast of South America on the Portuguese side of the dividing line. This would lead to the Portuguese colonization of what is now

6971: 617:, and the same year the Catholic Monarchs furnished him with a letter ordering all cities and towns under their domain to provide him food and lodging at no cost. 7199: 3572: 730: 4529:

Ownership Paradigms in American Civil Law Jurisdictions: Manifestations of the Shifts in the Legislation of Louisiana, Chile, and Argentina (16th–20th Centuries)

4411: 1191:

After spending more than a week in Portugal, Columbus set sail for Spain. He arrived back in Palos on 15 March 1493 and later met with Ferdinand and Isabella in

7187: 1175:. He anchored next to a king's harbor patrol ship on 4 March 1493, where he was told a fleet of 100 caravels had been lost in the storm. Astoundingly, both the 1997:

After much persuasion, the sovereigns agreed to fund Columbus's fourth voyage. It would be his final chance to prove himself and become the first man ever to

628:

for renewed discussions. He waited at King Ferdinand's camp until January 1492, when the monarchs conquered Granada. A council led by Isabella's confessor,

5639: 955:

is considered to be the most likely candidate for this island. Columbus wrote of the natives he first encountered in his journal entry of 12 October 1492:

7194: 7105: 7088: 2639:, Triana saw "something like a white sand cliff gleaming in the moonlight on the western horizon, then another, and a dark line of sand connecting them." 1915:, Columbus's own ship. Only the ship's cook was willing to put the shamed admiral in chains. Bobadilla took much of Columbus's gold and other treasures. 5427: 3680: 4436: 1252:, issued 4 May 1493, divided the world outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a north–south meridian 100 leagues west of either the Azores or 632:, found Columbus's proposal to reach the Indies implausible. Columbus had left for France when Ferdinand intervened, first sending Talavera and Bishop 7408: 7388: 6898:

Christopher Columbus and the New World of His Discovery; a Narrative, with a Note on the Navigation of Columbus's First Voyage by the Earl of Dunraven

6360: 7458: 7093: 1206: 367:(then construed roughly as all of southern and eastern Asia) by sailing directly west across what was believed to be the singular "Ocean Sea," the 1701:

such a mainland because "canoes had been found which set out from the coast of Guinea and sailed to the west with merchandise." Italian explorer

1243: 6677:

The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage, 1492–93) and Documents Relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Gaspar Corte Real

3757: 1578:

Columbus left Hispaniola on 24 April 1494, and arrived at the island of Cuba (which he had named Juana during his first voyage) on 30 April and

7343: 7110: 2923:

for his contributions. He also left his daughter to the admiral's care, calling him "his lordship", although it is unknown what became of her.

2089:—and a large canoe, which was described as "long as a galley" and was filled with cargo. The natives introduced Columbus and his entourage to 1366:

probably identical to that from the first expedition. In addition, the expedition saw the construction of the first ship in the Americas, the

684: 7433: 7428: 7130: 7016: 6857: 6833: 6812: 6748: 6724: 6703: 6552: 6335: 5756: 5678: 5595: 5266: 5223: 5187: 4959: 4777: 4733: 4700: 4271: 4126: 4086: 4059: 3880: 3342: 3264: 2370: 2228: 2355: 2127:

On 5 December 1502, Columbus and his crew found themselves in a storm unlike any they had ever experienced. In his journal Columbus writes,

1239: 6297: 1681: 6584: 5390: 2010:, Genoa, dated at Seville, 2 April 1502. He wrote "Although my body is here my heart is always near you." Accompanied by his stepbrother 2418: 2363: 558:

The navigational technique for travel in the Atlantic appears to have been exploited first by the Portuguese, who referred to it as the

222: 5847: 5130: 4605: 3980: 1171:

Leaving the island of Santa Maria in the Azores on 23 February, Columbus headed for Castilian Spain, but another storm forced him into

7220: 6783: 6660: 2227:

The news of Columbus's first voyage set off many other westward explorations by European states, which aimed to profit from trade and

2156:

there. His ships next sustained more damage in a storm off the coast of Cuba. Unable to travel any farther, the ships were beached in

1145:, but others felt that they were considerably north of the islands. Columbus turned out to be right. On the night of 17 February, the 940: 182: 1720:

and spent some time there with the Portuguese captain João Gonçalves da Camara, before sailing to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde.

1575:. Columbus spent some time exploring the interior of the island for gold. Finding some, he established a small fort in the interior. 7443: 7438: 7323: 7245: 6907:

The History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle Ages. Drawn from the Secret Archives of the Vatican and Other Original Sources

6597: 6395: 6312: 6206: 5082: 4541: 4497: 4168: 4031: 3794: 3548: 3489: 3121: 1095:, as well as Matinino, an island populated only by women, which Columbus associated with an island in the Indian Ocean described by 588:

submitted Columbus's proposal to his experts, who rejected it on the basis that Columbus's estimation of a travel distance of 2,400

3077: 2176: 1970: 874: 705: 7182: 6610: 6492: 1564: 1130:

encountered the roughest storm of their journey, and on the night of 13 February, lost contact with each other. All hands on the

7423: 7403: 7393: 7383: 7373: 1800:

to be five degrees, double the value of another erroneous reading he had made from further north. This led him to describe the

1931: 221:

of Columbus's day assumed that a single, uninterrupted ocean surrounded Europe, Asia and Africa, although Norse explorers had

7100: 4876:

Colón, Fernando (1976). "61 'How the Admiral Completed the Conquest of Española, and What He Did to Make It Yield Revenue'".

3223: 2338:

expedition discovered the first maritime passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific, at the southern end of what is now Chile (

2037:

After using the trade winds to cross the Atlantic in a brisk twenty days, on 15 June, they landed at Carbet on the island of

1832:

returned from his first voyage to India, having sailed east around the southern tip of Africa—unlocking a sea route to Asia.

392: 6558: 4883: 3148: 2335: 6952:

The Life and Voyages of Americus Vespucius: With Illustrations Concerning the Navigator, and the Discovery of the New World

4625: 3614: 7368: 7225: 7204: 2239:. These events, the effects and consequences of which persist to the present, are sometimes cited as the beginning of the 867: 6943:

The Life and Voyage of Americus Vespucius, with Illustrations Concerning the Navigator and the Discovery of the New World

1218:

Upon Columbus's return, most people initially accepted that he had reached the East Indies, including the sovereigns and

824: 7413: 7333: 7250: 7125: 5714: 2719:, and the Bahamian archipelago; and the Eastern Taínos, who occupied the Leeward Islands. The other two peoples are the 2408: 2265: 112: 410:

can be traced back to a 17th-century campaign of Protestants against Catholicism, and was popularized in works such as

7115: 4398: 2981:

Ferdinand Columbus later wrote, "I always saw those irons in his bedroom, which he demanded be buried with his bones."

197:, who realized that it was a unique landmass. The search for a westward route to Asia was completed in 1521, when the 123:. These events, the effects and consequences of which persist to the present, are often cited as the beginning of the 6734: 4435:

Matthew Edney (1996, rev. 2009), "The Columbus Letter: The Diffusion of Columbus's Letter through Europe, 1493–1497"

2327: 1198:

Columbus showed off what he had brought back from his voyage to the monarchs, including a few small samples of gold,

866:

sails were re-rigged to standard square sails. Final provisions were secured, and on 6 September the ships departed

7338: 7297: 7137: 7120: 4406: 2314: 1793: 1223: 1112: 820: 376: 322: 299:—having been somewhat slower to begin exploring the Atlantic because of the land area it had to reconquer from the 100: 1869: 1756:. Columbus recognized from the topography that it must be the continent's mainland, but while describing it as an 7448: 7318: 7302: 7287: 7282: 7159: 7009: 6989: 3476: 2373:. Once Spanish sovereignty was established, the Spanish focused on the extraction and export of gold and silver. 2157: 1984: 1057:. He kept sailing along the northern coast of Hispaniola with a single ship, until he encountered Pinzón and the 878: 644: 565: 434:). The primitive maritime navigation of Columbus's time relied on both the stars and the curvature of the Earth. 1185: 527:'s calculation of the length of a degree, reading the Arabic astronomer's writings as if, rather than using the 7277: 5631: 2849: 2298: 1892: 994:(Spanish for 'Indians') in the mistaken belief that he had reached the East Indies; the islands of the 166:

in his ambition to explore Asia. His initial belief that he had reached "the Indies" has resulted in the name "

5775:. "Trans. Andrée M. Collard. New York, Evanston and London: Harper & Row, 1971. Book 1, Ch. 112, pp. 59–60 3823: 2215: 1709: 1685: 1491: 5417: 3671: 1705:

probably reached the mainland of the American continent in June 1497, although his landing site is disputed.

932:. Columbus would later assert that he had first seen land, thus earning the promised annual reward of 10,000 7398: 7378: 7328: 2616:

to be the most likely location of first contact is the easternmost land touching the top edge of this image.

2310: 2269: 1939: 1511: 523:, putting the landmass at 225 degrees, leaving only 135 degrees of water. Moreover, Columbus underestimated 379:

sent Columbus a map depicting such a route, with no intermediary landmass other than the mythical island of

6352: 5965:

The Brooklyn Museum catalogue notes that the most likely source for Leutze's trio of Columbus paintings is

4220: 1618:(whom a contemporary described as "always the first to draw blood wherever there was a war or quarrel") to 1049:, who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind. Columbus left 39 men, including the interpreter 6689: 5402: 5108: 2306: 2078: 1943: 1900: 1579: 1495: 1487: 1091:

told Columbus of what was possibly the Isla de Carib, which was supposed to be populated by cannibalistic

913: 318: 291:

was the main European power interested in pursuing trade routes overseas, with the neighboring kingdom of

270: 190: 96: 2140:

of gold and a strait to another ocean. After some exploration, he established a garrison at the mouth of

1410:), which he explored between 4 November and 10 November 1493. The exact course of his voyage through the 7292: 7230: 7142: 6280: 6025: 5166:

Koning, Hans. Columbus, His Enterprise: Exploding the Myth. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976: 83–83.

1789: 1437: 1257: 1205:

Columbus brought captured Taínos to present to the sovereigns, never having met the infamous Caribs. In

1141:

On the morning of 15 February, land was spotted. Columbus believed they were approaching the Portuguese

403: 314: 103:

to the Caribbean and to Central and South America. These voyages led to the widespread knowledge of the

6196: 779: 738: 446:

Columbus's geographical conceptions (beige) compared to the known landmasses and their demarcation by

7068: 7002: 6769: 4225: 3785:

Sivin, Nathan (1984). "Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China – Or Didn't It?" in

3754: 2848:("Flagship") for its role in the expedition. It was owned by Antonio Torres, brother of the nurse to 2636: 2613: 2588: 2236: 2210: 2007: 889: 828: 718: 637: 629: 360: 120: 92: 17: 2861:

This was the first major battle between Europeans and Native Americans for five centuries, when the

2034:

on the Moroccan coast to rescue the Portuguese soldiers who he heard were under siege by the Moors.

1160:

Columbus sent half of the crew to the island to fulfil their vow, but he and the rest stayed on the

7177: 6985: 5581: 2880:

notes that this is the first recorded instance of sexuality between a European and Native American.

2671: 2609: 2495: 2487: 2423: 2055: 2014:, Diego Mendez, and his 13-year-old son Ferdinand, he left Cádiz on 9 May 1502, with his flagship, 2011: 1801: 1135: 1088: 1069: 1021:

Columbus observed the people and their cultural lifestyle. He also explored the northeast coast of

948: 585: 198: 6052: 5288:

Olson, Julius E. and Edward G. Bourne (editors). "The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985–1503", in

1732:

on 31 July, approaching from the southeast. The fleet sailed along the southern coast and entered

7154: 7058: 5102: 4355: 3566: 3311:; the mean circumference of the Earth is 40,041 km (about 22,000 nautical miles or 25,000 miles). 2992: 2558:

to avoid Spanish persecution, aimed to open a channel to a safer place for fellow Jews to reside.

2545:

Ferdinand later claimed credit for being "the principal cause why those islands were discovered."

2413: 2339: 2293: 2232: 2102: 1916: 1904: 1414:

is debated, but it seems likely that he turned north, sighting and naming many islands including

1150: 743: 621: 116: 6916:

Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish and Portuguese Discoveries

6904:

Pastor, Ludwig, Frederick Ignatius Antrobus, Ralph Francis Kerr, Ernest Graf, and E. F. Peeler.

6451: 4118: 2648:

Columbus is said to have responded to Pinzón, "I give you five thousand maravedis as a present!"

884:

On 13 September 1492, Columbus observed that the needle of his compass no longer pointed to the

816: 4750: 1256:

Islands in the mid-Atlantic, thus granting Spain all the land discovered by Columbus. The 1494

753: 656:

unusually generous but, as his son later wrote, the monarchs were not confident of his return.

7260: 7149: 7063: 6853: 6829: 6808: 6789: 6779: 6744: 6720: 6699: 6656: 6646: 6615: 6593: 6581: 6548: 6391: 6331: 6308: 6212: 6202: 6029: 5966: 5752: 5746: 5674: 5662: 5601: 5591: 5262: 5219: 5183: 5098: 5078: 4955: 4773: 4767: 4729: 4706: 4696: 4537: 4503: 4493: 4267: 4164: 4122: 4082: 4076: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4027: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3790: 3554: 3544: 3485: 3338: 3260: 3117: 3026: 2667: 2467: 2459: 2403: 2002: 1235: 1219: 921: 836: 647:", Columbus was promised he would be given the title "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" and appointed 411: 282: 131: 6325: 5258: 5215: 5177: 4949: 4527: 4261: 3540: 3533: 3009:

civilization. The Amerindian societies of Mesoamerica occupied the land ranging from central

2144:

in January 1503. By 6 April, the garrison he had established captured the local tribe leader

1382:

On 3 November 1493, Christopher Columbus landed on a rugged shore on an island that he named

892:, but it was later shown that the phenomenon was already known, both in Europe and in China. 7235: 6847: 6671: 6488: 6192: 5837: 5122: 4600: 4533: 4483: 4192: 4158: 3977: 3769: 3050: 2907: 2795: 2728: 2696: 2521: 2501: 2481: 2473: 2453: 2445: 2280: 2260: 2093:. Columbus spoke with an elder, and thought he described having seen people with swords and 1998: 1809: 1764:. On 2 August, they landed at Icacos Point (which Columbus named Punta de Arenal) in modern 1761: 1733: 1503: 1471: 1065: 625: 573: 292: 206: 194: 108: 39: 2163: 2062:

made it to Spain, causing some of Columbus's enemies to accuse him of conjuring the storm.

442: 359:

In response to the need for a new route to Asia, by the 1480s, Christopher and his brother

7041: 6681: 6588: 6483: 6304: 4609: 4443: 4399:"Letter of Christopher Columbus to Luis de St. Angel on his first voyage to America, 1492" 3984: 3809:"Columbus's Plana landfall: Evidence for the Plana Cays as Columbus's 'San Salvador'" 3761: 3081: 2946: 2773: 2700: 2695:

At the time, three major indigenous peoples populated the islands. The Taíno occupied the

2319: 2284: 2220: 2101:". On 14 August, Columbus landed on the mainland of the Americas at Puerto Castilla, near 2070: 1911:

1500, Columbus and Diego presented themselves to Bobadilla, and were put in chains aboard

1888: 1777: 1615: 1411: 784: 606: 569: 520: 504: 447: 415: 330: 5695: 1626:. During his brief reign, Columbus executed Spanish colonists for minor crimes, and used 6714: 6046: 5072: 3074: 2334:

from the shores of the Americas, calling it the "South Sea". Later, on 29 October 1520,

2085:

on 30 July 1502. Here Bartolomeo found native merchants—possibly (but not conclusively)

968: 939:

They landed on the morning of October 12. Columbus called this island San Salvador; its

6738: 6444: 6384: 5203: 4111: 3144: 2942: 2657:

Renamed from Watling's Island in 1925 in the belief that it was Columbus's San Salvador

2527: 2302: 2301:

that he had known for two years that these lands composed a new continent. A letter to

2149: 2141: 1989: 1797: 1453: 1274: 1261: 1234:"). The pope issued four bulls (the first three of which are collectively known as the 1142: 1064:

On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the Americas, in the

1050: 1006: 904:

First voyage (conjectural): modern place names in black, Columbus's place names in blue

803: 696: 388: 368: 310: 274: 202: 151: 6773: 6478: 1692: 900: 406:

that Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because Europeans thought

7362: 5382: 5251: 5208: 5036: 3254: 3022: 2919:

Berardi became unwell in December, and recorded that Columbus still owed him 180,000

2781: 2390: 2331: 2190: 2180: 2168: 2145: 1877: 1829: 1773: 1745: 1627: 1583: 1560: 1387: 1248: 1077: 1038: 929: 909: 758: 589: 419: 347: 265: 260: 5842: 4688: 4078:

The Color of Words: An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Ethnic Bias in the United States

3111: 2877: 2740: 2398: 2384: 2351: 1805: 1741: 1737: 1608: 1457: 852: 793: 713: 691: 560: 548: 532: 471: 454: 342: 285:

through expanded use of ocean voyages to scope out and establish new trade routes.

186: 2097:(possibly the Spaniards), and that they were "only ten days' journey to the river 1510:, and remained anchored there for two days, 20 and 21 November 1493. Fleet member 769:, Columbus and his crew took three medium-sized ships, the largest of which was a 47: 6950: 6941: 6932: 6923: 6914: 6905: 6896: 6889: 6883: 6823: 6802: 6759: 6693: 6675: 6650: 6542: 4877: 4752:

The history of Puerto Rico, from the Spanish discovery to the American occupation

3787:

Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen

3138: 1041:, 25 December 1492, and had to be abandoned. Columbus was received by the native 7051: 7025: 6980: 6843: 5387:"The Cabot Dilemma: John Cabot's 1497 Voyage & the Limits of Historiography" 5340:

Journals & Other Documents on the Life & Voyages of Christopher Columbus

4629: 3622: 3006: 2708: 2359: 2065:

After the hurricane, Columbus regrouped with his men, and after a brief stop at

2047: 1713: 1680: 1623: 1552: 1515: 1483: 1475: 1445: 1046: 999: 952: 870:

for what turned out to be a five-week-long westward voyage across the Atlantic.

598: 544: 528: 423: 305: 167: 155: 6427:

Columbus Then and Now: A Life Re-examined. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press

5751:. Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion. Vol. 1. pp. 176–177. 5179:

Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493–1498

5077:. Translated by de Onís, Harriet. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98, 102. 4794:"Controversia en Puerto Rico por el punto donde Colón llegó a la isla caribeña" 1768:, narrowly avoiding a violent encounter with the natives. Early on 4 August, a 3014: 2969: 2828: 2732: 2704: 2679: 2605: 2592: 2584: 2380: 2253: 2240: 2153: 2110: 2090: 2038: 1858: 1702: 1572: 1556: 1535: 1531: 1523: 1419: 1403: 1253: 1096: 1054: 1026: 885: 633: 552: 543:

There was a further element of key importance in the voyages of Columbus, the

524: 509: 407: 163: 124: 6925:

Christopher Columbus and How He Received and Imparted the Spirit of Discovery

6793: 5718: 4710: 4492:. Winius, George D. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 173. 3558: 2201:

Sanlúcar de Barrameda on 7 November and from there they traveled to Seville.

1666:

left Guadeloupe on 20 April. On 8 June, the fleeted landed at Portugal, near

572:

of the mid-Atlantic, Columbus risked either being becalmed or running into a

6216: 5605: 5422: 4009:

William D. Phillips Jr., 'Columbus, Christopher', in David Buisseret (ed.),

2683: 2343: 2185: 2106: 2042: 1854: 1753: 1231: 1192: 995: 944: 486: 475: 467: 458: 396: 384: 278: 218: 175: 159: 135: 104: 4507: 2167:

Illustration of Columbus awing and frightening the natives by predicting a

1559:. The next morning, a native taken during the first voyage was returned to 1526:, after having been rescued together with a group of at least 20 women the 1264:, moved the dividing line to 370 leagues west of the Azores or Cape Verde. 636:

to appeal to the queen. Isabella was finally convinced by the king's clerk

6966: 6327:

Vertical Empire: The General Resettlement of Indians in the Colonial Andes

3789:, 531–555, ed. Everett Mendelsohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1498:, early on 19 November 1493. Upon landing, Columbus christened the island 1134:

vowed, if they were spared, to make a pilgrimage to the nearest church of

6611:"The new book 'The Other Slavery' will make you rethink American history" 5585: 4981:

Alfred W. Crosby, The Columbian Exchange, Westport, 1972, pp. 39, 45, 47.

2818:

The word "ají" is still used in South American Spanish for chili peppers.

2720: 2580: 2555: 2367: 2283:

participated in a voyage to the western world with Columbus's associates

2082: 1962: 1765: 1729: 1724: 1631: 1527: 1479: 1383: 1284: 1222:, though in a letter to the Vatican dated 1 November 1493, the historian 1092: 1073: 1010: 827:, respectively). On the morning of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from 652: 380: 372: 288: 256: 6579:

Arthur C. Aufderheide, Conrado Rodríguez-Martín, Odin Langsjoen (1998).

4487: 4359: 1853:

Columbus was physically and mentally exhausted; his body was wracked by

1654:

held a group of 13 native women and children hostage to force a sale of

1184:

informed him that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479

481: 6198:

The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy

2862: 2736: 2716: 2675: 2248: 2121: 2074: 2066: 1966: 1817: 1769: 1749: 1717: 1667: 1655: 1642:

worth of slaves, who were alleged to be either cannibals or prisoners.

1600: 1568: 1427: 1042: 973: 788: 770: 648: 463: 338: 171: 5290:

The Voyages of the Northmen; The Voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot

5054: 5052: 5050: 3773: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3514: 3512: 3510: 1534:, swam ashore, having recognized their homeland. The women rescued in 807:("girl"), perhaps in reference to her owner, Juan Niño of Moguer. The 7046: 3018: 3010: 2777: 2724: 2273: 2114: 2098: 2086: 2031: 1813: 1760:('other world'), retained the belief that it was Asia—and perhaps an 1596: 1172: 1014: 961: 863: 832: 791:; the name of one is lost, but it is known by the Castilian nickname 766: 722: 497: 364: 334: 309:. This remained unchanged until the late 15th century, following the 248: 1563:. The fleet sailed about 170 miles over two days and discovered, at 855:, and by September 2 the ships rendezvoused at La Gomera, where the 6804:

Mutiny and Its Bounty: Leadership Lessons from the Age of Discovery

6409: 6407: 3808: 6446:

The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616

4879:

The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by His Son, Ferdinand

2214: 2162: 2137: 2094: 1988: 1930: 1868: 1781: 1776:, and on 5 August, landed on the mainland of South America at the 1691: 1619: 1604: 1519: 1507: 1273: 1199: 1106: 1030: 967: 899: 787:, and under Columbus's direct command. The other two were smaller 752: 508:

Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on the Latin edition of

503: 480: 441: 300: 296: 252: 240: 236: 235:

Until the mid-15th century, Europe enjoyed a safe land passage to

185:, and Columbus later participated in the beginning of the Spanish 181:

At the time of Columbus's voyages, the Americas were inhabited by

158:

and other precious oriental goods obtainable only through arduous

147: 143: 139: 5702:. Vol. 26, no. 6. American Heritage Publishing Company. 5074:

Amerigo and the New World: The Life and Times of Amerigo Vespucci

4446:

at the University of Southern Maine (accessed 27 September 2020).

3621:. British Virgin Islands: The Columbus Foundation. Archived from 2330:, exploring overland, became the first European to encounter the 2287:

and Juan de la Cosa. Columbus referred to the West Indies as the

1448:, on 14 November). He also sighted and named the island chain of 842:

Three days into the journey, on 6 August 1492, the rudder of the

2744: 2712: 1022: 427: 244: 162:. Columbus was partly inspired by 13th-century Italian explorer 6998: 6876:

Columbus: The story of Don Cristobal Colon Admiral of the Ocean

4951:

A Pest in the Land: New World Epidemics in a Global Perspective

4160:

The Taínos: Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus

2604:

This map is based on the premise that Columbus first landed at

2313:. Waldseemüller retracted this naming in 1513, seemingly after 1362:

returned for this expedition, which also included a ship named

414:'s 1828 biography of Columbus. In fact, the knowledge that the 6994: 399:

that there was supposed to be a group of islands to the west.

7241:

Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha 1937-1938

5673:] (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. pp. 111–118. 5018: 5016: 5014: 3918: 3916: 2831:

at the end of his second voyage before sailing back to Spain.

1025:, landing on 28 October 1492, and the north-western coast of 6901:, v. 2. J.B. Lippincott company, 1906 (ed., another version) 4307:

The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America

3724: 3722: 3256:

Not So!:Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton

2366:). During this time, pandemics of European diseases such as 2256:, settlements intended to relocate and exploit the natives. 2069:

and off the coast of Cuba to replenish, he sailed to modern

1522:

woman and boy, who had volunteered to join them on-board in

6240: 6238: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6083: 6081: 5995: 5993: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5894: 5892: 5867: 5865: 5838:"Lost document reveals Columbus as tyrant of the Caribbean" 5807: 5805: 4346:

Catz, Rebecca (January 1, 1990). "Columbus in the Azores".

2703:; they can be subdivided into Classic Taínos, who occupied 2113:

looking for the passage, before arriving in Almirante Bay,

1772:

nearly capsized Columbus's ship. The men sailed across the

972:

A depiction of Columbus claiming possession of the land in

620:

As Queen Isabella's forces neared victory over the Moorish

4832: 4830: 4817: 4815: 4671: 4669: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 3868:

Paradise Found: Nature in America at the Time of Discovery

2844:

after the ship lost on the first voyage and also known as

1728:

in the direction of Dominica. The men sighted the land of

496:

in the workshop of Bartolomeo and Christopher Columbus in

91:

Between 1492 and 1504, the Italian navigator and explorer

6949:

Lester, C. Edwards, Andrew Foster, and Amerigo Vespucci.

6882:

Young, Filson, and Windham Thomas Wyndham-Quin Dunraven.

6386:

The Discovery of South America and the Andalusian Voyages

5972:

A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus

5735:, vol. 4, p. 254. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 5292:. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp. 369–383. 4695:(1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Co. p. 69. 4202: 4200: 4140: 4138: 4013:, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, online edition 2012). 3947: 3945: 3943: 3848: 3846: 3844: 1670:, and returned to Spain via the Bay of Cádiz on 11 June. 1514:

recounts that as they sailed along the southern coast of

6775:

Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus

6390:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 47–63. 3321: 3319: 3317: 3284:

Inventing the Flat Earth. Columbus and modern historians

2996:

listed all that which he believed was still owed to him.

2105:. He spent two months exploring the coasts of Honduras, 107:. This breakthrough inaugurated the period known as the 6885:

Christopher Columbus and the New World of His Discovery

6822:

Phillips, William D. Jr.; Phillips, Carla Rahn (1992).

3597: 3595: 765:

For his westward voyage to find a shorter route to the

277:

in 1453, European countries sought to compete with the

6544:

Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650

6045:

Columbus, Christopher; Curtis, William Eleroy (1894).

4769:

The Great Explorers: The European Discovery of America

4693:

A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World

4266:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 33. 2583:

discovered 400 years earlier, in Asia, the concept of

602:

for the year, or about the annual salary of a sailor.

205:, before returning to Europe and completing the first 77:

Christopher Columbus and Castilian crew (among others)

6977:

European Voyages of Exploration: Christopher Columbus

5671:

The fall of Christopher Columbus: the Bobadilla trial

4995:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 202. 3816:

DIO – the International Journal of Scientific History

1290:

The fleet for the second voyage was much larger: two

555:" that blow eastward to the coast of Western Europe. 5590:(1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 52. 5182:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 62. 4454: 4452: 4026:, Tab Books, 1992, International Marine Publishing, 3978:

A People's History Of The United States 1492–Present

1474:, first sighting the eastern coast of the island of 1119:

On 16 January 1493, the homeward journey was begun.

888:. It was once believed that Columbus had discovered 7311: 7270: 7259: 7213: 7170: 7079: 7032: 5667:

La caída de Cristóbal Colón: el juicio de Bobadilla

4772:. Oxford University Press. pp. 440, 448, 449. 3174:. American Indian Quarterly. pp. 418–463, 477. 3140:

Here was Vinland: The Great Lakes Region of America

916:). Columbus changed course to follow their flight. 613:In May 1489, Isabella sent Columbus another 10,000 592:was about four times too low (which was accurate). 418:was widespread, having been the general opinion of 85:

European discovery and colonization of the Americas

81: 73: 65: 57: 6582:The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology 6443: 6383: 5733:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 5358:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 379–380. 5250: 5207: 4110: 3670: 3532: 1708:On 30 May 1498, Columbus left with six ships from 1072:in northeast Hispaniola. There he encountered the 924:(also known as Juan Rodríguez Bermejo) aboard the 6513: 6413: 6330:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. p. 44. 5342:. New York: The Heritage Press. pp. 262–263. 5253:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World 5210:American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World 5176:Deagan, Kathleen A.; Cruxent, José María (2008). 5058: 4381: 4309:(London: University of Oklahoma Press), 333–343. 3871:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 3088:, February 28, 2000. Accessed September 26, 2020. 1688:, the starting point for Columbus's third journey 5587:Death By Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries 5129:. U.S. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance. 3656: 3587:Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen 3518: 3051:"Christopher Columbus | Royal Museums Greenwich" 1812:(reaching the latter on 14 August), and sighted 1586:), before returning to Hispaniola on 20 August. 519:Columbus believed the incorrect calculations of 189:. Columbus died in 1506, and the next year, the 6528:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 6298:Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History 5748:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1850 4993:Born to Die: Disease and the New World Conquest 4882:. Translated by Keen, Benjamin. Folio Society. 4755:. New York: D. Appleton and Co. pp. 13–16. 4489:Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 2326:On 25 September 1513, the Spanish conquistador 438:Diameter of Earth and travel distance estimates 7200:Timeline of maritime migration and exploration 6479:"Oldest map to use word 'America' up for sale" 6450:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 4954:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 62. 4871: 4869: 4602:Pasajeros del Segundo Viaje de Cristóbal Colón 4113:Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends 2827:Omitted from this image, Columbus returned to 2152:, naming them Las Tortugas after the numerous 7188:Major explorations after the Age of Discovery 7010: 6888:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1906. (ed., 6828:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 6740:Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America 6547:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–14. 5745:Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). 5034:Montague, Peter. "Celebrating Columbus Day". 4521: 4519: 4517: 3027:transitional between those two cultural areas 2515: 2509: 989: 8: 6931:Tarducci, Francesco, and Henry F. Brownson. 1716:, his wife's native land. He then sailed to 422:science, and gaining support throughout the 201:sailed across the Pacific Ocean and reached 138:who sailed in search of a westward route to 32: 7454:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery 3286:, Praeger, New York, Westport, London 1991. 2873: 2871: 2755: 2753: 1792:at sea, Columbus inaccurately measured the 7267: 7195:Chronology of European exploration of Asia 7106:European maritime exploration of Australia 7089:Chronology of European exploration of Asia 7017: 7003: 6995: 5731:Noble, David Cook. "Nicolás de Ovando" in 5661:Varela, Consuelo; Aguirre, Isabel (2006). 5418:"The Third Voyage of Christopher Columbus" 3571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3462: 1226:described Columbus as the discoverer of a 624:for Castile, Columbus was summoned to the 395:, Columbus heard from some inhabitants of 52:The four voyages of Columbus (conjectural) 46: 31: 6801:Murphy, Patrick J.; Coye, Ray W. (2013). 5715:"The Third Voyage of Columbus, 1498–1500" 5632:"Christopher Columbus Voyage on Tripline" 4250:(Camden, International Marine, 1987) 173. 4011:The Oxford Companion to World Exploration 3337:"Marco Polo et le Livre des Merveilles", 2888: 2886: 2780:; the latter was then believed to be the 2041:(Martinica). Columbus anticipated that a 1723:On 13 July, Columbus's fleet entered the 988:Columbus called the indigenous Americans 851:had its rudder replaced on the island of 7094:History of European exploration in Tibet 6807:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 6530:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 12. 6256: 6244: 6176: 6159: 6147: 6123: 6099: 6087: 6072: 5999: 5953: 5941: 5929: 5917: 5898: 5883: 5871: 5823: 5811: 5796: 5784: 5618: 5556: 5544: 5532: 5508: 5460: 5448: 4726:The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus 4587: 4293: 3997: 3963: 3934: 3728: 3713: 3701: 3209: 3005:Most of Central America was part of the 2760: 1942:, 1843 (probably after an earlier work, 1679: 1246:and divide the spoils of the new lands. 576:, both of which, by chance, he avoided. 333:, which had been providing Castile with 331:conquered the Moorish kingdom of Granada 99:maritime expeditions in the name of the 6972:Maps of voyages by Christopher Columbus 6955:. New York: Baker & Scribner, 1846. 6940:Lester, C. Edwards, and Andrew Foster. 6849:A People's History of the United States 6464: 6268: 6229: 6135: 5984: 5568: 5496: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5244: 5242: 5133:from the original on September 26, 2021 5005: 4919:"Five myths about Christopher Columbus" 4904: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4821: 4675: 4660: 4641: 4575: 4563: 4470: 4330: 4318: 4206: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4144: 4050:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 3951: 3922: 3907: 3895: 3852: 3755:Magnetic Declination in Mediaeval China 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3325: 3197: 3097: 3042: 2435: 680: 485:The "Columbus map", depicting only the 470:(for Europeans of the time, comprising 154:thought to be the East Asian source of 7419:History of the Colony of Santo Domingo 7111:European land exploration of Australia 6981:Teaching about the Voyages of Columbus 6913:Kayserling, Meyer, and Charles Gross. 6592:. Cambridge University Press. p. 205. 6437: 6435: 6296:Mills, Keneth and Taylor, William B., 6187: 6185: 6111: 6034:. Field Columbian Museum. p. 128. 6011: 5850:from the original on November 19, 2017 5520: 5484: 5472: 5430:from the original on November 24, 2021 5416:Minster, Christopher (June 21, 2018). 4047:Encyclopedia of North American Indians 3753:Peter J. Smith & Joseph Needham, " 3564: 2466: 363:had developed a plan to travel to the 7131:European colonization of the Americas 6652:Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1493–1504 6623:from the original on October 18, 2020 6363:from the original on November 8, 2020 6201:. New York: Plume. pp. 204–209. 5022: 4929:from the original on October 17, 2020 4417:from the original on October 31, 2020 4392: 4390: 4341: 4339: 3683:from the original on October 25, 2016 3601: 3539:(First ed.). New York. pp. 3501: 3450: 3354: 3278: 3276: 3259:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2520: 2494: 2480: 2452: 2371:devastated the indigenous populations 1607:), and there was no longer any Great 1547:On 22 November, Columbus sailed from 1207:Columbus's letter on the first voyage 325:) in 1469, and the completion of the 18:Second Voyage of Christopher Columbus 7: 6351:Cavendish, Richard (April 4, 2000). 5154:Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem 4886:from the original on August 15, 2021 4458: 4188: 4117:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4081:. Intercultural Press. p. 116. 3669:Tharoor, Shashi (December 8, 2014). 3474:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1957). 3295: 3234:from the original on August 21, 2017 2799:in that city commemorates the event. 2556:Jew who had converted to Catholicism 2468:[kɾiˈʃtɔffakuˈɾuŋbu,–ˈkuŋbu] 2268:. In 1500, the Portuguese navigator 1506:, preacher and prophet who baptized 1450:Santa Úrsula y las Once Mil Vírgenes 6561:from the original on March 16, 2023 6495:from the original on March 21, 2022 5642:from the original on April 17, 2020 5389:. Essays in History. Archived from 5257:. Oxford University Press. p. 5214:. Oxford University Press. p. 5104:Life and voyages of Columbus, v.1–2 3807:Pickering, Keith A. (August 1994). 3086:Archaeological Institute of America 2554:Some have argued that Santángel, a 2419:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact 1752:river, in the region of modern-day 1005:Columbus initially encountered the 783:, which was owned and captained by 33:The Voyages of Christopher Columbus 7221:1928 Great Barrier Reef expedition 6928:. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1892. 6919:. New York: Longmans, Green, 1894. 6825:The Worlds of Christopher Columbus 6477:Lawless, Jill (November 7, 2017). 5370:Cabot's Discovery of North America 5156:. Simon and Schuster. p. 162. 4263:Confronting Columbus: An Anthology 4260:Yewell, John; Chris Dodge (1992). 3484:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2567:Always referred to by Columbus as 2211:Christopher Columbus § Legacy 2001:. Columbus's goal was to find the 1802:figure of the Earth as pear-shaped 25: 7246:Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus) 6716:Columbus: For Gold, God and Glory 6051:. Field Columbia Museum. p. 6048:The authentic letters of Columbus 6031:The Authentic Letters of Columbus 5836:Giles Tremlett (August 7, 2006). 4219:Maclean, Frances (January 2008). 3021:traded with both Mesoamerica and 2522:[kɾisˈtɔfuɾkuˈlom,-fulk-] 2231:. This would instigate a related 1816:(which he named Bella Forma) and 1260:, ratified in the next decade by 1111:Depiction of Columbus before the 531:(about 1,830 m), he had used the 243:—sources of valued goods such as 27:1492–1504 voyages to the Americas 7409:1500s in the Spanish West Indies 7389:1490s in the Spanish West Indies 7183:Timeline of European exploration 6965: 6946:. New Haven: H. Mansfield, 1856. 6934:The Life of Christopher Columbus 3829:from the original on 7 July 2021 3282:Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1991). 3151:from the original on May 2, 2023 2383: 2309:on a map by German cartographer 2183:for 29 February 1504, using the 1386:. On the same day, he landed at 1053:, and founded the settlement of 1033:, by December 5 1492. Here, the 873:As described in the abstract of 797:("painted one"). The other, the 729: 704: 683: 223:colonized areas of North America 7459:Spanish colonial period of Cuba 6937:. Detroit: H.F. Brownson, 1890. 4948:Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). 4599:M.ª Montserrat León Guerrero. " 4248:The Log of Christopher Columbus 4024:The Log of Christopher Columbus 3768:214, 1213–1214 (17 June 1967); 3740:Review by Carla Rahn Phillips, 3116:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 3075:The Fate of Greenland's Vikings 2941:Trinidad was inhabited by both 2711:; Western Taínos, who occupied 2136:In Panamá, he learned from the 1378:Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico 1287:, Spain, on 25 September 1493. 1138:wherever they first made land. 329:in 1492, when the joint rulers 6895:Young, Alexander Bell Filson, 6758:Joseph, Edward Lanzar (1838). 6670:Columbus, Christopher (1893). 6609:Treuer, David (May 13, 2016). 6442:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1974). 6382:Vigneras, Louis-André (1976). 5665:[The sale of slaves]. 5338:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1963). 4917:Lane, Kris (October 8, 2015). 4800:(in Spanish). December 6, 2019 4766:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1986). 4397:Columbus, Christopher (2006). 3224:"Science Versus Christianity?" 3222:Hannam, James (May 18, 2010). 3017:in the south. The cultures of 2454:[kriˈstɔːforokoˈlombo] 1828:1499, the Portuguese explorer 1590:Slavery, settlers, and tribute 1122:While returning to Spain, the 1: 7226:Austrian expedition to Brazil 7205:Timeline of space exploration 6778:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. 6324:Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012). 6285:Christopher Columbus, Mariner 4632:. 1997. Accessed 21 May 2012. 4305:Oliver Dunn and James Kelly. 3184:Jensen, De Ladickmar (1992), 3143:. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario: 3137:Curran, James Watson (1939). 2442:In other relevant languages: 1881: 1820:(which he named Concepción). 1083:Four natives who boarded the 896:First landing in the Americas 490: 269:, or Mongol Peace). With the 226: 191:New World was named "America" 7434:Exploration of South America 7429:Exploration of North America 7251:Whitney South Sea Expedition 7126:Exploration of North America 6516:, pp. 143–144, 186–187. 6102:, pp. 288–289, 302–303. 4749:Van Middeldyk, R.A. (1903). 4728:. NY: Penguin. p. 139. 3988:, HarperCollins, 2001, p. 2. 3657:Phillips & Phillips 1992 3519:Phillips & Phillips 1992 2910:was an associate of Berardi. 2496:[kɾiʃˈtɔvɐ̃wkuˈlõbu] 2409:Exploration of North America 2291:('West Indies') in his 1502 2266:Islands of the Pacific Ocean 1115:upon his first return (1874) 113:colonization of the Americas 7116:Exploration of the Americas 6852:. New York: HarperCollins. 5353:Thacher, John Boyd (1903). 5249:Stannard, David E. (1993). 5071:Arciniegas, Germán (1955). 4442:September 25, 2020, at the 4221:"The Lost Fort of Columbus" 3084:, by Dale Mackenzie Brown, 2336:Magellan's circumnavigation 2177:Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres 2077:(Isla de los Pinos) in the 1971:Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres 1788:Making observations with a 1470:The fleet continued to the 1456:), and named the island of 466:'s correct assessment that 383:. In 1484 on the island of 61:1492, 1493, 1498 & 1502 7475: 7138:Exploration of the Pacific 7121:Settlement of the Americas 6910:. St. Louis: Herder, 1899. 6743:. New York: Random House. 4991:Cook, Noble David (1998). 4407:National Humanities Center 3760:September 6, 2014, at the 3672:"Trying to discover India" 3186:Renaissance Europe 2nd ed. 3100:, pp. 25–26, 33, 383. 2482:[kɾisˈtoβalkoˈlon] 2279:In 1499, Italian explorer 2208: 1982: 1874:Bobadilla Betrays Columbus 1113:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 1068:at the eastern end of the 868:San Sebastián de La Gomera 377:Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli 323:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 101:Catholic Monarchs of Spain 6735:Fernández-Armesto, Felipe 6587:December 5, 2022, at the 6541:Noble David Cook (1998). 6526:Mann, Charles C. (2011). 6353:"Cabral Discovers Brazil" 6307:, p. 36, SR Books, 1998, 5694:Stone, Edward T. (1975). 4163:. Yale University Press. 4044:Hoxie, Frederick (1996). 3983:December 5, 2022, at the 3975:Clements R. Markham, ed., 3531:Kritzler, Edward (2008). 3477:The Story of Civilization 3200:, pp. 34, 58, 63–64. 2865:had come to the Americas. 2666:Other candidates are the 2189:of the German astronomer 1985:Fourth voyage of Columbus 1979:Fourth voyage (1502–1504) 1936:Columbus Before the Queen 1434:), Santa María la Redonda 1416:Santa María de Montserrat 1302:("Gallant Mary") and the 1294:and 15 caravels. The two 1270:Second voyage (1493–1496) 675:Ships of the first voyage 645:Capitulations of Santa Fe 568:, skirting the so-called 345:with the 1481 papal bull 225:beginning with Greenland 45: 37: 7444:History of the Caribbean 7439:History of South America 6873:Landstrom, Bjorn, 1966. 6764:. A. K. Newman & Co. 6425:Davidson, M. H. (1997). 4526:Parise, Agustín (2017). 3865:Nicholls, Steve (2009). 2840:Officially known as the 2299:Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco 2219:Painting of Columbus by 1999:circumnavigate the world 1993:Columbus's fourth voyage 1893:University of Notre Dame 1676:Third voyage (1498–1500) 1408:Santa María de Guadalupe 1306:; the caravels were the 1278:Columbus's second voyage 1195:to report his findings. 667:First voyage (1492–1493) 468:the terrestrial landmass 187:conquest of the Americas 170:" being attached to the 6719:. Madison Press Books. 5696:"Columbus and Genocide" 5152:Delaney, Carol (2011). 4075:Herbst, Philip (1997). 3253:Boller, Paul F (1995). 3113:The Vikings and America 3110:Wahlgren, Erik (1986). 3080:11 January 2011 at the 2743:of central and western 2699:, the Bahamas, and the 2463: 2030:. They first sailed to 1940:Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze 1864: 1614:In 1494, Columbus sent 1490:, between the towns of 1244:Portugal would colonize 1002:because of this error. 914:American golden plovers 839:and into the Atlantic. 744:West Edmonton Mall 514:Le livre des merveilles 321:(together known as the 174:and the islands of the 7424:Expeditions from Spain 7404:1500s in the Caribbean 7394:1500s in North America 7384:1490s in the Caribbean 7374:1490s in North America 6986:Columbus's Last Voyage 6514:Fernández-Armesto 2007 6414:Fernández-Armesto 2007 6303:April 2, 2023, at the 6026:Curtis, William Eleroy 5771:Las Casas, Bartolomé. 5721:on September 26, 2011. 5663:"La venta de esclavos" 5403:University of Virginia 5059:Fernández-Armesto 2007 5042:SIRS Issues Researcher 5040:. Dec. 1999: 468–470. 4382:Fernández-Armesto 2007 4157:Rouse, Irving (1992). 4109:Wilton, David (2004). 4022:Robert H. Fuson, ed., 3463:Murphy & Coye 2013 3025:and can be considered 2898: 2532:Christophorus Columbus 2531: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2491: 2477: 2449: 2224: 2172: 2158:St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica 2134: 1994: 1958: 1947: 1944:Brooklyn Museum of Art 1901:Francisco de Bobadilla 1896: 1697: 1689: 1580:Discovery Bay, Jamaica 1543:Hispaniola and Jamaica 1504:Saint John the Baptist 1478:, known to its native 1424:Santa María la Antigua 1392:Santa María la Galante 1279: 1216: 1116: 990: 985: 966: 905: 879:Bartolomé de las Casas 762: 516: 501: 451: 319:Ferdinand II of Aragon 271:Fall of Constantinople 7231:Challenger expedition 7143:Polynesian navigation 6770:Morison, Samuel Eliot 6281:Morison, Samuel Eliot 6024:Colombo, Cristoforo; 5773:History of the Indies 5372:, London, p. 116 5123:"$ 15 in 1881 → 2021" 4484:Diffie, Bailey Wallys 3742:Renaissance Quarterly 3170:Weaver, Jace (2011). 2893: 2739:(a Taíno people) and 2610:The island considered 2328:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 2218: 2209:Further information: 2166: 2129: 1992: 1953: 1934: 1872: 1695: 1686:Sanlúcar de Barrameda 1683: 1394:. After sailing past 1277: 1258:Treaty of Tordesillas 1211: 1110: 1080:(or Gulf of Arrows). 971: 957: 903: 756: 507: 484: 445: 432:The Reckoning of Time 404:popular misconception 315:Isabella I of Castile 313:by marriage of Queen 7369:Christopher Columbus 7334:Underwater explorers 7271:By country of origin 6974:at Wikimedia Commons 6713:Dyson, John (1991). 6672:Markham, Clements R. 6655:. Penguin Group US. 6287:, 1955, pp. 184–192. 5713:Keith A. Pickering. 5582:Tyson, Neil deGrasse 5368:Weare, G. E. (1897) 5127:Inflation Calculator 5044:. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. 5025:, pp. 183, 190. 4724:Cohen, J.M. (1969). 4628:, archived from the 4624:Pickering, Keith A. 4226:Smithsonian Magazine 3619:The Niña & Pinta 2637:Samuel Eliot Morison 2614:Samuel Eliot Morison 2589:magnetic declination 2311:Martin Waldseemüller 2270:Pedro Álvares Cabral 2237:trans-Atlantic trade 2008:Bank of Saint George 1899:The sovereigns gave 1796:of the North Star's 1611:for trade treaties. 1530:had been keeping as 1512:Diego Álvarez Chanca 1238:), to determine how 890:magnetic declination 829:Palos de la Frontera 815:were piloted by the 801:, was nicknamed the 719:Palos de la Frontera 630:Hernando de Talavera 295:—the predecessor to 183:Indigenous Americans 121:trans-Atlantic trade 93:Christopher Columbus 7414:Spanish Puerto Rico 7178:Chinese exploration 6761:History of Trinidad 6271:, pp. 653–654. 6150:, pp. 304–305. 6114:, pp. 130–131. 6075:, pp. 298–299. 6014:, pp. 149–150. 5956:, pp. 283–284. 5826:, pp. 276–277. 5787:, pp. 284–285. 5559:, pp. 240–243. 5535:, pp. 239–240. 5393:on October 31, 2020 5328:, pp. 500–501. 5316:, pp. 498–499. 5109:G. P. Putnam's Sons 5008:, pp. 482–485. 4923:The Washington Post 4851:, pp. 426–427. 4566:, pp. 498–501. 4372:Turner, 2004, p. 11 4333:, pp. 313–314. 4296:, pp. 159–160. 3925:, pp. 223–225. 3898:, pp. 214–216. 3659:, pp. 197–198. 3615:"The Original Niña" 3521:, pp. 131–132. 3429:, pp. 198–199. 2464:Cristoffa C(or)ombo 2424:Knights of Colombus 2289:Indias Occidentales 2233:biological exchange 2058:on board. Only the 2056:Rodrigo de Bastidas 1865:Bobadilla's inquiry 1841:Colonist rebellions 1186:Treaty of Alcáçovas 949:San Salvador Island 761:of Columbus's ships 643:In the April 1492 " 586:John II of Portugal 393:conquest by Castile 199:Magellan expedition 117:biological exchange 34: 6647:Bergreen, Lawrence 6138:, pp. 595–96. 5204:Stannard, David E. 5099:Irving, Washington 4608:2013-05-13 at the 4348:Portuguese Studies 3797:. Vol. III, p. 22. 3465:, pp. 34, 38. 2993:Book of Privileges 2450:Cristoforo Colombo 2414:Lugares colombinos 2354:in modern Mexico ( 2340:Strait of Magellan 2323:('unknown land'). 2294:Book of Privileges 2225: 2173: 2103:Trujillo, Honduras 1995: 1948: 1917:Ferdinand Columbus 1905:Order of Calatrava 1903:, a member of the 1897: 1698: 1690: 1298:were the flagship 1280: 1151:Santa Maria Island 1117: 986: 906: 763: 622:Emirate of Granada 584:Around 1484, King 517: 502: 472:Eurasia and Africa 452: 416:Earth is spherical 408:the Earth was flat 391:, then undergoing 7356: 7355: 7352: 7351: 6970:Media related to 6890:Different version 6859:978-0-06-052837-9 6835:978-0-521-35097-6 6814:978-0-300-17028-3 6750:978-1-4000-6281-2 6726:978-0-670-83725-0 6705:978-0-7595-1378-5 6698:. Little, Brown. 6680:. et al. London: 6616:Los Angeles Times 6554:978-0-521-62730-6 6337:978-0-8223-5310-2 6193:Sale, Kirkpatrick 5967:Washington Irving 5758:978-0-8166-0850-8 5700:American Heritage 5680:978-84-96467-28-6 5597:978-0-393-06224-3 5268:978-0-19-508557-0 5225:978-0-19-508557-0 5189:978-0-300-13389-9 5061:, pp. 54–55. 4961:978-0-8263-2871-7 4779:978-0-19-504222-1 4735:978-0-14-044217-5 4702:978-0-8050-7603-5 4273:978-0-89950-696-8 4128:978-0-19-517284-3 4088:978-1-877864-97-1 4061:978-0-395-66921-1 3882:978-0-226-58340-2 3774:10.1038/2141213b0 3731:, pp. 20–22. 3716:, pp. 19–20. 3441:, pp. 68–70. 3357:, pp. 67–68. 3343:978-2-35404-007-9 3266:978-0-19-509186-1 2949:-speaking groups. 2784:of all languages. 2492:Cristóvão Colombo 2364:conquered in 1532 2356:conquered in 1521 2117:, on 16 October. 2081:off the coast of 2028:Santiago de Palos 2018:, as well as the 2003:Strait of Malacca 1736:, anchoring near 1549:San Juan Bautista 1500:San Juan Bautista 1402:), he arrived at 1390:, which he named 1322:('the gallant'), 1236:Bulls of Donation 1220:Pope Alexander VI 922:Rodrigo de Triana 835:, going down the 736:A replica of the 711:A replica of the 638:Luis de Santángel 412:Washington Irving 371:. By about 1481, 283:gunpowder empires 281:dominated by the 134:, Columbus was a 132:Republic of Genoa 89: 88: 16:(Redirected from 7466: 7449:Age of Discovery 7319:Circumnavigators 7268: 7236:Dana expeditions 7019: 7012: 7005: 6996: 6969: 6922:Winsor, Justin. 6863: 6839: 6818: 6797: 6765: 6754: 6730: 6709: 6685: 6666: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6606: 6600: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6489:Associated Press 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6439: 6430: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6402: 6401: 6389: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6321: 6315: 6294: 6288: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6189: 6180: 6174: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5969:'s best-selling 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5933: 5927: 5921: 5915: 5902: 5896: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5809: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5717:. Archived from 5710: 5704: 5703: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5636:www.tripline.net 5628: 5622: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5256: 5246: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5213: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5045: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4873: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4825: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4626:Columbus's Ships 4622: 4616: 4615: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4523: 4512: 4511: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4447: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4416: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4175: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4133: 4132: 4116: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4041: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3751: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3674: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3570: 3562: 3538: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3271: 3270: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3172:The red atlantic 3167: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3145:Sault Daily Star 3134: 3128: 3127: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3047: 3030: 3013:in the north to 3003: 2997: 2990:Columbus in his 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2908:Amerigo Vespucci 2905: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2875: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2838: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2796:Monument a Colom 2791: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2748: 2729:Windward Islands 2697:Greater Antilles 2693: 2687: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2602: 2596: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2498: 2484: 2470: 2456: 2440: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2362:in modern Peru ( 2281:Amerigo Vespucci 2261:Age of Discovery 1886: 1883: 1857:and his eyes by 1762:Earthly Paradise 1472:Greater Antilles 1400:Todos los Santos 1089:Samaná Peninsula 1070:Samaná Peninsula 993: 960:to take them as 861: 733: 708: 687: 580:Funding campaign 574:tropical cyclone 566:hurricane season 495: 492: 355:Navigation plans 231: 228: 207:circumnavigation 195:Amerigo Vespucci 111:, which saw the 109:Age of Discovery 50: 40:Age of Discovery 35: 21: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7463: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7348: 7344:Space travelers 7329:Polar explorers 7307: 7262: 7255: 7209: 7166: 7081: 7075: 7034: 7028: 7023: 6990:History Channel 6962: 6870: 6868:Further reading 6860: 6842: 6836: 6821: 6815: 6800: 6786: 6768: 6757: 6751: 6733: 6727: 6712: 6706: 6688: 6682:Hakluyt Society 6669: 6663: 6645: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6626: 6624: 6608: 6607: 6603: 6589:Wayback Machine 6578: 6574: 6564: 6562: 6555: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6498: 6496: 6484:News and Record 6476: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6405: 6398: 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Vol. 1. 5097: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5048: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4932: 4930: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4875: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4703: 4687: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610:Wayback Machine 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4525: 4524: 4515: 4500: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4469: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4444:Wayback Machine 4434: 4430: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4246:Fuson, Robert. 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4198: 4187: 4178: 4171: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4062: 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607:Bartolomeu Dias 582: 570:horse latitudes 541: 521:Marinus of Tyre 493: 474:) occupied 180 448:Juan de la Cosa 440: 430:mentions it in 357: 273:to the Turkish 229: 215: 160:overland routes 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7472: 7470: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7399:1500s in Spain 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7379:1490s in Spain 7376: 7371: 7361: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7315: 7313: 7312:By environment 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7085: 7083: 7080:Exploration by 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7044: 7038: 7036: 7033:Exploration by 7030: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7007: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6961: 6960:External links 6958: 6957: 6956: 6947: 6938: 6929: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6893: 6880: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6858: 6840: 6834: 6819: 6813: 6798: 6785:978-0316584784 6784: 6766: 6755: 6749: 6731: 6725: 6710: 6704: 6690:Dugard, Martin 6686: 6667: 6662:978-1101544327 6661: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6601: 6572: 6553: 6533: 6518: 6506: 6469: 6467:, p. 669. 6457: 6431: 6418: 6403: 6396: 6374: 6343: 6336: 6316: 6289: 6273: 6261: 6259:, p. 332. 6249: 6247:, p. 330. 6234: 6232:, p. 617. 6222: 6207: 6181: 6179:, p. 307. 6164: 6162:, p. 306. 6152: 6140: 6128: 6126:, p. 304. 6116: 6104: 6092: 6090:, p. 299. 6077: 6065: 6037: 6016: 6004: 6002:, p. 287. 5989: 5987:, p. 576. 5977: 5958: 5946: 5944:, p. 283. 5934: 5932:, p. 282. 5922: 5920:, p. 286. 5903: 5901:, p. 281. 5888: 5886:, p. 280. 5876: 5874:, p. 278. 5861: 5828: 5816: 5814:, p. 276. 5801: 5799:, p. 274. 5789: 5777: 5764: 5757: 5737: 5724: 5705: 5686: 5679: 5653: 5623: 5621:, p. 258. 5611: 5596: 5573: 5571:, p. 557. 5561: 5549: 5547:, p. 249. 5537: 5525: 5523:, p. 126. 5513: 5511:, p. 236. 5501: 5499:, p. 547. 5489: 5487:, p. 125. 5477: 5475:, p. 124. 5465: 5463:, p. 235. 5453: 5451:, p. 234. 5441: 5408: 5383:Croxton, Derek 5374: 5361: 5345: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5304:, p. 497. 5294: 5281: 5267: 5238: 5224: 5195: 5188: 5168: 5159: 5144: 5114: 5090: 5083: 5063: 5046: 5027: 5010: 4998: 4983: 4974: 4960: 4940: 4909: 4897: 4865: 4863:, p. 428. 4853: 4841: 4839:, p. 424. 4826: 4824:, p. 423. 4811: 4785: 4778: 4758: 4741: 4734: 4716: 4701: 4680: 4678:, p. 422. 4665: 4663:, p. 417. 4646: 4644:, p. 414. 4634: 4617: 4592: 4590:, p. 128. 4580: 4578:, p. 391. 4568: 4556: 4542: 4536:. p. 68. 4513: 4498: 4475: 4473:, p. 383. 4463: 4448: 4428: 4386: 4374: 4365: 4335: 4323: 4321:, p. 315. 4311: 4298: 4286: 4272: 4252: 4239: 4211: 4209:, p. 145. 4196: 4176: 4169: 4149: 4147:, p. 381. 4134: 4127: 4101: 4087: 4067: 4060: 4036: 4015: 4002: 3990: 3968: 3956: 3954:, p. 226. 3939: 3927: 3912: 3910:, p. 221. 3900: 3888: 3881: 3857: 3855:, p. 228. 3840: 3799: 3778: 3746: 3733: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3661: 3636: 3606: 3604:, p. 102. 3591: 3578: 3549: 3523: 3506: 3494: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3417:, p. 314. 3407: 3405:, p. 132. 3395: 3393:, p. 157. 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3330: 3313: 3300: 3288: 3272: 3265: 3245: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3177: 3162: 3129: 3122: 3102: 3090: 3067: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3031: 2998: 2983: 2974: 2960: 2951: 2945:-speaking and 2934: 2925: 2912: 2900: 2882: 2867: 2854: 2833: 2820: 2811: 2801: 2786: 2765: 2749: 2688: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2628: 2618: 2597: 2573: 2560: 2547: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2499: 2485: 2471: 2457: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404:Columbus's vow 2401: 2395: 2394: 2378: 2375: 2303:Piero Soderini 2223:(19th century) 2206: 2203: 2160:, on 25 June. 2150:Cayman Islands 2073:, arriving at 1983:Main article: 1980: 1977: 1928: 1927:Trial in Spain 1925: 1866: 1863: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1798:diurnal motion 1734:Dragon's Mouth 1677: 1674: 1591: 1588: 1544: 1541: 1454:Virgin Islands 1379: 1376: 1318:('the hill'), 1271: 1268: 1262:Pope Julius II 1143:Azores Islands 1104: 1101: 1061:on 6 January. 1051:Luis de Torres 1029:, present day 910:Eskimo curlews 897: 894: 748: 747: 735: 728: 726: 710: 703: 701: 690:A conjectural 689: 682: 679: 678: 674: 673: 672: 668: 665: 661: 658: 590:nautical miles 581: 578: 540: 537: 439: 436: 426:(for example, 369:Atlantic Ocean 356: 353: 337:goods through 311:dynastic union 275:Ottoman Empire 214: 211: 209:of the world. 203:Southeast Asia 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7471: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 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6820: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6598:0-521-55203-6 6595: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6576: 6573: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6537: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6510: 6507: 6499:September 25, 6494: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6416:, p. 73. 6415: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6399: 6397:9780226856094 6393: 6388: 6387: 6378: 6375: 6367:September 27, 6362: 6358: 6357:History Today 6354: 6347: 6344: 6339: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6313:0-8420-2573-1 6310: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6257:Bergreen 2011 6253: 6250: 6246: 6245:Bergreen 2011 6241: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6223: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6208:0-452-26669-6 6204: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6177:Bergreen 2011 6173: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6160:Bergreen 2011 6156: 6153: 6149: 6148:Bergreen 2011 6144: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6124:Bergreen 2011 6120: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6100:Bergreen 2011 6096: 6093: 6089: 6088:Bergreen 2011 6084: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6073:Bergreen 2011 6069: 6066: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6038: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6005: 6001: 6000:Bergreen 2011 5996: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5955: 5954:Bergreen 2011 5950: 5947: 5943: 5942:Bergreen 2011 5938: 5935: 5931: 5930:Bergreen 2011 5926: 5923: 5919: 5918:Bergreen 2011 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5899:Bergreen 2011 5895: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5884:Bergreen 2011 5880: 5877: 5873: 5872:Bergreen 2011 5868: 5866: 5862: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5829: 5825: 5824:Bergreen 2011 5820: 5817: 5813: 5812:Bergreen 2011 5808: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5797:Bergreen 2011 5793: 5790: 5786: 5785:Bergreen 2011 5781: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5654: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5619:Bergreen 2011 5615: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5557:Bergreen 2011 5553: 5550: 5546: 5545:Bergreen 2011 5541: 5538: 5534: 5533:Bergreen 2011 5529: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5509:Bergreen 2011 5505: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5466: 5462: 5461:Bergreen 2011 5457: 5454: 5450: 5449:Bergreen 2011 5445: 5442: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5419: 5412: 5409: 5404: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5349: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5285: 5282: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5172: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5137:September 26, 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5111:. p. 52. 5110: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5086: 5084:0-374-90280-1 5080: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5037:The Ecologist 5031: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4944: 4941: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4910: 4907:, p. 70. 4906: 4901: 4898: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4753: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4689:Horwitz, Tony 4684: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4588:Bergreen 2011 4584: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4549:September 11, 4545: 4543:9789004338203 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4499:0-8166-0782-6 4495: 4491: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4421:September 27, 4413: 4409: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384:, p. 54. 4383: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4294:Columbus 1893 4290: 4287: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4170:0-300-05696-6 4166: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4105: 4102: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4079: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4032:0-87742-316-4 4029: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 4000:, p. 99. 3999: 3998:Bergreen 2011 3994: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3966:, p. 36. 3965: 3964:Columbus 1893 3960: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3937:, p. 35. 3936: 3935:Columbus 1893 3931: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3795:0-521-52485-7 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3729:Columbus 1893 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3714:Columbus 1893 3710: 3707: 3704:, p. 19. 3703: 3702:Columbus 1893 3698: 3695: 3682: 3678: 3677:Outlook India 3673: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3550:9780385513982 3546: 3542: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3504:, p. 92. 3503: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3490:0-671-61050-3 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453:, p. 84. 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3384: 3381:, p. 59. 3380: 3375: 3372: 3369:, p. 68. 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3328:, p. 65. 3327: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3307:Sagan, Carl. 3304: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3249: 3246: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3212:, p. 20. 3211: 3210:Columbus 1893 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3123:0-500-02109-0 3119: 3115: 3114: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3056: 3055:www.rmg.co.uk 3052: 3046: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3023:South America 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2892:Cuneo wrote, 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782:mother tongue 2779: 2775: 2772:Torres spoke 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 41) 2762: 2761:Columbus 1893 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2635:According to 2632: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2539: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2391:Oceans portal 2386: 2381: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:Pacific Ocean 2329: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2191:Regiomontanus 2188: 2187: 2182: 2181:lunar eclipse 2178: 2170: 2169:lunar eclipse 2165: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1986: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1952: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1879: 1878:Luigi Gregori 1875: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1830:Vasco da Gama 1825: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1774:Gulf of Paria 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:South America 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1694: 1687: 1682: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1628:dismemberment 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1584:Isle of Youth 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551:(present-day 1550: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:Marie-Galante 1385: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1350:('the fat'), 1349: 1345: 1342:('the old'), 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310:('the nun'), 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1276: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1249:Inter caetera 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1078:Bay of Arrows 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Bay of Rincón 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:Christmas Day 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 992: 983: 979: 975: 970: 965: 963: 956: 954: 950: 947:. The modern 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 917: 915: 911: 902: 895: 893: 891: 887: 882: 880: 876: 871: 869: 865: 858: 854: 850: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:Vicente Yáñez 822: 821:Martín Alonso 818: 814: 810: 806: 805: 800: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 781: 776: 772: 768: 760: 755: 745: 741: 740: 732: 727: 724: 720: 716: 715: 707: 702: 699: 698: 693: 686: 681: 671: 666: 664: 659: 657: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Spanish court 623: 618: 616: 611: 608: 603: 601: 600: 593: 591: 587: 579: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562: 556: 554: 550: 546: 538: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 515: 511: 506: 499: 488: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 456: 450: (black) 449: 444: 437: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 420:Ancient Greek 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 375:cosmographer 374: 370: 366: 362: 354: 352: 350: 349: 348:Aeterni regis 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 267: 266:Pax Mongolica 262: 261:Mongol Empire 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 224: 220: 212: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:Spice Islands 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 97:transatlantic 94: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 49: 44: 41: 36: 30: 19: 6951: 6942: 6933: 6924: 6915: 6906: 6897: 6884: 6879:. Macmillan. 6875: 6848: 6844:Zinn, Howard 6824: 6803: 6774: 6760: 6739: 6715: 6694: 6676: 6651: 6625:. Retrieved 6614: 6604: 6580: 6575: 6563:. Retrieved 6543: 6536: 6527: 6521: 6509: 6497:. Retrieved 6482: 6472: 6465:Morison 1991 6460: 6445: 6426: 6421: 6385: 6377: 6365:. Retrieved 6356: 6346: 6326: 6319: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6269:Morison 1991 6264: 6252: 6230:Morison 1991 6225: 6197: 6155: 6143: 6136:Morison 1991 6131: 6119: 6107: 6095: 6068: 6056:. Retrieved 6047: 6040: 6030: 6019: 6007: 5985:Morison 1991 5980: 5970: 5961: 5949: 5937: 5925: 5879: 5852:. Retrieved 5843:The Guardian 5841: 5831: 5819: 5792: 5780: 5772: 5767: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5727: 5719:the original 5708: 5699: 5689: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5644:. Retrieved 5635: 5626: 5614: 5586: 5576: 5569:Morison 1991 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5497:Morison 1991 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5434:November 24, 5432:. Retrieved 5421: 5411: 5401:– via 5397:November 23, 5395:. Retrieved 5391:the original 5377: 5369: 5364: 5354: 5348: 5339: 5333: 5326:Morison 1991 5321: 5314:Morison 1991 5309: 5302:Morison 1991 5297: 5289: 5284: 5272:. Retrieved 5252: 5231:November 21, 5229:. Retrieved 5209: 5198: 5178: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5126: 5117: 5103: 5093: 5073: 5066: 5041: 5035: 5030: 5006:Morison 1991 5001: 4992: 4986: 4977: 4967:February 28, 4965:. Retrieved 4950: 4943: 4931:. Retrieved 4922: 4912: 4905:Horwitz 2008 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4878: 4861:Morison 1991 4856: 4849:Morison 1991 4844: 4837:Morison 1991 4822:Morison 1991 4802:. Retrieved 4798:Diario Libre 4797: 4788: 4768: 4761: 4751: 4744: 4725: 4719: 4692: 4683: 4676:Morison 1991 4661:Morison 1991 4642:Morison 1991 4637: 4620: 4614:(in Spanish) 4601: 4595: 4583: 4576:Morison 1991 4571: 4564:Morison 1991 4559: 4547:. Retrieved 4528: 4488: 4478: 4471:Morison 1991 4466: 4461:, p. 3. 4431: 4419:. Retrieved 4405: 4377: 4368: 4351: 4347: 4331:Morison 1991 4326: 4319:Morison 1991 4314: 4306: 4301: 4289: 4279:February 28, 4277:. Retrieved 4262: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4230:. Retrieved 4224: 4214: 4207:Morison 1991 4159: 4152: 4145:Morison 1991 4112: 4104: 4094:February 28, 4092:. Retrieved 4077: 4070: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3993: 3976: 3971: 3959: 3952:Morison 1991 3930: 3923:Morison 1991 3908:Morison 1991 3903: 3896:Morison 1991 3891: 3867: 3860: 3853:Morison 1991 3831:. Retrieved 3822:(1): 13–32. 3819: 3815: 3802: 3786: 3781: 3765: 3749: 3741: 3736: 3709: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3676: 3664: 3627:. Retrieved 3623:the original 3618: 3609: 3586: 3581: 3534: 3526: 3497: 3481: 3475: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3439:Morison 1991 3434: 3427:Morison 1991 3422: 3415:Morison 1991 3410: 3403:Morison 1991 3398: 3391:Morison 1991 3386: 3379:Morison 1991 3374: 3367:Morison 1991 3362: 3350: 3333: 3326:Morison 1991 3308: 3303: 3298:, p. 2. 3291: 3283: 3255: 3248: 3238:September 5, 3236:. 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Retrieved 3054: 3045: 3007:Mesoamerican 3001: 2991: 2986: 2977: 2963: 2954: 2937: 2928: 2920: 2915: 2903: 2894: 2878:Tony Horwitz 2857: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2823: 2814: 2804: 2794: 2789: 2768: 2741:Guanahatabey 2691: 2662: 2653: 2644: 2631: 2621: 2600: 2591:towards the 2587:in terms of 2576: 2568: 2563: 2550: 2541: 2438: 2399:Columbus Day 2352:Aztec Empire 2348: 2325: 2318: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2258: 2245: 2229:colonization 2226: 2199: 2195: 2184: 2174: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2064: 2059: 2051: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 1996: 1975: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1935: 1921: 1912: 1909: 1898: 1873: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1836:Governorship 1826: 1822: 1806:Chacachacare 1794:polar radius 1787: 1757: 1742:Icacos Point 1738:Soldado Rock 1722: 1707: 1699: 1696:Third voyage 1684:Location of 1672: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1613: 1593: 1577: 1565:Monte Cristi 1548: 1546: 1508:Jesus Christ 1499: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458:Virgin Gorda 1449: 1441: 1438:Saint Martin 1433: 1429: 1423: 1415: 1407: 1399: 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2122:Veragua 2075:Guanaja 2067:Jamaica 2020:Gallega 1967:Granada 1891:at the 1818:Grenada 1770:tsunami 1750:Orinoco 1718:Madeira 1668:Odemira 1656:cassava 1601:Zipangu 1569:Caonabo 1484:Borikén 1440:), and 1352:Cardera 1332:Rodriga 1304:Gallega 1043:cacique 1007:Lucayan 930:lombard 777:), the 771:carrack 694:of the 692:replica 660:History 649:viceroy 549:beating 476:degrees 464:Ptolemy 387:in the 339:tribute 335:African 293:Castile 259:of the 253:opiates 172:Bahamas 82:Outcome 7278:French 7155:Arctic 7101:Africa 7082:region 7059:Desert 7042:Canopy 6856: 6832: 6811: 6792: 6782: 6747: 6723: 6702: 6659: 6596: 6551: 6394: 6334: 6311: 6215: 6205: 5755: 5677: 5604: 5594: 5274:May 1, 5265: 5222: 5186: 5081: 4958: 4776: 4732: 4709: 4699: 4540: 4506: 4496: 4437:online 4358: 4270: 4167: 4125: 4121:–165. 4085: 4058: 4030: 3879: 3793: 3766:Nature 3557: 3547: 3488: 3341: 3309:Cosmos 3263: 3188:p. 341 3120: 3019:Panama 3011:Mexico 2947:Arawak 2778:Arabic 2774:Hebrew 2725:Galibi 2274:Brazil 2235:, 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Knowledge (XXG)

Voyages of Christopher Columbus

Index