217:, which according to al-Maqrizi the Makurians had never seen before. He then laid siege to the city, putting his cavalry in the precarious situation of storming a walled city defended by the infamous Nubian archers. During the siege the town's cathedral was damaged by catapult fire. (A damaged church has been discovered outside the remains of the city walls dating to the mid-seventh century.)
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In the centuries that followed, however, the siege and second battle of
Dongola were transformed by Muslim historians into a victory. Qalidurut was said to have come out of the city submissively seeking terms, according to al-Maqrizi. It may be that this version of events stems from the conflation of
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was without precedent in the early history of Islam. Also new to the paradigm of Muslim-Non Muslim
Relations was Nubia's status as a land free from conquest. Traditionally, Nubia was made the exception. It was a Christian region where its rulers did business with Muslim rulers on equal terms well
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in mortar and faced with stone. The round corner towers were 6 metres wide and projected 8 metres (26 ft) out from the wall. There were another two towers on the north wall. The towers, however, may have been added after, and possibly in response to, the siege of 652.
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in 652. The battle ended Muslim expansion into Nubia, establishing trade and a historic peace between the Muslim world and a
Christian nation. As a result, Makuria was able to grow into a regional power that would dominate Nubia for over the next 500 years.
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was agreed upon by both sides and lasted for six centuries. It set up trade relations between Muslim Egypt and
Christian Nubia. It involved the exchange of wheat, barley, wine, horses and linen from Egypt for 360 slaves per year from Nubia.
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The details of the second battle of
Dongola are scarce, but we do know that the forces of the caliphate suffered enough casualties that taking their objective—the city of Dongola—was no longer possible. A negotiated truce known as the
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Archaeological discoveries show that
Dongola was a well fortified city in the seventh century. It had walls at least 6 metres (20 ft) high and 4 metres (13 ft) wide at the base with towers. These were constructed of
180:, the successor of the first governor of Arab Egypt, invaded Makuria in an attempt to bring the Makurians to heel. At this time, northern and central Nubia were united under the Makurian king Qalidurut.
232:, who had no sympathy for the forces of the caliph, had an even stronger opinion: "The Muslims had never suffered a loss like the one they had in Nubia." An Arab poet describing the battle wrote:
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The siege ended in a pitched battle. The casualties incurred by
Abdallah's forces were heavy, and Qalidurut did not sue for peace. In the end, Abdallah called off the siege and negotiated a pact (
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Relations between the kingdom of
Makuria and Rashidun Egypt had gotten off to a rocky start in 642 with the
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Abdallah marched a force of 5,000 men to the
Makurian capital of Dongola in 651. He was equipped with
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Spaulding, Jay (1995). "Medieval
Christian Nubia and the Islamic World: A Reconsideration of the
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until the 12th century when the power of Nubia began to wane. As a result of the battle and the
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UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III: Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century
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Ground plan of the so-called "Old Church", which was damaged by catapults during the siege
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499:(Abridged ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 399 Pages.
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this was because "he was unable to defeat them". The 10th-century Shiite historian
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Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche
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The Muslim World A Historical Survey Part III, The Last Great Muslim Empires
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the events of 652 with late 13th-century conflict between Nubia and the
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The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 2 c. 500 B.C. – A.D. 1050
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The Nubians of West Aswan: Village Women in the Midst of Change
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Christianity in Nubia. History and shape of an African church
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was a military engagement between early Arab forces of the
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The International Journal of African Historical Studies
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With rushing horses loaded down with coats of mail."
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155:and the Nubian-Christian forces of the kingdom of
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619:] (in German). Lit.
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