914:
905:
its focus, and this needs to be taken into account when scaling exposure times for objects with significant apparent size, like the Sun, Moon and planets. For example, directly scaling the exposure time from the Moon to the Sun works because they are approximately the same size in the sky. However, scaling the exposure from the Moon to Saturn would result in an overexposure if the image of Saturn takes up a smaller area on your sensor than the Moon did (at the same magnification, or more generally, f/#).
8876:
938:
861:, rather than using a stellar spectrum or blackbody curve as the reference. The AB magnitude zero point is defined such that an object's AB and Vega-based magnitudes will be approximately equal in the V filter band. However, the AB magnitude system is defined assuming an idealized detector measuring only one wavelength of light, while real detectors accept energy from a range of wavelengths.
2315:
309:
8926:
40:
1859:, so the apparent magnitude of a star depends on both its absolute brightness and its distance (and any extinction). For example, a star at one distance will have the same apparent magnitude as a star four times as bright at twice that distance. In contrast, the intrinsic brightness of an astronomical object, does not depend on the distance of the observer or any
8950:
700:. This cannot be proved or disproved because Hipparchus's original star catalogue is lost. The only preserved text by Hipparchus himself (a commentary to Aratus) clearly documents that he did not have a system to describe brightness with numbers: He always uses terms like "big" or "small", "bright" or "faint" or even descriptions such as "visible at full moon".
8914:
2232:), B (about 435 nm, in the blue region) and V (about 555 nm, in the middle of the human visual range in daylight). The V band was chosen for spectral purposes and gives magnitudes closely corresponding to those seen by the human eye. When an apparent magnitude is discussed without further qualification, the V magnitude is generally understood.
8938:
8887:
734:
Defining and calibrating what magnitude 0.0 means is difficult, and different types of measurements which detect different kinds of light (possibly by using filters) have different zero points. Pogson's original 1856 paper defined magnitude 6.0 to be the faintest star the unaided eye can see, but the
904:
The apparent magnitude scale in astronomy reflects the received power of stars and not their amplitude. Newcomers should consider using the relative brightness measure in astrophotography to adjust exposure times between stars. Apparent magnitude also integrates over the entire object, regardless of
833:
With the modern magnitude systems, brightness is described using Pogson's ratio. In practice, magnitude numbers rarely go above 30 before stars become too faint to detect. While Vega is close to magnitude 0, there are four brighter stars in the night sky at visible wavelengths (and more at infrared
875:
Precision measurement of magnitude (photometry) requires calibration of the photographic or (usually) electronic detection apparatus. This generally involves contemporaneous observation, under identical conditions, of standard stars whose magnitude using that spectral filter is accurately known.
739:
used an average of 100 stars close to
Polaris to define magnitude 5.0. Later, the Johnson UVB photometric system defined multiple types of photometric measurements with different filters, where magnitude 0.0 for each filter is defined to be the average of six stars with the same spectral type as
7241:
Illingworth, G. D.; Magee, D.; Oesch, P. A.; Bouwens, R. J.; Labbé, I.; Stiavelli, M.; van Dokkum, P. G.; Franx, M.; Trenti, M.; Carollo, C. M.; Gonzalez, V. (21 October 2013). "The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF: Combining all ACS and WFC3/IR Data on the HUDF Region into the
Deepest Field Ever".
6930:
888:
must be taken into account. Typically one would observe a few different stars of known magnitude which are sufficiently similar. Calibrator stars close in the sky to the target are favoured (to avoid large differences in the atmospheric paths). If those stars have somewhat different
6956:
6904:
6758:
1536:
may only be able to produce a measurement of their combined light output. To find the combined magnitude of that double star knowing only the magnitudes of the individual components, this can be done by adding the brightness (in linear units) corresponding to each magnitude.
2224:. The sensitivity of a light detector varies according to the wavelength of the light, and the way it varies depends on the type of light detector. For this reason, it is necessary to specify how the magnitude is measured for the value to be meaningful. For this purpose the
245:
that a celestial object emits, rather than its apparent brightness when observed, and is expressed on the same reverse logarithmic scale. Absolute magnitude is defined as the apparent magnitude that a star or object would have if it were observed from a distance of 10
1326:
6926:
6952:
6900:
6754:
1785:
1639:
744:
of these stars would be 0. Although this system is often called "Vega normalized", Vega is slightly dimmer than the six-star average used to define magnitude 0.0, meaning Vega's magnitude is normalized to 0.03 by definition.
707:
formalized the system by defining a first magnitude star as a star that is 100 times as bright as a sixth-magnitude star, thereby establishing the logarithmic scale still in use today. This implies that a star of magnitude
2269:
irregular variable star (at maximum) are reversed compared to what human eyes perceive, because this archaic film is more sensitive to blue light than it is to red light. Magnitudes obtained from this method are known as
7141:
2281:
with a given absolute magnitude, 5 is added to the apparent magnitude for every tenfold increase in the distance to the object. For objects at very great distances (far beyond the Milky Way), this relationship must be
1138:
1044:
1889:(150,000,000 km) from both the observer and the Sun, and fully illuminated at maximum opposition (a configuration that is only theoretically achievable, with the observer situated on the surface of the Sun).
1509:
1832:
or power, respectively). The zero point of the apparent bolometric magnitude scale is based on the definition that an apparent bolometric magnitude of 0 mag is equivalent to a received irradiance of 2.518×10
6353:
Evans, N. R.; Schaefer, G. H.; Bond, H. E.; Bono, G.; Karovska, M.; Nelan, E.; Sasselov, D.; Mason, B. D. (2008). "Direct
Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with The Hubble Space Telescope".
1435:
945:
The dimmer an object appears, the higher the numerical value given to its magnitude, with a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponding to a brightness factor of exactly 100. Therefore, the magnitude
1229:
1204:
5629:
Umeh, Obinna; Clarkson, Chris; Maartens, Roy (2014). "Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances, redshift and gravitational lensing magnification: II. Derivation".
1673:
7138:
1171:. Since an increase of 5 magnitudes corresponds to a decrease in brightness by a factor of exactly 100, each magnitude increase implies a decrease in brightness by the factor
160:
4940:
1540:
2254:
Measures of magnitude need cautious treatment and it is extremely important to measure like with like. On early 20th century and older orthochromatic (blue-sensitive)
2896:
maximum brightness of perigee + perihelion + full Moon (~0.267 lux; mean distance value is −12.74, though values are about 0.18 magnitude brighter when including the
901:
to the airmass at the target's position. Such calibration obtains the brightness as would be observed from above the atmosphere, where apparent magnitude is defined.
1668:
7031:
Boffin, H.M.J.; Pourbaix, D. (2014). "Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915.57–531906.1".
8727:
4319:
1053:
162:, or about 2.512. For example, a magnitude 2.0 star is 2.512 times as bright as a magnitude 3.0 star, 6.31 times as magnitude 4.0, and 100 times magnitude 7.0.
5317:
959:
4494:
200 km sized object about 90 AU (13 billion km) from the Sun and about 75 million times fainter than what can be seen with the naked eye.
6437:
7336:
1442:
5966:
Winkler, P. Frank; Gupta, Gaurav; Long, Knox S. (2003). "The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper
Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum".
1828:) is a measure of an object's apparent or absolute brightness integrated over all wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum (also known as the object's
8975:
7005:
5566:
1820:
While magnitude generally refers to a measurement in a particular filter band corresponding to some range of wavelengths, the apparent or absolute
7158:
731:
star catalogs popularized Pogson's ratio, and eventually it became a de facto standard in modern astronomy to describe differences in brightness.
7117:
6604:
1851:
While apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of an object as seen by a particular observer, absolute magnitude is a measure of the
8759:
6494:
5865:
5828:
5134:
5060:
4986:
2373:
Some of the listed magnitudes are approximate. Telescope sensitivity depends on observing time, optical bandpass, and interfering light from
1358:
5481:
834:
wavelengths) as well as the bright planets Venus, Mars, and
Jupiter, and since brighter means smaller magnitude, these must be described by
280:, i.e. the apparent magnitude of the faintest star they can see with the naked eye. This can be useful as a way of monitoring the spread of
6878:
6631:
6627:
4863:
4262:
5257:
5220:
3681:
2332:
853:
Astronomers have developed other photometric zero point systems as alternatives to Vega normalized systems. The most widely used is the
330:
5834:
2243:, emit little energy in the blue and UV regions of the spectrum, their power is often under-represented by the UBV scale. Indeed, some
2198:
The magnitude scale is a reverse logarithmic scale. A common misconception is that the logarithmic nature of the scale is because the
913:
8734:
8053:
6022:
6674:
6658:
6305:
2228:
is widely used, in which the magnitude is measured in three different wavelength bands: U (centred at about 350 nm, in the near
1870:, of a star or astronomical object is defined as the apparent magnitude it would have as seen from a distance of 10 parsecs (33
6279:
4721:
4019:
2354:
352:
6253:
6196:
4524:
in 2003 when it was 28 AU (4.2 billion km) from the Sun, imaged using 3 of 4 synchronised individual scopes in the
8970:
6331:
8446:
7295:
7084:
6847:
6788:
6520:
6410:
7188:
Robertson, B. E.; et al. (2023). "Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z > 10".
6982:
6081:
224:
118:(brightest) to 6th magnitude (dimmest). The modern scale was mathematically defined to closely match this historical system by
103:
in astronomy usually refers to a celestial object's apparent magnitude. The magnitude scale likely dates to before the ancient
8360:
8739:
8376:
7395:
5433:
4885:
2336:
846:, has a magnitude of −1.4 in the visible. Negative magnitudes for other very bright astronomical objects can be found in the
720:
334:
5881:
Dolan, Michelle M.; Mathews, Grant J.; Lam, Doan Duc; Lan, Nguyen Quynh; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Dearborn, David S. P. (2017).
5944:
3773:
Peak visual magnitude (the "Clarke Event") seen on Earth on 19 March 2008 from a distance of 7.5 billion light-years.
3266:(unlike Venus, Mercury is at its brightest when on the far side of the Sun, the reason being their different phase curves)
2247:
stars have an estimated magnitude of well over 100, because they emit extremely little visible light, but are strongest in
8786:
8653:
4525:
4349:
5287:
8769:
8720:
8695:
7988:
6464:
4675:
894:
735:
true limit for faintest possible visible star varies depending on the atmosphere and how high a star is in the sky. The
182:
8073:
6055:
8710:
8690:
3073:
185:
and atmospheric conditions. The apparent magnitudes of known objects range from the Sun at −26.832 to objects in deep
6547:
5310:
8904:
8774:
8705:
8675:
6732:
4612:
4581:
3146:
1937:
6654:
6433:
5078:"Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas"
8781:
8658:
8635:
8217:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7326:
6693:
6574:
5968:
4470:
Furthest known observable object in the Solar System about 132 AU (19.7 billion km) from the Sun
7924:
7798:
7433:
4748:
3124:. An astronomical object casts human-visible shadows when its apparent magnitude is equal to or lower than −4
1174:
208:
48:
8451:
8120:
7009:
5190:
IAU Inter-Division A-G Working Group on
Nominal Units for Stellar & Planetary Astronomy (13 August 2015).
6210:
5192:"IAU 2015 Resolution B2 on Recommended Zero Points for the Absolute and Apparent Bolometric Magnitude Scales"
4783:
876:
Moreover, as the amount of light actually received by a telescope is reduced due to transmission through the
8700:
8250:
8160:
8102:
8028:
7599:
7525:
4651:
3142:
2368:
2325:
2298:
652:
326:
319:
263:
104:
7475:
8861:
8841:
8613:
8608:
8401:
8350:
8155:
8145:
7818:
7616:
7584:
7458:
6144:
Mallama, A.; Hilton, J.L. (2018). "Computing
Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac".
4594:
4561:
4216:
3591:
2824:
2287:
2271:
2244:
1860:
1529:
1321:{\displaystyle {\frac {F_{2}}{F_{1}}}=100^{\frac {\Delta m}{5}}=10^{0.4\Delta m}\approx 2.512^{\Delta m}.}
898:
870:
220:
193:
186:
85:
2203:
8715:
8685:
8680:
8670:
8598:
8386:
7552:
5682:
Hogg, David W.; Baldry, Ivan K.; Blanton, Michael R.; Eisenstein, Daniel J. (2002). "The K correction".
4910:
4711:
4680:
4353:
3133:
858:
857:
system, in which photometric zero points are based on a hypothetical reference spectrum having constant
177:
on the darkest night have apparent magnitudes of about +6.5, though this varies depending on a person's
130:
31:
7833:
7166:
2942:
2212:
877:
8856:
8754:
8744:
8593:
8561:
8355:
8150:
8135:
7448:
7261:
7207:
7050:
6372:
6222:
6163:
5987:
5904:
5749:
5712:
5648:
5604:
5515:
5409:
5212:
5159:
5089:
5015:
4949:
4931:
4828:
4752:
4629:
expected magnitude of dimmest known asteroid, a 950-meter Kuiper belt object discovered (by the HST)
4529:
3831:
3263:
3031:
704:
656:
259:
119:
115:
77:
7695:
5150:
Oke, J. B.; Gunn, J. E. (15 March 1983). "Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry".
8954:
8456:
8316:
8299:
7970:
7872:
7113:
6596:
4426:
4309:
4291:
4133:
2844:
2374:
73:
6486:
5740:
Agrawal, Dulli
Chandra (30 March 2016). "Apparent magnitude of earthshine: a simple calculation".
3217:
Faintest objects visible during the day with naked eye when Sun is less than 10° above the horizon
2443:
136:
8942:
8930:
8851:
8812:
8764:
8749:
8663:
8526:
8436:
8406:
8396:
8340:
8262:
7953:
7589:
7388:
7277:
7251:
7223:
7197:
7066:
7040:
6388:
6362:
6179:
6153:
6003:
5977:
5922:
5894:
5773:
5683:
5664:
5638:
5477:
5355:
5202:
4818:
4690:
4598:
4315:
3873:
This is an extreme naked-eye target that pushes human eyesight and the Bortle scale to the limit
3326:
3017:
2291:
1856:
1846:
1168:
950:
644:
277:
238:
216:
6870:
5004:"Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the First Day of each Month of the Year 1857"
4936:"Magnitudes of Thirty-six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857"
4859:
5249:
4542:
8802:
8287:
8227:
8200:
8180:
7980:
7764:
7752:
7579:
7559:
7513:
7495:
7463:
7110:
5861:
5824:
5765:
5425:
5375:
5130:
5105:
5056:
5033:
4982:
4717:
4516:
4331:
3821:
naked eye observer under very good conditions. There are about 9,500 stars visible to mag 6.5.
3742:
3368:
2420:
2255:
1886:
1875:
926:
885:
679:
671:
273:
126:
89:
5191:
5124:
1780:{\displaystyle m_{f}=-2.5\log _{10}\left(10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}\right),}
8918:
8630:
8583:
8533:
8521:
8499:
8494:
8421:
8381:
8328:
8110:
8033:
8008:
7902:
7823:
7547:
7508:
7269:
7215:
7058:
7054:
6380:
6226:
6171:
6167:
5995:
5912:
5818:
5757:
5656:
5523:
5417:
5413:
5365:
5167:
5097:
5023:
4957:
4836:
4760:
4739:
4670:
4665:
4504:
4054:
3612:
3011:
2952:
2897:
2628:
1047:
843:
201:
5451:
5421:
4642:
4503:
Faintest objects observable with a single 8-meter class ground-based telescope such as the
1646:
8817:
8620:
8489:
8333:
8304:
8245:
8240:
8115:
7843:
7808:
7742:
7688:
7683:
7628:
7438:
7145:
6678:
6671:
6301:
3762:
3645:
3403:
2411:
281:
6275:
5660:
5541:
3360:
maximum brightness near opposition and perihelion when the rings are angled toward Earth
678:). Each grade of magnitude was considered twice the brightness of the following grade (a
7265:
7211:
6813:
6376:
6249:
6077:
5991:
5908:
5761:
5753:
5716:
5652:
5608:
5519:
5216:
5163:
5093:
5019:
4953:
4832:
4764:
4756:
8879:
8645:
8484:
8311:
8282:
8257:
8190:
7879:
7747:
7633:
7535:
7425:
7415:
6384:
4572:
4183:
4037:
3385:
3338:
1348:
The apparent magnitude of the Sun is −26.832 (brighter), and the mean magnitude of the
446:
262:
since it refers to a property of a star regardless of how close it is to Earth. But in
111:
6327:
5704:
5592:
2297:
For planets and other Solar System bodies, the apparent magnitude is derived from its
8964:
8831:
8625:
8588:
8556:
8431:
8140:
7963:
7934:
7912:
7530:
7503:
7480:
7381:
7303:
7227:
7088:
6839:
6781:
6516:
6406:
6236:
5777:
5503:
4438:
4236:
4149:
4105:
4071:
2979:
2963:
2524:
2491:
2475:
2221:
2202:
itself has a logarithmic response. In Pogson's time this was thought to be true (see
683:
178:
17:
7281:
7273:
7070:
6978:
6392:
6183:
5926:
5917:
5882:
5668:
4045:
maximum brightness, brightest when west of Saturn and takes 40 days to switch sides
8891:
8566:
8516:
8511:
8411:
8294:
8277:
8235:
8195:
8130:
8013:
7958:
7939:
7919:
7897:
7889:
7732:
7725:
7564:
7485:
7468:
6007:
5394:
5344:"The GALAH survey: unresolved triple Sun-like stars discovered by the Gaia mission"
4385:
3952:
3939:
3628:
2283:
890:
854:
165:
The brightest astronomical objects have negative apparent magnitudes: for example,
7062:
6573:. SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 2 September 2007.
5542:"Magnitude | Brightness, Apparent Magnitude & Absolute Magnitude | Britannica"
4889:
1634:{\displaystyle 10^{-m_{f}\times 0.4}=10^{-m_{1}\times 0.4}+10^{-m_{2}\times 0.4}.}
937:
1874:). The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.83 in the V band (visual), 4.68 in the
8807:
8506:
8479:
8471:
8461:
8441:
8416:
8345:
8267:
8023:
7998:
7993:
7907:
7867:
7828:
7793:
7776:
7771:
7443:
6175:
5940:
4650:
a luminous blue variable star, expected magnitude at visible wavelengths due to
4630:
4557:
4373:
4219:
3765:
3317:
2928:
2507:
2459:
2414:
2314:
2229:
1533:
741:
686:
existed. This rather crude scale for the brightness of stars was popularized by
308:
288:
197:
133:
number. A difference of 1.0 in magnitude corresponds to the brightness ratio of
7362:
7219:
5077:
8391:
8088:
8061:
8038:
8018:
8003:
7855:
7759:
7737:
7715:
7710:
7574:
6543:
6463:. SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 28 July 2006.
5792:
5279:
4685:
4480:
4420:
4402:
4137:
4004:
3865:
3662:
3653:
maximum brightness (moon of
Jupiter and the largest moon in the Solar System)
3161:
2908:
2632:
2589:
2266:
2259:
2225:
1871:
1829:
1148:
918:
697:
267:
242:
81:
65:
39:
6460:
5769:
5429:
5379:
5109:
5037:
8578:
8426:
8210:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8125:
8078:
8068:
7862:
7838:
7813:
7720:
7671:
7604:
7594:
7569:
7542:
7518:
7453:
6232:
6047:
5370:
5343:
5028:
5003:
4962:
4935:
4456:
4364:
3986:
3751:
3671:
3035:
2888:
2278:
2240:
2236:
2207:
2199:
1349:
675:
174:
93:
44:
4841:
4806:
2580:
would be seen as a large, very bright bluish disk of 35° apparent diameter
30:
For a more detailed discussion of the history of the magnitude system, see
4921:
Hoffmann, S., Hipparchs
Himmelsglobus, Springer, Wiesbaden/ New York, 2017
4352:
with 30 minutes of stacked images (6 subframes at 5 minutes each) using a
3960:
maximum brightness; largest moon of Saturn; mean opposition magnitude 8.4
3122:
Faintest objects observable during the day with naked eye when Sun is high
1133:{\displaystyle m_{x}=-2.5\log _{10}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}
8571:
8272:
7946:
7705:
7678:
5982:
5688:
4253:
4174:
maximum brightness, 725 times fainter than magnitude 6.5 naked eye skies
4016:
3969:
3796:
3582:
3226:
2861:
2686:
2248:
1039:{\displaystyle m_{x}=-5\log _{100}\left({\frac {F_{x}}{F_{x,0}}}\right),}
692:
452:
212:
205:
6724:
3003:
the brightest stellar event in recorded history (7200 light-years away)
1794:
is the resulting magnitude after adding the brightnesses referred to by
8846:
8321:
8083:
7850:
7803:
7786:
7781:
7700:
3697:
3565:
3082:
3057:
3039:
2995:
2777:
2712:
2556:
2378:
2339: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1855:
brightness of an object. Flux decreases with distance according to an
897:) then a correction factor as a function of airmass can be derived and
881:
687:
442:
337: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
270:, references to "magnitude" are understood to mean apparent magnitude.
107:
6697:
6570:
5053:
The measurement of starlight: two centuries of astronomical photometry
4979:
The measurement of starlight: two centuries of astronomical photometry
4348:
Faintest objects observable in visible light with a 600 mm (24″)
1206:(Pogson's ratio). Inverting the above formula, a magnitude difference
8836:
8824:
8043:
7929:
5506:; Cox, C. V. (1997). "Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes".
4274:
4200:
4124:
4121:
4088:
3848:
2760:
2729:
2699:
Minimum brightness that causes the typical eye slight pain to look at
2605:
2540:
2434:(20 quadrillion) times as bright as the Sun when seen from the Earth
1966:
1504:{\displaystyle v_{b}=10^{0.4x}=10^{0.4\times 14.09}\approx 432\,513.}
930:
839:
421:
247:
170:
5527:
8886:
7202:
6158:
5999:
5360:
5207:
5171:
5101:
5055:. Cambridge ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
7256:
7045:
6367:
5899:
5643:
4823:
4779:
4166:
2807:
2665:
2648:
2572:
2262:
936:
912:
668:
166:
38:
6657:. California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
6436:. California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
3141:
maximum brightness of 4.7 million years ago, the historical
749:
Limiting Magnitudes for Visual Observation at High Magnification
8205:
8185:
7404:
7331:
5253:
4737:
Curtis, Heber Doust (1903) . "On the Limits of Unaided Vision".
3814:
3438:
2828:
2682:
1834:
1341:
389:
69:
7377:
6434:"Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Ganymede (Major Body 503)"
1885:
rather means the apparent magnitude it would have if it were 1
8551:
7162:
7139:
What is the faintest object imaged by ground-based telescopes?
7116:. Carnegie Institution (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism).
6728:
5858:
Electronic Imaging in Astronomy: Detectors and Instrumentation
3603:
Faintest stars visible in an urban neighborhood with naked eye
2877:
2622:
2308:
1337:
922:
397:
302:
292:
4425:
This is currently the limiting magnitude of automated allsky
647:
practice of dividing stars visible to the naked eye into six
6655:"Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Titan (Major Body 606)"
4888:. National Solar Observatory—Sacramento Peak. Archived from
1881:
In the case of a planet or asteroid, the absolute magnitude
6199:. Gsfc.nasa.gov (7 April 2006). Retrieved on 26 April 2013.
5342:Čotar, Klemen; Zwitter, Tomaž; et al. (21 May 2019).
1898:
Standard apparent magnitudes and fluxes for typical bands
291:, which can also be measured in photometric units such as
4564:(HST) in 2003, dimmest known directly observed asteroid.
3977:
Maximum brightness; one of largest known stars by radius
3901:
maximum brightness (Neptune comes to perihelion in 2042)
3308:
Brightest star except for the Sun at visible wavelengths
3180:
minimum brightness when it is on the far side of the Sun
1528:
Sometimes one might wish to add brightness. For example,
7373:
6955:. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy.
6929:. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy.
6903:. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy.
6757:. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy.
6235:
data. (The calculations exclude stars whose distance or
3719:
maximum brightness (Uranus comes to perihelion in 2050)
27:
Brightness of a celestial object observed from the Earth
2220:
Magnitude is complicated by the fact that light is not
1430:{\displaystyle x=m_{1}-m_{2}=(-12.74)-(-26.832)=14.09.}
643:
The scale used to indicate magnitude originates in the
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
5567:"Introduction to active galaxies: View as single page"
4981:(1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
4807:"Human Contrast Threshold and Astronomical Visibility"
4601:
with ≈23 days of exposure time collected over 10 years
712:
is about 2.512 times as bright as a star of magnitude
231:. Measurement in the V-band may be referred to as the
8902:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
3394:
Combined magnitude (3rd brightest star in night sky)
1676:
1649:
1543:
1445:
1361:
1232:
1177:
1056:
962:
276:
commonly express the darkness of the sky in terms of
139:
7327:"Hubble Finds Smallest Kuiper Belt Object Ever Seen"
3446:
originally chosen as a definition of the zero point
663:= 1), whereas the faintest were of sixth magnitude (
8795:
8644:
8542:
8470:
8369:
8226:
8101:
7979:
7888:
7615:
7494:
7424:
4532:array using a total exposure time of about 9 hours
2792:seen from Earth on a very strongly overcast midday
6560:(Shows bolometric magnitude not visual magnitude.)
4782:. American Association of Variable Stars (AAVSO).
4611:Faintest objects observable in visible light with
4593:Faintest objects observable in visible light with
3099:maximum brightness when illuminated as a crescent
1779:
1662:
1633:
1503:
1429:
1320:
1198:
1132:
1038:
696:and is generally believed to have originated with
154:
5348:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
5008:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
4811:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2206:), but it is now believed that the response is a
7148:, by: The Editors of Sky Telescope, 24 July 2006
2670:about 400,000 times as bright as mean full Moon
2385:Apparent visual magnitudes of celestial objects
847:
192:The measurement of apparent magnitude is called
5480:. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
5354:(2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 2474–2490.
4854:
4852:
4780:"Magnitudes: Measuring the Brightness of Stars"
4244:maximum brightness (the largest moon of Pluto)
287:Apparent magnitude is technically a measure of
6048:"Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula"
6023:"Ten Ways 'Proxima b' Is Different From Earth"
5126:Observing Variable Stars, Novae and Supernovae
4423:1.8-meter telescope using a 60-second exposure
4312:0.7-meter telescope using a 30-second exposure
1878:G band (green) and 5.48 in the B band (blue).
258:10 miles). Therefore, it is of greater use in
173:at −1.46. The faintest stars visible with the
7389:
5199:Resolutions Adopted at the General Assemblies
4320:Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System
4191:Maximum brightness; brightest moon of Uranus
3429:star visible telescopically in the night sky
1046:which is more commonly expressed in terms of
941:Graph of relative brightness versus magnitude
114:popularized the system by listing stars from
8:
5243:
5241:
5185:
5183:
5181:
3376:Expected apparent magnitude at 2061 passage
1336:What is the ratio in brightness between the
1167:is the reference flux (zero-point) for that
682:), although that ratio was subjective as no
7244:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
5402:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
4003:Faintest objects visible using common 7×50
3670:an open cluster that may have been seen by
2301:and the distances to the Sun and observer.
196:. Photometric measurements are made in the
129:: the brighter an object is, the lower its
7621:
7396:
7382:
7374:
7004:Steve Cullen (sgcullen) (5 October 2009).
6818:Static Web Pages for Physics and Astronomy
6719:
6717:
6715:
5735:
5733:
5129:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
5076:Johnson, H. L.; Morgan, W. W. (May 1953).
4584:. One of the furthest objects discovered.
4079:Maximum brightness; brighter moon of Mars
1896:
7255:
7201:
7044:
6725:"Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters"
6366:
6157:
5981:
5916:
5898:
5687:
5642:
5369:
5359:
5206:
5027:
4961:
4840:
4822:
4716:. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 16.
2355:Learn how and when to remove this message
1755:
1747:
1726:
1718:
1700:
1681:
1675:
1654:
1648:
1614:
1606:
1585:
1577:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1497:
1479:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1385:
1372:
1360:
1306:
1287:
1264:
1249:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1199:{\displaystyle {\sqrt{100}}\approx 2.512}
1183:
1178:
1176:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1061:
1055:
1015:
1005:
999:
986:
967:
961:
353:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:is a related quantity which measures the
145:
140:
138:
7006:"17 New Asteroids Found by LightBuckets"
6694:"Classic Satellites of the Solar System"
6688:
6686:
5793:"Radiometry and photometry in astronomy"
4339:(small ≈8 km satellite of Jupiter)
2383:
2258:, the relative brightnesses of the blue
747:
364:
8909:
7159:"New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold"
6869:Williams, David R. (7 September 2006).
6731:(Solar System Dynamics). 3 April 2009.
5820:Introduction to Astrophysics: The Stars
4702:
4446:(small ≈4 km satellite of Saturn)
3942:, the darkest skies available on Earth.
2914:seen from Earth when it goes supernova
6979:"Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) Facilities"
6927:"AstDys (136472) Makemake Ephemerides"
6523:from the original on 13 September 2014
5422:10.1146/annurev.astro.41.082801.100251
5393:Bessell, Michael S. (September 2005).
5311:"Some Useful Astronomical Definitions"
5256:(National Space Science Data Center).
5248:Williams, David R. (2 February 2010).
4778:Matthew, Templeton (21 October 2011).
2745:seen from Earth on an overcast midday
723:, became known as Pogson's Ratio. The
6661:from the original on 13 November 2012
5947:from the original on 28 December 2011
4866:from the original on 22 February 2015
4419:Faintest objects observable with the
4376:(Luhman 16A=23.25, Luhman 16B=24.07)
4308:Faintest objects observable with the
4096:Most luminous and massive star known
80:. Its value depends on its intrinsic
7:
6985:from the original on 3 November 2019
6953:"AstDys (136108) Haumea Ephemerides"
6850:from the original on 11 January 2019
6696:. Observatorio ARVAL. Archived from
6607:from the original on 10 January 2019
6550:from the original on 15 January 2010
6497:from the original on 22 January 2019
6461:"M41 possibly recorded by Aristotle"
6440:from the original on 2 February 2014
6308:from the original on 14 January 2014
6256:from the original on 11 January 2014
5883:"Evolutionary Tracks for Betelgeuse"
5597:Harvard College Observatory Circular
5439:from the original on 9 October 2022.
5290:from the original on 1 February 2012
5226:from the original on 28 January 2016
4556:observed magnitude of ≈15-kilometer
3938:Extreme naked-eye limit, Class 1 on
3411:4th brightest star to the naked eye
2337:adding citations to reliable sources
1513:The Sun appears to be approximately
655:in the night sky were said to be of
335:adding citations to reliable sources
325:Relevant discussion may be found on
5123:North, Gerald; James, Nick (2014).
4410:maximum brightness of Pluto's moon
4393:maximum brightness of Pluto's moon
3682:Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
2274:, and are now considered obsolete.
47:and two stars in the constellation
7363:"The astronomical magnitude scale"
7165:. 1 September 2003. Archived from
6901:"AstDys (2060) Chiron Ephemerides"
6875:National Space Science Data Center
6782:"Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars"
6634:from the original on 23 March 2009
6467:from the original on 18 April 2017
6021:Siegel, Ethan (6 September 2016).
5941:"Brightest comets seen since 1935"
5837:from the original on 24 March 2017
5823:. Courier Corporation. p. 3.
5791:Polakis, Tom (10 September 1997).
5260:from the original on 23 March 2010
1520:times as bright as the full Moon.
1307:
1291:
1267:
99:Unless stated otherwise, the word
25:
8976:Logarithmic scales of measurement
6959:from the original on 29 June 2011
6933:from the original on 29 June 2011
6907:from the original on 29 June 2011
6794:from the original on 21 July 2011
6735:from the original on 23 July 2009
6577:from the original on 14 July 2017
6282:from the original on 14 July 2014
6211:"Once and Future Celestial Kings"
6197:NASA Science Question of the Week
5943:. International Comet Quarterly.
5484:from the original on 21 July 2018
5323:from the original on 20 July 2011
5316:. Stony Brook Astronomy Program.
8948:
8936:
8924:
8912:
8885:
8875:
8874:
7339:from the original on 9 June 2017
7120:from the original on 15 May 2011
6881:from the original on 1 July 2010
6840:"What Is the Most Massive Star?"
6761:from the original on 12 May 2014
6755:"AstDys (10) Hygiea Ephemerides"
6626:John E. Bortle (February 2001).
6519:. SIMBAD Astronomical Database.
6413:from the original on 19 May 2014
6409:. SIMBAD Astronomical Database.
6334:from the original on 7 July 2015
6330:. SIMBAD Astronomical Database.
6304:. SIMBAD Astronomical Database.
6278:. SIMBAD Astronomical Database.
6252:. SIMBAD Astronomical Database.
6084:from the original on 5 July 2009
6058:from the original on 28 May 2014
5478:"Astronomical Magnitude Systems"
4862:. SIMBAD Astronomical Database.
4786:from the original on 18 May 2019
3346:2nd brightest star in night sky
3147:last and next five million years
2313:
859:flux per unit frequency interval
307:
88:of the object's light caused by
76:or other celestial objects like
7085:"Pan-STARRS limiting magnitude"
5817:Dufay, Jean (17 October 2012).
5002:Pogson, N. (14 November 1856).
4765:10.5479/ADS/bib/1903LicOB.2.67C
2324:needs additional citations for
1226:implies a brightness factor of
318:needs additional citations for
51:, with their magnitudes labeled
7008:. LightBuckets. Archived from
6209:Tomkin, Jocelyn (April 1998).
5705:"1967lts..conf..205W Page 205"
5661:10.1088/0264-9381/31/20/205001
5395:"Standard Photometric Systems"
4299:Current opposition brightness
4282:Current opposition brightness
3160:lit by earthlight, reflecting
2893:seen from Earth at perihelion
2235:Because cooler stars, such as
1418:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1:
8787:Timeline of stellar astronomy
7367:International Comet Quarterly
7316:(retrieved 14 September 2017)
6814:"Tracking the Apollo Flights"
6231:– based on computations from
5762:10.1088/0143-0807/37/3/035601
5748:(3). IOP Publishing: 035601.
5631:Classical and Quantum Gravity
5591:Pickering, Edward C. (1910).
1816:Apparent bolometric magnitude
6385:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137
5593:"1910HarCi.160....1P Page 1"
4676:List of nearest bright stars
3750:which is used as a test for
933:has a visual magnitude of 8.
842:, the brightest star of the
667:= 6), which is the limit of
155:{\displaystyle {\sqrt{100}}}
8447:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
7114:"Saturn's Known Satellites"
7063:10.1051/0004-6361/201322975
6628:"The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale"
6176:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002
5742:European Journal of Physics
5508:American Journal of Physics
4977:Hearnshaw, John B. (1996).
4805:Crumey, A. (October 2006).
3594:(160,000 light-years away)
3074:International Space Station
2876:An illumination level of 1
2396:
2305:List of apparent magnitudes
2210:
1048:common (base-10) logarithms
740:Vega. This was done so the
189:images of magnitude +31.5.
8992:
8361:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
7220:10.1038/s41550-023-01921-1
7033:Astronomy and Astrophysics
5797:Home page of Paul Schlyter
4631:passing in front of a star
4613:James Webb Space Telescope
4582:James Webb Space Telescope
4350:Ritchey-Chrétien telescope
3164:seen from Earth (maximum)
3049:measuring about 0.002 lux
2823:seen fully illuminated as
2366:
1844:
868:
29:
8870:
7624:
7411:
7274:10.1088/0067-0049/209/1/6
6544:"M33 (Triangulum Galaxy)"
6542:Lodriguss, Jerry (1993).
5969:The Astrophysical Journal
5918:10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/7
5887:The Astrophysical Journal
5860:. Springer. p. 529.
5452:"Astronomical Magnitudes"
5152:The Astrophysical Journal
5082:The Astrophysical Journal
5051:Hearnshaw, J. B. (1996).
4740:Lick Observatory Bulletin
4609:
4591:
4501:
4417:
4346:
4314:and also the approximate
4306:
4001:
3936:
3811:
3601:
3471:seen from Alpha Centauri
3325:apparent brightness as a
3215:
3120:
3085:and fully lit by the Sun
2964:Iridium (satellite) flare
2874:
2748:measuring about 1000 lux
2697:
2611:seen from 1 AU away
2594:seen from 1 AU away
2577:seen from 1 AU away
2545:seen from 1 AU away
2529:seen from 1 AU away
2290:distance measures due to
1942:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1893:Standard reference values
1355:Difference in magnitude:
838:magnitudes. For example,
565:
410:
233:apparent visual magnitude
8740:With multiple exoplanets
6677:13 November 2012 at the
6355:The Astronomical Journal
4749:University of California
4022:in orbit around the Moon
4007:under typical conditions
3754:seeing under dark skies
3065:(6500 light-years away)
2951:which was the brightest
2795:measuring about 100 lux
1837:per square metre (W·m).
84:, its distance, and any
8971:Observational astronomy
7526:Asymptotic giant branch
7144:2 February 2016 at the
7055:2014A&A...561L...4B
6630:. Sky & Telescope.
6227:1998S&T....95d..59T
6168:2018A&C....25...10M
6146:Astronomy and Computing
5856:McLean, Ian S. (2008).
5414:2005ARA&A..43..293B
4652:interstellar extinction
4521:seen from Earth (2003)
4478:Trans-Neptunian object
4454:Trans-Neptunian object
3081:when the ISS is at its
2867:measuring about 10 lux
2369:List of brightest stars
2277:For objects within the
2272:photographic magnitudes
2265:and the red supergiant
1866:The absolute magnitude
729:Potsdamer Duchmusterung
725:1884 Harvard Photometry
327:Talk:Apparent magnitude
264:observational astronomy
8862:Tidal disruption event
8351:Circumstellar envelope
7585:Luminous blue variable
5280:"Magnitude Arithmetic"
4710:Toomer, G. J. (1984).
4626:seen from Earth orbit
4595:Hubble Space Telescope
4562:Hubble Space Telescope
4553:seen from Earth orbit
3592:Large Magellanic Cloud
3262:maximum brightness at
3058:Crab Supernova of 1054
2284:adjusted for redshifts
1971:10 erg/(s·cm·Hz)
1781:
1664:
1635:
1505:
1431:
1322:
1200:
1151:using spectral filter
1134:
1040:
942:
934:
871:Photometry (astronomy)
674:(without the aid of a
187:Hubble Space Telescope
156:
64:) is a measure of the
52:
8387:Effective temperature
6780:Zarenski, Ed (2004).
6672:(8.10 on 2003-Dec-30)
6653:Yeomans; Chamberlin.
6450:(4.38 on 1951-Oct-03)
6432:Yeomans; Chamberlin.
5371:10.1093/mnras/stz1397
5029:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12
4963:10.1093/mnras/17.1.12
4911:Bright Star Catalogue
4681:List of nearest stars
4028:calculated (Liemohn)
3813:Approximate limit of
3537:star Alpha Centauri B
3419:star Alpha Centauri A
3134:Epsilon Canis Majoris
1782:
1665:
1663:{\displaystyle m_{f}}
1636:
1532:on closely separated
1506:
1432:
1331:Example: Sun and Moon
1323:
1201:
1135:
1041:
940:
916:
215:filters belonging to
157:
125:The scale is reverse
78:artificial satellites
42:
32:Magnitude (astronomy)
18:Second magnitude star
8857:Planet-hosting stars
8735:With resolved images
8706:Historical brightest
8636:Photometric-standard
8562:Solar radio emission
8356:Eddington luminosity
8136:Triple-alpha process
8074:Thorne–Żytkow object
7449:Young stellar object
6597:"Neptune Fact Sheet"
5703:Wing, R. F. (1967).
4842:10.1093/mnras/stu992
4530:Very Large Telescope
4427:astronomical surveys
4136:of 2.4 billion
3264:superior conjunction
3032:integrated magnitude
2561:seen from 1 AU away
2513:seen from 1 AU away
2496:seen from 1 AU away
2480:seen from 1 AU away
2464:seen from 1 AU away
2448:seen from 1 AU away
2333:improve this article
1822:bolometric magnitude
1674:
1647:
1541:
1443:
1359:
1352:is −12.74 (dimmer).
1230:
1175:
1054:
960:
956:, would be given by
705:Norman Robert Pogson
331:improve this article
260:stellar astrophysics
250:(33 light-years; 3.1
137:
8681:Highest temperature
8452:Color–color diagram
8317:Protoplanetary disk
8121:Proton–proton chain
7799:Chemically peculiar
7266:2013ApJS..209....6I
7212:2023NatAs...7..611R
7091:on 24 November 2020
6601:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
6491:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
6487:"Uranus Fact Sheet"
6377:2008AJ....136.1137E
6078:"Heavens-above.com"
5992:2003ApJ...585..324W
5909:2016ApJ...819....7D
5754:2016EJPh...37c5601A
5717:1967lts..conf..205W
5653:2014CQGra..31t5001U
5609:1910HarCi.160....1P
5520:1997AmJPh..65.1003S
5217:2015arXiv151006262M
5164:1983ApJ...266..713O
5094:1953ApJ...117..313J
5020:1856MNRAS..17...12P
4954:1856MNRAS..17...12P
4833:2014MNRAS.442.2600C
4757:1903LicOB...2...67C
4560:object seen by the
4310:Catalina Sky Survey
4227:maximum brightness
4208:Hottest known star
4157:Maximum brightness
4134:luminosity distance
4113:Maximum brightness
3994:maximum brightness
3929:minimum brightness
3887:minimum brightness
3856:maximum brightness
3839:maximum brightness
3804:maximum brightness
3787:minimum brightness
3705:maximum brightness
3556:minimum brightness
3529:minimum brightness
3515:maximum brightness
3294:minimum brightness
3248:maximum brightness
3234:minimum brightness
3208:maximum brightness
3194:maximum brightness
2987:maximum brightness
2971:maximum brightness
2386:
1899:
1439:Brightness factor:
750:
719:. This figure, the
274:Amateur astronomers
217:photometric systems
74:astronomical object
8686:Lowest temperature
8437:Photometric system
8407:Absolute magnitude
8341:Circumstellar dust
7954:Stellar black hole
7590:Stellar population
7476:Herbig–Haro object
7111:Sheppard, Scott S.
7012:on 31 January 2010
6871:"Pluto Fact Sheet"
6820:. 21 December 1968
5546:www.britannica.com
4892:on 6 February 2008
4713:Ptolemy's Almagest
4691:Surface brightness
4599:EXtreme Deep Field
4580:Discovered by the
4507:in a 10-hour image
4316:limiting magnitude
3327:supernova impostor
3302:star system Sirius
3018:Proxima Centauri b
2384:
2292:general relativity
2213:Stevens' power law
1897:
1857:inverse-square law
1847:Absolute magnitude
1841:Absolute magnitude
1777:
1660:
1631:
1524:Magnitude addition
1501:
1427:
1318:
1196:
1169:photometric filter
1130:
1036:
943:
935:
884:of the target and
878:Earth's atmosphere
748:
737:Harvard Photometry
404:apparent magnitude
278:limiting magnitude
254:10 kilometres; 1.9
239:Absolute magnitude
152:
56:Apparent magnitude
53:
8900:
8899:
8803:Substellar object
8782:Planetary nebulae
8201:Luminous red nova
8111:Deuterium burning
8097:
8096:
7580:Instability strip
7560:Wolf-Rayet nebula
7514:Horizontal branch
7459:Pre-main-sequence
6787:. Cloudy Nights.
6215:Sky and Telescope
6080:. Heavens-above.
5867:978-3-540-76582-0
5830:978-0-486-60771-9
5250:"Moon Fact Sheet"
5136:978-1-107-63612-5
5062:978-0-521-40393-1
4988:978-0-521-40393-1
4657:
4656:
2996:supernova of 1006
2898:opposition effect
2419:seen from 1
2365:
2364:
2357:
2256:photographic film
2204:Weber–Fechner law
2196:
2195:
1887:astronomical unit
1277:
1255:
1188:
1121:
1027:
886:calibration stars
831:
830:
721:fifth root of 100
680:logarithmic scale
672:visual perception
641:
640:
456:
450:
406:in the night sky
363:
362:
355:
150:
96:to the observer.
90:interstellar dust
16:(Redirected from
8983:
8953:
8952:
8951:
8941:
8940:
8939:
8929:
8928:
8927:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8908:
8892:Stars portal
8890:
8889:
8878:
8877:
8534:Planetary system
8457:Strömgren sphere
8329:Asteroseismology
8050:Black hole star
7622:
7548:Planetary nebula
7509:Red-giant branch
7398:
7391:
7384:
7375:
7370:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7323:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7306:on 1 August 2017
7302:. Archived from
7300:www.jaymaron.com
7292:
7286:
7285:
7259:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7205:
7190:Nature Astronomy
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7155:
7149:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7087:. Archived from
7081:
7075:
7074:
7048:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7001:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6897:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6786:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6721:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6690:
6681:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6483:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6370:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6246:
6240:
6230:
6206:
6200:
6194:
6188:
6187:
6161:
6141:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6089:
6074:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6018:
6012:
6011:
5985:
5983:astro-ph/0208415
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5920:
5902:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5814:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5737:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:astro-ph/0210394
5679:
5673:
5672:
5646:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5399:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5363:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5245:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5210:
5196:
5187:
5176:
5175:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5120:
5114:
5113:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5031:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4826:
4817:(3): 2600–2619.
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4707:
4671:Distance modulus
4666:Angular diameter
4647:seen from Earth
4623:unnamed asteroid
4550:
4548:
4547:
4505:Subaru Telescope
4491:seen from Earth
4488:
4486:
4485:
4467:seen from Earth
4464:
4462:
4461:
4443:seen from Earth
4407:seen from Earth
4390:seen from Earth
4369:seen from Earth
4336:seen from Earth
4296:seen from Earth
4279:seen from Earth
4258:seen from Earth
4241:seen from Earth
4224:seen from Earth
4205:seen from Earth
4188:seen from Earth
4171:seen from Earth
4154:seen from Earth
4129:seen from Earth
4110:seen from Earth
4093:seen from Earth
4076:seen from Earth
4059:seen from Earth
4055:Proxima Centauri
4042:seen from Earth
4025:seen from Earth
3991:seen from Earth
3974:seen from Earth
3957:seen from Earth
3926:seen from Earth
3915:mean brightness
3912:seen from Earth
3898:seen from Earth
3884:seen from Earth
3870:seen from Earth
3853:seen from Earth
3836:seen from Earth
3801:seen from Earth
3784:seen from Earth
3770:seen from Earth
3747:seen from Earth
3733:mean brightness
3730:seen from Earth
3716:seen from Earth
3702:seen from Earth
3686:seen from Earth
3667:seen from Earth
3650:seen from Earth
3633:seen from Earth
3617:seen from Earth
3613:Andromeda Galaxy
3587:seen from Earth
3573:mean brightness
3570:seen from Earth
3553:seen from Earth
3540:seen from Earth
3526:seen from Earth
3501:mean brightness
3498:seen from Earth
3487:mean brightness
3484:seen from Earth
3460:mean brightness
3457:seen from Earth
3443:seen from Earth
3422:seen from Earth
3408:seen from Earth
3391:seen from Earth
3373:seen from Earth
3357:seen from Earth
3343:seen from Earth
3322:seen from Earth
3305:seen from Earth
3291:seen from Earth
3280:mean brightness
3277:seen from Earth
3259:seen from Earth
3231:seen from Earth
3205:seen from Earth
3191:seen from Earth
3177:seen from Earth
3138:seen from Earth
3113:mean brightness
3110:seen from Earth
3096:seen from Earth
3078:seen from Earth
3062:seen from Earth
3046:seen from Earth
3012:Alpha Centauri A
3000:seen from Earth
2968:seen from Earth
2955:of modern times
2953:Kreutz Sungrazer
2948:seen from Earth
2911:(when supernova)
2433:
2431:
2387:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2317:
2309:
2216:
2106:
1961:
1949:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1908:
1900:
1884:
1876:Gaia satellite's
1869:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1705:
1704:
1686:
1685:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1489:
1471:
1470:
1455:
1454:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1390:
1389:
1377:
1376:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1166:
1154:
1147:is the observed
1146:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1066:
1065:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1010:
1009:
1000:
991:
990:
972:
971:
955:
948:
844:celestial sphere
751:
718:
711:
666:
662:
637:
636:
621:
620:
609:
602:
601:
590:
583:
582:
571:
561:
552:
545:
536:
529:
520:
506:
492:
478:
464:
451:
440:
431:
396:(other than the
394:Number of stars
365:
358:
351:
347:
344:
338:
311:
303:
257:
253:
209:wavelength bands
161:
159:
158:
153:
151:
149:
141:
108:Claudius Ptolemy
105:Roman astronomer
62:
21:
8991:
8990:
8986:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8961:
8960:
8959:
8949:
8947:
8937:
8935:
8925:
8923:
8913:
8911:
8903:
8901:
8896:
8884:
8866:
8791:
8760:Milky Way novae
8696:Smallest volume
8640:
8621:Radial velocity
8544:
8538:
8490:Common envelope
8466:
8365:
8334:Helioseismology
8305:Bipolar outflow
8246:Microturbulence
8241:Convection zone
8222:
8116:Lithium burning
8103:Nucleosynthesis
8093:
7975:
7884:
7611:
7490:
7439:Molecular cloud
7420:
7407:
7402:
7361:
7358:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7309:
7307:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7187:
7186:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7169:on 1 March 2009
7157:
7156:
7152:
7146:Wayback Machine
7137:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7109:
7108:
7104:
7094:
7092:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7015:
7013:
7003:
7002:
6998:
6988:
6986:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6962:
6960:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6936:
6934:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6910:
6908:
6899:
6898:
6894:
6884:
6882:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6851:
6838:
6837:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6736:
6723:
6722:
6713:
6703:
6701:
6700:on 31 July 2010
6692:
6691:
6684:
6679:Wayback Machine
6664:
6662:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6637:
6635:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6580:
6578:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6553:
6551:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6524:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6500:
6498:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6470:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6443:
6441:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6326:
6325:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6285:
6283:
6274:
6273:
6269:
6259:
6257:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6239:is uncertain.)
6208:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6143:
6142:
6097:
6087:
6085:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6061:
6059:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6031:
6029:
6020:
6019:
6015:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5831:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5801:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5721:
5719:
5709:Late-Type Stars
5702:
5701:
5697:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5628:
5627:
5623:
5613:
5611:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5528:10.1119/1.18714
5502:
5501:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5436:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5263:
5261:
5247:
5246:
5239:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5179:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4699:
4662:
4577:seen from Earth
4545:
4544:
4541:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4459:
4458:
4455:
3763:gamma-ray burst
3512:seen from Mars
3245:seen from Mars
2984:seen from Mars
2429:
2427:
2412:gamma-ray burst
2393:
2391:
2371:
2361:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2330:
2318:
2307:
2104:
1960:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1895:
1882:
1867:
1849:
1843:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1751:
1743:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1610:
1602:
1581:
1573:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1475:
1459:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1381:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1333:
1302:
1283:
1266:
1260:
1245:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1105:
1095:
1089:
1076:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1011:
1001:
995:
982:
963:
958:
957:
953:
946:
911:
873:
867:
762:
757:
755:
713:
709:
664:
660:
657:first magnitude
653:brightest stars
634:
632:
618:
616:
607:
599:
597:
588:
580:
578:
569:
559:
550:
543:
534:
527:
518:
504:
490:
476:
462:
429:
405:
403:
401:
395:
387:
385:
383:
378:
373:
371:
369:
359:
348:
342:
339:
324:
312:
301:
282:light pollution
255:
251:
211:using standard
135:
134:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8989:
8987:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8963:
8962:
8958:
8957:
8945:
8933:
8921:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8894:
8882:
8871:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8828:
8827:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8778:
8777:
8772:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8691:Largest volume
8688:
8683:
8678:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8661:
8650:
8648:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8617:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8548:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8509:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8476:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8402:Magnetic field
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8373:
8371:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8312:Accretion disk
8309:
8308:
8307:
8302:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8288:Alfvén surface
8285:
8283:Stellar corona
8280:
8275:
8270:
8260:
8258:Radiation zone
8255:
8254:
8253:
8248:
8238:
8232:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8220:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8107:
8105:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8059:
8056:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7956:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7927:
7917:
7916:
7915:
7905:
7900:
7894:
7892:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7882:
7880:Blue straggler
7877:
7876:
7875:
7865:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7796:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7757:
7756:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7735:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7638:Main sequence
7636:
7631:
7625:
7619:
7617:Classification
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7553:Protoplanetary
7545:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7533:
7523:
7522:
7521:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7430:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7393:
7386:
7378:
7372:
7371:
7357:
7356:External links
7354:
7351:
7350:
7318:
7287:
7233:
7196:(5): 611–621.
7180:
7150:
7131:
7102:
7076:
7023:
6996:
6970:
6944:
6918:
6892:
6861:
6831:
6805:
6772:
6746:
6711:
6682:
6645:
6618:
6588:
6562:
6534:
6508:
6478:
6452:
6424:
6398:
6345:
6319:
6293:
6267:
6241:
6201:
6189:
6095:
6069:
6039:
6013:
6000:10.1086/345985
5976:(1): 324–335.
5958:
5932:
5873:
5866:
5848:
5829:
5809:
5783:
5729:
5695:
5674:
5637:(20): 205001.
5621:
5583:
5558:
5533:
5495:
5476:Huchra, John.
5468:
5442:
5408:(1): 293–336.
5385:
5334:
5309:Evans, Aaron.
5301:
5271:
5237:
5177:
5172:10.1086/160817
5142:
5135:
5115:
5102:10.1086/145697
5068:
5061:
5043:
4994:
4987:
4969:
4923:
4914:
4903:
4877:
4848:
4797:
4770:
4729:
4722:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4573:JADES-GS-z13-0
4570:
4566:
4565:
4554:
4551:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4517:Halley's Comet
4514:
4510:
4509:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4305:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3923:planet Neptune
3921:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3909:planet Neptune
3907:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3895:planet Neptune
3893:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:planet Mercury
3879:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:spiral galaxy
3862:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:observed by a
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3741:spiral galaxy
3739:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:planet Mercury
3452:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3425:4th brightest
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:Alpha Centauri
3382:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:Halley's comet
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3329:in April 1843
3323:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3288:planet Jupiter
3286:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:planet Jupiter
3272:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3256:planet Mercury
3254:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:planet Jupiter
3186:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3143:brightest star
3139:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:at perihelion
2645:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2426:would be over
2424:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2363:
2362:
2345:September 2019
2321:
2319:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1941:
1911:
1904:
1894:
1891:
1845:Main article:
1842:
1839:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1657:
1653:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1525:
1522:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1332:
1329:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1238:
1218:
1211:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1160:
1143:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
978:
975:
970:
966:
910:
907:
869:Main article:
866:
863:
829:
828:
825:
821:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
789:
788:
785:
781:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
764:
759:
684:photodetectors
639:
638:
630:
627:
623:
622:
614:
611:
604:
603:
595:
592:
585:
584:
576:
573:
567:
563:
562:
557:
554:
547:
546:
541:
538:
531:
530:
525:
522:
515:
514:
511:
508:
501:
500:
497:
494:
487:
486:
483:
480:
473:
472:
469:
466:
459:
458:
447:Alpha Centauri
436:
433:
426:
425:
418:
415:
412:
408:
407:
392:
380:
375:
361:
360:
329:. Please help
315:
313:
306:
300:
297:
148:
144:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8988:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8968:
8966:
8956:
8946:
8944:
8934:
8932:
8922:
8920:
8910:
8906:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8881:
8873:
8872:
8869:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8852:Intergalactic
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8832:Galactic year
8830:
8826:
8823:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8798:
8794:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8711:Most luminous
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8643:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8626:Proper motion
8624:
8622:
8619:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8589:Constellation
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8557:Solar eclipse
8555:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8547:
8543:Earth-centric
8541:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8141:Alpha process
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7948:
7945:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7921:
7918:
7914:
7913:Helium planet
7911:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7903:Parker's star
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7881:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7834:Lambda Boötis
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7600:Superluminous
7598:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7524:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7504:Main sequence
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7481:Hayashi track
7479:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7406:
7399:
7394:
7392:
7387:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7328:
7322:
7319:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7184:
7181:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7135:
7132:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7077:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7024:
7011:
7007:
7000:
6997:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6971:
6958:
6954:
6948:
6945:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6906:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6862:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6832:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6773:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6747:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6676:
6673:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6646:
6633:
6629:
6622:
6619:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6563:
6549:
6545:
6538:
6535:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6466:
6462:
6456:
6453:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6425:
6412:
6408:
6402:
6399:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6349:
6346:
6333:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6237:proper motion
6234:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6043:
6040:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5962:
5959:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5863:
5859:
5852:
5849:
5836:
5832:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5813:
5810:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5696:
5690:
5685:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5622:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5584:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5534:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5483:
5479:
5472:
5469:
5453:
5446:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5335:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5302:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4984:
4980:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4907:
4904:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4865:
4861:
4860:"Vmag<6.5"
4855:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4798:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4723:0-387-91220-7
4719:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:dwarf planet
4289:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:dwarf planet
4272:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:dwarf planet
4251:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:dwarf planet
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4062:closest star
4061:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:dwarf planet
3829:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:planet Uranus
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:planet Uranus
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:planet Uranus
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:open cluster
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:planet Saturn
3522:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3481:planet Saturn
3480:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:planet Saturn
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:Phobos (moon)
2978:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:M33-013406.63
2489:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Cygnus OB2-12
2473:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:Seen from...
2399:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2359:
2356:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2322:This section
2320:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:non-Euclidean
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:L and T class
2242:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:monochromatic
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1929:
1921:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:and the full
1339:
1330:
1328:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
976:
973:
968:
964:
952:
951:spectral band
939:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
908:
906:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:zenith angles
887:
883:
879:
872:
864:
862:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
837:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
806:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
790:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
766:
760:
753:
752:
746:
743:
738:
732:
730:
726:
722:
716:
706:
701:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
658:
654:
650:
646:
631:
628:
625:
624:
615:
612:
606:
605:
596:
593:
587:
586:
577:
574:
568:
564:
558:
555:
549:
548:
542:
539:
533:
532:
526:
523:
517:
516:
512:
509:
503:
502:
498:
495:
489:
488:
484:
481:
475:
474:
470:
467:
461:
460:
457:
454:
448:
444:
437:
434:
428:
427:
423:
419:
416:
413:
409:
402:brighter than
399:
393:
391:
381:
376:
367:
366:
357:
354:
346:
336:
332:
328:
322:
321:
316:This section
314:
310:
305:
304:
298:
296:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
249:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
228:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
146:
142:
132:
128:
123:
121:
120:Norman Pogson
117:
116:1st magnitude
113:
109:
106:
102:
97:
95:
94:line of sight
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8955:Solar System
8755:White dwarfs
8745:Brown dwarfs
8728:Most distant
8676:Most massive
8654:Proper names
8614:Photographic
8603:
8567:Solar System
8545:observations
8472:Star systems
8295:Stellar wind
8278:Chromosphere
8251:Oscillations
8131:Helium flash
7981:Hypothetical
7959:X-ray binary
7898:Compact star
7733:Bright giant
7486:Henyey track
7464:Herbig Ae/Be
7366:
7341:. Retrieved
7330:
7321:
7310:14 September
7308:. Retrieved
7304:the original
7299:
7296:"Telescopes"
7290:
7247:
7243:
7236:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7171:. Retrieved
7167:the original
7153:
7134:
7122:. Retrieved
7105:
7093:. Retrieved
7089:the original
7079:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7014:. Retrieved
7010:the original
6999:
6987:. Retrieved
6973:
6961:. Retrieved
6947:
6935:. Retrieved
6921:
6909:. Retrieved
6895:
6883:. Retrieved
6874:
6864:
6852:. Retrieved
6843:
6834:
6822:. Retrieved
6817:
6808:
6796:. Retrieved
6775:
6763:. Retrieved
6749:
6737:. Retrieved
6702:. Retrieved
6698:the original
6663:. Retrieved
6648:
6636:. Retrieved
6621:
6609:. Retrieved
6600:
6591:
6579:. Retrieved
6571:"Messier 81"
6565:
6552:. Retrieved
6537:
6525:. Retrieved
6517:"SIMBAD-M33"
6511:
6499:. Retrieved
6490:
6481:
6469:. Retrieved
6455:
6442:. Retrieved
6427:
6415:. Retrieved
6407:"SIMBAD-M31"
6401:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6336:. Retrieved
6322:
6310:. Retrieved
6296:
6284:. Retrieved
6270:
6258:. Retrieved
6244:
6221:(4): 59–63.
6218:
6214:
6204:
6192:
6149:
6145:
6086:. Retrieved
6072:
6060:. Retrieved
6051:
6042:
6030:. Retrieved
6026:
6016:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5949:. Retrieved
5935:
5890:
5886:
5876:
5857:
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5819:
5812:
5800:. Retrieved
5796:
5786:
5745:
5741:
5720:. Retrieved
5708:
5698:
5677:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5612:. Retrieved
5600:
5596:
5586:
5574:. Retrieved
5571:www.open.edu
5570:
5561:
5549:. Retrieved
5545:
5536:
5514:(10): 1003.
5511:
5507:
5504:Schulman, E.
5498:
5486:. Retrieved
5471:
5459:. Retrieved
5445:
5405:
5401:
5388:
5351:
5347:
5337:
5325:. Retrieved
5304:
5292:. Retrieved
5284:Weekly Topic
5283:
5274:
5262:. Retrieved
5228:. Retrieved
5198:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5125:
5118:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5052:
5046:
5014:(1): 12–15.
5011:
5007:
4997:
4978:
4972:
4945:
4939:
4926:
4917:
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4890:the original
4880:
4868:. Retrieved
4814:
4810:
4800:
4788:. Retrieved
4773:
4744:
4738:
4732:
4712:
4705:
4610:
4592:
4502:
4418:
4374:brown dwarfs
4354:CCD detector
4347:
4307:
4002:
3940:Bortle scale
3937:
3818:
3812:
3629:Orion Nebula
3602:
3426:
3384:star system
3242:planet Earth
3216:
3174:planet Venus
3121:
3107:planet Venus
3093:planet Venus
3029:
2931:at aphelion
2875:
2847:at aphelion
2820:planet Earth
2810:at aphelion
2763:at aphelion
2732:at aphelion
2715:at aphelion
2698:
2525:Zeta Scorpii
2444:NGC 2403 V14
2372:
2351:
2342:
2331:Please help
2326:verification
2323:
2296:
2276:
2253:
2234:
2219:
2197:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1927:
1919:
1880:
1865:
1852:
1850:
1821:
1819:
1805:
1796:
1643:Solving for
1642:
1534:double stars
1527:
1512:
1438:
1354:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1161:
1157:
944:
909:Calculations
903:
874:
855:AB magnitude
852:
835:
832:
736:
733:
728:
724:
714:
702:
691:
648:
642:
439:
349:
340:
320:verification
317:
286:
272:
266:and popular
237:
232:
226:
219:such as the
191:
164:
124:
112:star catalog
100:
98:
59:
55:
54:
36:
8943:Outer space
8931:Spaceflight
8808:Brown dwarf
8584:Circumpolar
8462:Kraft break
8442:Color index
8417:Metallicity
8377:Designation
8346:Cosmic dust
8268:Photosphere
8034:Dark-energy
8009:Electroweak
7994:Black dwarf
7925:Radio-quiet
7908:White dwarf
7794:White dwarf
7444:Bok globule
7173:22 February
7016:15 November
6638:18 November
6581:28 November
6554:27 November
6527:28 November
6471:29 November
6417:29 November
6361:(3): 1137.
6088:22 December
6032:19 February
5951:18 December
5841:28 February
5457:. p. 8
5450:Luciuk, M.
5158:: 713–717.
4886:"Magnitude"
4643:LBV 1806−20
4558:Kuiper belt
4265:brightness
4138:light-years
4132:brightest (
3766:GRB 080319B
3550:planet Mars
3495:planet Mars
3318:Eta Carinae
3202:planet Mars
2460:NGC 2363-V1
2415:GRB 080319B
2299:phase curve
2230:ultraviolet
865:Measurement
742:color index
645:Hellenistic
289:illuminance
198:ultraviolet
169:at −4.2 or
127:logarithmic
8965:Categories
8770:Candidates
8765:Supernovae
8750:Red dwarfs
8609:Extinction
8397:Kinematics
8392:Luminosity
8370:Properties
8263:Atmosphere
8161:Si burning
8151:Ne burning
8089:White hole
8062:Quasi-star
7989:Blue dwarf
7844:Technetium
7760:Hypergiant
7738:Supergiant
7203:2212.04480
6989:3 November
6854:5 November
6611:8 November
6501:8 November
6302:"Arcturus"
6159:1808.01973
5722:19 October
5614:19 October
5576:19 October
5551:19 October
5461:11 January
5361:1904.04841
5294:30 January
5286:. Caglow.
5208:1510.06262
4932:Pogson, N.
4697:References
4686:Luminosity
4421:Pan-STARRS
4332:Callirrhoe
4263:opposition
4005:binoculars
3581:supernova
3427:individual
3162:earthshine
3030:The total
3016:seen from
2943:Ikeya–Seki
2927:seen from
2909:Betelgeuse
2843:seen from
2825:earthlight
2806:seen from
2776:seen from
2759:seen from
2728:seen from
2711:seen from
2681:seen from
2664:seen from
2647:seen from
2633:perihelion
2627:seen from
2590:Betelgeuse
2375:scattering
2367:See also:
2267:Betelgeuse
2260:supergiant
2241:red dwarfs
2237:red giants
2226:UBV system
1861:extinction
1830:irradiance
1530:photometry
1149:irradiance
919:30 Doradus
763:Magnitude
698:Hipparchus
649:magnitudes
379:magnitude
368:Visible to
268:stargazing
243:luminosity
225:Strömgren
221:UBV system
194:photometry
92:along the
86:extinction
82:luminosity
66:brightness
8919:Astronomy
8701:Brightest
8599:Magnitude
8579:Pole star
8500:Symbiotic
8495:Eclipsing
8427:Starlight
8228:Structure
8218:Supernova
8211:Micronova
8206:Recurrent
8191:Symbiotic
8176:p-process
8171:r-process
8166:s-process
8156:O burning
8146:C burning
8126:CNO cycle
8069:Gravastar
7605:Hypernova
7595:Supernova
7570:Dredge-up
7543:Blue loop
7536:super-AGB
7519:Red clump
7496:Evolution
7454:Protostar
7434:Accretion
7426:Formation
7257:1305.1931
7228:257968812
7095:12 August
7046:1312.1303
6844:Space.com
6368:0806.4904
6276:"Canopus"
6233:HIPPARCOS
6152:: 10–24.
5900:1406.3143
5778:124231299
5770:0143-0807
5644:1402.1933
5430:0066-4146
5380:0035-8711
5110:0004-637X
5038:0035-8711
4896:23 August
4824:1405.4209
4751:: 67–69.
4633:in 2009.
4540:asteroid
4365:Luhman 16
3987:10 Hygiea
3985:asteroid
3847:asteroid
3795:asteroid
3752:naked eye
3696:asteroid
3672:Aristotle
3036:night sky
2976:−9 to −10
2889:full moon
2864:on Earth
2827:from the
2508:η Carinae
2392:magnitude
2279:Milky Way
2208:power law
2200:human eye
1853:intrinsic
1762:×
1749:−
1733:×
1720:−
1707:
1691:−
1621:×
1608:−
1592:×
1579:−
1563:×
1550:−
1492:≈
1484:×
1413:−
1407:−
1398:−
1379:−
1350:full moon
1308:Δ
1300:≈
1292:Δ
1268:Δ
1191:≈
1087:
1071:−
993:
977:−
949:, in the
921:taken by
917:Image of
895:altitudes
882:airmasses
754:Telescope
727:and 1886
703:In 1856,
676:telescope
181:and with
175:naked eye
131:magnitude
122:in 1856.
101:magnitude
45:65 Cybele
43:Asteroid
8880:Category
8775:Remnants
8671:Extremes
8631:Parallax
8604:Apparent
8594:Asterism
8572:Sunlight
8522:Globular
8507:Multiple
8432:Variable
8422:Rotation
8382:Dynamics
8273:Starspot
7947:Magnetar
7890:Remnants
7706:Subgiant
7679:Subdwarf
7531:post-AGB
7343:16 March
7337:Archived
7282:55052332
7250:(1): 6.
7142:Archived
7118:Archived
7071:33043358
6983:Archived
6957:Archived
6931:Archived
6905:Archived
6879:Archived
6877:. NASA.
6848:Archived
6824:20 March
6789:Archived
6759:Archived
6733:Archived
6675:Archived
6659:Archived
6632:Archived
6605:Archived
6575:Archived
6548:Archived
6521:Archived
6495:Archived
6465:Archived
6444:14 April
6438:Archived
6411:Archived
6393:16966094
6338:14 April
6332:Archived
6306:Archived
6280:Archived
6254:Archived
6250:"Sirius"
6184:69912809
6082:Archived
6056:Archived
5945:Archived
5927:37913442
5893:(1): 7.
5835:Archived
5802:25 April
5669:54527784
5482:Archived
5434:Archived
5318:Archived
5288:Archived
5258:Archived
5221:Archived
4934:(1856).
4864:Archived
4784:Archived
4660:See also
4597:via the
4372:Closest
4322:(ATLAS)
4261:Current
4254:Makemake
4017:Apollo 8
3970:UY Scuti
3646:Ganymede
3599:+3 to +4
3583:SN 1987A
3468:star Sun
3404:Arcturus
3227:new moon
2924:star Sun
2862:twilight
2857:star Sun
2840:star Sun
2803:star Sun
2789:star Sun
2773:star Sun
2756:star Sun
2742:star Sun
2725:star Sun
2708:star Sun
2687:aphelion
2678:star Sun
2661:star Sun
2644:star Sun
2390:Apparent
2286:and for
2249:infrared
1943:Flux at
836:negative
761:Limiting
756:aperture
693:Almagest
453:Arcturus
386:relative
377:Apparent
343:May 2019
213:passband
206:infrared
183:altitude
179:eyesight
110:, whose
49:Aquarius
8905:Portals
8847:Gravity
8796:Related
8716:Nearest
8664:Chinese
8512:Cluster
8485:Contact
8322:Proplyd
8196:Remnant
8084:Blitzar
8058:Hawking
8014:Strange
7964:Burster
7920:Neutron
7873:Extreme
7824:He-weak
7469:T Tauri
7262:Bibcode
7208:Bibcode
7124:28 June
7051:Bibcode
6963:26 June
6937:26 June
6911:26 June
6885:26 June
6765:26 June
6739:25 July
6704:25 June
6665:28 June
6373:Bibcode
6312:26 June
6286:26 June
6260:26 June
6223:Bibcode
6164:Bibcode
6062:29 July
6008:1626564
5988:Bibcode
5905:Bibcode
5750:Bibcode
5713:Bibcode
5711:: 205.
5649:Bibcode
5605:Bibcode
5516:Bibcode
5488:18 July
5410:Bibcode
5327:12 July
5264:9 April
5213:Bibcode
5160:Bibcode
5090:Bibcode
5088:: 313.
5016:Bibcode
4950:Bibcode
4870:25 June
4829:Bibcode
4753:Bibcode
4543:2003 BH
4481:2015 TH
4457:2018 AG
4217:centaur
4184:Titania
4101:+12.89
4084:+12.23
4050:+11.05
4038:Iapetus
3590:in the
3566:Polaris
3339:Canopus
3145:of the
3083:perigee
3040:airglow
3038:(incl.
3034:of the
2778:Neptune
2713:Jupiter
2658:−26.832
2629:Mercury
2585:−37.42
2557:P Cygni
2552:−39.47
2503:−40.17
2487:−40.67
2471:−41.39
2455:−41.82
2439:−43.27
2408:−67.57
2397:Object
2379:airglow
1932:
1915:
1670:yields
929:. This
899:applied
850:below.
690:in his
688:Ptolemy
443:Canopus
441:(Vega,
382:Bright-
370:typical
299:History
248:parsecs
223:or the
202:visible
8837:Galaxy
8825:Planet
8813:Desert
8721:bright
8659:Arabic
8480:Binary
8300:Bubble
8024:Planck
7999:Exotic
7935:Binary
7930:Pulsar
7868:Helium
7829:Barium
7772:Carbon
7765:Yellow
7753:Yellow
7726:Yellow
7565:PG1159
7280:
7226:
7069:
6391:
6328:"Vega"
6182:
6027:Forbes
6006:
5925:
5864:
5827:
5776:
5768:
5667:
5428:
5378:
5230:19 May
5133:
5108:
5059:
5036:
4985:
4948:: 12.
4790:19 May
4747:(38).
4720:
4439:Fenrir
4398:+23.38
4381:+22.91
4361:+22.8
4275:Haumea
4270:+17.27
4237:Charon
4232:+15.55
4220:Chiron
4201:WR 102
4196:+14.1
4179:+13.9
4162:+13.65
4150:Triton
4145:+13.42
4125:3C 273
4122:quasar
4118:+12.91
4106:Deimos
4089:R136a1
4072:Phobos
4067:+11.8
4033:+10.20
3965:+8.29
3797:Pallas
3710:+5.38
2945:(1965)
2941:Comet
2938:−10.00
2921:−11.20
2905:−12.40
2885:−12.60
2872:−14.20
2854:−16.00
2837:−16.70
2817:−17.70
2800:−18.20
2786:−19.00
2770:−19.30
2761:Uranus
2753:−20.20
2739:−21.00
2730:Saturn
2722:−21.70
2705:−23.00
2695:−25.00
2675:−25.60
2641:−27.40
2618:−29.30
2606:Sirius
2601:−30.30
2568:−38.00
2541:R136a1
2536:−39.66
2520:−40.07
2403:Notes
1787:where
1425:14.09.
1416:26.832
1155:, and
1140:where
931:nebula
880:, the
840:Sirius
651:. The
629:0.010%
613:0.025%
594:0.063%
422:Sirius
229:system
171:Sirius
8842:Guest
8646:Lists
8527:Super
8181:Fusor
8054:Black
8039:Quark
8019:Preon
8004:Boson
7940:X-ray
7856:Shell
7809:Ap/Bp
7711:Giant
7629:Early
7575:OH/IR
7405:Stars
7278:S2CID
7252:arXiv
7224:S2CID
7198:arXiv
7067:S2CID
7041:arXiv
7039:: 5.
6798:6 May
6792:(PDF)
6785:(PDF)
6389:S2CID
6363:arXiv
6180:S2CID
6154:arXiv
6004:S2CID
5978:arXiv
5923:S2CID
5895:arXiv
5774:S2CID
5684:arXiv
5665:S2CID
5639:arXiv
5603:: 1.
5455:(PDF)
5437:(PDF)
5398:(PDF)
5356:arXiv
5321:(PDF)
5314:(PDF)
5224:(PDF)
5203:arXiv
5195:(PDF)
4941:MNRAS
4819:arXiv
4641:star
4589:+31.5
4569:+29.4
4537:+28.4
4513:+28.2
4499:+27.7
4475:+26.2
4451:+25.3
4437:moon
4434:+25.0
4401:moon
4386:Hydra
4384:moon
4330:moon
4327:+20.7
4304:+19.5
4287:+18.7
4249:+16.8
4235:moon
4213:+15.4
4199:star
4182:moon
4167:Pluto
4148:moon
4104:moon
4087:star
4070:moon
4053:star
4036:moon
3999:+9.50
3982:+8.94
3968:star
3953:Titan
3951:moon
3948:+8.10
3920:+8.00
3906:+7.78
3892:+7.67
3878:+7.25
3861:+6.90
3844:+6.75
3832:Ceres
3827:+6.64
3815:stars
3792:+6.49
3778:+6.03
3738:+5.72
3724:+5.68
3698:Vesta
3693:+5.20
3678:+4.5
3658:+4.50
3644:moon
3641:+4.38
3609:+3.44
3578:+3.03
3564:star
3561:+1.98
3547:+1.86
3534:+1.33
3520:+1.17
3506:+0.90
3492:+0.71
3478:+0.46
3465:+0.46
3451:+0.23
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3402:star
3399:−0.04
3381:−0.27
3351:−0.55
3337:star
3334:−0.72
3316:star
3313:−0.83
3299:−1.47
3285:−1.66
3271:−2.20
3253:−2.48
3239:−2.50
3223:−2.50
3199:−2.94
3185:−2.94
3171:−2.98
3154:−3.69
3132:star
3129:−3.99
3104:−4.14
3090:−4.92
3070:−5.90
3054:−6.00
3026:−6.00
3008:−6.80
2992:−7.50
2960:−9.50
2929:Sedna
2808:Pluto
2666:Earth
2649:Venus
2621:star
2604:star
2588:star
2573:Rigel
2571:star
2555:star
2539:star
2523:star
2506:star
2490:star
2474:star
2458:star
2442:star
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2211:(see
2192:4.81
2175:4.76
2158:4.49
2141:3.73
2110:0.67
2090:1.08
2073:1.60
2056:2.55
2039:3.08
2022:3.64
2005:4.26
1988:1.81
1910:(μm)
1903:Band
1835:watts
1487:14.09
1401:12.74
1304:2.512
1194:2.512
927:VISTA
848:table
827:16.4
819:15.7
811:15.4
803:14.7
795:14.1
787:13.3
779:12.3
771:11.3
758:(mm)
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575:0.16%
556:0.25%
372:human
227:uvbyβ
204:, or
167:Venus
68:of a
8517:Open
8412:Mass
8236:Core
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8079:Iron
8029:Dark
7839:Lead
7819:HgMn
7814:CEMP
7743:Blue
7716:Blue
7634:Late
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7345:2018
7332:NASA
7312:2017
7175:2009
7126:2010
7097:2019
7018:2009
6991:2019
6965:2010
6939:2010
6913:2010
6887:2010
6856:2018
6826:2024
6800:2011
6767:2010
6741:2009
6706:2010
6667:2010
6640:2009
6613:2018
6583:2009
6556:2009
6529:2009
6503:2018
6473:2009
6446:2010
6419:2009
6340:2010
6314:2010
6288:2010
6262:2010
6090:2007
6064:2014
6052:SEDS
6034:2023
5953:2011
5862:ISBN
5843:2016
5825:ISBN
5804:2024
5766:ISSN
5724:2023
5616:2023
5578:2023
5553:2023
5490:2017
5463:2019
5426:ISSN
5376:ISSN
5329:2009
5296:2012
5266:2010
5254:NASA
5232:2019
5131:ISBN
5106:ISSN
5057:ISBN
5034:ISSN
4983:ISBN
4898:2006
4872:2010
4792:2019
4718:ISBN
4292:Eris
3849:Iris
3819:mean
3809:+6.5
3759:+5.8
3636:M42
3620:M31
3509:Moon
3439:Vega
3365:−0.3
3213:−2.5
3157:Moon
2845:Eris
2829:Moon
2683:Mars
2394:(V)
2377:and
2239:and
2189:4810
2186:0.13
2183:0.91
2172:4760
2169:0.16
2166:0.79
2155:4490
2152:0.14
2149:0.67
2138:3730
2135:0.14
2132:0.52
2118:3.50
2101:0.23
2098:2.22
2087:1080
2084:0.23
2081:1.60
2070:1600
2067:0.16
2064:1.26
2053:2550
2050:0.19
2047:0.79
2036:3080
2033:0.23
2030:0.64
2019:3640
2016:0.16
2013:0.55
2002:4260
1999:0.22
1996:0.44
1985:1810
1982:0.15
1979:0.36
1938:FWHM
1803:and
1499:513.
1342:Moon
824:508
816:406
808:305
800:203
792:152
784:102
626:10.0
560:9100
544:4800
540:0.4%
528:1602
524:1.0%
513:513
510:2.5%
499:171
496:6.3%
435:100%
417:251%
414:−1.0
411:Yes
390:Vega
384:ness
374:eye
70:star
8818:Sub
8552:Sun
7971:SGR
7748:Red
7721:Red
7270:doi
7248:209
7216:doi
7163:ESO
7059:doi
7037:561
6729:JPL
6381:doi
6359:136
6172:doi
5996:doi
5974:585
5913:doi
5891:819
5758:doi
5657:doi
5601:160
5524:doi
5418:doi
5366:doi
5352:487
5168:doi
5156:266
5098:doi
5086:117
5024:doi
4958:doi
4837:doi
4815:442
4761:doi
4638:+35
4620:+35
4607:+34
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4415:+24
4403:Nix
4344:+22
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4020:CSM
4013:+10
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3663:M41
3625:+4
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2860:as
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2631:at
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2107:670
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1765:0.4
1736:0.4
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1694:2.5
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1517:000
1515:400
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