905:. ABP is essential to concentrating testosterone in levels high enough to initiate and maintain spermatogenesis. Intratesticular testosterone levels are 20–100 or 50–200 times higher than the concentration found in blood, although there is variation over a 5- to 10-fold range amongst healthy men. Testosterone production does not remain constant throughout the day, but follows a circadian rhythm. The maximum peak of testosterone occurs at 8 a.m., which explains why men frequently suffer from morning erections. In younger men, testosterone peaks are higher. FSH may initiate the sequestering of testosterone in the testes, but once developed only testosterone is required to maintain spermatogenesis. However, increasing the levels of FSH will increase the production of spermatozoa by preventing the
112:
104:
56:
692:
40:
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testicular arterial and venous blood streams and may, in part, explain the temperature gradient between aortic and testicular arterial blood reported in dogs and rams. Moreover, reduction in pulse pressure, occurring in the proximal one third of the coiled length of the internal spermatic artery. Moreover, the activity of spermatogenic recombinase decreases, and this is supposed to be an important factor of testicles degeneration.
319:—to produce immature sperm. Maturation occurs in the epididymis. The location is specifically important as the process of spermatogenesis requires a lower temperature to produce viable sperm, specifically 1°-8 °C lower than normal body temperature of 37 °C (98.6 °F). Clinically, small fluctuations in temperature such as from an athletic support strap, causes no impairment in sperm viability or count.
3712:
490:
857:, alcohol, and infectious diseases will also adversely affect the rate of spermatogenesis. In addition, the male germ line is susceptible to DNA damage caused by oxidative stress, and this damage likely has a significant impact on fertilization and pregnancy. According to the study by Omid Mehrpour et al exposure to pesticides also affects spermatogenesis.
482:
275:– one of each gamete must have half the usual number of chromosomes present in other body cells. Otherwise, the offspring will have twice the normal number of chromosomes, and serious abnormalities may result. In humans, chromosomal abnormalities arising from incorrect spermatogenesis results in congenital defects and abnormal birth defects (
705:
At all stages of differentiation, the spermatogenic cells are in close contact with
Sertoli cells which are thought to provide structural and metabolic support to the developing sperm cells. A single Sertoli cell extends from the basement membrane to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule, although the
223:
Spermatogenesis starts in the bottom part of seminiferous tubes and, progressively, cells go deeper into tubes and moving along it until mature spermatozoa reaches the lumen, where mature spermatozoa are deposited. The division happens asynchronically; if the tube is cut transversally one could
845:
One important mechanism is a thermal exchange between testicular arterial and venous blood streams. Specialized anatomic arrangements consist of two zones of coiling along the internal spermatic artery. This anatomic arrangement prolongs the time of contact and the thermal exchange between the
336:
The entire process of spermatogenesis can be broken up into several distinct stages, each corresponding to a particular type of cell in humans. In the following table, ploidy, copy number and chromosome/chromatid counts are for one cell, generally prior to DNA synthesis and division (in G1 if
327:
For humans, the entire process of spermatogenesis is variously estimated as taking 74 days (according to tritium-labelled biopsies) and approximately 120 days (according to DNA clock measurements). Including the transport on ductal system, it takes 3 months. Testes produce 200 to 300 million
817:
Seminiferous epithelium is sensitive to elevated temperature in humans and some other species, and will be adversely affected by temperatures as high as normal body temperature. In addition, spermatogonia do not achieve maturity at body temperature in most of mammals, as β-polimerase and
555:
Each cell division from a spermatogonium to a spermatid is incomplete; the cells remain connected to one another by bridges of cytoplasm to allow synchronous development. Not all spermatogonia divide to produce spermatocytes; otherwise, the supply of spermatogonia would run out. Instead,
2493:
Chambers, Christopher V.; Shafer, Mary-Ann; Adger, Hoover; Ohm-Smith, Marilyn; Millstein, Susan G.; Irwin, Charles E.; Schachter, Julius; Sweet, Richard (February 1987). "Microflora of the urethra in adolescent boys: Relationships to sexual activity and nongonococcal urethritis".
2379:
Citing: Dorland's
Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, 2007 by Saunders; The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company; Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition 2009; McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 2002 by The McGraw-Hill
945:; whether he was sterile or not is unclear. Levels of estrogen that are too high can be detrimental to spermatogenesis due to suppression of gonadotropin secretion and by extension intratesticular testosterone production. The connection between spermatogenesis and
2321:
Spaggiari, Giorgia; Costantino, Francesco; Granata, Antonio R. M.; Tagliavini, Simonetta; Canu, Giulia; Varani, Manuela; De Santis, Maria
Cristina; Roli, Laura; Trenti, Tommaso; Simoni, Manuela; Santi, Daniele (2023-08-01).
1503:
Alpatov R, Lesch BJ, Nakamoto-Kinoshita M, Blanco A, Chen S, Stützer A, Armache KJ, Simon MD, Xu C, Ali M, Murn J, Prisic S, Kutateladze TG, Vakoc CR, Min J, Kingston RE, Fischle W, Warren ST, Page DC, Shi Y (May 2014).
578:
from secondary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes produced earlier rapidly enter meiosis II and divide to produce haploid spermatids. The brevity of this stage means that secondary spermatocytes are rarely seen in
865:
Hormonal control of spermatogenesis varies among species. In humans the mechanism is not completely understood; however it is known that initiation of spermatogenesis occurs at puberty due to the interaction of the
928:
and inhibin. The Leydig cells are also capable of producing estradiol in addition to their main product testosterone. Estrogen has been found to be essential for spermatogenesis in animals. However, a man with
1959:
Mehrpour, Omid; Karrari, Parissa; Zamani, Nasim; Tsatsakis, Aristides M.; Abdollahi, Mohammad (October 2014). "Occupational exposure to pesticides and consequences on male semen and fertility: A review".
1601:
Atypical centrioles during sexual reproduction Tomer Avidor-Reiss*, Atul Khire, Emily L. Fishman and Kyoung H. Jo Curr Biol. 2015 Nov 16;25(22):2956-63. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.045. Epub 2015 Oct 17.
695:
Labelled diagram of the organisation of
Sertoli cells (red) and spermatocytes (blue) in the testis. Spermatids which have not yet undergone spermiation are attached to the lumenal apex of the cell
173:. Thus, the primary spermatocyte gives rise to two cells, the secondary spermatocytes, and the two secondary spermatocytes by their subdivision produce four spermatozoa and four haploid cells.
2542:
Whitmore, Willet F.; Karsh, Lawrence; Gittes, Ruben F. (October 1985). "The Role of
Germinal Epithelium and Spermatogenesis in the Privileged Survival of Intratesticular Grafts".
2120:
Pareek, Tej K.; Joshi, Ayesha R.; Sanyal, Amartya; Dighe, Rajan R. (2007). "Insights into male germ cell apoptosis due to depletion of gonadotropins caused by GnRH antagonists".
1834:
Hotta, Yasuo; Fujisawa, Masato; Tabata, Satoshi; Stern, Herbert; Yoshida, Shonen (1 September 1988). "The effect of temperature on recombination activity in testes of rodents".
1111:
Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I (2018). "Localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis, Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa".
2609:
2245:
Smith, Eric P.; Boyd, Jeff; Frank, Graeme R.; Takahashi, Hiroyuki; Cohen, Robert M.; Specker, Bonny; Williams, Timothy C.; Lubahn, Dennis B.; Korach, Kenneth S. (1994).
679:. While in the epididymis the spermatozoa gain motility and become capable of fertilization. However, transport of the mature spermatozoa through the remainder of the
1555:"Comparative spermatogenesis, spermatocytogenesis, and spermato-zeugmata formation in males of viviparous species of clinid fishes (Teleostei: Clinidae, Blennioidei)"
224:
observe different maturation states. A group of cells with different maturation states that are being generated at the same time is called a spermatogenic wave.
613:
also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is packaged firstly with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with
216:
and usually continues uninterrupted until death, although a slight decrease can be discerned in the quantity of produced sperm with increase in age (see
3164:
806:
and temperature. Testosterone is required in large local concentrations to maintain the process, which is achieved via the binding of testosterone by
3746:
3633:
3003:
2993:
921:(both LH and FSH) support the process of spermatogenesis by suppressing the proapoptotic signals and therefore promote spermatogenic cell survival.
609:. The anterior part of the tail (called midpiece) thickens because mitochondria are arranged around the axoneme to ensure energy supply. Spermatid
3417:
3333:
818:
spermatogenic recombinase need a specific optimal temperature. Consequently, the testes are located outside the body in a sac of skin called the
153:. The mitotic division of these produces two types of cells. Type A cells replenish the stem cells, and type B cells differentiate into primary
2602:
1464:"Further quantification of human spermatogenesis: germ cell loss during postprophase of meiosis and its relationship to daily sperm production"
3736:
2305:
2103:
2076:
2019:
1624:
1446:
315:
adjacent to the inner tubule wall divide in a centripetal direction—beginning at the walls and proceeding into the innermost part, or
200:
in a stepwise fashion. Spermatogenesis is highly dependent upon optimal conditions for the process to occur correctly, and is essential for
509:, which resides in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubules, divides mitotically, producing two diploid intermediate cells called
2396:"Effects of environmental radiation on testes and spermatogenesis in wild large Japanese field mice ( Apodemus speciosus ) from Fukushima"
834:) below body temperature. This is achieved by regulation of blood flow and positioning towards and away from the heat of the body by the
736:
Testosterone is needed in very high quantities for maintenance of the reproductive tract, and ABP allows a much higher level of fertility
2445:
Johnson, L.; Blanchard, T.L.; Varner, D.D.; Scrutchfield, W.L. (November 1997). "Factors affecting spermatogenesis in the stallion".
924:
The
Sertoli cells themselves mediate parts of spermatogenesis through hormone production. They are capable of producing the hormones
2595:
485:
The process of spermatogenesis as the cells progress from primary spermatocytes, to secondary spermatocytes, to spermatids, to Sperm
3688:
3503:
988:
537:
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2881:
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2798:
930:
779:
772:
1271:"scrotum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 14 Jan. 2015 <
3611:
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1023:
854:
709:
Sertoli cells serve a number of functions during spermatogenesis, they support the developing gametes in the following ways:
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divide mitotically to produce copies of themselves, ensuring a constant supply of spermatogonia to fuel spermatogenesis.
3683:
3483:
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2011:
The
Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication, The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise
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3326:
3134:
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Okano, Tsukasa; Ishiniwa, Hiroko; Onuma, Manabu; Shindo, Junji; Yokohata, Yasushi; Tamaoki, Masanori (23 March 2016).
1916:
Lewis, S. E. M.; Aitken, R. J. (24 May 2005). "DNA damage to spermatozoa has impacts on fertilization and pregnancy".
652:. The resulting spermatozoa are now mature but lack motility. The mature spermatozoa are released from the protective
532:. This division implicates sources of genetic variation, such as random inclusion of either parental chromosomes, and
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764:
751:
557:
312:
150:
2702:
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Harrison, RG; Weiner, JS (1949). "Vascular patterns of the mammalian testis and their functional significance".
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74:
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and regulates the dynamics of the DDR machinery during spermatogenesis. FMRP appears to be necessary for the
741:
Secrete hormones affecting pituitary gland control of spermatogenesis, particularly the polypeptide hormone,
3673:
3296:
3279:
3107:
3072:
2998:
2988:
2939:
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2665:
1754:"Role of temperature in regulation of spermatogenesis and the use of heating as a method for contraception"
514:
111:
103:
3589:
3584:
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3375:
3319:
86:
890:(LH) appears to have little role in spermatogenesis outside of inducing gonadal testosterone production.
632:
Maturation then takes place under the influence of testosterone, which removes the remaining unnecessary
3693:
3144:
3102:
3097:
3025:
1506:"A chromatin-dependent role of the fragile X mental retardation protein FMRP in the DNA damage response"
533:
1603:
1870:
3628:
2868:
2407:
1176:"Immunohistochemical Analysis of Histone H3 Modifications in Germ Cells during Mouse Spermatogenesis"
902:
758:
714:
284:
280:
245:
209:
193:
134:
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levels appears to be moderate, with optimal prolactin levels reflecting efficient sperm production.
802:
The process of spermatogenesis is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the environment, particularly
3525:
3493:
3188:
3059:
2925:
2766:
2725:
2324:"Prolactin and spermatogenesis: new lights on the interplay between prolactin and sperm parameters"
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present in the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone is produced by interstitial cells, also known as
657:
476:
384:
308:
253:
201:
55:
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2145:
1985:
1941:
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1136:
1174:
Song, Ning; Liu, Jie; An, Shucai; Nishino, Tomoya; Hishikawa, Yoshitaka; Koji, Takehiko (2011).
161:
I) into two secondary spermatocytes; each secondary spermatocyte divides into two equal haploid
39:
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691:
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3429:
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2015:
2009:
1977:
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1419:
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Forster P, Hohoff C, Dunkelmann B, Schürenkamp M, Pfeiffer H, Neuhuber F, Brinkmann B (2015).
1370:
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1128:
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de
Kretser, D. M.; Loveland, K. L.; Meinhardt, A.; Simorangkir, D.; Wreford, N. (1998-04-01).
850:
683:
is achieved via muscle contraction rather than the spermatozoon's recently acquired motility.
569:
408:
2582:
2295:
2066:
505:
possessing half the normal complement of genetic material. In spermatocytogenesis, a diploid
337:
applicable). The primary spermatocyte is arrested after DNA synthesis and prior to division.
3751:
3596:
3478:
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3229:
3047:
2903:
2655:
2551:
2503:
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1969:
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1236:
1195:
1187:
1120:
1072:
1003:
993:
970:
835:
606:
217:
2038:
Fody EP, Walker EM (1985). "Effects of drugs on the male and female reproductive systems".
1353:
Amann RP (2008). "The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in humans: a need to revisit?".
1272:
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3122:
2913:
2908:
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205:
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spermatozoa daily. However, only about half or 100 million of these become viable sperm.
165:
by
Meiosis II. The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperm) by the process of
2411:
1441:(15th ed.). Elsevier (A Divisionof Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Limited). p. 201.
1154:
3434:
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3183:
3159:
3030:
2893:
2820:
2781:
2745:
2720:
2523:
Czyba, J.C.; Girod, C. (1980). "Development of normal testis". In Hafez, E.S.E. (ed.).
2474:
Bardin, C.W. (1991). "Pituitary-testicular axis". In Yen, S.S.C.; Jaffee, R.B. (eds.).
2428:
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17:
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1847:
1028:
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839:
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molecules regulate spermatid adhesion on the apical side of the barrier (towards the
276:
181:
180:
in many sexually reproducing organisms. Thus, spermatogenesis is the male version of
2149:
1989:
1945:
1588:
1258:
3715:
3567:
3444:
3439:
3385:
3251:
3176:
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2750:
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958:
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cytoplasmic processes are difficult to distinguish at the light microscopic level.
700:
653:
645:
598:
522:
510:
502:
453:
417:
397:
154:
61:
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on one of the centrioles, which turns into basal body. These microtubules form an
540:
response (DDR) machinery plays an important role in spermatogenesis. The protein
489:
45:
2247:"Estrogen Resistance Caused by a Mutation in the Estrogen-Receptor Gene in a Man"
1973:
1886:
1869:
Jenardhanan, Pranitha; Panneerselvam, Manivel; Mathur, Premendu P. (2016-11-01).
1285:
Wang C, McDonald V, Leung A, Superlano L, Berman N, Hull L, Swerdloff RS (1997).
79:
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2948:
2815:
2776:
2692:
2263:
2246:
2065:
Wolf-Bernhard Schill; Frank H. Comhaire; Timothy B. Hargreave (26 August 2006).
938:
875:
811:
676:
304:
126:
2339:
1521:
1480:
1463:
1366:
878:. If the pituitary gland is removed, spermatogenesis can still be initiated by
271:
To preserve the number of chromosomes in the offspring – which differs between
3214:
2788:
2133:
1929:
1752:
Wallach, Edward E.; Kandeel, Fouad R.; Swerdloff, Ronald S. (1 January 1988).
1124:
998:
668:
637:
549:
529:
517:
of the seminiferous tubules and duplicates its DNA and subsequently undergoes
498:
481:
358:
300:
257:
162:
149:
located close to the basement membrane of the tubules. These cells are called
2347:
2323:
2272:
1894:
1086:
3555:
3530:
3520:
3508:
2740:
2626:
1692:
1660:
1326:
Heller CG, Clermont Y (1964). "Kinetics of the germinal epithelium in man".
1018:
983:
946:
925:
917:
acts to decrease the levels of FSH. Studies from rodent models suggest that
906:
633:
618:
614:
580:
575:
434:
185:
146:
130:
2587:
2466:
2437:
2355:
2231:
2190:
2181:
2164:
2141:
1981:
1937:
1902:
1795:"The effect of elevated ambient temperature on spermatogenesis in the boar"
1738:
1678:
1580:
1539:
1423:
1405:
1374:
1339:
1287:"Effect of increased scrotal temperature on sperm production in normal men"
1209:
1132:
713:
Maintain the environment necessary for development and maturation, via the
2563:
2515:
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2051:
1855:
1820:
1811:
1794:
1779:
1489:
1312:
1250:
1094:
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3473:
3015:
2888:
2644:
1730:
626:
212:
have been implicated in the regulation of this process. It starts during
138:
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3513:
3203:
3129:
1553:
Fishelson, Lev; Gon, Ofer; Holdengreber, Vered; Delarea, Yakob (2007).
1008:
914:
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803:
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602:
545:
526:
388:
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265:
261:
213:
158:
142:
123:
2419:
2092:
Eberhard
Nieschlag; Hermann M. Behre; Susan Nieschlag (26 July 2012).
1191:
597:
During spermiogenesis, the spermatids begin to form a tail by growing
256:
and involves the two gametes both contributing half the normal set of
3562:
3535:
3368:
3037:
1571:
1554:
787:
775:
649:
349:
249:
241:
197:
189:
177:
115:
High-power view of a seminiferous tubule with normal spermatogenesis.
1619:(6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 369.
1604:
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fcell.2015.00021/full
934:
92:
966:
962:
831:
690:
488:
480:
170:
110:
102:
2222:
2205:
299:. The initial stages occur within the testes and progress to the
240:, which are able to fertilize the counterpart female gamete, the
3363:
541:
3315:
2591:
757:
Protect spermatids from the immune system of the male, via the
3342:
1645:"Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) and spermatogenesis"
827:
610:
232:
Spermatogenesis produces mature male gametes, commonly called
295:
Spermatogenesis takes place within several structures of the
747:
Phagocytose residual cytoplasm left over from spermiogenesis
311:
of the testes are the starting point for the process, where
617:
during spermatid elongation. The resultant tightly packed
536:
that increases the genetic variability of the gamete. The
1871:"Effect of environmental contaminants on spermatogenesis"
303:
where the developing gametes mature and are stored until
2163:
O'Donnell L, Robertson KM, Jones ME, Simpson ER (2001).
1273:
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/530078/scrotum
2300:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 83–.
2071:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 76–.
1225:"Evidence of a Wave of Spermatogenesis in Human Testis"
169:. These develop into mature spermatozoa, also known as
3311:
814:, which reside adjacent to the seminiferous tubules.
1390:"Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers"
849:
Dietary deficiencies (such as vitamins B, E and A),
605:. Later the centriole is modified in the process of
3659:
3492:
3349:
3202:
2947:
2938:
2867:
2759:
2711:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2003:
2001:
1999:
73:
68:
32:
2204:Carreau S, Bouraima-Lelong H, Delalande C (2012).
1793:Cameron, R. D. A.; Blackshaw, A. W. (1 May 1980).
667:The non-motile spermatozoa are transported to the
625:surrounds the now condensed nucleus, becoming the
493:Cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the testis
2008:William J. Kraemer; A. D. Rogol (15 April 2008).
248:to produce a single-celled individual known as a
513:. Each primary spermatocyte then moves into the
157:. The primary spermatocyte divides meiotically (
2578:Spermatogenesis — male reproductive physiology
2095:Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution
2033:
2031:
822:. The optimal temperature is maintained at 2
675:secreted by the Sertoli cells with the aid of
3327:
2603:
2098:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–.
1106:
1104:
853:, metals (cadmium and lead), x-ray exposure,
733:in close proximity to the developing gametes
8:
1875:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1643:Xiao, X.; Mruk, D. D.; Cheng, C. Y. (2013).
2478:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
1877:. Molecular Mechanisms in Spermatogenesis.
1638:
1636:
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3320:
3312:
2944:
2640:
2631:
2610:
2596:
2588:
2294:Edmund S. Sabanegh Jr. (20 October 2010).
754:causes deterioration of the Müllerian duct
2427:
2262:
2221:
2180:
1810:
1769:
1668:
1570:
1529:
1479:
1437:Padubidri, VG; Daftary, SN, eds. (2011).
1413:
1302:
1240:
1199:
1076:
525:, which will later divide once more into
44:Seminiferous tubule with maturing sperm.
2297:Male Infertility: Problems and Solutions
2014:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 286–.
937:) was found produce sperm with a normal
497:Spermatocytogenesis is the male form of
339:
2377:thefreedictionary.com > oligospermia
1615:Hadley, Mac E.; Levine, Jon E. (2007).
1462:Johnson L, Petty CS, Neaves WB (1983).
1051:
957:Disorders of spermatogenesis may cause
264:) to result in a chromosomally normal (
2206:"Role of estrogens in spermatogenesis"
893:FSH stimulates both the production of
107:Normal spermatogenesis, testis biopsy.
90:
29:
1155:"The Spermatozoön, in Gray's Anatomy"
719:Secrete substances initiating meiosis
574:Spermatidogenesis is the creation of
7:
648:by surrounding Sertoli cells in the
184:, of which the female equivalent is
3430:Heterogametic sex / Homogametic sex
1719:The Journal of Experimental Biology
722:Secrete supporting testicular fluid
621:is transcriptionally inactive. The
1242:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1982.tb03124.x
786:forming the blood-testis barrier.
25:
782:have antagonistic effects on the
640:. The excess cytoplasm, known as
3711:
3710:
3504:Evolution of sexual reproduction
2525:Descended and Cryptorchid Testis
1180:Acta Histochemica et Cytochemica
989:Evolution of sexual reproduction
773:intercellular adhesion molecules
501:and results in the formation of
176:Spermatozoa are the mature male
54:
38:
3747:Mammal male reproductive system
3004:Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum
2994:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
2527:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
2251:New England Journal of Medicine
931:estrogen insensitivity syndrome
428:spermatidogenesis (meiosis II)
236:but more specifically known as
141:. This process starts with the
3612:Sexual reproduction in animals
2165:"Estrogen and spermatogenesis"
1439:Shaw's Textbook of Gynaecology
1113:Journal of Molecular Histology
1024:Origin and function of meiosis
842:smooth muscle in the scrotum.
1:
2556:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)47438-6
2508:10.1016/s0022-3476(87)80180-4
2459:10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00353-1
1771:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59640-X
1304:10.1016/s0015-0282(97)81525-7
1223:Schulze, W. (24 April 2009).
252:. This is the cornerstone of
3737:Animal developmental biology
3484:Sex as a biological variable
3467:Simultaneous hermaphroditism
1974:10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.029
1887:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.024
1848:10.1016/0014-4827(88)90387-4
965:with a low concentration of
880:follicle stimulating hormone
3135:Internal urethral sphincter
2264:10.1056/NEJM199410203311604
2068:Andrology for the Clinician
1078:10.1093/humrep/13.suppl_1.1
969:and is a common finding in
901:, and the formation of the
3768:
3622:Penile-vaginal intercourse
3462:Sequential hermaphroditism
3270:Posterior scrotal arteries
2476:Reproductive Endocrinology
2340:10.1007/s12020-023-03375-x
1836:Experimental Cell Research
1522:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.040
1481:10.1095/biolreprod29.1.207
1367:10.2164/jandrol.107.004655
729:(ABP), which concentrates
698:
590:
567:
474:
287:of the developing foetus.
3706:
3452:Testis-determining factor
3265:Anterior scrotal arteries
3240:Internal spermatic fascia
3225:External spermatic fascia
3184:External urethral orifice
3165:External sphincter muscle
3140:Internal urethral orifice
2583:Spermatogenesis animation
2496:The Journal of Pediatrics
2134:10.1007/s10495-006-0039-3
1930:10.1007/s00441-005-1097-5
1649:Human Reproduction Update
1125:10.1007/s10735-018-9759-2
558:spermatogonial stem cells
313:spermatogonial stem cells
151:spermatogonial stem cells
85:
53:
37:
3393:Sex-determination system
3285:Posterior scrotal nerves
3088:Internal pudendal artery
2619:Male reproductive system
1918:Cell and Tissue Research
941:, albeit abnormally low
895:androgen binding protein
808:androgen binding protein
765:spermatogonial stem cell
727:androgen-binding protein
681:male reproductive system
297:male reproductive system
122:is the process by which
3297:Posterior scrotal veins
3280:Anterior scrotal nerves
3108:Internal pudendal veins
2772:Tubuli seminiferi recti
1758:Fertility and Sterility
677:peristaltic contraction
523:secondary spermatocytes
521:to produce two haploid
366:Process entered by cell
3376:Sexual differentiation
2182:10.1210/edrv.22.3.0431
1406:10.1098/rspb.2014.2898
886:. In contrast to FSH,
752:anti-Müllerian hormone
696:
656:into the lumen of the
494:
486:
116:
108:
87:Anatomical terminology
18:Secondary spermatocyte
3418:Temperature-dependent
1812:10.1530/jrf.0.0590173
1661:10.1093/humupd/dms049
1559:The Anatomical Record
694:
687:Role of Sertoli cells
534:chromosomal crossover
515:adluminal compartment
511:primary spermatocytes
492:
484:
352:/chromosomes in human
283:) and in most cases,
114:
106:
2926:Bulbourethral glands
2767:Seminiferous tubules
2703:Blood–testis barrier
1731:10.1242/jeb.26.3.304
1328:Recent Prog Horm Res
911:type A spermatogonia
903:blood-testis barrier
759:blood-testis barrier
715:blood-testis barrier
660:in a process called
607:centrosome reduction
550:repair of DNA damage
375:(types Ad, Ap and B)
309:seminiferous tubules
285:spontaneous abortion
281:Klinefelter syndrome
210:histone modification
194:seminiferous tubules
135:seminiferous tubules
3634:Hormonal motivation
3607:Fungal reproduction
3526:Reproductive system
3189:Lacunae of Morgagni
2977:Suspensory ligament
2850:Testicular arteries
2726:Spermatocytogenesis
2412:2016NatSR...623601O
2040:Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci
1725:(3): 304–16, 2 pl.
1034:Sexual reproduction
888:luteinizing hormone
798:Influencing factors
658:seminiferous tubule
546:meiotic chromosomes
477:Spermatocytogenesis
471:Spermatocytogenesis
385:spermatocytogenesis
254:sexual reproduction
202:sexual reproduction
27:Production of sperm
3639:Human reproduction
3617:Sexual intercourse
3602:Plant reproduction
3235:Cremasteric fascia
2972:Fundiform ligament
2899:Seminal colliculus
2845:Rectovesical pouch
2826:Pampiniform plexus
2804:Superior ligaments
2799:Inferior ligaments
2544:Journal of Urology
2400:Scientific Reports
1962:Toxicology Letters
1400:(1803): 20142898.
1065:Human Reproduction
836:cremasteric muscle
763:Contribute to the
697:
495:
487:
291:Location in humans
117:
109:
3742:Animal physiology
3724:
3723:
3644:Lordosis behavior
3359:Sexual dimorphism
3309:
3308:
3305:
3304:
2999:Corpus spongiosum
2989:Corpora cavernosa
2934:
2933:
2904:Ejaculatory ducts
2863:
2862:
2736:Spermatidogenesis
2420:10.1038/srep23601
2307:978-1-60761-193-6
2257:(16): 1056–1061.
2105:978-1-107-01290-5
2078:978-3-540-33713-3
2021:978-0-470-75780-2
1693:"Spermatogenesis"
1626:978-0-13-187606-4
1448:978-81-312-2548-6
1192:10.1267/ahc.11027
1061:"Spermatogenesis"
851:anabolic steroids
570:Spermatidogenesis
564:Spermatidogenesis
499:gametocytogenesis
468:
467:
409:spermatidogenesis
402:diploid (2N) / 46
378:diploid (2N) / 46
192:it occurs in the
101:
100:
96:
16:(Redirected from
3759:
3714:
3713:
3674:Animal sexuality
3597:Sexual selection
3336:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3073:Arteries of bulb
3055:Tunica albuginea
2945:
2877:Seminal vesicles
2869:Accessory glands
2855:Testicular veins
2666:Tunica vasculosa
2661:Tunica albuginea
2656:Tunica vaginalis
2641:
2632:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2567:
2538:
2519:
2489:
2470:
2453:(7): 1199–1216.
2441:
2431:
2381:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1574:
1572:10.1002/ar.20412
1550:
1544:
1543:
1533:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1244:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1071:(suppl_1): 1–8.
1056:
1004:Male infertility
994:Folliculogenesis
971:male infertility
861:Hormonal control
673:testicular fluid
458:haploid (N) / 23
452:four functional
439:haploid (N) / 23
422:haploid (N) / 23
357:DNA copy number/
340:
218:Male infertility
143:mitotic division
93:edit on Wikidata
58:
42:
30:
21:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3702:
3689:Differentiation
3679:Human sexuality
3669:Plant sexuality
3655:
3551:Spermatogenesis
3495:
3488:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3310:
3301:
3198:
3194:Urethral glands
3172:Navicular fossa
3123:Pudendal nerves
3078:Dorsal arteries
2930:
2859:
2833:Vasa deferentia
2821:Spermatic cords
2755:
2713:Spermatogenesis
2707:
2621:
2616:
2574:
2541:
2535:
2522:
2492:
2486:
2473:
2444:
2393:
2390:
2388:Further reading
2385:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2128:(6): 1085–100.
2119:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1697:Spermatogenesis
1691:
1690:
1686:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1596:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
979:
955:
943:sperm viability
872:pituitary gland
863:
800:
784:tight junctions
703:
689:
642:residual bodies
623:Golgi apparatus
595:
589:
572:
566:
479:
473:
334:
325:
293:
230:
206:DNA methylation
120:Spermatogenesis
97:
64:
60:A mature human
49:
33:Spermatogenesis
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3435:Sex chromosome
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3290:Perineal nerve
3287:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:Septum glandis
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2894:Urethral crest
2886:
2885:
2884:
2882:Excretory duct
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:Efferent ducts
2779:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2746:Spermiogenesis
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2721:Spermatogonium
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2572:External links
2570:
2569:
2568:
2550:(4): 782–786.
2539:
2533:
2520:
2502:(2): 314–321.
2490:
2484:
2471:
2447:Theriogenology
2442:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2369:
2334:(2): 330–339.
2313:
2306:
2286:
2237:
2196:
2175:(3): 289–318.
2155:
2112:
2104:
2084:
2077:
2057:
2027:
2020:
1995:
1968:(2): 146–156.
1951:
1908:
1861:
1842:(1): 163–168.
1826:
1805:(1): 173–179.
1785:
1744:
1709:
1684:
1632:
1625:
1607:
1594:
1545:
1495:
1454:
1447:
1429:
1380:
1361:(5): 469–487.
1345:
1318:
1291:Fertil. Steril
1277:
1264:
1235:(2): 200–207.
1215:
1166:
1146:
1119:(2): 195–208.
1100:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1039:Semen analysis
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
978:
975:
954:
951:
913:. The hormone
862:
859:
799:
796:
780:soluble ICAM-1
769:
768:
761:
755:
748:
745:
739:
738:
737:
723:
720:
717:
699:Main article:
688:
685:
593:Spermiogenesis
591:Main article:
588:
587:Spermiogenesis
585:
568:Main article:
565:
562:
507:spermatogonium
475:Main article:
472:
469:
466:
465:
462:
459:
456:
449:
448:
446:spermiogenesis
443:
440:
437:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:two secondary
413:
412:
406:
403:
400:
393:
392:
382:
379:
376:
373:spermatogonium
369:
368:
363:
354:
346:
333:
330:
324:
321:
292:
289:
229:
226:
167:spermiogenesis
99:
98:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3764:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3649:Pelvic thrust
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:Fertilization
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:Gametogenesis
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:parasexuality
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3457:Hermaphrodite
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3423:Haplodiploidy
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Dartos fascia
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:Pre-prostatic
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Dorsal nerves
3116:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Deep arteries
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Paradidymides
2814:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Sertoli cells
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Seminal tract
2633:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:(2): 167–86.
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1617:Endocrinology
1611:
1608:
1605:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:(3): 311–23.
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:(4): 869–81.
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1474:(1): 207–15.
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:(4): 183–90.
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Sertoli cells
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Oncofertility
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
960:
952:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:(a defective
932:
927:
922:
920:
919:gonadotropins
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:Sertoli cells
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
830:) (8 °C
829:
825:
821:
815:
813:
809:
805:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:
766:
762:
760:
756:
753:
750:Secretion of
749:
746:
744:
740:
735:
734:
732:
728:
724:
721:
718:
716:
712:
711:
710:
707:
702:
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:Sertoli cells
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
586:
584:
582:
577:
571:
563:
561:
559:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:spermatocytes
500:
491:
483:
478:
470:
463:
460:
457:
455:
454:spermatozoids
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
436:
432:
431:
427:
424:
421:
419:
418:spermatocytes
415:
414:
410:
407:
404:
401:
399:
395:
394:
390:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:
367:
364:
362:
360:
355:
353:
351:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
331:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:Down syndrome
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
182:gametogenesis
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:spermatocytes
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:develop from
128:
125:
121:
113:
105:
94:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
46:H&E stain
41:
36:
31:
19:
3568:spermatozoon
3550:
3496:reproduction
3445:Y chromosome
3440:X chromosome
3386:Virilization
3381:Feminization
3177:Lacuna magna
3155:Intermediate
3103:Vein of bulb
3098:Dorsal veins
2789:Epididymides
2777:Retia testes
2751:Spermatozoon
2731:Spermatocyte
2712:
2693:Leydig cells
2547:
2543:
2524:
2499:
2495:
2475:
2450:
2446:
2406:(1): 23601.
2403:
2399:
2372:
2331:
2327:
2316:
2296:
2289:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2223:10.2741/e356
2213:
2210:Front Biosci
2209:
2199:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2094:
2087:
2067:
2060:
2046:(6): 451–8.
2043:
2039:
2010:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1924:(1): 33–41.
1921:
1917:
1911:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1802:
1799:Reproduction
1798:
1788:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1700:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1652:
1648:
1616:
1610:
1597:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1471:
1468:Biol. Reprod
1467:
1457:
1438:
1432:
1397:
1394:Proc R Soc B
1393:
1383:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1297:(2): 334–9.
1294:
1290:
1280:
1267:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1158:. Retrieved
1149:
1116:
1112:
1068:
1064:
1054:
959:oligospermia
956:
923:
910:
892:
884:testosterone
876:Leydig cells
868:hypothalamus
864:
848:
844:
816:
812:Leydig cells
801:
770:
731:testosterone
708:
704:
701:Sertoli cell
672:
666:
661:
646:phagocytosed
641:
631:
599:microtubules
596:
581:histological
573:
554:
518:
496:
464:spermiation
411:(meiosis I)
398:spermatocyte
365:
356:
348:
343:
335:
326:
316:
294:
270:
237:
233:
231:
222:
196:of the male
175:
119:
118:
62:spermatozoon
3043:Superficial
2809:Stereocilia
2678:Mediastinum
2216:(1): 1–11.
2169:Endocr. Rev
1881:: 126–140.
1764:(1): 1–23.
1334:: 545–571.
961:, which is
939:sperm count
662:spermiation
305:ejaculation
258:chromosomes
238:spermatozoa
171:sperm cells
127:spermatozoa
69:Identifiers
3731:Categories
3629:Copulation
3350:Biological
2534:9024723337
2485:0721632068
1702:12 January
1229:Andrologia
1160:2010-10-07
1046:References
999:Germ cells
882:(FSH) and
669:epididymis
638:organelles
615:protamines
576:spermatids
538:DNA damage
530:spermatids
435:spermatids
359:chromatids
301:epididymis
268:) zygote.
246:conception
163:spermatids
147:stem cells
131:germ cells
3684:Mechanics
3661:Sexuality
3556:Oogenesis
3531:Sex organ
3521:Germ cell
3509:Anisogamy
3261:Arteries
3230:Cremaster
3150:Prostatic
3069:Arteries
2741:Spermatid
2645:Testicles
2380:Companies
2364:258485662
2348:1559-0100
2328:Endocrine
2273:0028-4793
2122:Apoptosis
1895:1084-9521
1087:0268-1161
1019:Oogenesis
984:Anisogamy
953:Disorders
947:prolactin
926:estradiol
907:apoptosis
897:(ABP) by
634:cytoplasm
619:chromatin
583:studies.
544:binds to
519:meiosis I
425:2C / 2x23
405:4C / 2x46
344:Cell type
244:, during
186:oogenesis
3716:Category
3694:Activity
3590:Internal
3585:External
3474:Intersex
3247:Ligament
3021:Frenulum
3016:Foreskin
2940:External
2889:Prostate
2838:Ampullae
2794:Appendix
2673:Appendix
2627:Internal
2467:16728209
2438:27005329
2356:37140814
2232:22201851
2191:11399746
2150:25378624
2142:17268770
1990:39443009
1982:24487096
1946:27592293
1938:15912407
1903:27060550
1739:15407652
1679:23287428
1589:25069965
1581:17525946
1540:24813610
1424:25694621
1375:18497337
1355:J Androl
1340:14285045
1259:42304875
1210:21927517
1133:29453757
977:See also
838:and the
804:hormones
725:Secrete
627:acrosome
396:primary
361:in human
323:Duration
139:testicle
3752:Meiosis
3541:Meiosis
3514:Isogamy
3276:Nerves
3211:Layers
3204:Scrotum
3130:Urethra
3114:Nerves
2919:Utricle
2683:Lobules
2652:Layers
2564:2863395
2516:3100755
2429:4804236
2408:Bibcode
2281:8090165
2052:4062226
1856:2900772
1821:7401033
1780:3275550
1670:3576004
1531:4038154
1490:6615966
1415:4345458
1313:9240266
1251:7103139
1201:3168764
1141:3761720
1095:9663765
1009:Meiosis
915:inhibin
820:scrotum
743:inhibin
603:axoneme
527:haploid
389:mitosis
381:2C / 46
273:species
266:diploid
262:haploid
228:Purpose
214:puberty
190:mammals
178:gametes
159:Meiosis
145:of the
137:of the
133:in the
124:haploid
80:D013091
3563:Gamete
3536:Mating
3494:Sexual
3369:Female
3257:Septum
3160:Spongy
3094:Veins
3060:Septum
3038:Fascia
3026:Corona
2562:
2531:
2514:
2482:
2465:
2436:
2426:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2304:
2279:
2271:
2230:
2189:
2148:
2140:
2102:
2075:
2050:
2018:
1988:
1980:
1944:
1936:
1901:
1893:
1854:
1819:
1778:
1737:
1677:
1667:
1623:
1587:
1579:
1538:
1528:
1488:
1445:
1422:
1412:
1373:
1338:
1311:
1257:
1249:
1208:
1198:
1139:
1131:
1093:
1085:
855:dioxin
840:dartos
788:ICAM-2
776:ICAM-1
650:testes
461:C / 23
442:C / 23
350:ploidy
332:Stages
307:. The
250:zygote
242:oocyte
198:testes
3352:terms
3252:Raphe
3065:Raphe
3011:Glans
2962:Crura
2949:Penis
2914:Ducts
2909:Sinus
2760:Other
2688:Septa
2360:S2CID
2146:S2CID
1986:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1585:S2CID
1275:>.
1255:S2CID
1137:S2CID
967:sperm
963:semen
832:mouse
792:lumen
767:niche
644:, is
433:four
317:lumen
234:sperm
188:. In
91:[
3573:ovum
3364:Male
3215:Skin
3048:Deep
2984:Body
2967:Bulb
2957:Root
2560:PMID
2529:ISBN
2512:PMID
2480:ISBN
2463:PMID
2434:PMID
2352:PMID
2344:ISSN
2302:ISBN
2277:PMID
2269:ISSN
2228:PMID
2187:PMID
2138:PMID
2100:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2048:PMID
2016:ISBN
1978:PMID
1934:PMID
1899:PMID
1891:ISSN
1852:PMID
1817:PMID
1776:PMID
1735:PMID
1704:2022
1675:PMID
1621:ISBN
1577:PMID
1536:PMID
1510:Cell
1486:PMID
1443:ISBN
1420:PMID
1371:PMID
1336:PMID
1309:PMID
1247:PMID
1206:PMID
1129:PMID
1091:PMID
1083:ISSN
874:and
778:and
771:The
636:and
542:FMRP
208:and
75:MeSH
3343:Sex
2552:doi
2548:134
2504:doi
2500:110
2455:doi
2424:PMC
2416:doi
2336:doi
2259:doi
2255:331
2218:doi
2177:doi
2130:doi
1970:doi
1966:230
1926:doi
1922:322
1883:doi
1844:doi
1840:178
1807:doi
1766:doi
1727:doi
1665:PMC
1657:doi
1567:doi
1563:290
1526:PMC
1518:doi
1514:157
1476:doi
1410:PMC
1402:doi
1398:282
1363:doi
1299:doi
1237:doi
1196:PMC
1188:doi
1121:doi
1073:doi
935:ERα
909:of
828:man
794:).
671:in
611:DNA
220:).
3733::
3413:ZO
3408:XO
3403:ZW
3398:XY
2558:.
2546:.
2510:.
2498:.
2461:.
2451:48
2449:.
2432:.
2422:.
2414:.
2402:.
2398:.
2358:.
2350:.
2342:.
2332:81
2330:.
2326:.
2275:.
2267:.
2253:.
2249:.
2226:.
2212:.
2208:.
2185:.
2173:22
2171:.
2167:.
2144:.
2136:.
2126:12
2124:.
2044:15
2042:.
2030:^
1998:^
1984:.
1976:.
1964:.
1940:.
1932:.
1920:.
1897:.
1889:.
1879:59
1873:.
1850:.
1838:.
1815:.
1803:59
1801:.
1797:.
1774:.
1762:49
1760:.
1756:.
1733:.
1723:26
1721:.
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