22:
414:
406:
402:'s government held a referendum on secession alongside the State parliamentary election. The Nationalists had campaigned in favour of secession while the Labor party had campaigned against breaking from the Federation. 68% of the 237,198 voters voted in favour of secession, but at the same time the Nationalists were voted out of office. Only the mining areas, populated by keen Federalists, voted against the move.
597:, said that the case for secessionism only strengthened while the Commonwealth continued to exploit the State's resource-rich economy. He argued that, at the time, Western Australia accounted for 35% of the nation's export income yet most of the revenue was used to strengthen the "financial muscle growing in Canberra". The state had approximately 9–10% of the nation's population, generated over 10% of the
362:
301:
30:
105:
461:
and fourth generation, but for all time? Is there either justice or common sense in continuing an agreement that is working badly? Is a party to that agreement – after giving it a trial for 35 years and having proved it to be hampering to its industries, destructive to its prosperity and a grave bar to its development – prohibited from seeking relief?
240:
280:
within the colony to join the federation by other means. For example, residents of the
Eastern Goldfields began organising to form a colony separate from Western Australia. This would have allowed them to seek admission to the Commonwealth later. Finally, Western Australia's referendum was held on 31 July 1900. By that time the
73:, however, describes the union as "one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth" and makes no provision for states to secede. Western Australia is the only state not specifically listed in this preamble, as its final decision to join came too late for the constitution, already enacted by the UK Parliament, to be altered.
279:
Western
Australia was not specifically mentioned in the preamble as its support was given too late for the document to be amended prior to enactment. The colony had taken no steps to hold their referendum on the question of federation as the year 1900 began. As a result, there were protests and moves
702:
Five years after federation, the
Western Australian Legislative Assembly resolved that federation had "proved detrimental to the interest" of the state. It called for a referendum to withdraw from the Commonwealth be put to voters in the state. However, neither the Premier nor the Opposition Leader
460:
After all, what does the word "indissoluble" mean? Remember that it occurs only in the preamble and not in the Act itself. Is any arrangement made in this world indissoluble? Can the rulers of any country "dressed in a little brief authority", bind the people of that country not merely to the third
592:
At the start of the 21st century, Australia was in the middle of a "resources boom", which once again meant that
Western Australia's economic contribution to the Australian economy was at a high point. Perceptions of a disproportionately low share of federal resources sent to the state relative to
350:
founded the
Dominion League which advocated secession and the creation of a separate Dominion of Western Australia. The league held numerous rallies and public meetings which successfully made capital out of the general discontent brought on by the depression. Smith continued to agitate until the
456:
Our contention is that the words "under the
Constitution hereby established" are of equal significance, and if we can demonstrate – as we are prepared to do – that in a number of essentials, the Constitution has been violated to our detriment, we are entitled to be relieved from our bargain. The
452:
They emphasise the word "indissoluble". We insist on the equal importance of the rest of the section: "Under the Crown" and "under this
Constitution". Will it be contended that if – a highly improbable suggestion – the always loyal Commonwealth of Australia decided to break away from the British
388:
for a brief speaking tour of Perth, Fremantle and country centres, but often received hostile receptions. The
Federalists argued for a constitutional convention to examine the state's grievances but was unable to counter the grassroots campaign of the Dominion League. The question of holding a
274:
Federal
Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the Constitution hereby established. And whereas it is expedient to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen ...
457:
federation is a partnership between six States in which certain guarantees were given and certain safeguards were provided. We can show that these guarantees have been violated – that these safeguards have been swept aside – and so we ask for the annulment of the partnership.
1153:
By 1900 Western
Australia had still not taken steps to hold a referendum. ... Finally, on 31 July 1900, when the Commonwealth Constitution Bill had already been enacted by the British Parliament, a referendum was held in which a large majority voted in favour of
429:
sent a delegation to London with the referendum result to petition the British government to effectively overturn the previous Act of Parliament which had allowed for the creation of the Australian Federation. The delegation included the Agent General, Sir
1591:
1443:
601:
revenue, but received only 6% of what was being distributed. Court said that if the then-current Federation path continued, then by the year 2020, Western Australia would only be receiving 5% of what would be distributed by the
473:
to consider the issue but after 18 months of negotiations and lobbying, it finally refused to consider the matter, further declaring that it could not legally grant secession. The delegation returned home empty-handed.
960:
895:
174:(both in 1897), Goldfields residents interacted relatively little with the metropolitan area (i.e. people moving from the Eastern Colonies to the Goldfields usually passed through the deep water port of
49:
has often been discussed through local newspaper articles and editorials. On a number of occasions secession has been a serious political issue for the State, including in a successful but unimplemented
1583:
1435:
373:
To counter the pro-secession movement, a Federal League of Western Australia was formed which organised a "No" campaign. They brought several high-profile people to Western Australia including the
1561:
664:
and WA's hard border closure with the rest of Australia in 2020. A poll run in October 2020 found that 28% of Western Australians support Western Australia leaving the Australian federation.
861:
2067:
1500:
657:
614:
613:, made the controversial statement that WA should secede and rely primarily on China for military defence to remain an independent nation free from Canberra's influence. Members of the
593:
its economic contribution to the country further fanned a wave of secessionist rhetoric. For example, at the 22 October 2008 Vista Public Lecture, former Western Australian Premier,
2001:
1931:
61:
will favour the business and popular interests of the larger population centres lying to the east of this state. A common complaint is that Western Australia is a forgotten or
952:
447:
Have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and under the Constitution hereby established.
422:
1045:
830:
884:
270:
WHEREAS the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one
223:
Nevertheless, the petition put pressure for the Western Australian government to join Federation. Forrest led a push to include recent immigrants from the east on the
1531:
1469:
929:
1753:
334:. In 1926, Smith, a committed secessionist, and others established the Secession League to provide a public vehicle for advancing the secession cause. Prior to the
1971:
198:
Petition to Her Majesty the Queen from persons residing on the Goldfields, together with a refutation of the statements made in the petition, by Sir John Forrest
1893:
1771:
713:
606:. The former Premier said he was not advocating secession but stressed that the financial imbalance required addressing and that "the time to do so is now".
316:
51:
1794:
1618:
477:
As a consequence of the failure of negotiations and of the economic revival, the Secession League gradually lost support and by 1938 had ceased to exist.
1410:
1553:
1376:
512:
was, however, in an upswing at the time with major capital works underway and prosperity at an all-time high. The movement stagnated after a few years.
1140:
2090:
2019:
1916:
853:
208:
travelled to London on behalf of the Eastern Goldfields Reform League executive, to present the petition to the British government and lobby the
140:– which meant virtual independence from Britain, in all matters except defence, foreign affairs and trade. After the discovery of gold at
2136:
1906:
1354:
466:
399:
82:
1492:
212:
to either approve Auralia's separation, or force Western Australia to accept Federation. However, in spite of many requests by Griffiths, the
88:
In 1887 a new constitution including the right of self-governance was drafted and in 1890, the Act granting self-government was passed by the
2131:
629:
200:. It argued the case for the Goldfields' separation from Western Australia and the formation of a new Colony/State in the Goldfields, named "
1242:
1098:
2085:
1827:
326:
1659:
227:, ensuring that the referendum would pass. From 1 January 1901, when WA formally joined the other Colonies in federating as States of the
1746:
678:
213:
1844:
598:
2047:
2027:
470:
2141:
1939:
1921:
1861:
1851:
1642:
502:
189:
Forrest's government favoured large mining companies over individual prospectors, antagonising many people in the Goldfields and;
1299:
1188:
2062:
653:
366:
822:
2057:
1961:
1739:
763:
603:
393:
21:
1523:
1465:
921:
2037:
2009:
1866:
1834:
1822:
885:"The Republic of Western Australia: The Legal Possibility of Western Australia's Secession from the Australian Federation"
335:
179:
159:
Tensions emerged during the mid-1890s between the Goldfields and the capital city. There were four main reasons for this:
453:
Crown and establish a republic, we in Western Australia should still be bound in the "indissoluble Federal Commonwealth?
442:
Our opponents lay great stress on the words contained in the preamble to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act:
1817:
1166:
636:
as "places seeking maximum fiscal and policy autonomy from their national capitals" in an October 2013 opinion piece in
617:
responded to his comments negatively, stating that they were his personal view and not the stance of the Liberal Party.
396:
2146:
1949:
660:
State Conference, sparked renewed debate of secessionism in the media. Support for WA secession grew again during the
498:
374:
153:
66:
1023:
132:, and was lobbied by Federation committees from WA and the other colonies. This changed little with the granting of
683:
509:
120:
During the late 19th century, the WA government (like that of New Zealand) was reluctant to commit to the proposed
2032:
610:
347:
304:
260:
252:
228:
175:
70:
1622:
413:
1984:
1956:
673:
89:
1402:
1373:
796:
259:.The result of the vote was 44,800 in favour and 19,691 against. Most country electorates voted "No", except
2095:
256:
164:
133:
1132:
501:
and wheat export industries which earned a disproportionate amount of Australia's foreign exchange. In the
1979:
1807:
57:
One recurring argument by proponents of secession is based on the assumption that a federal government in
183:
2072:
1675:
321:
308:
121:
1716:
192:
many Goldfields residents, due to their ties with the Eastern Colonies, strongly supported Federation.
85:
were presented to London in 1865 and 1869. This was granted in 1870 but maintained a Governor's veto.
2052:
1911:
1901:
1871:
1712:
1703:
1883:
1856:
1075:
Thomas, Athol (10 October 1978), "Sunshine and space make the Cinderella State an exciting place",
809:
Western Australia has had a long history of flirting with the idea of becoming its own nation state
1721:
2042:
1944:
1839:
1812:
1802:
1693:
1385:
1246:
1102:
999:
638:
435:
331:
281:
217:
163:
the extremely rapid growth of the Goldfields meant that its population soon rivalled that of the
149:
65:, which contributes more to federal funds than it gets back, and is discriminated against by the
1726:
1666:
1876:
1784:
1277:
1160:
1080:
769:
759:
661:
171:
45:'s political landscape since shortly after Federation in 1901. The idea of self-governance or
42:
991:
649:
was formed. The party failed to gain a significant number of votes in subsequent elections.
205:
125:
62:
34:
489:
founded the Westralian Secession Movement in 1974. His group focused largely on taxes and
1707:
1380:
266:
The Constitution, which came into force on 1 January 1901 states in its opening preamble:
209:
196:
In 1899, after several years of lobbying, the Eastern Goldfields Reform League compiled a
1295:
1180:
405:
426:
224:
109:
93:
351:
mid-1930s when a syndicate of main nationalists purchased the paper's parent company.
2125:
1698:
1638:
982:
Hiller, Harry H. (1987). "Secession in Western Australia: A Continuing Phenomenon?".
594:
494:
431:
381:
1689:
1053:
1369:
486:
385:
377:
289:
137:
29:
1524:"When a problem comes along, you must WAxit: a history of WA's attempts to secede"
247:
showing results for the Popular Referendum on Australian Federation, 31 July 1900.
2100:
646:
239:
129:
104:
1493:"Western Australians don't really want a 'WAxit', they just want a little love"
361:
300:
81:
Petitions asking for representative elections for some of the positions in the
2110:
145:
141:
1281:
1084:
2105:
1762:
773:
633:
46:
389:
constitutional convention was the second question asked in the referendum.
342:. However, with the depression, wheat prices plummeted and unemployment in
1339:
Phillips, Yasmine. "Share the wealth or secession push will grow: Court".
621:
251:
In 1900, Western Australians voted in a referendum to consider the draft
58:
1731:
1017:
1003:
505:, the party fielded Don Thomas as an ultimately unsuccessful candidate.
609:
In July 2011, the Western Australian Minister for Mines and Petroleum,
201:
113:
330:
started publishing pro-secessionist articles in 1907 under its editor
1779:
995:
490:
136:
to WA in 1889 – and the election of the Colony's first Premier
438:, James MacCallum Smith, and Keith Watson. They argued as follows:
1713:
http://www.fergco.com/~samgriffith/papers/html/volume3/v3chap6.htm
1704:
http://www.fergco.com/~samgriffith/papers/html/volume3/v3chap5.htm
1212:
Journal and Proceedings Western Australian Historical Society 1949
788:
625:
412:
404:
360:
343:
339:
299:
238:
103:
28:
20:
1268:"PLAIN ENGLISH. "Westralia under Federation." (15 March 1933)",
1735:
1722:
http://www.curriculum.edu.au/ddunits/units/ms4fq3acts.htm#4act2
409:
The delegation for the secession of Western Australia in London
1692:
A collection of primary sources relating to secession at the
1210:"Separation movement on the Eastern Goldfields, 1894–1904".
703:
supported the move. No further action was taken at the time.
1019:
Western Australia: The Cinderella state of the Commonwealth
1276:(2770), John Haynes and J.F. Archibald: 9, 15 March 1933,
854:"Miners talk secession, recalling the heady times of 1933"
758:. Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. p. 31.
1619:"1925 to 1950: From Federation to Thoughts on Secession"
1389:. Published 14 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
521:
Western Australia's shares of various resources in 2010
311:(right), showing a page of the 1933 secession petition.
170:
before the opening of the Perth-Kalgoorlie railway and
25:
Flag of the "Dominion of Westralia" as proposed in 1934
1554:"Why WA wants to break off from the rest of Australia"
1294:
Library and Information Service of Western Australia.
1133:"Federation Fact Sheet 1 – The Referendums 1898–1900"
959:. Parliament House, Canberra: Australian Parliament.
1185:
Library and Information Service of Western Australia
346:
reached 30%, creating economic havoc. Also in 1930,
112:, showing the boundaries of the proposed "Colony of
2018:
2000:
1970:
1930:
1892:
1793:
1770:
716:
does provide for the alteration of the Constitution
1699:http://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/federation/iss/index.htm
1064:– via National Library of Australia – Trove.
108:A map printed in 1900, to accompany a petition to
1690:http://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/federation/000_bibl.htm
789:"Welcome... to the Republic of Western Australia"
1139:. Canberra ACT 2600: Commonwealth of Australia.
922:"Paltry GST share fires up WA secession fervour"
324:, the proprietor of the local weekly newspaper,
1334:
1332:
440:
268:
148:(1893), these towns were at the centre of the "
1660:"The Western Australian Secessionist Movement"
1436:"Ex-Palmer pollies behind WAxit election push"
1747:
1584:"'Deeply concerning': One-in-four want WAxit"
231:, the impetus for creation of Auralia waned.
182:and then travelled by horse or on foot along
41:Secessionism has been a recurring feature of
8:
358:was regularly associated with secessionism.
317:1933 Western Australian secession referendum
1430:
1428:
497:around Australia harmed the State's mainly
338:in 1930, the State's major export had been
1754:
1740:
1732:
1355:WA minister blasted over secession remarks
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1468:. Australia: ABC News. 3 September 2017.
1466:"Liberals back watered-down WAxit motion"
1243:"Preamble to the Australian Constitution"
1099:"Preamble to the Australian Constitution"
1727:Stateline – Norman Moore talks secession
1321:"Resisting Canberra's centralist push".
953:"Western Australia: State of secession?"
519:
365:Public launch of the Dominion League at
100:"Auralia" goldfields separation movement
734:
695:
263:and the Goldfields, which voted "Yes".
152:", and the flow of immigrants from the
16:Pro-independence sentiment and movement
1397:
1395:
1158:
656:, and a successful motion at the 2017
83:Western Australian Legislative Council
1472:from the original on 6 September 2017
1191:from the original on 29 February 2020
1026:from the original on 19 December 2020
821:Quekett, Malcolm (6 September 2017).
7:
1564:from the original on 31 October 2020
1413:from the original on 4 February 2022
1228:
823:"Westralia, 'we're flying highhhhh'"
756:Secession, the ultimate states right
741:
1594:from the original on 5 October 2020
1522:Lewis, Charlie (1 September 2017).
1446:from the original on 6 October 2020
1341:The West Australian 23 October 2008
1241:The Attorney-General's Department.
1143:from the original on 17 August 2021
1097:The Attorney-General's Department.
951:Heriot, Dianne (1 September 2017).
679:Proposals for new Australian states
620:Western Australia was grouped with
2068:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
1645:from the original on 15 April 2021
1639:"Western Australia and Federation"
1534:from the original on 4 August 2021
1503:from the original on 4 August 2021
1302:from the original on 20 March 2020
963:from the original on 3 August 2021
932:from the original on 3 August 2021
901:from the original on 3 August 2021
864:from the original on 3 August 2021
852:Ker, Peter; Perth (29 June 2011).
833:from the original on 3 August 2021
799:from the original on 3 August 2021
481:1974 Westralian Secession Movement
14:
1131:Australian Electoral Commission.
417:A Dominion League meeting in 1933
1044:Western Australia Now and Then.
1022:, Barclay & Sharland, 1920,
2091:Historical separatist movements
1403:"How viable is a WA secession?"
1137:Australian Electoral Commission
1079:(10 Oct 1978), Sydney: 65–67+,
787:Wright, Shane (24 April 2010).
467:United Kingdom House of Commons
1491:Cook, Ian (6 September 2017).
1374:"The End of the Nation-State?"
645:In 2016, the pro-secessionist
604:Commonwealth Grants Commission
286:Commonwealth Constitution Bill
1:
2137:Politics of Western Australia
1296:"Secession 1929–1939: London"
920:Smith, Dean (20 April 2017).
892:The Western Australian Jurist
2132:History of Western Australia
384:, and former Prime Minister
367:His Majesty's Theatre, Perth
2086:Active separatist movements
1353:Lloyd Jones, 13 July 2011,
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
2165:
684:Principality of Hutt River
551:Mineral and energy output
510:Western Australian economy
314:
2081:
1325:. 6 May 2010. p. 36.
229:Commonwealth of Australia
71:Constitution of Australia
1165:: CS1 maint: location (
984:The Australian Quarterly
754:Craven, Gregory (1986).
674:Secessionism in Tasmania
90:British House of Commons
77:Colonial self-government
2142:Separatism in Australia
2096:Independence referendum
883:Harrop, Daniel (2011).
543:Gross domestic product
257:Federation of Australia
253:Australian Constitution
165:Perth metropolitan area
1907:Bosnia and Herzegovina
599:Goods and Services Tax
463:
418:
410:
370:
312:
277:
248:
117:
38:
26:
1676:Macquarie Law Journal
1359:Sydney Morning Herald
416:
408:
364:
322:James MacCallum Smith
309:James MacCallum Smith
303:
242:
220:refused to meet him.
107:
52:1933 state referendum
32:
24:
1218:(pt 5): 41–58. 1953.
559:Merchandise exports
503:1974 Senate election
243:Record board of the
67:more populous states
2043:Indian subcontinent
1957:Denmark (Greenland)
1588:The West Australian
1440:The West Australian
1379:9 June 2017 at the
926:The West Australian
827:The West Australian
793:The West Australian
575:Private investment
522:
92:and assented to by
2147:Proposed countries
2058:Republic of Venice
2028:All-Russian Empire
1694:J S Battye Library
1672:on 21 August 2006.
1658:Musgrave, Thomas.
1590:. 5 October 2020.
1560:. 6 October 2020.
1442:. 6 October 2020.
1409:. 7 October 2020.
1386:The New York Times
1046:"Cinderella State"
639:The New York Times
520:
436:Matthew Lewis Moss
419:
411:
400:Sir James Mitchell
371:
332:Alfred T. Chandler
313:
288:. It had received
282:British Parliament
249:
218:Joseph Chamberlain
214:Colonial Secretary
204:". In early 1900,
150:Eastern Goldfields
118:
39:
27:
2119:
2118:
1990:Western Australia
662:COVID-19 pandemic
590:
589:
485:Iron ore magnate
392:On 8 April 1933,
178:, took trains to
172:Fremantle Harbour
43:Western Australia
2154:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1717:Campbell Sharman
1673:
1671:
1665:. Archived from
1664:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1621:. Archived from
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1497:The Conversation
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1399:
1390:
1367:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1323:WA Business News
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1245:. Archived from
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:. Archived from
1094:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1056:on 29 April 2010
1052:. Archived from
1050:wanowandthen.com
1041:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1014:
1008:
1007:
996:10.2307/20635434
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
917:
911:
910:
908:
906:
900:
889:
880:
874:
873:
871:
869:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
818:
812:
811:
806:
804:
784:
778:
777:
751:
745:
739:
717:
710:
704:
700:
523:
471:select committee
336:Great Depression
327:The Sunday Times
292:on 9 July 1900.
284:had enacted the
255:of the proposed
206:Walter Griffiths
154:Eastern Colonies
126:British colonies
63:Cinderella state
35:how-to-vote card
2164:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2077:
2014:
1996:
1966:
1926:
1888:
1789:
1766:
1760:
1708:Geoffrey Bolton
1686:
1684:Further reading
1681:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1625:on 5 April 2006
1617:
1613:
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1393:
1381:Wayback Machine
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1179:
1178:
1174:
1157:
1146:
1144:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1011:
981:
980:
976:
966:
964:
950:
949:
945:
935:
933:
919:
918:
914:
904:
902:
898:
887:
882:
881:
877:
867:
865:
851:
850:
846:
836:
834:
820:
819:
815:
802:
800:
786:
785:
781:
766:
753:
752:
748:
740:
736:
731:
726:
721:
720:
711:
707:
701:
697:
692:
670:
652:Discussions in
529:
528:% of Australian
518:
493:, arguing that
483:
369:on 30 July 1930
319:
298:
296:1933 referendum
245:West Australian
237:
210:Colonial Office
186:to Coolgardie);
184:Holland's Track
134:self-government
102:
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Ottoman Empire
2045:
2040:
2038:Czechoslovakia
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1922:United Kingdom
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1710:
1701:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1655:
1635:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1575:
1545:
1514:
1483:
1457:
1424:
1391:
1362:
1346:
1328:
1313:
1286:
1260:
1249:on 10 May 2006
1233:
1221:
1202:
1172:
1116:
1105:on 10 May 2006
1089:
1067:
1036:
1009:
990:(2): 222–233.
974:
943:
912:
894:(3): 233–250.
875:
844:
813:
779:
764:
746:
744:, p. 100.
733:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
719:
718:
705:
694:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
669:
666:
630:Basque Country
588:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
564:
563:
560:
556:
555:
552:
548:
547:
544:
540:
539:
536:
532:
531:
526:
517:
516:Recent history
514:
495:trade barriers
482:
479:
469:established a
450:
449:
427:Philip Collier
425:government of
375:Prime Minister
297:
294:
236:
233:
225:electoral roll
194:
193:
190:
187:
168:
110:Queen Victoria
101:
98:
94:Queen Victoria
78:
75:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2160:
2159:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2002:South America
1999:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:United States
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1932:North America
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1231:, p. 98.
1230:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
962:
958:
954:
947:
944:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
897:
893:
886:
879:
876:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
832:
828:
824:
817:
814:
810:
798:
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
771:
767:
761:
757:
750:
747:
743:
738:
735:
728:
723:
715:
709:
706:
699:
696:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
665:
663:
659:
658:Liberal Party
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
615:Liberal Party
612:
607:
605:
600:
596:
595:Richard Court
583:Share of GST
582:
581:
574:
573:
566:
565:
558:
557:
550:
549:
542:
541:
534:
533:
527:
525:
524:
515:
513:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
478:
475:
472:
468:
462:
458:
454:
448:
445:
444:
443:
439:
437:
433:
432:Hal Colebatch
428:
424:
415:
407:
403:
401:
398:
395:
390:
387:
383:
382:George Pearce
379:
376:
368:
363:
359:
357:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
318:
310:
306:
302:
295:
293:
291:
287:
283:
276:
273:
267:
264:
262:
258:
254:
246:
241:
234:
232:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
115:
111:
106:
99:
97:
95:
91:
86:
84:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
48:
44:
36:
33:Secessionist
31:
23:
19:
2063:Soviet Union
1989:
1785:South Africa
1667:the original
1647:. Retrieved
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1558:7NEWS.com.au
1557:
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1527:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1460:
1448:. Retrieved
1439:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
1384:
1370:Parag Khanna
1365:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1322:
1316:
1304:. Retrieved
1289:
1273:
1270:The Bulletin
1269:
1263:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:the original
1236:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1184:
1175:
1152:
1147:10 September
1145:. Retrieved
1136:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1092:
1077:The Bulletin
1076:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1054:the original
1049:
1039:
1028:, retrieved
1018:
1012:
987:
983:
977:
965:. Retrieved
956:
946:
934:. Retrieved
925:
915:
903:. Retrieved
891:
878:
866:. Retrieved
857:
847:
835:. Retrieved
826:
816:
808:
801:. Retrieved
792:
782:
755:
749:
737:
708:
698:
651:
644:
637:
619:
611:Norman Moore
608:
591:
567:Exploration
507:
487:Lang Hancock
484:
476:
464:
459:
455:
451:
446:
441:
420:
391:
386:Billy Hughes
378:Joseph Lyons
372:
355:
353:
348:Keith Watson
325:
320:
305:Keith Watson
290:Royal Assent
285:
278:
272:indissoluble
271:
269:
265:
250:
244:
222:
197:
195:
158:
138:John Forrest
119:
87:
80:
56:
40:
18:
2101:Irredentism
1867:Philippines
1568:22 November
1476:6 September
1154:Federation.
714:Section 128
647:WAxit Party
535:Population
394:Nationalist
307:(left) and
156:increased.
144:(1892) and
130:Australasia
2126:Categories
2111:Separatism
2073:Yugoslavia
2033:Bangladesh
2020:Historical
1765:by country
1763:Secessions
957:aph.gov.au
765:0522843174
724:References
654:Parliament
380:, Senator
315:See also:
235:Federation
180:Broomehill
146:Kalgoorlie
142:Coolgardie
122:Federation
2106:Secession
1980:Australia
1852:Indonesia
1840:Khalistan
1808:Hong Kong
1674:(2003) 3
1598:5 October
1450:8 October
1417:8 October
1407:ABC Radio
1282:0007-4039
1195:14 August
1181:"Auralia"
1085:0007-4039
729:Citations
634:Catalonia
356:Westralia
354:The term
47:secession
1985:Tasmania
1862:Pakistan
1828:Xinjiang
1649:20 April
1643:Archived
1629:20 April
1592:Archived
1562:Archived
1538:4 August
1532:Archived
1507:4 August
1501:Archived
1470:Archived
1444:Archived
1411:Archived
1377:Archived
1372:(2013).
1300:Archived
1253:21 April
1229:Musgrave
1189:Archived
1161:cite web
1141:Archived
1109:21 April
1060:4 August
1024:archived
1004:20635434
967:3 August
961:Archived
936:3 August
930:Archived
905:3 August
896:Archived
868:3 August
862:Archived
837:3 August
831:Archived
803:3 August
797:Archived
774:16867753
742:Musgrave
712:However
668:See also
622:Scotland
421:The new
59:Canberra
2053:Prussia
1972:Oceania
1945:Alberta
1902:Belgium
1877:Siberia
1611:Sources
1030:9 April
858:The Age
491:tariffs
397:Premier
202:Auralia
114:Auralia
2010:Brazil
1950:Quebec
1940:Canada
1912:Russia
1894:Europe
1884:Turkey
1872:Russia
1845:Sikkim
1818:Taiwan
1772:Africa
1528:Crikey
1280:
1083:
1002:
772:
762:
632:, and
628:, the
546:13.1%
538:10.3%
530:total
499:mining
261:Albany
176:Albany
69:. The
37:, 1933
1917:Spain
1835:India
1823:Tibet
1813:Macau
1803:China
1670:(PDF)
1663:(PDF)
1306:2 May
1000:JSTOR
899:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
690:Notes
626:Wales
586:8.1%
423:Labor
344:Perth
340:wheat
1857:Iraq
1795:Asia
1780:Mali
1651:2006
1631:2006
1600:2020
1570:2020
1540:2021
1509:2021
1478:2017
1452:2020
1419:2020
1343:: 7.
1308:2006
1278:ISSN
1255:2006
1197:2006
1167:link
1149:2021
1111:2006
1081:ISSN
1062:2021
1032:2013
969:2021
938:2021
907:2021
870:2021
839:2021
805:2021
770:OCLC
760:ISBN
578:28%
570:55%
562:39%
554:48%
508:The
465:The
1678:95.
992:doi
128:in
124:of
2128::
1715:–
1706:–
1641:.
1586:.
1556:.
1530:.
1526:.
1499:.
1495:.
1438:.
1427:^
1405:.
1394:^
1383:–
1357:,
1331:^
1298:.
1274:54
1272:,
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167:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
