212:
344:
36:
327:, the British High Commissioner was instructed not to go beyond "friendly remonstrances" with the Boers over the matter. The British did not want to risk their relationship with the Boers by appearing to side with Sechele. Moreover, British interests lay in consolidating their own position in the area, rather than protecting the African inhabitants from the Boers. Sechele set out for England with the intention of seeking the protection of
278:
to his own and other people. Whereas most
African converts simply assumed the ideas of European Christianity, Sechele went back to the original source, the Bible, and tried to work out a more African kind of Christianity. There is still controversy over the effects of this, and traditional missionaries of the time described him as, "half Christian, half heathen".
277:
Sechele seems to have been a deep, independent thinker. He was powerfully committed to Jesus Christ (rather than
European Christianity), such that he made this commitment at a time when it was politically and personally inconvenient to do so and, after Livingstone left him, he continued as missionary
273:
During the time of their association, Livingstone urged
Sechele to make peace with the uncle who ruled the other half of the Kwêna. Sechele sent his uncle a gift of gunpowder. The uncle was suspicious of the gift and set fire to it. His death in the resulting explosion enabled Sechele to reunite the
352:
Sechele had a profound knowledge of the Bible and a commitment to spreading
Christianity. He began with his own people, teaching them to read and introducing them to the Bible. He also travelled many hundreds of miles to evangelise other African peoples. When Moffat led a group of missionaries into
311:
people who were slaves of the Boers escaped and fled to the Kwêna for protection. The Boers destroyed the
Kolobeng mission and attacked the Kwêna at Dimawe, where they encountered the combined Batswana tribes of Bakwêna, Bahurutshe, Balete and Batlokwa. Before the attack there was an attempt by the
269:
After the divorces and
Sechele's baptism, one of his ex-wives became pregnant by him. He also killed a European, apparently for judicial reasons. As a result, Livingstone denounced him as a Christian. This was despite Sechele's repentance and protestations of faith. Sechele told Livingstone, "I
177:
among his own and other
African peoples. According to Livingstone biographer Stephen Tomkins, Sechele was Livingstone's only African convert to Christianity, even though Livingstone himself came to regard Sechele as a "backslider". Sechele led a coalition of Batswana (Bakwêna, Bakaa, Balete,
262:. He fell into conflict with the Livingstone over his marriage to five women. At first Livingstone was inclined to be relaxed about it but feeling under pressure from other missionaries, he demanded divorce of four of the five. Sechele did so. As there were no further impediments, he was
369:. Missionaries complained that he used his great knowledge of the scriptures to defend his own actions. Neil Parsons, of the University of Botswana, stated that Sechele "did more to propagate Christianity in nineteenth-century southern Africa than virtually any single European missionary".
238:
Sechele was eager to learn to read and write and was an adept student, learning the letters of the alphabet in two days. He became so keen on learning that he rose early and breakfasted before dawn. Once he had mastered reading, he taught his wives to read. The only book available in the
347:
Christian herald and signs of our times (1886) The Late Rev. W. E. Boardman, Sechele, Chief of the
Bechuanas, in State Attire. that, without employing the highest arguments at his disposal, the believer is able to defend his position against the assaults of the
361:
people held
Christian prayers. Moffat's mission had little success as an outbreak of lung disease among the missionaries' oxen resulted in fear of the white missionaries. Officially, there were no converts among the Ndebele until the 1880s.
194:
of what is modern-day
Botswana. When Sechele was ten years old, his father was killed and the leadership of the tribe was divided between his two uncles. Sechele and some of his supporters fled into the desert. He spent some years among the
312:
Batswana to protect the women and children by sending them into hiding, but according to Livingstone, many were taken prisoner by the Boers. Under the leadership of Sechele, Khama of Bangwato, and
296:, in Livingstone's case because he was believed to have supplied rifles and ammunition to the Kwêna. Because Sechele and the Kwêna lived on the route to Central Africa, between the
372:
Under his leadership, his region became a refuge to other people fleeing persecution, and the numbers that he ruled exceeded 30,000 at the time of his death in 1892.
918:
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both complained about the Boers' actions to the Colonial Secretary in London. But because the British were at that time negotiating with the Boers over the
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879:
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231:. The establishment of missions was sometimes encouraged by local rulers because the missionaries gave them access to guns and
806:
604:
430:
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390:
258:
Sechele experienced several conflicts between local custom and Christianity. He had to give up his role as the local
203:, a daughter of Chief Kgari. In about 1831 he succeeded in replacing one of his uncles as ruler of half the baKwêna.
923:
248:
320:
474:
711:
594:
365:
After the departure of Livingstone, Sechele returned to some of his local customs, including rainmaking and
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297:
908:
898:
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An Eloquent Picture Gallery: The South African Portrait Photographs of Gustav Theodor Fritsch, 1863-1865
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King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes
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of Bangwaketse, the Boers were defeated by a combination of strategy and fire power.
191:
116:
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235:, which gave them an advantage over neighbouring tribes lacking such technology.
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98:
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259:
174:
84:
49:
449:
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332:
313:
232:
247:. He later sent five of his children to be educated by another missionary,
759:"Explaining Botswana's Success: The Critical Role of Post-Colonial Policy"
304:, Sechele was perceived by the Boers as a danger to their western border.
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301:
162:
137:
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in 1859, he discovered that Sechele had preceded him and that the local
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shall never give up Jesus. You and I will stand before him together".
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Sechele was born in 1812, the son of the chief of the Kwêna tribe of
719:
479:. Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. p. 117.
342:
244:
210:
94:
293:
567:"The African chief converted to Christianity by Dr Livingstone"
571:
668:
THe Bible in Africa: Transactions, Trajectories, and Trends
398:. Auckland Park, South Africa: Jacana Media. p. 98.
292:
Missionaries such as Livingstone were unpopular with the
508:. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. pp.
223:. He and his people accompanied the missionary to the
637:"Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa"
431:"An archaeological survey of Ntsweng in Molepolole"
424:
422:
331:, but his resources ran out by the time he reached
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21:
16:
Kgosi of the Bakwena of Bechuanaland (r. 1831–1892)
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801:Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1989) .
662:Article by Fideles Nkomazana in Gerald O. West,
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389:Dietrich, Keith; Bank, Andrew, eds. (2008).
803:Dictionary of African Historical Biography
712:"How the Battle of Dimawe shaped Botswana"
476:Dictionary of African Historical Biography
34:
18:
438:Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies
219:In 1847 Sechele met David Livingstone at
832:Zimbabwe Ndebele people and Christianity
871:David Livingstone: The Unexplored Story
686:David Livingstone, The Unexplored Story
635:Livingstone, David (11 February 2006).
381:
752:
750:
618:
616:
444:(1). Educational Book Service: 23–45.
75:September 1892 (aged 81–82)
919:Converts to Christianity from animism
705:
703:
173:and in his role as ruler served as a
151:Sechele I a Motswasele "Rra Mokonopi"
7:
599:. Methuen & Co Ltd. p. 33.
596:Botswana, a short Political History
565:Tomkins, Stephen (19 March 2013).
251:(Livingstone's father-in-law), at
14:
779:from the original on 16 June 2012
726:from the original on 4 March 2016
710:Legodimo, Chippa (22 June 2012).
153:(1812–1892), also known as
757:Beaulier, Scott A. (Fall 2003).
643:from the original on 19 May 2007
851:Encyclopedia of African History
807:University of California Press
1:
227:where Livingstone set up the
849:Shillington, Kevin (2005).
473:Lipschutz, Mark R. (1989).
215:Mission house in Molopolole
940:
835:, (retrieved 5 April 2013)
772:(2). Cato Institute: 229.
285:
207:Conversion to Christianity
48:at Ntsweng (nowadays, Old
868:Tomkins, Stephen (2013).
684:Tomkins, Stephen (2013).
593:Sillery, Anthony (1974).
321:London Missionary Society
33:
28:
805:. Berkeley, California:
157:, was the ruler of the
500:Parsons, Neil (1998).
349:
241:language of the Tswana
216:
165:. He was converted to
524:sebele botswana 1892.
429:Sekgarametso (2001).
346:
325:Sand River Convention
214:
664:Musa W. Dube Shomaha
914:Botswana Christians
307:In 1852 a group of
199:people and married
136:Three sons: Kgari,
83:Tribal Cemetery at
829:Bulawayo History,
716:Arts & Culture
697:Sillery, pp. 27-28
350:
217:
40:Portrait taken by
924:David Livingstone
405:978-1-77009-641-7
178:Batlokwa) in the
171:David Livingstone
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108:1831 – 1892
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282:Battle of Dimawe
229:Kolobeng Mission
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781:. Retrieved
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766:Cato Journal
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572:BBC Magazine
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167:Christianity
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904:1892 deaths
653:(Chapter 6)
113:Predecessor
893:Categories
639:(Memoir).
606:0416756506
309:Bahurutshe
186:Early life
175:missionary
161:people of
85:Molepolole
61:Circa 1812
52:) in 1865.
50:Molepolole
450:0256-2316
333:Cape Town
314:Bathoen I
298:Transvaal
266:in 1848.
260:rainmaker
233:gunpowder
201:Mokgokong
182:in 1852.
123:Successor
23:Sechele I
783:19 March
774:Archived
730:19 March
724:Archived
647:19 March
641:Archived
578:19 March
455:22 March
411:21 March
367:polygamy
302:Shoshong
264:baptised
243:was the
163:Botswana
155:Setshele
142:Tumagole
133:Children
127:Sebele I
65:Botswana
666:(2000)
359:Ndebele
339:Mission
274:tribe.
253:Kuruman
221:Tshwane
99:Bakwena
97:of the
29:Sechele
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197:Ngwato
138:Sebele
42:German
777:(PDF)
762:(PDF)
720:Mmegi
512:–42.
434:(PDF)
396:(PDF)
376:Notes
294:Boers
245:Bible
159:Kwêna
95:Kgosi
91:Title
876:ISBN
855:ISBN
811:ISBN
785:2013
732:2013
649:2012
601:ISBN
580:2013
514:ISBN
481:ISBN
457:2013
446:ISSN
413:2013
400:ISBN
348:foe.
300:and
140:and
105:Term
72:Died
58:Born
169:by
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