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transport are the two types of a key exchange scheme that are used to be remotely exchanged between entities . In a key agreement scheme, a secret key, which is used between the sender and the receiver to encrypt and decrypt information, is set up to be sent indirectly. All parties exchange information (the shared secret) that permits each party to derive the secret key material. In a key transport scheme, encrypted keying material that is chosen by the sender is transported to the receiver. Either symmetric key or asymmetric key techniques can be used in both schemes.
159:. The problem of how to safely generate random keys is difficult and has been addressed in many ways by various cryptographic systems. A key can directly be generated by using the output of a Random Bit Generator (RBG), a system that generates a sequence of unpredictable and unbiased bits. A RBG can be used to directly produce either a symmetric key or the random output for an asymmetric key pair generation. Alternatively, a key can also be indirectly created during a key-agreement transaction, from another key or from a password.
141:“The keys used in public key cryptography have some mathematical structure. For example, public keys used in the RSA system are the product of two prime numbers. Thus public key systems require longer key lengths than symmetric systems for an equivalent level of security. 3072 bits is the suggested key length for systems based on factoring and integer discrete logarithms which aim to have security equivalent to a 128 bit symmetric cipher.”
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often created to be memorized by users and may contain non-random information such as dictionary words. On the other hand, a key can help strengthen password protection by implementing a cryptographic algorithm which is difficult to guess or replace the password altogether. A key is generated based on random or pseudo-random data and can often be unreadable to humans.
126:
in the key defined by the algorithm. This size defines the upper bound of the cryptographic algorithm's security. The larger the key size, the longer it will take before the key is compromised by a brute force attack. Since perfect secrecy is not feasible for key algorithms, researches are now more
177:
The security of a key is dependent on how a key is exchanged between parties. Establishing a secured communication channel is necessary so that outsiders cannot obtain the key. A key establishment scheme (or key exchange) is used to transfer an encryption key among entities. Key agreement and key
100:
Since the key protects the confidentiality and integrity of the system, it is important to be kept secret from unauthorized parties. With public key cryptography, only the private key must be kept secret, but with symmetric cryptography, it is important to maintain the confidentiality of the key.
245:
A password is a memorized series of characters including letters, digits, and other special symbols that are used to verify identity. It is often produced by a human user or a password management software to protect personal and sensitive information or generate cryptographic keys. Passwords are
162:
Some operating systems include tools for "collecting" entropy from the timing of unpredictable operations such as disk drive head movements. For the production of small amounts of keying material, ordinary dice provide a good source of high-quality randomness.
130:
In the past, keys were required to be a minimum of 40 bits in length, however, as technology advanced, these keys were being broken quicker and quicker. As a response, restrictions on symmetric keys were enhanced to be greater in size.
249:
A password is less safe than a cryptographic key due to its low entropy, randomness, and human-readable properties. However, the password may be the only secret data that is accessible to the cryptographic algorithm for
237:(KMS) typically includes three steps of establishing, storing and using keys. The base of security for the generation, storage, distribution, use and destruction of keys depends on successful key management protocols.
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cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the strength of the encryption relies on the security of the key being maintained. A key's
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Key confirmation delivers an assurance between the key confirmation recipient and provider that the shared keying materials are correct and established. The
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258:(KDF) uses a password to generate the secure cryptographic keying material to compensate for the password's weakness. Various methods such as adding a
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key exchange protocol allows key exchange over an insecure channel by electronically generating a shared key between two parties. On the other hand,
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is commonly used, which is sufficient for current systems. However, current key sizes would all be cracked quickly with a powerful quantum computer.
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is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic
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has separate keys for encrypting and decrypting. These keys are known as the public and private keys, respectively.
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is a form of the asymmetric key system which consists of three steps: key generation, encryption, and decryption.
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is dependent on its algorithm, the size of the key, the generation of the key, and the process of key exchange.
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in some applications such as securing information in storage devices. Thus, a deterministic algorithm called a
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recommends key confirmation to be integrated into a key establishment scheme to validate its implementations.
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2016 International
Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET)
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2014 International
Conference on Electronics, Communication and Computational Engineering (ICECCE)
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Networks 2008 - the 13th
International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium
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concerns the generation, establishment, storage, usage and replacement of cryptographic keys. A
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To prevent a key from being guessed, keys need to be generated randomly and contain sufficient
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states that the entire security of the cryptographic system relies on the secrecy of the key.
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refers to the practice of the same key being used for both encryption and decryption.
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Yassein, M. B.; Aljawarneh, S.; Qawasmeh, E.; Mardini, W.; Khamayseh, Y. (2017).
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789:"Comprehensive study of symmetric key and asymmetric key encryption algorithms"
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858:"Difference Between Encryption and Password Protection | Difference Between"
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672:"Anatomy of a change – Google announces it will double its SSL key sizes"
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189:(RSA) are the most two widely used key exchange algorithms. In 1976,
499:"A comparative survey of Symmetric and Asymmetric Key Cryptography"
793:
2017 International
Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET)
70:. There are different methods for utilizing keys and encryption.
698:"Recommendation for Applications Using Approved Hash Algorithms"
292:
282:
880:
123:
729:
Turan, M. S.; Barker, E. B.; Burr, W. E.; Chen, L. (2010).
544:"A Survey on current key issues and status in cryptography"
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algorithm, which was the first public key algorithm. The
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Chandra, S.; Paira, S.; Alam, S. S.; Sanyal, G. (2014).
460:"What is a cryptographic key? | Keys and SSL encryption"
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Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
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1158:
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731:"Recommendation for password-based key derivation"
625:"What is Key Length? - Definition from Techopedia"
262:or key stretching may be used in the generation.
542:Kumar, M. G. V.; Ragupathy, U. S. (March 2016).
589:"Kerckhoffs' principle for intrusion detection"
214:National Institute of Standards and Technology
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587:Mrdovic, S.; Perunicic, B. (September 2008).
62:The key is what is used to encrypt data from
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651:"An Overview of Public Key Cryptography"
27:Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
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595:. Vol. Supplement. pp. 1–8.
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7:
423:Encyclopedia of Software Engineering
834:"Recommendation for Key Management"
127:focused on computational security.
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801:10.1109/ICEngTechnol.2017.8308215
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856:Khillar, Sagar (29 April 2020).
832:Barker, Elaine (January 2016).
1095:Information-theoretic security
1:
474:"Asymmetric-Key Cryptography"
658:IEEE Communications Magazine
556:10.1109/WiSPNET.2016.7566121
343:Key signature (cryptography)
1211:Message authentication code
1166:Cryptographic hash function
979:Cryptographic hash function
696:Dang, Quynh (August 2012).
601:10.1109/NETWKS.2008.6231360
511:10.1109/ICECCE.2014.7086640
425:, American Cancer Society,
183:Diffie–Hellman key exchange
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1090:Harvest now, decrypt later
393:Machine-readable paper key
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112:
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1206:Post-quantum cryptography
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431:10.1002/0471028959.sof070
1196:Quantum key distribution
1186:Authenticated encryption
1041:Random number generation
1191:Public-key cryptography
1181:Symmetric-key algorithm
984:Key derivation function
944:Cryptographic primitive
937:Authentication protocol
927:Outline of cryptography
922:History of cryptography
742:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-132
378:Random number generator
308:Key distribution center
303:Key derivation function
273:Cryptographic key types
256:key derivation function
90:Asymmetric cryptography
85:Asymmetric cryptography
932:Cryptographic protocol
765:Cite journal requires
373:Public key fingerprint
358:Key-agreement protocol
79:Symmetric cryptography
74:Symmetric cryptography
1085:End-to-end encryption
1031:Cryptojacking malware
235:key management system
187:Rivest-Shamir-Adleman
103:Kerckhoff's principle
1201:Quantum cryptography
1125:Trusted timestamping
550:. pp. 205–210.
417:Piper, Fred (2002),
293:Keyed hash algorithm
252:information security
167:Establishment scheme
134:Currently, 2048 bit
964:Cryptographic nonce
368:Password psychology
1070:Subliminal channel
1054:Pseudorandom noise
1001:Key (cryptography)
631:. 16 November 2011
505:. pp. 83–93.
478:www.cs.cornell.edu
298:Key authentication
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1130:Key-based routing
1120:Trapdoor function
991:Digital signature
810:978-1-5386-1949-0
649:Hellman, Martin.
610:978-963-8111-68-5
565:978-1-4673-9338-6
520:978-1-4799-5748-4
440:978-0-471-02895-6
348:Key signing party
122:is the number of
52:security strength
16:(Redirected from
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795:. pp. 1–7.
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199:Diffie–Hellman
195:Martin Hellman
171:Main article:
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151:Key generation
149:Main article:
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1171:Block cipher
1016:Key schedule
1006:Key exchange
1000:
996:Kleptography
959:Cryptosystem
908:Cryptography
861:. Retrieved
851:
840:. Retrieved
827:
792:
758:cite journal
704:. Retrieved
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680:. Retrieved
678:. 2013-05-27
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633:. Retrieved
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481:. Retrieved
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333:Key schedule
318:Key exchange
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173:Key exchange
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36:cryptography
31:
29:
1159:Mathematics
1150:Mix network
383:Session key
1110:Ciphertext
1080:Decryption
1075:Encryption
1036:Ransomware
863:2021-04-02
842:2021-04-02
706:2021-04-02
682:2021-04-09
635:2021-05-01
483:2021-04-02
446:2021-04-09
405:References
338:Key server
313:Key escrow
220:Management
68:ciphertext
18:Secret key
1100:Plaintext
288:Group key
109:Key sizes
64:plaintext
40:algorithm
1258:Category
1239:Category
1145:Kademlia
1105:Codetext
1048:(CSPRNG)
750:56801929
574:14794991
398:Weak key
388:Tripcode
363:glossary
278:Diceware
266:See also
120:Key size
115:Key size
915:General
819:3781693
157:entropy
96:Purpose
1026:Keygen
817:
807:
748:
607:
572:
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529:377667
527:
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48:decode
44:encode
42:, can
1056:(PRN)
837:(PDF)
815:S2CID
746:S2CID
734:(PDF)
701:(PDF)
654:(PDF)
570:S2CID
525:S2CID
58:Scope
805:ISBN
771:help
605:ISBN
560:ISBN
515:ISBN
435:ISBN
283:EKMS
260:salt
193:and
185:and
181:The
124:bits
797:doi
738:doi
597:doi
552:doi
507:doi
427:doi
207:RSA
136:RSA
66:to
46:or
34:in
32:key
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756:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.