23:
185:
112:
95:
307:
The practical effect of a law on out-of-state residents is what is to be considered, even if the law nominally applies to all subjects of the Queen, regardless of their state of residence. In determining whether discrimination has occurred, the relative positions of the person claiming discrimination
250:
But this too was rejected on the grounds that it would be impossible for there to be any practical difference between the rights of citizens by state. Following this, O'Connor made another proposal, which was accepted. After a minor modification, section 117 reached the form that it is in today:
164:
so as to be devoid of any real meaning. For example, in 1904 it was found that discrimination in favour of people who are "residents of and domiciled in
Western Australia" was permissible, as the Constitution only prohibited discrimination on the basis of a person's state of residence, not their
245:
Every subject of the Queen, resident in any State or part of the
Commonwealth, shall be entitled in any other State or part of the Commonwealth to all the privileges and immunities to which he would be entitled if a subject of the Queen resident in that latter State or part of the
172:, the modern approach to interpretation was developed. The court held that the purpose of the section was national unity, and consequentially, residence should be given a broader meaning. In addition, the court overruled a case in which the historical approach was used.
376:
Senior
Lecturer Amelia Simpson has expressed the opinion that "the chances of survival, or revival, of the rights-inspired reading of s 117 appear slim", while Jeremy Kirk has acknowledged the opposition of many of the Justices to the adoption of such a view.
175:
In reaching its conclusion, each of the seven
Justices issued a separate opinion. Combining this with the fact that there is little case law referencing section 117, there remains significant debate over the nature and extent of the right contained within it.
231:, it was decided that the first part of the section should be removed because it was unclear to the delegates how one state's law could interfere with the privilege or immunity of a citizen of another state, and in addition there was no definition of a
315:
may not, as a condition of admission, require an undertaking to become a resident of said state. Even though the requirement applies equally to residents of each state, it has a much more onerous impact on those out-of-state than those in-State.
255:
A subject of the Queen, resident in any State, shall not be subject in any other State to any disability or discrimination which would not be equally applicable to him if he were a subject of the Queen resident in such other
270:"Subject of the Queen" has not been definitively defined by the High Court, but for practical purposes, all Australian Citizens are subjects of the Queen. "The Queen" refers to the office of the Queen in right of Australia.
218:
A State shall not make or enforce any law abridging any privilege or immunity of citizens of other States of the
Commonwealth, nor shall a State deny to any person, within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of the
277:, several of the Justices suggested that, in modern times, "subject of the Queen" was synonymous with "Australian citizen", but ultimately, it was not necessary to decide the question. Similarly, in
141:
281:, it was suggested that "subject of the Queen" may have the same meaning as "non-alien", within the meaning of section 51(xix) of the Constitution, but this too was not stated definitively.
890:
343:
It is unclear to what extent, if any, the right conveyed by the section extends to actions and laws of the
Commonwealth that give different treatment to residents of different states. In
1095:
1059:
1959:
1013:
331:
There is no agreement upon a test which can be applied to determine whether any particular disability or discrimination is covered by the exception. However, in the 2006 case
1954:
1924:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1869:
1023:
775:
1934:
1894:
1854:
134:
1849:
1839:
1844:
1816:
1701:
1161:
78:
335:, it was hinted – but not determined – that when a regulation is "appropriate and adapted... to the attainment of a proper objective", it will be permissible.
1811:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1741:
1721:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1156:
1003:
942:
73:
53:
1826:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1631:
1621:
1606:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1151:
1141:
1131:
988:
885:
844:
839:
808:
68:
58:
48:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1146:
1126:
803:
127:
63:
43:
1089:
369:
found that "no general requirement contained in the
Constitution that Commonwealth laws should have a uniform operation throughout the Commonwealth".
1049:
1018:
1008:
998:
993:
416:
1989:
957:
1085:
1080:
859:
768:
228:
211:
1100:
666:
631:
617:
606:
534:
1914:
1964:
1949:
1909:
1884:
1075:
813:
1904:
1874:
1899:
1889:
1879:
952:
1859:
1864:
937:
1806:
1781:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1671:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
761:
238:
196:
188:
715:
492:
200:
579:"Sweedman v Transport Accident Commission: State Residence Discrimination and the High Court's Retreat into Characterisation"
373:
299:
Residency, on the other hand, is defined broadly, and applies regardless of whether the residency is permanent or temporary.
927:
854:
557:
1044:
744:
324:
Not all forms of discrimination on the basis of state are inconsistent with section 117. Welfare schemes, as well as
99:
1105:
204:
1039:
784:
578:
27:
983:
967:
687:
650:
308:
and a hypothetical person who has the same characteristics, except for State of residency, are to be compared.
293:
947:
911:
875:
798:
691:
654:
548:"Non-Immigrants, Non-Aliens and People of the Commonwealth: Australian Constitutional Citizenship Revisited"
461:
161:
1110:
932:
906:
366:
328:
and regulation of conduct that threatens state security are not seen to be inconsistent with the section.
232:
849:
358:
834:
678:
345:
350:
547:
1054:
740:
587:
426:
723:
595:
565:
500:
482:
434:
420:
235:. Several attempts were made to define Commonwealth citizenship, none of which were successful.
705:
1136:
880:
818:
719:
591:
561:
496:
430:
483:"The (Limited) Significance of the Individual in Section 117 State Residence Discrimination"
184:
116:
683:
449:
22:
646:
312:
519:
453:
1983:
962:
354:
325:
362:
157:
provides protection against discrimination on the basis of state of residence.
94:
753:
735:
386:
224:
357:
attempted to find an implied right to equality under
Commonwealth law, but
706:"Constitutional Implications (II): Doctrines of Equality and Democracy"
183:
417:"Section 117 of the Constitution: The Unfinished Rehabilitation"
757:
804:
840:
521:
The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth
513:
511:
509:
191:, who proposed the wording acceptable to the Convention
1060:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
881:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
292:
The usage of the word "state" excludes residents of
160:
Historically, section 117 had been read down by the
1825:
1170:
1119:
1096:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
1068:
1032:
976:
920:
899:
868:
827:
791:
210:The original form of the section, proposed at the
455:
410:
408:
253:
243:
216:
476:
474:
472:
470:
769:
135:
8:
284:Corporations are not subjects of the Queen.
155:Section 117 of the Constitution of Australia
79:Chapter VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
886:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
845:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
809:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
1885:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
1174:
953:Implied freedom of political communication
776:
762:
754:
241:eventually proposed that the clause read:
142:
128:
17:
627:
625:
1050:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
643:Sweedman v Transport Accident Commission
333:Sweedman v Transport Accident Commission
404:
86:
35:
20:
1850:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
1111:Separatist movements within Australia
958:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
195:Section 117 was inspired by both the
7:
1162:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
1101:List of proposed states of Australia
667:The Laws of Australia - Encyclopedia
632:The Laws of Australia - Encyclopedia
618:The Laws of Australia - Encyclopedia
607:The Laws of Australia - Encyclopedia
535:The Laws of Australia - Encyclopedia
518:Quick, John; Garran, Robert (1901).
372:The issue remains undetermined, but
296:from the protection of section 117.
49:Chapter II: The Executive Government
1945:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
1076:Constitutional history of Australia
229:1897–1898 Constitutional Convention
170:Street v Queensland Bar Association
14:
1840:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
279:Singh v Commonwealth of Australia
197:Privileges and Immunities Clause
110:
93:
21:
1890:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
716:Melbourne University Law Review
710:Melbourne University Law Review
493:Melbourne University Law Review
487:Melbourne University Law Review
201:Privileges or Immunities Clause
1940:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
524:. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
303:"Disability or discrimination"
212:1891 Constitutional Convention
1:
1990:Australian constitutional law
928:Australian Constitutional Law
59:Chapter IV: Finance and Trade
1132:II: The Executive Government
558:Monash University Law Review
552:Monash University Law Review
36:Chapters of the Constitution
1045:Statute of Westminster 1931
1024:Retirement of judges (1977)
415:Matheison, Michael (1999).
54:Chapter III: The Judicature
2006:
1106:Republicanism in Australia
1086:Constitutional Conventions
943:Constitutional conventions
546:Pillai, Sangeetha (2013).
446:Davies v Western Australia
205:United States Constitution
168:In the 1989 landmark case
74:Chapter VII: Miscellaneous
1177:
1040:Constitution of Australia
963:Reserve power (sovereign)
860:Federal Executive Council
785:Constitution of Australia
460: (23 December 1904),
100:Constitution of Australia
44:Chapter I: The Parliament
29:Constitution of Australia
1915:(xxiiiA) Social security
814:House of Representatives
690:455 (25 June 1992),
653:362 (9 March 2006),
481:Simpson, Amelia (2008).
87:Text of the Constitution
1930:(xxix) External affairs
1014:Casual vacancies (1977)
989:Senate elections (1906)
311:As an example, a state
288:"Resident in any State"
1827:Enumerated legislative
1004:Social services (1946)
999:2nd State debts (1928)
994:1st State debts (1910)
933:Responsible government
907:Inter-State Commission
450:[1904] HCA 46
320:Exceptions to the rule
266:"Subject of the Queen"
258:
248:
221:
192:
69:Chapter VI: New States
1935:(xxx) Pacific islands
1142:IV: Finance and Trade
968:Reserved State powers
704:Kirk, Jeremy (2001).
684:[1992] HCA 29
647:[2006] HCA 8
187:
64:Chapter V: The States
1033:Constitutional texts
938:Separation of powers
679:Leeth v Commonwealth
346:Leeth v Commonwealth
233:Commonwealth citizen
117:Australia portal
1925:(xxvii) Immigration
1829:powers (Section 51)
1137:III: The Judicature
423:on 25 October 2000.
165:state of domicile.
1960:(xxxviii) Imperial
1950:(xxxvi) Transition
1157:VII: Miscellaneous
1055:Australia Act 1986
1019:Referendums (1977)
1009:Aboriginals (1967)
984:Referendum process
900:Other institutions
891:Boilermakers' Case
588:Federal Law Review
427:Federal Law Review
193:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1955:(xxxvii) Referral
1895:(xx) Corporations
1127:I: The Parliament
792:Legislative power
577:Simpson, Amelia.
339:Commonwealth laws
152:
151:
98:The full text of
1997:
1965:(xxxix) Incident
1910:(xxiii) Pensions
1175:
855:Governor-General
778:
771:
764:
755:
748:
732:
726:
713:
701:
695:
675:
669:
664:
658:
640:
634:
629:
620:
615:
609:
604:
598:
585:
583:
574:
568:
555:
543:
537:
532:
526:
525:
515:
504:
490:
478:
465:
457:
443:
437:
424:
419:. Archived from
412:
239:Richard O'Connor
189:Richard O'Connor
144:
137:
130:
119:
115:
114:
113:
97:
30:
25:
18:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1880:(xiv) Insurance
1860:(ix) Quarantine
1828:
1821:
1166:
1115:
1064:
1028:
972:
916:
895:
864:
828:Executive power
823:
787:
782:
752:
751:
733:
729:
703:
702:
698:
676:
672:
665:
661:
641:
637:
630:
623:
616:
612:
605:
601:
581:
576:
575:
571:
545:
544:
540:
533:
529:
517:
516:
507:
480:
479:
468:
444:
440:
414:
413:
406:
401:
396:
383:
341:
322:
313:Bar Association
305:
290:
268:
263:
227:session of the
182:
148:
111:
109:
108:
103:
28:
26:
12:
11:
5:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1905:(xxii) Divorce
1902:
1900:(xxi) Marriage
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:(xiii) Banking
1872:
1870:(xii) Currency
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:VI: New States
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
978:
974:
973:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
922:
918:
917:
915:
914:
909:
903:
901:
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
872:
870:
869:Judicial power
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
831:
829:
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
795:
793:
789:
788:
783:
781:
780:
773:
766:
758:
750:
749:
727:
696:
670:
659:
635:
621:
610:
599:
569:
538:
527:
505:
466:
438:
403:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
390:
382:
379:
367:Michael McHugh
340:
337:
321:
318:
304:
301:
289:
286:
267:
264:
262:
261:Interpretation
259:
181:
178:
150:
149:
147:
146:
139:
132:
124:
121:
120:
105:
104:
92:
89:
88:
84:
83:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2002:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:(x) Fisheries
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:(ii) Taxation
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
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1920:(xxvi) Race
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351:John Toohey
294:Territories
1171:By section
1120:By chapter
977:Amendments
948:Federalism
876:High Court
799:Parliament
692:High Court
655:High Court
462:High Court
394:References
162:High Court
1836:Powers of
921:Doctrines
736:Re Loubie
724:0025-8938
596:0067-205X
566:0311-3140
501:0025-8938
454:(1904) 2
435:0067-205X
399:Footnotes
387:Re Loubie
225:Melbourne
1984:Category
850:Monarchy
381:See also
214:, read:
199:and the
835:Cabinet
223:At the
203:of the
180:Origins
819:Senate
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275:Street
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582:(PDF)
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219:laws.
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1090:1998
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720:ISSN
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688:CLR
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374:ANU
273:In
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