295:
written "because of the race, colour or ethnic origin of those people". He did not accept that 18D should provide a defence because he considered that the text contained "erroneous facts, distortions of the truth and inflammatory and provocative language". Bromberg also wrote "The intrusion into freedom of expression is of no greater magnitude than that which would have been imposed by the law of defamation if the conduct in question and its impact upon the reputations of many of the identified individuals had been tested against its compliance with that law".
145:
Complaints under the Act can be lodged with
Australia's Human Rights Commission, which is charged with investigating and either dismissing complaints, or initiating conciliation processes. If unresolved, matters can be taken to court. As of 2014, fewer than 5 per cent of complaints had gone to court,
339:
called for review of S 18C, stating "In particular, there are arguments that s18C lacks sufficient precision and clarity, and unjustifiably interferes with freedom of speech by extending to speech that is reasonably likely to 'offend'." The ALRC noted that it had received "widely divergent views" on
312:
Section 18C has been criticised for interfering with freedom of speech and political communication in
Australia. Though a majority of cases are not made public, several known cases have proved controversial, with actions brought against individuals, politicians, journalists, comedians, cartoonists,
294:
Justice
Bromberg said in his reasons for the judgement that he had determined that some of the imputations in the two newspaper articles, were "reasonably likely to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate" what he termed "fair-skinned Aboriginal people" (or some of them), and that the articles were
391:
released draft amendments for community consultation, and announced that the proposed changes would "strengthen the Act's protections against racism, while at the same time removing provisions which unreasonably limit freedom of speech." After community consultation, the
Government was unable to
344:
In the ALRC's view, s 18C of the RDA would benefit from more thorough review in relation to implications for freedom of speech. In particular, there are arguments that s 18C lacks sufficient precision and clarity, and unjustifiably interferes with freedom of speech by extending to speech that is
303:
was also raised as an issue (Justice
Bromberg had once stood for Labor pre-selection). Bolt himself described the decision as a "terrible day for free speech" in Australia and said it represented "a restriction on the freedom of all Australians to discuss multiculturalism and how people identify
224:
In
Australian Macedonian Human Rights Committee (Inc) v State of Victoria HREOCA 52, the court found that the State of Victoria had acted unlawfully by instructing staff to "refer for the time being to the language that is spoken by people living in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, or
298:
A variety of journalists and commentators took issue with the
Federal Court's decision on the grounds that it restricted free speech on a matter of public interest, but other journalists and commentators supported the case as an example of a legitimate restriction on freedom of expression. The
249:
brought against some students for racist comments made on
Facebook after one of them had been asked to leave a computer room in the university's Indigenous Higher Education Unit, an area set aside for Indigenous students and funded by the Commonwealth Government for the purpose of improving
327:
While some conservative politicians have claimed the bar for breaching 18C is too low, courts have consistently shown that this is not the case, and to fall within 18C the speech must have "... profound and serious effects, not to be likened to mere slights".
83:
about unlawful acts. However, an unlawful act is not necessarily a criminal offence. Section 26 says that this Act does not make it an offence to do an act that is unlawful because of this Part, unless Part IV expressly says that the act is an offence.
411:
under 18C. The
Government put the issue to Parliament's human rights committee to examine freedom of speech, including possible amendments to 18C, and changes to the Human Rights Commission's complaints-handling process. In 2016, the
213:
over comments he had made that
Aboriginal people were the most primitive people on earth and that aspects of their culture were abhorrent. His apology to the Senate was considered as part of the court's dismissal of the
345:
reasonably likely to 'offend'. In some respects, the provision is broader than is required under international law, broader than similar laws in other jurisdictions, and may be susceptible to constitutional challenge.
153:(Cth), people may take complaints to the Australian Human Rights Commission. If at that point, the complaint cannot be resolved, then an application alleging "unlawful discrimination" may be made to the
1272:
1139:
109:"public place " includes any place to which the public have access as of right or by invitation, whether express or implied and whether or not a charge is made for admission to the place.
1336:
1315:
1420:
1101:
392:
secure support for changes to the Act from the Senate, and the Abbott government shelved the proposal. The draft amendments had met with criticism from the ALP, Liberal MP
1493:
228:
In Jones v Toben HREOCA 39 the court found it was unlawful for the defendant to speak of the treatment of Jews in the 1930s and 1940s as having been "mythologised".
1392:
379:. The government argued that the Act unduly restricted free speech in Australia, by making "insult" and "offence" the test for breach of the law. Attorney-General
677:
1524:
1046:
1448:
1295:
1079:
917:
963:
320:
has argued that 18C stretches out its fingers "into the realm of what Orwell might have called a Thought Crime". In 1995, left-wing ABC journalist
626:
1147:
1364:
1226:
66:(a) the act is reasonably likely, in all the circumstances, to offend, insult, humiliate or intimidate another person or a group of people; and
1203:
1180:
71:(b) the act is done because of the race, colour or national or ethnic origin of the other person or of some or all of the people in the group.
687:
608:
456:
649:
359:
voiced support for changes to 18C, saying that removing the words "offend" and "insult" and inserting "vilify" would strengthen the laws.
1534:
1255:
746:
657:
612:
246:
242:
80:
324:
argued against the provision, saying that a better response to expressions of racial hatred was "public debate, not legal censure".
1121:
760:
413:
336:
191:[1997] HREOCA 34 awarded $ 55,000 in damages to an African former refugee who had suffered racial abuse in the workplace.
1519:
33:, deals with offensive behaviour "because of race, colour or national or ethnic origin" in Australia. It is a section of the
1087:
35:
22:
537:
452:
1475:
1026:
157:
or to the Federal Circuit Court. When such allegations are upheld, the court may make orders, including for compensation.
1251:
764:
1529:
742:
1010:
897:
154:
335:
expressed concerns that the wording of the legislation unreasonably limited freedom of speech. In March 2016, the
1453:
1425:
1320:
1300:
165:
As of March 2014, some 15 cases had reached court and most of these had been dismissed. Complainants were mostly
376:
185:
HREOCA 23, a complaint by an English person against use of the word Pom and Pommy in newspapers was dismissed.
217:
The tribunal upheld a complaint against a Councillor who made comments about "shooting" Aboriginal people in
1161:
810:
Combined Housing Organisation Ltd, Ipswich Regional Atsic for Legal Services, Thompson and Fisher v Hanson
726:
567:
501:
428:
321:
300:
234:
In Wanjurri v Southern Cross Broadcasting (Aus) Ltd HREOCA 2, Southern Cross Broadcasting and journalist
196:
Combined Housing Organisation Ltd, Ipswich Regional Atsic for Legal Services, Thompson and Fisher v Hanson
166:
1006:
526:
444:
231:
In McMahon v Bowman FMCA 3 the court found against a man for calling his neighbour a "black bastard".
1296:"Gillian Triggs backs changes to section 18C as government announces inquiry into freedom of speech"
1181:"David Leyonhjelm, Malcolm Roberts push for Section 18C of Racial Discrimination Act to be removed"
404:
396:, and an alliance of racial minority representatives including Jewish lobby groups concerned with
1498:
1479:
1369:
968:
697:
631:
580:
440:
384:
44:
40:
1204:"Cory Bernardi leads Coalition backbench senators in push to dilute Racial Discrimination Act"
949:
893:
877:
861:
813:
797:
781:
683:
594:
512:
432:
424:
368:
332:
274:
1002:
933:
845:
829:
679:
Traditional Rights and Freedoms—Encroachments by Commonwealth Laws (ALRC Interim Report 127)
397:
913:
709:
87:(2) For the purposes of subsection (1), an act is taken not to be done in private if it:
1341:
1277:
1106:
1051:
417:
388:
380:
356:
283:
235:
210:
199:
291:. The case was controversial and instigated community debate about freedom of speech.
1513:
997:
436:
269:
262:
170:
149:
Section 18C does not create a criminal offence, but rather, under Section 46P of the
350:
Traditional Rights and Freedoms—Encroachments by Commonwealth Laws (ALRC Report 129)
43:
and makes racial discrimination unlawful in Australia. Section 18C was added by the
448:
174:
130:
academic, scientific or other purposes that are genuinely in the public interest,
91:(a) causes words, sounds, images or writing to be communicated to the public; or
278:
1494:"Senate blocks governments changes to section 18C of Racial Discrimination Act"
317:
62:(1) It is unlawful for a person to do an act, otherwise than in private, if:
408:
393:
1316:"Tony Abbott dumps controversial changes to 18C racial discrimination laws"
570:
Offensive behaviour because of race, colour or national, or ethnic origin.
1140:"Andrew Bolt: Freedom of Speech in Australia – Speech made by Paul Howes"
101:(c) is done in the sight or hearing of people who are in a public place.
59:
Offensive behaviour because of race, colour or national or ethnic origin
467:
The Federally governing Labor Party opposes any changes to Section 18C.
407:
amid controversy over the pursuit of university students and cartoonist
47:
in 1995. The Section has been controversial and subject to much debate.
1397:
1031:
39:, which was passed by the Australian Parliament during the term of the
858:
Australian Macedonian Human Rights Committee (Inc) v State of Victoria
238:
were ordered to pay each of the five complainants $ 10,000 in damages.
173:
being the second largest group, though cases had also been brought by
1337:"George Brandis rejects concerns Holocaust denial will become lawful"
75:
Note: Subsection (1) makes certain acts unlawful. Section 46P of the
1421:"George Brandis releases planned sweeping changes to race hate laws"
1252:"Promise check: Repeal section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act"
627:"Coalition conservatives flex muscle over marriage equality and 18C"
277:
of the Federal Court found that two articles written by journalist
1227:"What is Section 18C and why do some politicians want it changed?"
1027:"Andrew Bolt – Herald Sun columnist guilty of race discrimination"
1125:
609:"Section 18C is too broad and too vague, and should be repealed"
355:
In November 2016, the President of the Human Rights Commission
1273:"Law reform commission wants section 18C of race act reviewed"
1122:"A history of Section 18C and the Racial Discrimination Act"
403:
The question of amendment re-emerged during the term of the
245:
threw out a lawsuit which an Indigenous staff member at the
964:"QUT computer lab racial discrimination lawsuit thrown out"
761:"Interactive: Race discrimination cases from Brits to Bolt"
1365:"George Brandis has given Australia's racists a free rein"
313:
university students, media organisations and governments.
682:. Australian Law Reform Commission. pp. Chapter 3.
387:'s controversial Section 18C of the Act. In March 2013,
55:
As of November 2016, Section 18C is worded as follows:
1393:"ALP to rally migrants to fight race hate law changes"
340:
whether s 18C should be amended but found as follows:
992:
990:
988:
986:
650:"Bolt, Bromberg and a profoundly disturbing judgment"
241:
In Prior v Queensland University of Technology , the
136:
fair comment that is an expression of genuine belief.
299:political allegiance of the presiding judge to the
1047:"Andrew Bolt loses racial vilification court case"
946:Prior v Queensland University of Technology (No.2)
676:Australian Law Reform Commission (3 August 2015).
427:voted down changes to 18C with 31 voting against (
198:HREOCA 58 a case was dismissed against politician
416:and the President of the Human Rights Commission
250:recruitment and retention of Indigenous students.
209:HREOCA 1, a complaint was lodged against Senator
930:Wanjurri v Southern Cross Broadcasting (Aus) Ltd
16:Section of an Australian racial vilification law
1290:
1288:
1267:
1265:
1246:
1244:
1074:
1072:
1070:
737:
735:
644:
642:
342:
225:originating from it, as Macedonian (Slavonic)".
57:
1080:"The Racial Discrimination Act: Eatock v Bolt"
743:"The history of the Racial Discrimination Act"
202:over comments about Aboriginal welfare policy.
1449:"Tony Abbott government backdown on race law"
1102:"Andrew Bolt race-case judge 'had ALP links'"
671:
669:
667:
146:and a majority of those have been dismissed.
123:. Exemptions are made under Section 18D for:
8:
1144:Institute of Public Affairs Occasional Paper
1447:Aston, H & Massola, J (6 August 2014).
151:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
119:Defences to 18C are found under 18D of the
77:Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986
1419:Massola, J & Swan, J (25 March 2014).
1021:
1019:
1391:Aston, H & Swan, J (26 March 2014).
481:
79:allows people to make complaints to the
553:
705:
695:
794:Rugema v Gadsten Pty Ltd & Derkes
778:Bryant v Queensland Newspaper Pty Ltd
559:
557:
189:Rugema v Gadsten Pty Ltd & Derkes
183:Bryant v Queensland Newspaper Pty Ltd
7:
1525:Anti-discrimination law in Australia
1225:McNamara, Luke (1 September 2016).
952: (4 November 2016), Australia).
420:voiced support for changes to 18C.
247:Queensland University of Technology
96:(b) is done in a public place; or
81:Australian Human Rights Commission
14:
383:argued the case for amending the
414:Australian Law Reform Commission
337:Australian Law Reform Commission
1476:"Senate votes down 18C reforms"
1202:Norman, Jane (30 August 2016).
1035:. Melbourne. 28 September 2011.
133:fair and accurate reporting, or
723:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
581:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
564:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
36:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
30:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
23:Racial Discrimination Act 1975
1:
371:took a proposal to amend the
1179:Patel, Uma (7 August 2016).
962:Chan, G (4 November 2016).
538:Pauline Hanson's One Nation
287:newspaper had breached the
1551:
1535:Public policy in Australia
1363:Danby, M (25 March 2014).
1335:Owens, J (26 March 2014).
918:Federal Magistrates' Court
898:Federal Court (Full Court)
527:Liberal/National Coalition
260:
155:Federal Court of Australia
20:
1454:The Sydney Morning Herald
1426:The Sydney Morning Herald
1321:The Sydney Morning Herald
1301:The Sydney Morning Herald
520:
495:
487:
471:Responses to Changing 18C
373:Racial Discrimination Act
289:Racial Discrimination Act
121:Racial Discrimination Act
950:[2016] FCCA 2853
916: (13 October 2000),
894:[2003] FCAFC 137
878:[2000] HREOCA 39
864: (8 September 2000).
862:[2000] HREOCA 52
814:[1997] HREOCA 58
798:[1997] HREOCA 34
782:[1997] HREOCA 23
1003:[2011] FCA 1103
934:[2001] HREOCA 2
846:[1999] HREOCA 9
832: (21 January 1999).
830:[1999] HREOCA 1
816: (16 October 1997).
1520:1995 in Australian law
595:Racial Hatred Act 1995
502:Australian Labor Party
463:Support for status quo
423:On 30 March 2017, the
353:
301:Australian Labor Party
167:Aboriginal Australians
112:
105:(3) In this section:
1166:The Role of the Media
914:[2000] FMCA 3
896: (27 June 2003),
880: (5 October 2000)
848: (27 April 1999).
443:) and 28 voting for (
377:2013 Federal Election
243:Federal Circuit Court
800: (26 June 1997).
660:. 30 September 2011.
1110:. 16 November 2016.
1055:. 28 September 2011
826:Mcglade v Lightfoot
784: (15 May 1997).
405:Turnbull government
207:Mcglade v Lightfoot
141:The law in practice
28:Section 18C of the
1530:Keating government
1499:Guardian Australia
1480:Sky News Australia
1370:Guardian Australia
1304:. 8 November 2016.
1150:on 3 October 2011.
969:Guardian Australia
936: (7 May 2001).
632:Guardian Australia
488:Political parties
441:Nick Xenophon Team
385:Keating government
363:Attempts at reform
45:Keating government
41:Whitlam government
1128:. 18 August 2016.
1090:. 4 October 2011.
749:. 30 August 2016.
689:978-0-9943202-0-9
635:. 29 August 2016.
615:. 31 August 2016.
545:
544:
513:Australian Greens
425:Australian Senate
369:Abbott government
333:Abbott government
281:and published in
275:Mordecai Bromberg
161:Case law examples
1542:
1504:
1503:
1502:. 30 March 2017.
1490:
1484:
1483:
1482:. 31 March 2017.
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1324:. 5 August 2014.
1312:
1306:
1305:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1146:. Archived from
1136:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1076:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1014:
994:
981:
980:
978:
976:
959:
953:
943:
937:
927:
921:
910:McMahon v Bowman
907:
901:
887:
881:
871:
865:
855:
849:
839:
833:
823:
817:
807:
801:
791:
785:
775:
769:
768:
767:. 6 August 2014.
757:
751:
750:
739:
730:
720:
714:
713:
707:
703:
701:
693:
673:
662:
661:
646:
637:
636:
623:
617:
616:
605:
599:
591:
585:
577:
571:
561:
482:
457:Liberal Democrat
398:Holocaust denial
351:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1281:. 3 March 2016.
1271:
1270:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1078:
1077:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1017:
995:
984:
974:
972:
961:
960:
956:
944:
940:
928:
924:
908:
904:
888:
884:
872:
868:
856:
852:
842:Jacobs v Fardig
840:
836:
824:
820:
808:
804:
792:
788:
776:
772:
759:
758:
754:
741:
740:
733:
721:
717:
704:
694:
690:
675:
674:
665:
648:
647:
640:
625:
624:
620:
607:
606:
602:
592:
588:
578:
574:
562:
555:
550:
479:
476:Party positions
473:
465:
365:
352:
349:
316:Trade Unionist
310:
265:
259:
219:Jacobs v Fardig
163:
143:
127:artistic works,
117:
115:Defences to 18C
53:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1485:
1467:
1439:
1411:
1383:
1355:
1342:The Australian
1327:
1307:
1284:
1278:The Australian
1261:
1240:
1217:
1194:
1171:
1153:
1131:
1113:
1107:The Australian
1093:
1084:The Law Report
1066:
1052:The Australian
1038:
1015:
982:
954:
938:
922:
902:
882:
866:
850:
834:
818:
802:
786:
770:
752:
731:
715:
688:
663:
638:
618:
600:
586:
572:
552:
551:
549:
546:
543:
542:
540:
535:
532:
531:
529:
524:
522:
518:
517:
515:
510:
507:
506:
504:
499:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
472:
469:
464:
461:
418:Gillian Triggs
400:in the media.
389:George Brandis
381:George Brandis
364:
361:
357:Gillian Triggs
347:
309:
306:
284:The Herald Sun
261:Main article:
258:
253:
252:
251:
239:
236:Howard Sattler
232:
229:
226:
222:
215:
211:Ross Lightfoot
203:
200:Pauline Hanson
192:
186:
162:
159:
142:
139:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
116:
113:
111:
110:
103:
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
73:
72:
68:
67:
52:
49:
21:Main article:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1547:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:. 8 May 2016.
1257:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Federal Court
1008:
1005:, (2011) 197
1004:
1000:
999:
998:Eatock v Bolt
993:
991:
989:
987:
983:
971:
970:
965:
958:
955:
951:
947:
942:
939:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:Toben v Jones
886:
883:
879:
875:
874:Jones v Toben
870:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
843:
838:
835:
831:
827:
822:
819:
815:
811:
806:
803:
799:
795:
790:
787:
783:
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279:Andrew Bolt
1514:Categories
975:4 December
727:s 18D
568:s 18C
548:References
453:One Nation
318:Paul Howes
308:Criticisms
273:, Justice
175:Caucasians
1088:ABC Radio
708:ignored (
698:cite book
485:Position
445:Coalition
409:Bill Leak
394:Ken Wyatt
221:HREOCA 9.
1432:26 March
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1376:26 March
1348:26 March
1164:(1995).
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654:The Drum
521:Support
348:—
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1398:The Age
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1126:NITV
1061:2015
977:2016
710:help
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