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659:. Since the Montfort Hospital was the only hospital in the region operating primarily in French, it amounted to a protected parallel service-provider, much as New Brunswick's French-language and English-language school systems are parallel service providers, and therefore as an essential component of the collective rights of Ottawa's
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laws when the minority language population of a municipality is significant. The ruling was made primarily on the basis of the court's interpretation of subsection 18(2)), but in its ruling the court also stated that section 16.1 is "remedial", meaning that it is supposed to fix historical problems.
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16.1 (1) The
English linguistic community and the French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion
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in 1992. The amendment was made separately once the Accord was rejected in a national referendum, prompting
Professor Peter Russell to refer to this as an "encouraging that Canadians may be recovering the capacity to accomplish constitutional reform without linking everything together and getting
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It did attract some criticism, with columnist
William Johnson claiming that Parliament had not fully analyzed the amendment and tried to stifle public discussion. He even suggested that section 16.1 might create two governments for New Brunswick, one in English and one in French. Earlier, this
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article approved, calling the New
Brunswick government "courageous" because of its resistance to the Confederation of Regions Party, and added that the section provided a "noble, generous vision of Canadian duality and co-existence. Too bad it seems confined to New Brunswick."
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in the legislature. The pro-bilingualism
Liberal provincial government proceeded to seek a constitutional amendment mandating bilingualism in New Brunswick to make any future change in New Brunswick's status subject to Federal approval.
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and was part of the original 1982 text. Section 16.1 is a separate section; the "point one" numbering indicates that this new section was added between two existing sections without renumbering them.
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671:, and charged that "The divisional court decision has effectively rewritten the constitution to make 16.1 applicable to Ontario despite the express intention that it apply to New Brunswick alone."
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argued that the amendment involved federal jurisdiction and thus seven provinces would be needed. The House of
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institutions, and it seemingly gives the provincial government powers to protect the right. This is not completely revolutionary in that this merely entrenches laws already found in
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Wills, Terrance. “English will do: Ontario: Franco-Ontarians’ plight not our problem: Harris.” The
Gazette. Montreal, Quebec: July 16, 2000, A.1.FRO.
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The constitutionalization of the legislation was originally meant to be accomplished as part of a package of amendments known as the
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Section 16.1 (pronounced "sixteen point one") is not to be confused with subsection 16(1) ("sixteen one"), which is part of
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Whereas in the 1980s all parties had supported the rise of bilingualism in New
Brunswick, in 1991 a new party called the
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Constitution was "alien to
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An Act
Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick
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An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick
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874:- Charter of Rights website with video, audio and the Charter in over 20 languages
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2003 Student Ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada Limited, 2003), p. 1214
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court ruled that the province was legally obligated to keep from closing the
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for both linguistic groups. Its principles were later incorporated into the
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solon.org: "Constitution Amendment Proclamation, 1993 (New Brunswick Act)"
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William Johnson, "Unseemly haste to amend constitution without debate,"
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William Johnson, "New Brunswick amendment tramples individual rights,"
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Third ed. (Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000), p. 95.
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438:, the court ruled that section 16.1, as well as subsections 16(2) and
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publications.gc.ca: "Constitution Amendment, 1993 (New Brunswick)"
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368:. Enacted in 1993, it is the most recent addition to the Charter.
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Section Sixteen One of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), p. 231.
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Full text of the Constitution Amendment, 1993 (New Brunswick)
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and Charlottetown Accord would have recognized Quebec as a
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Fundamental Freedoms: The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
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Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
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500:bogged down in the mega constitutional swamp."
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992:Report on the Affairs of British North America
813:. Montreal, Quebec: January 16, 1993. pg. B.5.
800:. Montreal, Quebec: December 4, 1992. pg. B.2.
727:. Hamilton, Ontario: February 4, 1993. pg. A.7
707:, Montreal, Quebec: January 13, 1993. pg. B.3.
645:as part of its program of merging many of the
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513:used to add section 16.1 to the
61:Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
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796:"New Brunswick leads the way,"
737:CanLII - 2001 NBCA 117 (CanLII)
622:Influence outside New Brunswick
570:, who at that time represented
468:was enacted in 1981 by Premier
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1725:Paramountcy
1543:Conventions
1197:, 1867–1982
1083:Section 125
1078:Section 121
811:The Gazette
798:The Gazette
705:The Gazette
411:educational
352:guarantees
269:Application
221:Enforcement
1841:Categories
1240:Patriation
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1094:Section 91
675:References
545:liberalism
373:section 16
1134:Licensing
444:municipal
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1825:Category
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1073:Preamble
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354:equality
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395:Purpose
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616:Ottawa
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