1631:
1591:
1655:
1603:
1643:
328:
492:, are limited, this does not mean that section 16 is limited or cannot have an effect on the growth of language rights. As far as New Brunswick is concerned, she added, bilingualism was considered "crucial" to "social and cultural development," and thus there should be "heightened public expectations" that this could be supported by the
483:
went on to speculate that section 16 is meant to represent an opportunity for expansion of language rights. Thus, courts must always ask themselves how their rulings fit in with the current state of affairs regarding official languages policy, and how their rulings are consistent with it. While the
470:
made reference to the "academic debate about the precise significance of s. 16," and the question of "Whether s. 16 is visionary, declaratory or substantive in nature." He did, however, decide that "at the very least it provides a strong indicator of the purpose of the language guarantees in the
478:
wrote that the political nature of section 16, as opposed to the generous nature of the rights in the rest of the
Charter, indicate that courts should be cautious in interpreting section 16 in new ways. Elected governments would play a larger role in determining its scope. Justice
392:(2) English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New Brunswick.
405:
388:
16. (1) English and French are the official languages of Canada and have the equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the
Parliament and government of Canada.
409:
489:
543:
besides New
Brunswick; as the only province that currently considers itself to be officially bilingual, New Brunswick is the only province to have its bilingualism guaranteed by section 16. When
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178:
529:
1298:
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78:
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Charter ... the federal government of Canada and the government of New
Brunswick have demonstrated their commitment to official bilingualism within their respective jurisdictions."
632:
459:
594:
1675:
682:
1293:
580:
Justice Wilson added that subsection 16(3) demonstrates that while language rights need to be improved, they should not be eroded once they have been established.
1325:
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931:
926:
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567:
Subsection 16(3) provides that a
Parliament or provincial government may strive for progress in official bilingualism. This reflects a 1975 court decision,
888:
768:
569:
524:, which limited the use of English, was considered to be invalid in certain respects not because it conflicted with section 16, but because it infringed
314:
865:
860:
702:
1261:
707:
1062:
352:
33:
1346:
855:
395:(3) Nothing in this Charter limits the authority of Parliament or a legislature to advance the equality of status or use of English and French.
1373:
577:
has argued that it is the elected governments and "political compromise", rather than the courts, that will mostly advance language rights.
1487:
675:
1570:
540:
1685:
1277:
520:
cases regarding the use of the
English and French languages have not been fought on the grounds of section 16. For example, Quebec's
1341:
883:
440:
had provided for this at the federal level since 1969, and New
Brunswick had similar legislation. Those laws, however, were merely
941:
727:
513:
communities (i.e. those who speak
English or French in a region where that language is the minority language) achieve equality.
1680:
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748:
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436:
17:
307:
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1033:
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430:
legislature, and in some courts, section 16 goes further by allowing bilingualism in the federal and New
Brunswick
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810:
506:
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372:. Section 16 declares that English and French are the official languages of Canada and of the province of
1565:
1517:
1351:
1053:
842:
799:
691:
414:
46:
525:
547:'s laws declaring English to be the only official language of the province were found to be invalid in
505:(1999), the Supreme Court rejected some of its earlier conservative interpretations. It ruled that a
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850:
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509:(generous) interpretation would be appropriate for language rights, since this would help
369:
336:
1368:
1669:
1635:
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1400:
774:
501:
480:
467:
444:, and section 16 thus made some of their key aspects into constitutional principles.
373:
555:
1654:
988:
434:, and in the New Brunswick legislature. This was not entirely new, as Canada's
431:
327:
1642:
1659:
1043:
1022:
758:
475:
573:, in which it was found governments may do this. Thus, the Supreme Court in
332:
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544:
521:
654:. Third ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Nelson Thomson Learning, 2000, p. 441.
441:
617:
2003 Student Ed. Scarborough, Ontario: Thomson Canada
Limited, 2003.
457:
It has not been easy to understand how section 16 can be applied. In
427:
384:
Under the heading "Official Languages of Canada", the section reads:
357:
340:
356:
is the first of several sections of the Constitution dealing with
326:
1549:
1474:
1424:
1323:
1020:
966:
797:
725:
664:
404:
This section sets out general principles that are expanded in
18:
Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
343:. An example of bilingualism at the federal government level.
484:
rights guaranteed under another language provision of the
412:. Section 16 itself expands upon language rights in the
968:
Amendments and other constitutional documents 1867–1982
1619:
1255:
Part II – Rights of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada
553:(1985), this was due to its contradictions with the
422:
merely allowed for both languages to be used in the
1286:
1270:
1254:
1061:
1052:
907:
874:
841:
595:Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
627:
625:
623:
1271:Part III – Equalization and regional disparities
1063:Part I – Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
386:
775:Report on the Affairs of British North America
633:Société des Acadiens v. Association of Parents
539:Likewise, section 16 does not really apply to
460:Société des Acadiens v. Association of Parents
676:
308:
8:
769:Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada
1546:
1471:
1421:
1320:
1058:
1049:
1017:
963:
871:
838:
794:
728:Pre-Confederation constitutional documents
722:
683:
669:
661:
570:Jones v. Attorney General of New Brunswick
315:
301:
29:
1676:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
1626:
1044:Kitchen Accord/Night of the Long Knives
937:Fines and penalties for provincial laws
606:
353:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
284:
268:
232:
220:
208:
168:
156:
116:
104:
84:
72:
60:
32:
652:Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches
646:
644:
642:
1374:Individual ministerial responsibility
7:
942:Matters of a local or private nature
1571:Constitution Act (British Columbia)
1551:Provincial constitutions of Canada
1477:Interpretation of the Constitution
209:Minority Language Education Rights
25:
1342:Cabinet collective responsibility
884:Peace, order, and good government
331:A bilingual (English and French)
1653:
1641:
1629:
1602:
1601:
1589:
703:List of constitutional documents
61:Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
590:Official bilingualism in Canada
27:Official bilingualism in Canada
811:Charlottetown Conference, 1864
708:Amendments to the Constitution
1:
1458:Other unsuccessful amendments
615:Constitutional Law of Canada.
418:; whereas section 133 of the
1523:Interjurisdictional immunity
1347:Disallowance and reservation
999:Statute of Westminster, 1931
169:Official Languages of Canada
899:Matters excepted from s. 92
550:Re Manitoba Language Rights
453:Subsections 16(1) and 16(2)
1707:
1488:Indigenous self-government
978:British North America Acts
764:Constitutional Act of 1791
754:Royal Proclamation of 1763
749:Constitution of New France
474:In the same case, Justice
1686:Language policy in Canada
1583:
1556:
1545:
1483:
1470:
1433:
1420:
1396:Parliamentary sovereignty
1337:At His Majesty's pleasure
1332:
1319:
1029:
1016:
973:
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932:Administration of justice
927:Property and civil rights
806:
793:
734:
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528:, which is guaranteed by
833:Fathers of Confederation
713:Quasi-constitutional law
1561:Constitution of Alberta
1503:Equal authenticity rule
1391:Parliamentary privilege
828:London Conference, 1866
816:Quebec Conference, 1864
448:Judicial interpretation
1681:Bilingualism in Canada
1566:Constitution of Quebec
1518:Implied Bill of Rights
1352:Responsible government
1054:Constitution Act, 1982
1034:Fulton–Favreau formula
1004:Newfoundland Act, 1949
994:Saskatchewan Act, 1905
922:Works and undertakings
843:Constitution Act, 1867
692:Constitution of Canada
437:Official Languages Act
420:Constitution Act, 1867
415:Constitution Act, 1867
397:
344:
47:Constitution Act, 1982
37:of Rights and Freedoms
1427:Constitutional debate
739:Iroquois constitution
526:freedom of expression
330:
1691:Language legislation
1448:Charlottetown Accord
744:Mi'kmaq constitution
575:Société des Acadiens
424:Parliament of Canada
73:Fundamental Freedoms
1453:Calgary Declaration
851:Canadian federalism
1533:Dialogue principle
1493:Pith and substance
1362:King-in-Parliament
1287:Part VII – General
984:Manitoba Act, 1870
889:Trade and commerce
821:Quebec Resolutions
759:Quebec Act of 1774
362:official languages
345:
1617:
1616:
1596:Canada portal
1579:
1578:
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1443:Meech Lake Accord
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1406:Royal prerogative
1315:
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989:Alberta Act, 1905
958:
957:
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789:
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781:Act of Union 1840
511:minority language
325:
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85:Democratic Rights
16:(Redirected from
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1528:Purposive theory
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1357:Fusion of powers
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1059:
1050:
1039:Victoria Charter
1018:
964:
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723:
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613:Hogg, Peter W.
611:
563:Subsection 16(3)
317:
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35:Canadian Charter
30:
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1438:Triple-E Senate
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1384:Question Period
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337:Parliament Hill
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157:Equality Rights
105:Mobility Rights
36:
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1498:Double aspect
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1401:Reserve power
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908:Powers under
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800:Confederation
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502:R. v. Beaulac
497:
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482:
481:Bertha Wilson
477:
472:
469:
468:Brian Dickson
466:
465:Chief Justice
462:
461:
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432:bureaucracies
429:
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406:sections 16.1
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374:New Brunswick
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1587:
1150:
894:Criminal law
875:Powers under
651:
650:Dyck, Rand.
631:
614:
609:
579:
574:
568:
566:
556:Manitoba Act
554:
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458:
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174:
117:Legal Rights
45:
44:Part of the
34:
1513:Living tree
1508:Paramountcy
1326:Conventions
980:, 1867–1982
866:Section 125
861:Section 121
426:and in the
269:Application
221:Enforcement
1670:Categories
1023:Patriation
910:Section 92
877:Section 91
601:References
490:section 20
476:Jean Beetz
348:Section 16
917:Licensing
541:provinces
530:section 2
507:purposive
333:stop sign
1648:Language
1608:Category
1071:Preamble
856:Preamble
584:See also
545:Manitoba
522:Bill 101
463:(1986),
442:statutes
400:Function
285:Citation
55:Preamble
1622:Portals
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532:of the
518:Charter
494:Charter
486:Charter
366:English
360:'s two
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233:General
1636:Canada
777:(1839)
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428:Quebec
370:French
358:Canada
341:Ottawa
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339:in
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