243:
the AFP (until 2028) and PNP (until 2030) were formulated, and
Multisectoral Governance Councils (MSGC) to discuss the progress of these transformation roadmaps, made out of business and other civilian leaders, were put in place for both organizations. Community engagement efforts such as the “Pulis Nyo Po sa Barangay” (PSB) program - later renamed the Community and Service Oriented Policing (CSOP) program - and Oplan Katok, which aimed to ensure either the retrieval or registration of loose firearms while maintaining a positive institutional reputation within the communities.
112:
violations and in corruption. The years from 1965 to 1986 are thus considered to have marked a decline for AFP in terms of its traditional values of civilian supremacy and professionalism, leading to a need to actively professionalize the AFP. The 1990 Davide
Commission and 2003 Feliciano Commission made recommendations towards the professionalization of the AFP as early as 1990 and 2003, respectively.
231:, the AFP modernization program of 1995 (RA 7898) was passed, seeking to modernize the AFP to a level where it can effectively and fully perform its constitutional mandate, and identifying specific actions to be taken to achieve this end over a 15-year period ending in 2010. However, the implementation of the act was sidelined by the
102:
Given a greater emphasis on
Philippine Defense Reform (PDR) beginning in 2010, a shift towards engagement with Civil Society Organizations was put in place under the Internal Peace and Security Plan (IPSP) of 2010, and similar principles were enshrined in the 2016 AFP-Development Support and Security
211:
The new 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines enshrined the principle of civilian supremacy over the military, "renounces war as an instrument of national policy," and even capped annual defense spending such that it should not exceed the government's budget education in that year. After the various
115:
Steps the AFP sought to take towards professionalization under the
Philippine Defense Reform Program from 2003 to 2016 included the development of "integrity development programs", programmatic efforts to improve the quality of service performance, continuing development programs for commanders and
111:
The AFP went through a number of changes during the 21 years under
Ferdinand Marcos, notably in terms of the promotion of officers based on loyalty and connections to the president, and in terms of being given the task of implementing Martial Law, which led to officers being involved in human rights
253:
from 2016 to 2022, capacity building has continued in the form of the approval a modernization budget of about P300 billion ($ 5.6 billion) for the AFP, and a P128-billion
Revitalization and Capability Enhancement Program for the PNP has been passed by congress, set to begin implementation in 2022
242:
from 2010 to 2016, with the AFP receiving a P41.2 billion ($ 1.7 billion) modernization budget and the PNP receiving a modernization budget of around P9 Billion; and the administration also worked to strengthen defense cooperation with Japan and the United States. Roadmaps for the transformation of
89:
Also involved whenever their mandates overlap with state security are the
Criminal Justice System, Intelligence Services, the Judicial System, and the various "Management and Oversight Bodies, such as the Department of National Defense (DND), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the
98:
For the most part, oversight of the
Philippine state's security actors has fallen on government agencies through the constitutional system of checks and balances - most prominently, congress and the Commission on Human Rights. But civil society organizations have also become involved in
254:
and lasting 10 years. The administration worked to strengthen ties with China and Russia. However, the
Duterte administration did not prioritize community relations as part of its operational directions, and the role of the Multisectoral Governance Councils (MSGC) was reduced.
103:
Plan (DSSP) of the next administration. However, civil society is no longer identified as a major strategic priority under the 15 year AFP Transformation Roadmap initiated during the Duterte administration, as it had been under the 2003-2016 PDR Program.
755:
369:
314:
99:
civilianizing, professionalizing, modernizing, and capacitating the Philippine state's security institutions, depending on how much emphasis each President, as Commander in Chief, places on civil society engagement.
119:
Alongside capability development, "professionalization of all ranks" is one of two strategic priorities identified by the 15 year AFP Transformation Roadmap initiated during the Duterte administration.
752:
57:
In the Philippines, security sector reform (SSR) is focused on "core security actors" that are allowed by the State to use violence in the performance of their mandates: most prominently the
402:
246:
In 2012, Republic Act No. 10349 amended RA 7898, extending it another 15 years until 2027. The act included new provisions for the acquisition of equipment for all the branches of AFP.
464:
77:(NBI); immigration, custom, and border management officers; local security units including village watch organizations (barangay tanods), and state paramilitary forces such as the
358:
708:
306:
516:
895:
74:
577:
146:; within a year of Marcos' ouster, the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines enshrined the principle of civilian supremacy over the military. After the various
20:– which involves professionalizing, civilianizing, and modernizing/capacitating the Philippine government's security institutions to align them with ideals of
174:
885:
880:
220:
pushed forward changes which would set future security sector reform initiatives on their course. The Feliciano Commission formed after the 2003
861:"REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10349 : AN ACT AMENDING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7898, ESTABLISHING THE REVISED AFP MODERNIZATION PROGRAM AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES"
543:
394:
78:
491:
263:
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213:
147:
890:
70:
635:
135:
129:
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58:
833:
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TRANSFORMING THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE TO EFFECTIVELY MEET THE DEFENSE AND SECURITY CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY
278:
178:
508:
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Undersecretary Rodel Cruz identified some aspects of civilianization which need attention under security sector reform as:
443:
425:
605:
593:
232:
566:
90:
Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), the Philippine Congress and its various security-related committees, and so on.
680:
273:
159:
62:
709:"Backgrounder – Security sector reform, professionalization and the shift to external defense in the Philippines"
307:"Backgrounder – Security sector reform, professionalization and the shift to external defense in the Philippines"
37:
238:
Capacity building in the form of modernization resumed in earnest in during the administration of President
155:
143:
41:
463:. SSR Backgrounder Series. Geneva: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). 2015.
163:
66:
29:
860:
535:
771:
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to the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC) were signed by President Fidel Ramos.
239:
734:
651:
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217:
151:
457:
Security Sector Governance: Applying the principles of good governance to the security sector
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139:
759:
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167:
21:
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838:
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https://www.bworldonline.com/security-sector-governance-and-reform-in-southeast-asia/
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https://hdn.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2005_PHDR/2005%20Civil_Society_Assessment.pdf
25:
481:
33:
796:
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as a service under the AFP, resulting in the eventual creation of the civilian
44:, before the concept had even been fully defined internationally in the 1990s.
655:
162:. In 1998, Executive Orders 475 and 477 asserting the civilian nature of the
224:
is also credited for pushing the agenda of security sector reform forward.
189:
Establishing an active constituency supportive of Security Sector Reform;
647:
359:"Security Sector Reform: Way Forward for Democracy and Development"
138:
was a reform agenda which began being addressed almost as soon as
834:"Security sector reform under PNoy and Duterte administrations"
36:– has been a continuing process since the establishment of the
486:. DAC Guidelines and Reference Series. Paris: OECD DAC. 2005.
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Intelligent and coherent policy development and execution; and
733:
Department of National Defense, Republic of the Philippines.
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staff, and reforms in the recruitment of enlisted personnel.
827:
825:
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821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
703:
701:
426:"Security sector governance and reform in Southeast Asia"
368:. December. National Defense College of the Philippines.
395:"The Security Reform Agenda for the AFP and PNP in 2018"
18:
security sector governance and reform in the Philippines
694:. Centre for Strategic Research and Analysis (CESRAN).
509:"SSR: Securing its success, justifying its relevance"
797:"Republic Act No. 7898 : AFP Modernization Act"
186:
Increasing civilian capacity for defense management;
863:. Government of the Philippines. December 11, 2012.
802:. Government of the Philippines. February 23, 1995.
634:Toledo, Mike; Kropholler, Peter (August 24, 2020).
388:
386:
384:
382:
681:"Civil-Military Relations in Marcos' Philippines"
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507:Price, Megan; van Veen, Erwin (August 19, 2014).
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201:the passage of an updated National Defense Act.
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606:"Security Reform in the Philippines for 2018"
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8:
424:Oreta, Jennifer Santiago (October 8, 2019).
393:Oreta, Jennifer Santiago (January 9, 2018).
536:"Security Sector Reform in the Philippines"
175:National Defense College of the Philippines
832:Oreta, Jennifer Santiago (July 12, 2021).
192:Prudent budget preparation and execution;
574:Philippine Human Development Report 2005
470:from the original on September 15, 2017.
583:from the original on September 19, 2011
567:"Institutional Response: Civil Society"
290:
249:During the administration of President
311:Centre for Security Governance Website
79:Citizen Armed Force Geographical Units
896:Security sector governance and reform
546:from the original on November 6, 2018
530:
528:
526:
519:from the original on August 26, 2017.
483:Security System Reform and Governance
405:from the original on January 11, 2018
317:from the original on October 26, 2017
264:Security sector governance and reform
7:
753:About the Philippine National police
195:Supporting a local defense industry;
177:’ National Security Review, former
71:Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
14:
642:. Vol. 3. pp. 981–998.
375:from the original on May 1, 2020.
173:In a December 2013 paper for the
154:included the dissolution of the
136:civilian control of the military
130:Civilian control of the military
75:National Bureau of Investigation
886:Armed Forces of the Philippines
881:Human rights in the Philippines
565:CORONEL-FERRER, MIRIAM (2005).
269:Armed Forces of the Philippines
59:Armed Forces of the Philippines
713:Centre for Security Governance
279:Red-tagging in the Philippines
179:Department of National Defense
1:
636:"Protect, perform, transform"
227:During the term of President
216:, the recommendations of the
166:and transferring it from the
150:, the recommendations of the
94:Involvement of civil society
24:and with principles such as
679:Richard, Lim (March 2011).
399:Ateneo de Manila University
233:1997 Asian financial crisis
48:Government sectors involved
912:
891:Philippine National Police
274:Philippine National Police
214:coup attempts of the 1980s
160:Philippine National Police
148:coup attempts of the 1980s
127:
63:Philippine National Police
85:Other state sector actors
38:Fifth Philippine Republic
366:National Security Review
142:was deposed by the 1986
758:March 26, 2012, at the
357:Cruz, Rodel A. (2013).
156:Philippine Constabulary
144:People Power Revolution
42:People Power Revolution
640:Annales Henri Lebesgue
204:
164:Philippine Coast Guard
67:Philippine Coast Guard
30:freedom of information
540:Middle East Institute
305:Correa, Joann Chloe.
183:
69:(PCG), but also the
53:Core security actors
34:rule of civilian law
742:(Technical report).
134:The need to assert
107:Professionalization
612:. January 29, 2018
240:Benigno Aquino III
776:coastguard.gov.ph
493:978-92-64-00786-4
218:Davide Commission
152:Davide Commission
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513:Clingendael
875:Categories
781:August 30,
772:"Legacies"
661:August 29,
616:August 29,
321:August 28,
285:References
128:See also:
65:, and the
32:, and the
845:August 5,
718:August 2,
656:2644-9463
81:(CAFGU).
756:Archived
578:Archived
544:Archived
517:Archived
465:Archived
403:Archived
370:Archived
315:Archived
258:See also
207:History
654:
490:
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663:2021
652:ISSN
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552:2021
488:ISBN
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323:2021
644:doi
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