1335:
701:
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1111:
684:) have microfilaments that group into contractile fibers. These fibers are not true muscles because they are not freely suspended in the body cavity as they are in more developed animals. Longitudinal fibres are found in the tentacles and oral disc, and also within the mesenteries, where they can contract the whole length of the body. Circular fibers are found in the body wall and, in some species, around the oral disc, allowing the animal to retract its tentacles into a protective
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rigid. When the longitudinal muscles relax, the pharynx opens and the cilia lining the siphonoglyphs beat, wafting water inwards and refilling the gastrovascular cavity. In general, the sea anemone inflates its body to extend its tentacles and feed, and deflates it when resting or disturbed. The inflated body is also used to anchor the animal inside a crevice, burrow or tube.
1674:
1557:
1593:
911:, attaching to a hard surface with their pedal disc, and tend to stay in the same spot for weeks or months at a time. They can move, however, being able to creep around on their bases; this gliding can be seen with time-lapse photography but the motion is so slow as to be almost imperceptible to the naked eye. The process resembles the locomotion of a
1613:
125:
529:, an inner filament, and an external sensory hair. A touch to the hair mechanically triggers a cell explosion, which launches a harpoon-like structure that attaches to the organism that triggered it, and injects a dose of venom in the flesh of the aggressor or prey. At the base of the tentacles in some species, primarily aggregating anemones, lie
673:, as well as biochemical and physical responses to various stimuli. There are two nerve nets, one in the epidermis and one in the gastrodermis; these unite at the pharynx, the junctions of the septa with the oral disc and the pedal disc, and across the mesogloea. No specialized sense organs are present, but sensory cells include nematocytes and
1287:
areas. Besides their collection from the wild for use in reef aquaria, sea anemones are also threatened by alterations to their environment. Those living in shallow-water coastal locations are affected directly by pollution and siltation, and indirectly by the effect these have on their photosynthetic symbionts and the prey on which they feed.
653:. In some species, these filaments extend below the lower margin of the mesentery, hanging free in the gastrovascular cavity as thread-like acontial filaments. These acontia are armed with nematocysts and can be extruded through cinclides, blister-like holes in the wall of the column, for use in defence.
1286:
Sea anemones and their attendant anemone fish can make attractive aquarium exhibits, and both are often harvested from the wild as adults or juveniles. These fishing activities significantly impact the populations of anemones and anemone fish by drastically reducing the densities of each in exploited
1265:
Sea anemones are found in both deep oceans and shallow coastal waters worldwide. The greatest diversity is in the tropics, although there are many species adapted to relatively cold waters. The majority of species cling on to rocks, shells or submerged timber, often hiding in cracks or under seaweed,
794:
into female offspring without fertilisation, and as a hermaphrodite, the eggs are routinely self-fertilised. The larvae emerge from the anemone's mouth and tumble down the column, lodging in a fold near the pedal disc. Here they develop and grow, remaining for about three months before crawling off
691:
Since the anemone lacks a rigid skeleton, the contractile cells pull against the fluid in the gastrovascular cavity, forming a hydrostatic skeleton. The anemone stabilizes itself by flattening its pharynx, which acts as a valve, keeping the gastrovascular cavity at a constant volume and making it
644:
radiating inwards from the body wall. Some of the mesenteries form complete partitions with a free edge at the base of the pharynx, where they connect, but others reach only partway across. The mesenteries are usually found in multiples of twelve, and are symmetrically arranged around the central
1270:. Deep sea mining companies are pressuring governments to let them mine on the bottom of the oceans. By 2024, several companies could begin mining projects in the deep sea. The ecological damage to the habitat of sea anemones and other organisms could be enormous and dangerous and irreversible.
898:
A sea anemone is capable of changing its shape dramatically. The column and tentacles have longitudinal, transverse and diagonal sheets of muscle and can lengthen and contract, as well as bend and twist. The gullet and mesenteries can evert (turn inside out), or the oral disc and tentacles can
922:
is unusual in that it can both walk and swim; walking is by making a series of short, looping steps, rather like a caterpillar, attaching its tentacles to the substrate and drawing its base closer; swimming is done by rapid movements of the tentacles beating synchronously like oar strokes.
490:
1091:; the algae in turn are assured a reliable exposure to sunlight and protection from micro-feeders, which the sea anemones actively maintain. The algae also benefit by being protected by the sea anemone's stinging cells, reducing the likelihood of being eaten by herbivores. In the
1107:) has a whorl of seaweed-like pseudotentacles, rich in zooxanthellae, and an inner whorl of tentacles. A daily rhythm sees the pseudotentacles spread widely in the daytime for photosynthesis, but they are retracted at night, at which time the tentacles expand to search for prey.
763:, may be swept out from the body cavity through the cinclides. In many species the eggs and sperm rise to the surface where fertilisation occurs. The fertilized egg develops into a planula larva, which drifts for a while before sinking to the seabed and undergoing
513:; there are usually two of these grooves, but some groups have a single one. The tentacles are generally tapered and often tipped by a pore, but in some species they are branched, club-tipped, or reduced to low knobs. The tentacles are armed with many
947:
lives on subtidal mud flats and burrows into the sediment, holding itself in place by expanding its basal disc to form an anchor. If it gets washed out of its burrow by strong currents, it contracts into a pearly glistening ball which rolls about.
453:, with a column-shaped body topped by an oral disc. Most are from 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2.0 in) in diameter and 1.5 to 10 cm (0.6 to 3.9 in) in length, but they are inflatable and vary greatly in dimensions. Some are very large;
3385:
Daly, Marymegan; Brugler, Mercer R.; Cartwright, Paulyn; Collins, Allen G.; Dawson, Michael N.; Fautin, Daphne G.; France, Scott C.; McFadden, Catherine S.; Opresko, Dennis M.; Rodriguez, Estefania; Romano, Sandra L.; Stake, Joel L. (2007).
915:
mollusc, a wave of contraction moving from the functionally posterior portion of the foot towards the front edge, which detaches and moves forwards. Sea anemones can also cast themselves loose from the substrate and drift to a new location.
578:(clownfish), small banded fish in various colours, are not affected by their host anemone's sting and shelter themselves from predators among its tentacles. Several other species have similar adaptions and are also unaffected (see
482:. In some species the part immediately below the oral disc is constricted and is known as the capitulum. When the animal contracts, the oral disc, tentacles and capitulum fold inside the pharynx and are held in place by a strong
855:
displays sexual plasticity. Thus asexually produced clones derived from a single founder individual can contain both male and female individuals (ramets). When eggs and sperm (gametes) are formed, they can produce
497:
495:
493:
491:
1132:. The symbiont receives the protection from predators provided by the anemone's stinging cells, and the anemone utilises the nutrients present in its faeces. Other animals that associate with sea anemones include
496:
937:
sea anemones, but some stages in the life cycle post-metamorphosis are able, in response to certain environmental factors, to cast themselves off and have a free-living stage that aids in their dispersal.
533:, elongated inflatable tentacle-like organs armed with cnidocytes, that can flail around and fend off other encroaching anemones; one or both anemones can be driven off or suffer injury in such battles.
680:
The muscles and nerves are much simpler than those of most other animals, although more specialised than in other cnidarians, such as corals. Cells in the outer layer (epidermis) and the inner layer (
362:
attached to a hard surface by its base, but some species live in soft sediment, and a few float near the surface of the water. The polyp has a columnar trunk topped by an oral disc with a ring of
494:
3062:
Two new species of
Heteromysini (Mysida, Mysidae) from the island of Madeira (N.E. Atlantic), with notes on sea anemone and hermit crab commensalisms in the genus Heteromysis S. I. Smith, 1873.
610:
Sea anemones have what can be described as an incomplete gut; the gastrovascular cavity functions as a stomach and possesses a single opening to the outside, which operates as both a
3607:
423:; the global trade in marine ornamentals for this purpose is expanding and threatens sea anemone populations in some localities, as the trade depends on collection from the wild.
860:
derived from "selfing" (within the founding clone) or out-crossing, which then develop into swimming planula larvae. Anemones tend to grow and reproduce relatively slowly. The
509:
The oral disc has a central mouth, usually slit-shaped, surrounded by one or more whorls of tentacles. The ends of the slit lead to grooves in the wall of the pharynx known as
3443:"Hidden among sea anemones: The first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals"
486:
muscle part way up the column. There may be a fold in the body wall, known as a parapet, at this point, and this parapet covers and protects the anemone when it is retracted.
3112:
In: J. C. den Hartog, eds, Proceedings of the 6th
International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 1995, pp. 11–20. National Naturhistorisch Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands.
790:) is gynodioecious, starting life as a female and later becoming hermaphroditic, so that populations consist of females and hermaphrodites. As a female, the eggs can develop
812:
divide longitudinally, pulling themselves apart, resulting in groups of individuals with identical colouring and markings. Transverse fission is less common, but occurs in
753:. In sexual reproduction, males may release sperm to stimulate females to release eggs, and fertilization occurs, either internally in the gastrovascular cavity or in the
1257:
boxing crabs. In the former, the anemones live on the shell of the hermit crab or snail. In the latter, the small anemones are carried in the claws of the boxing crab.
618:. Waste and undigested matter is excreted through this opening. The mouth is typically slit-like in shape, and bears a groove at one or both ends. The groove, termed a
2032:
3774:
899:
retract inside the gullet, with the sphincter closing the aperture; during this process, the gullet folds transversely and water is discharged through the mouth.
3813:
637:. The pharynx typically runs for about one third the length of the body before opening into the gastrovascular cavity that occupies the remainder of the body.
1002:. The prey is then transported to the mouth and thrust into the pharynx. The lips can stretch to aid in prey capture and can accommodate larger items such as
471:
a metre in length. Some species burrow in soft sediment and lack a basal disc, having instead a bulbous lower end, the physa, which anchors them in place.
3748:
1865:
Polyphyletic: families formerly in this suborder distributed across tree as sister to former members of
Endomyaria, Acontiaria, and Endocoelantheae
492:
3925:
3787:
2120:
933:
inflates and casts itself loose, adopting a spherical shape and allowing itself to be rolled about by the waves and currents. There are no truly
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2016:
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filaments 6. Pedal disk 7. Ostium 8. Coelenteron 9. Sphincter muscle 10. Mesentery 11. Column 12. Pharynx
2485:
2253:
3573:
824:, with a rudimentary band of tentacles appearing halfway up the column before it splits horizontally. Some species can also reproduce by
1099:), the colour of the anemone is largely dependent on the proportions and identities of the zooxanthellae and zoochlorellae present. The
3150:
3049:
3441:
Rodríguez, E.; Barbeitos, M.S.; Brugler, M.R.; Crowley, L.M.; Grajales, A.; Gusmão, L.; Häussermann, V.; Reft, A.; Daly, M. (2014).
3078:
Nature and role of newly described symbiotic associations between a sea anemone and gastropods at bathyal depths in the NW Atlantic.
2983:
291:
2749:
Riemann-Zurneck, Karin (1998). "How
Sessile are Sea Anemones? A Review of Free-living Forms in the Actiniaria Cnidaria: Anthozoa".
2787:
Life along the Inner Coast: A Naturalist's Guide to the Sounds, Inlets, Rivers, and
Intracoastal Waterway from Norfolk to Key West
366:
and a central mouth. The tentacles can be retracted inside the body cavity or expanded to catch passing prey. They are armed with
3885:
2996:
1334:
474:
The column or trunk is generally more or less cylindrical and may be plain and smooth or may bear specialised structures; these
1034:
of jellyfish, feeding on their gonads and other tissues, before being liberated into the sea as free-living juvenile anemones.
479:
3558:
Carlgren O. (1949). A survey of the
Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K Svenska VetenskapsAkad Handl 1: 1–121.
1067:
species that reside in the animals' gastrodermal cells, especially in the tentacles and oral disc. These algae may be either
2814:
In: Fautin, Daphne G. (2011) Hexacorallians of the World. Accessed through: World
Register of Marine Species on 13 July 2017
1298:) is consumed as a delicacy. The whole animal is marinated in vinegar, then coated in a batter similar to that used to make
3792:
404:
Sea anemones breed by liberating sperm and eggs through the mouth into the sea. The resulting fertilized eggs develop into
3800:
1390:
1311:
3023:
998:, ensnaring prey of suitable size that comes within reach of their tentacles and immobilizing it with the aid of their
3696:
3683:
1356:
Most
Actiniaria do not form hard parts that can be recognized as fossils, but a few fossils of sea anemones do exist;
3123:
The intraspecific fighting behavior of the
Hawaiian Boxing Crab, Lybia edmondsoni – Fighting with dangerous weapons?
148:
742:
1897:
Paraphyletic; includes several lineages formerly in
Mesomyaria and Athenaria, plus Boloceroidaria and Protantheae
3935:
3818:
3197:"Population impacts of collecting sea anemones and anemone fish for the marine aquarium trade in the Philippines"
1302:, and deep-fried in olive oil. Anemones are also a source of food for fisherman communities in the east coast of
983:
1842:
and Endocoelantheae and because members of Protantheae and Ptychodacteae are recovered as sister to its members
700:
517:, cells that are both defensive and used to capture prey. Cnidocytes contain stinging nematocysts, capsule-like
1889:
Polyphyletic: one clade at base of Nynantheae, other lineages are associated with former members of Acontiaria
1817:
Polyphyletic because its members are not recovered as sister taxa; clustered with members of former Endomyaria
1012:
239:
2451:
Smith, Nathan III; Lenhoff, Howard M. (1976). "Regulation of Feequency of Pedal Laceration in a Sea Anemone".
1278:
419:, by breaking in half or into smaller pieces which regenerate into polyps. Sea anemones are sometimes kept in
3196:
2116:
1850:
1160:
1026:
461:
3623:
1959:
1954:
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525:
suddenly, giving the phylum Cnidaria its name. Each nematocyst contains a small venom vesicle filled with
2952:
Biologically Inspired Approaches for Locomotion, Anomaly Detection and Reconfiguration for Walking Robots
3920:
3849:
3701:
3273:
2832:
1734:
1348:. Sea anemones do not fossilize well, having no hard parts, and this one was mistakenly identified as a
949:
886:
567:
342:
3612:
3867:
669:
A primitive nervous system, without centralization, coordinates the processes involved in maintaining
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into a juvenile sea anemone. Some larvae preferentially settle onto certain suitable substrates; the
735:
416:
415:
for a while, settle on the seabed and develop directly into juvenile polyps. Sea anemones also breed
2811:
757:. The eggs and sperm, or the larvae, usually emerge through the mouth, but in some species, such as
3915:
3890:
1792:
The relationships of higher-level taxa in Carlgren's classification are re-interpreted as follows:
1141:
1114:
1110:
1092:
1057:
1043:
868:), for example, may live for decades, with one individual surviving in captivity for eighty years.
731:
641:
634:
455:
398:
3323:
1693:
836:
individuals. Alternatively, fragments detach separately as the animal creeps across a surface. In
626:, and helps to move food particles inwards and circulate water through the gastrovascular cavity.
478:
solid papillae (fleshy protuberances), adhesive papillae, cinclides (slits), and small protruding
3930:
3227:
2931:
2915:
2872:
2696:
2357:
2026:
1917:
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838:
783:
759:
706:
467:
143:
135:
2493:
2261:
1241:
1206:
964:
3592:
3388:"The phylum Cnidaria: A review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus"
1653:
530:
3854:
3836:
3709:
3570:
3541:
3482:
3420:
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3252:
3170:
3045:
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2923:
2791:
2785:
2614:
2608:
2560:
2464:
2431:
2425:
2406:
2365:
2206:
2178:
2098:
2055:
2051:
2012:
1827:
Sister to athenarian family Edwardsiidae; together these clades are re-classified as suborder
1319:
1190:
1149:
1145:
987:
925:
851:
803:
537:
475:
438:
3841:
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2950:
3877:
3779:
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3462:
3410:
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2550:
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2168:
2158:
2088:
1552:
1031:
825:
719:
650:
502:
253:
3661:
3178:
566:, that paralyzes the prey so the anemone can move it to the mouth for digestion inside the
3577:
3502:"Fast-Evolving Mitochondrial DNA in Ceriantharia: A Reflection of Hexacorallia Paraphyly?"
3500:
Stampar, S.N.; Maronna, M.M.; Kitahara, M.V.; Reimer, J.D.; Morandini, A.C. (March 2014).
2848:
1822:
1427:
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1075:
or both. The sea anemone benefits from the products of the algae's photosynthesis, namely
791:
768:
723:
661:
633:. This consists of an in-folding of the body wall, and is therefore lined by the animal's
446:
359:
305:
3597:
3517:
3458:
3215:
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2536:
2308:
978:
543:
3587:
3536:
3501:
3477:
3442:
3387:
2770:
2555:
2516:
2173:
2142:
1195:
1061:
1053:
575:
378:
375:
1873:
Boloceroidaria, Protantheae, Ptychodacteae, and most Athenaria nest within this group
1754:
1536:
907:
Although some species of sea anemone burrow in soft sediment, the majority are mainly
846:
than among dead shells, and all the new individuals had tentacles within three weeks.
449:
attached at the base to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal or
431:
3909:
3000:
1931:
1413:
1407:
1366:
1118:
1068:
881:
764:
674:
598:
584:). Most sea anemones are harmless to humans, but a few highly toxic species (notably
420:
382:
347:
73:
3231:
2935:
2827:
1128:
live in symbiotic or mutualistic relationships with sea anemones, most famously the
3714:
3675:
2691:
1925:
1839:
1828:
1730:
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1689:
1669:
1635:
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1465:
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1401:
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1349:
1267:
1211:
1184:
1133:
1125:
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754:
681:
592:
510:
389:, that live within the cells. Some species of sea anemone live in association with
386:
326:
232:
223:
190:
3688:
1217:
Two of the more unusual relationships are those between certain anemones (such as
832:
at the base of the column, which then fragments, the pieces regenerating into new
540:, thin filaments covered in cnidae that can be ejected and retracted for defence.
437:
1. Tentacles 2. Mouth 3. Retracting muscles 4. Gonads 5.
3526:
3467:
3348:
3136:"Deep sea mining would change the seafloor ecosystem for up to millions of years"
2891:
2545:
2515:
Schlesinger A; Kramarsky-Winter E; Rosenfeld H; Armoza-Zvoloni R; Loya Y (2010).
2460:
2333:
3805:
3761:
3655:
3094:
A sea anemone symbiotic with gastropods of eight species in the Mariana Islands.
2231:
1433:
1236:
1200:
999:
808:
741:
The sexes in sea anemones are separate in some species, while other species are
670:
526:
394:
48:
3406:
3364:"Ediacaran-like fossils in Cambrian Burgess Shale–type faunas of North America"
974:
catch passing prey and thrust it into the mouth in the middle of the oral disc.
876:
798:
Sea anemones have great powers of regeneration and can reproduce asexually, by
3598:
Sea anemones look like sea flowers but they are animals of the Phylum Cnidaria
3223:
1944:
1907:
1750:
1673:
1649:
1608:
1556:
1516:
1421:
1225:
1021:
1017:
829:
571:
563:
450:
218:
93:
58:
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3602:
3424:
2715:
3735:
3166:
1358:
1340:
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lumen. They have stomach lining on both sides, separated by a thin layer of
518:
514:
483:
390:
371:
367:
352:
338:
301:
160:
98:
42:
17:
3545:
3486:
3174:
2927:
2564:
2427:
The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future: The world of Medusa and her sisters
2410:
2401:
2384:
2317:
2284:
2182:
2102:
317:, a terrestrial flowering plant. Sea anemones are classified in the phylum
3301:"Hidupan marin intertidal: sumber makanan penduduk daerah Semporna, Sabah"
3195:
Craig S. Shuman; Gregor Hodgson & Richard F. Ambrose (December 2005).
2638:
2093:
2076:
3640:
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2735:
2369:
1949:
1486:
1457:
1382:
1378:
1299:
1247:
1080:
715:
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640:
The gastrovascular cavity itself is divided into a number of chambers by
412:
363:
330:
322:
318:
180:
114:
110:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1612:
1592:
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2700:
2385:"Fission in Sea Anemones: Integrative Studies of Life Cycle Evolution1"
2361:
2163:
1219:
1178:
1088:
1084:
1007:
934:
833:
799:
776:
727:
630:
405:
370:(stinging cells). In many species, additional nourishment comes from a
313:
124:
103:
78:
3415:
2578:
522:
3766:
2077:"The nematocyst: a molecular map of the cnidarian stinging organelle"
1857:
nested among acontiate taxa; B. daphneae apart from other Actiniaria
1572:
1307:
1076:
857:
843:
623:
170:
3617:
2911:
2868:
2681:
2660:
2353:
952:, which live in parchment-like tubes, are in the anthozoan subclass
3753:
3740:
2205:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 150–157.
2143:"Exploiting the Nephrotoxic Effects of Venom from the Sea Anemone,
842:, fragmentation rates were higher in individuals living among live
3862:
2383:
Geller, Jonathan B.; Fitzgerald, Laurie J.; King, Chad E. (2005).
1333:
1303:
1277:
1253:
1109:
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1020:
by enfolding them in its carpet-like oral disc. A few species are
977:
963:
875:
746:
699:
660:
611:
559:
542:
488:
430:
408:
334:
311:. Because of their colourful appearance, they are named after the
3080:
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 358(1): 57–69.
1476:, but the relationships within the subclasses remain unresolved.
2896:
Wilson, and behavioral correlates of two nutritional strategies"
2853:, an anemone parasitic on medusae during its larval development"
2141:
Mizuno, Masashi; Ito, Yasuhiko; Morgan, B. Paul (23 July 2012).
2007:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
1939:
1003:
775:) for example, settles onto green algae, perhaps attracted by a
726:
produces eggs and sperm, and the fertilized egg develops into a
615:
3621:
3603:
Information about Ricordea Florida Sea anemones & pictures
3588:
Photos of various species of Sea Anemones from the Indopacific
3278:. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. p. 362.
602:
spp.) have caused severe injuries and are potentially lethal.
3727:
3582:
2517:"Sexual plasticity and self-fertilization in the sea anemone
1377:
Sea anemones, order Actiniaria, are classified in the phylum
1369:
of Canada, is the oldest fossil identified as a sea anemone.
828:. In this process, a ring of material may break off from the
1056:
themselves, many sea anemones form an important facultative
649:, and include filaments of tissue specialised for secreting
570:. Actinotoxins are highly toxic to prey species of fish and
3092:
Goodwill, R.H.; D.G. Fautin; J. Furey; and M. Daly (2009).
283:
274:
265:
256:
2147:, to Create a Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Model in the Rat"
1396:
Suborders and superfamilies included in Actiniaria are:
3027:
Biodiversity of the Central Coast. Retrieved 2015-01-29.
3349:"Michelin stars for restaurant's Taizhou cuisine focus"
1881:
Paraphyletic: includes Pychodacteae and some Athenaria
2892:"Photosynthetic production by the coral reef anemone,
465:
can both exceed 1 metre (3.3 ft) in diameter and
2955:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 69.
2334:"Reproduction of the Externally Brooding Sea Anemone
1282:
Shasuan Doumian (Sea anemones with Mung Bean noodles)
292:
280:
262:
2011:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 130–132.
3630:
3121:Karplus, I; G.C. Fiedler; and P. Ramcharan (1998).
2790:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 181.
730:, which develops directly into another polyp. Both
268:
259:
3436:
3434:
2430:. Springer International Publishing. p. 240.
956:, and are only distantly related to sea anemones.
2297:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1838:Polyphyletic because of the relationship between
1266:but some burrow into sand and mud, and a few are
2784:Lippson, Robert L.; Lippson, Alice Jane (2009).
745:, changing sex at some stage in their life. The
3608:Photographic Database of Cambodian Sea Anemones
2424:Goffredo, Stefano; Dubinsky, Zvy, eds. (2016).
802:, fragmentation, or longitudinal or transverse
351:. Unlike jellyfish, sea anemones do not have a
2081:International Journal of Developmental Biology
580:
2117:"Fagatele Bay NMS: Clownfish and Sea Anemone"
714:Unlike other cnidarians, anemones (and other
8:
3037:
3035:
3033:
2031:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3088:
3086:
2822:
2820:
2716:"The Behaviour and Neuromuscular System of
1024:on other marine organisms. One of these is
277:
271:
3618:
3072:
3070:
2613:. Rastogi Publications. pp. 286–292.
2610:Modern Text Book of Zoology: Invertebrates
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
123:
31:
3535:
3525:
3476:
3466:
3414:
3190:
3188:
2690:
2680:
2632:
2630:
2554:
2544:
2400:
2316:
2226:Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2010).
2172:
2162:
2092:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1030:, the larvae of which develop inside the
3149:Jochen Halfar, Rodney M. Fujita (2007).
3021:Fretwell, K.; and B. Starzomski (2014).
1794:
1290:In southwestern Spain and Sardinia, the
929:can swim by flexing its column, and the
397:, small fish, or other animals to their
3104:
3102:
1970:
1391:a new classification for the Actiniaria
990:and orients itself to face the current.
2024:
304:marine invertebrates constituting the
27:Marine animals of the order Actiniaria
2661:"On the locomotion of a sea anemone (
2285:"The Development of the Sea-Anemones
7:
3868:03A787F5-FF93-FFEA-FF16-F8DCFB9CF88B
3829:212058af-f6fb-4166-bcb5-12b9b73c04e7
3324:"Anemon Laut, Manfaat dan Bahayanya"
2196:
2194:
2192:
3593:Anemone Armies Battle to a Standoff
2641:. British Marine Life Study Society
2492:. A Snail's Odyssey. Archived from
2389:Integrative and Comparative Biology
2260:. A Snail's Odyssey. Archived from
1723:
1642:
1504:
1492:
1482:
445:A typical sea anemone is a sessile
3299:B.H Ridzwan; M.A Kaswandi (1995).
3076:Mercier, A.; and J. Hamel (2008).
2771:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1998.tb00466.x
718:) entirely lack the free-swimming
358:A typical sea anemone is a single
25:
2453:Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior
1464:, which contains the Actiniaria;
629:The mouth opens into a flattened
2659:McClendon, J.F. (January 1906).
2075:Beckmann, A.; Özbek, S. (2012).
2046:Campbell, N.; Reece, J. (2002).
1924:
1910:
1753:
1733:
1692:
1672:
1652:
1611:
1591:
1555:
1535:
1515:
1393:based on extensive DNA results.
880:Assortment of sea anemones from
749:are strips of tissue within the
252:
147:
3251:. Cherry Lake. pp. 26–27.
2724:Journal of Experimental Biology
2050:(6th ed.). San Francisco:
806:. Some species such as certain
722:stage of their life cycle; the
3926:Negligibly senescent organisms
3305:Malaysian Journal of Nutrition
2975:Lieske, E.; Myers, R. (1999).
657:Musculature and nervous system
333:, sea anemones are related to
1:
3245:Didier, Dominique A. (2014).
3110:Gastropod carrying actinians.
3043:Crustacea Guide of the World.
2995:Patzner, R.A. (5 July 2017).
3527:10.1371/journal.pone.0086612
3468:10.1371/journal.pone.0096998
3064:Crustaceana, 81(3): 351–374.
2847:Spaulding, James G. (1972).
2546:10.1371/journal.pone.0011874
2461:10.1007/978-1-4757-9724-4_13
2332:Dunn, Daphne Fautin (1975).
1389:. Rodriguez et al. proposed
1124:Several species of fish and
795:to start independent lives.
536:Many sea anemones also have
132:A selection of sea anemones,
3272:Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979).
3151:"Danger of Deep-Sea Mining"
3096:Micronesica 41(1): 117–130.
2121:National Marine Sanctuaries
1460:contains three subclasses:
1170:), shrimp (such as certain
1146:incognito (or anemone) goby
1052:and therefore incapable of
994:Sea anemones are typically
355:stage in their life cycle.
3952:
3407:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.11
3362:Conway Morris, S. (1993).
3322:Nurachmad Hadi; Sumadiyo.
2949:Jakimovsk, Bojani (2011).
2714:Robson, Elaine A. (1971).
2283:Gemmill, James F. (1920).
2201:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1041:
3351:. Shine News. 2020-03-12.
3224:10.1007/s00338-005-0027-z
2720:, A Swimming Sea-Anemone"
1809:Sister to Boloceroidaria
1748:
1728:
1721:
1687:
1667:
1647:
1640:
1606:
1586:
1570:
1550:
1530:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1152:, various crabs (such as
1117:among the tentacles of a
1097:Anthopleura elegantissima
1038:Mutualistic relationships
984:Venus flytrap sea anemone
743:sequential hermaphrodites
581:Mutualistic relationships
238:
231:
215:
210:
144:Scientific classification
142:
131:
122:
34:
1274:Relationship with humans
1079:and food in the form of
1058:mutualistic relationship
1013:Stichodactyla helianthus
665:Striped colonial anemone
3167:10.1126/science.1138289
3060:Wittmann, K.J. (2008).
2890:Lewis, John B. (1984).
2857:The Biological Bulletin
2851:Peachia quinquecapitata
2810:Molodtsova, T. (2015).
2692:2027/hvd.32044107212714
2669:The Biological Bulletin
2486:"Reproduction: asexual"
2342:The Biological Bulletin
1851:Boloceroides mcmurrichi
1161:Mithraculus cinctimanus
1027:Peachia quinquecapitata
862:magnificent sea anemone
710:) with developing young
462:Stichodactyla mertensii
385:, or with green algae,
3613:Photos of Sea Anemones
3125:Symbiosis 24: 287–302.
2318:10.1098/rstb.1920.0009
2254:"Reproduction: sexual"
1960:Sea anemone neurotoxin
1955:Sea anemone dermatitis
1788:Internal relationships
1453:External relationships
1353:
1283:
1121:
1010:and even small fish.
991:
975:
950:Tube-dwelling anemones
890:
711:
666:
587:Actinodendron arboreum
558:The venom is a mix of
555:
549:Actinodendron arboreum
506:
442:
372:symbiotic relationship
343:tube-dwelling anemones
3850:Paleobiology Database
3275:Unmentionable Cuisine
3108:Ates, R.M.L. (1997).
3041:Debelius, H. (2001).
2836:(6th ed.). 2008.
2833:Columbia Encyclopedia
2607:Kotpal, R.L. (2012).
2587:Encyclopaedia of Life
2094:10.1387/ijdb.113472ab
1337:
1318:) in Southeast Asia,
1281:
1113:
1042:Further information:
981:
967:
887:Kunstformen der Natur
879:
872:Behaviour and ecology
773:Urticina crassicornis
703:
664:
568:gastrovascular cavity
546:
500:
434:
2894:Lebrunia coralligens
2736:10.1242/jeb.55.3.611
2718:Gonactinia prolifera
2663:Metridium marginatum
2581:Heteractis magnifica
2455:. pp. 117–125.
2402:10.1093/icb/45.4.615
2264:on 10 September 2017
2203:Invertebrate Zoology
2009:Invertebrate Zoology
1801:Phylogenetic result
1138:Banggai cardinalfish
1105:Lebrunia coralligens
1016:is reported to trap
944:Paranthus rapiformis
919:Gonactinia prolifera
866:Heteractis magnifica
821:Gonactinia prolifera
815:Anthopleura stellula
736:asexual reproduction
435:Sea anemone anatomy.
3518:2014PLoSO...986612S
3459:2014PLoSO...996998R
3374:(31–0239): 593–635.
3216:2005CorRe..24..564S
2997:"Gobius incognitus"
2900:Biological Bulletin
2849:"The life cycle of
2763:1998MarEc..19..247R
2537:2010PLoSO...511874S
2309:1920RSPTB.209..351G
2145:Phyllodiscus semoni
1142:threespot dascyllus
1115:Ocellaris clownfish
1093:aggregating anemone
1044:Mutualism (biology)
792:parthenogenetically
593:Phyllodiscus semoni
554:hell's-fire anemone
456:Urticina columbiana
411:which, after being
3576:2008-07-04 at the
3024:Painted greenling.
2977:Coral Reef Fishes.
2583:: Life expectancy"
2336:Epiactis prolifera
2287:Metridium dianthus
2164:10.3390/md10071582
2123:. January 12, 2006
1918:Marine life portal
1354:
1292:snakelocks anemone
1284:
1155:Inachus phalangium
1122:
992:
976:
971:Aulactinia veratra
891:
839:Metridium dianthus
788:Epiactis prolifera
760:Metridium dianthus
712:
707:Epiactis prolifera
704:Brooding anemone (
667:
556:
507:
468:Metridium farcimen
443:
136:Giacomo Merculiano
3901:
3900:
3837:Open Tree of Life
3624:Taxon identifiers
3285:978-0-8139-0811-3
3258:978-1-63188-108-4
2962:978-3-642-22505-5
2797:978-0-8078-9859-8
2620:978-81-7133-903-7
2519:Aiptasia diaphana
2470:978-1-4757-9726-8
2437:978-3-319-31305-4
2212:978-0-03-056747-6
2061:978-0-8053-0009-3
2052:Pearson Education
2018:978-81-315-0104-7
1901:
1900:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1705:
1704:
1624:
1623:
1320:Taizhou, Zhejiang
1310:, as well as the
1150:painted greenling
988:suspension feeder
931:sea onion anemone
926:Stomphia coccinea
852:Aiptasia diaphana
651:digestive enzymes
498:
300:) are a group of
245:
244:
206:
117:
16:(Redirected from
3943:
3936:Anthozoan orders
3894:
3893:
3881:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3858:
3857:
3845:
3844:
3832:
3831:
3822:
3821:
3809:
3808:
3806:NBNSYS0000159305
3796:
3795:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3769:
3757:
3756:
3744:
3743:
3731:
3730:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3692:
3691:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3619:
3571:Order Actiniaria
3559:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3529:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3177:. Archived from
3146:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3090:
3081:
3074:
3065:
3058:
3052:
3039:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3003:on 7 August 2020
2999:. Archived from
2992:
2986:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2824:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2548:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2303:(360–371): 351.
2291:Adamsia palliata
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2157:(7): 1582–1604.
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2087:(6–8): 577–582.
2072:
2066:
2065:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2004:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1795:
1757:
1737:
1724:
1696:
1676:
1656:
1643:
1615:
1595:
1559:
1553:Corallimorpharia
1539:
1519:
1505:
1493:
1483:
1312:Thousand Islands
1296:Anemonia viridis
960:Feeding and diet
849:The sea anemone
826:pedal laceration
784:brooding anemone
779:on the surface.
606:Digestive system
505:in a sea anemone
503:tomato clownfish
499:
296:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
204:
152:
151:
127:
109:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3889:
3884:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3853:
3848:
3840:
3835:
3827:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3786:
3778:
3773:
3765:
3760:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3734:
3726:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3626:
3578:Wayback Machine
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3186:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3040:
3031:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2912:10.2307/1541413
2889:
2888:
2884:
2869:10.2307/1540065
2846:
2845:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2682:10.2307/1535667
2658:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2497:
2484:Carefoot, Tom.
2483:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2354:10.2307/1540543
2331:
2330:
2326:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2252:Carefoot, Tom.
2251:
2250:
2239:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2005:
1972:
1968:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1823:Endocoelantheae
1790:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1706:
1625:
1514:(Sea anemones)
1455:
1450:
1428:Actinostoloidea
1375:
1364:Middle Cambrian
1346:Middle Cambrian
1332:
1276:
1263:
1239:or snails, and
1210:), and various
1167:Neopetrolisthes
1046:
1040:
962:
905:
896:
874:
769:mottled anemone
698:
659:
608:
553:
489:
436:
429:
379:dinoflagellates
294:
255:
251:
203:
146:
133:
118:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3882:
3872:
3859:
3846:
3833:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3784:
3771:
3758:
3745:
3732:
3719:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3667:
3652:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3583:Actiniaria.com
3580:
3566:
3565:External links
3563:
3561:
3560:
3551:
3492:
3430:
3377:
3354:
3340:
3314:
3291:
3284:
3264:
3257:
3237:
3210:(4): 564–573.
3184:
3181:on 2021-06-21.
3141:
3127:
3114:
3098:
3082:
3066:
3053:
3050:978-3931702748
3029:
3014:
2987:
2968:
2961:
2941:
2906:(3): 601–612.
2882:
2839:
2816:
2803:
2796:
2776:
2757:(4): 247–261.
2751:Marine Ecology
2741:
2730:(3): 611–640.
2706:
2651:
2639:"Sea anemones"
2637:Horton, Andy.
2626:
2619:
2599:
2570:
2507:
2496:on 6 June 2017
2476:
2469:
2443:
2436:
2416:
2395:(4): 615–622.
2375:
2348:(2): 199–218.
2338:Verrill, 1869"
2324:
2275:
2237:
2234:. p. 121.
2228:Marine Biology
2218:
2211:
2188:
2133:
2108:
2067:
2060:
2038:
2017:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1847:Boloceroidaria
1844:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:Carlgren taxon
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1374:
1371:
1331:
1328:
1275:
1272:
1262:
1259:
1196:opossum shrimp
1101:hidden anemone
1054:photosynthesis
1039:
1036:
961:
958:
941:The sea onion
904:
901:
895:
892:
873:
870:
804:binary fission
697:
694:
675:chemoreceptors
658:
655:
607:
604:
576:Amphiprioninae
428:
425:
421:reef aquariums
399:mutual benefit
243:
242:
236:
235:
229:
228:
227:
226:
221:
213:
212:
208:
207:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
140:
139:
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:Upper Cambrian
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3948:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3904:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3512:(1): e86612.
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3453:(5): e96998.
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3368:Palaeontology
3365:
3358:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3337:(4): 167–175.
3336:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3311:(2): 105–114.
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:(5827): 987.
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:0-691-00481-1
2981:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:(2): 440–52.
2862:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2828:"Sea anemone"
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:Cerianthidae.
2807:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2652:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2600:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2531:(7): e11874.
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:Oceans portal
1927:
1922:
1919:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:Ptychodacteae
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Actinernoidea
1411:
1409:
1408:Edwardsioidea
1405:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1367:Burgess Shale
1365:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1330:Fossil record
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1251:anemones and
1250:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1212:marine snails
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:invertebrates
1120:
1119:sebae anemone
1116:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:zoochlorellae
1070:
1069:zooxanthellae
1066:
1063:
1062:single-celled
1060:with certain
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:Although not
1045:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
980:
973:
972:
968:Tentacles of
966:
959:
957:
955:
951:
946:
945:
939:
936:
932:
928:
927:
921:
920:
914:
910:
902:
900:
893:
889:
888:
883:
882:Ernst Haeckel
878:
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
853:
847:
845:
841:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
801:
796:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:metamorphosis
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
728:planula larva
725:
721:
717:
709:
708:
702:
695:
693:
689:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
643:
638:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
605:
603:
601:
600:
599:Stichodactyla
595:
594:
589:
588:
583:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
551:
550:
545:
541:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:siphonoglyphs
504:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
457:
452:
448:
440:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:zoochlorellae
384:
383:zooxanthellae
380:
377:
376:single-celled
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
307:
303:
299:
298:
288:
249:
241:
237:
234:
230:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
214:
209:
205:Hertwig, 1882
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
150:
145:
141:
137:
130:
126:
121:
116:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
3921:Hexacorallia
3903:
3631:
3554:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3450:
3446:
3398:
3394:
3380:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3343:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3274:
3267:
3247:
3240:
3207:
3203:
3179:the original
3158:
3154:
3144:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3093:
3077:
3061:
3056:
3042:
3022:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2990:
2976:
2971:
2951:
2944:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2831:
2806:
2786:
2779:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2709:
2675:(2): 66–67.
2672:
2668:
2662:
2654:
2643:. Retrieved
2609:
2602:
2592:13 September
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2580:
2573:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2500:10 September
2498:. Retrieved
2494:the original
2489:
2479:
2452:
2446:
2426:
2419:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2289:(Ellis) and
2286:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2257:
2230:. New York:
2227:
2221:
2202:
2154:
2151:Marine Drugs
2150:
2144:
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2111:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2047:
2041:
2008:
1840:Edwardsiidae
1829:Anenthemonae
1791:
1749:
1731:Penicillaria
1729:
1717:Ceriantharia
1690:Pennatulacea
1688:
1670:Helioporacea
1668:
1648:
1636:Octocorallia
1607:
1589:Scleractinia
1587:
1571:
1551:
1533:Antipatharia
1531:
1511:
1510:
1498:Hexacorallia
1478:
1474:monophyletic
1472:. These are
1470:Ceriantharia
1466:Octocorallia
1462:Hexacorallia
1456:
1440:Metridioidea
1438:Superfamily
1432:Superfamily
1426:Superfamily
1412:Superfamily
1406:Superfamily
1402:Anenthemonae
1395:
1387:Hexacorallia
1376:
1357:
1355:
1350:sea cucumber
1339:
1338:(2) and (3)
1323:
1315:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1264:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1237:hermit crabs
1230:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1205:
1199:
1189:
1185:Periclimenes
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1140:), juvenile
1134:cardinalfish
1123:
1104:
1096:
1047:
1025:
1011:
1006:, dislodged
993:
969:
954:Ceriantharia
942:
940:
924:
917:
906:
897:
885:
865:
850:
848:
837:
819:
813:
807:
797:
787:
781:
772:
758:
755:water column
740:
713:
705:
690:
682:gastrodermis
679:
668:
639:
628:
620:siphonoglyph
619:
609:
597:
591:
585:
579:
562:, including
557:
547:
535:
527:actinotoxins
508:
473:
466:
460:
454:
444:
403:
395:hermit crabs
357:
346:
327:Hexacorallia
312:
308:
248:Sea anemones
247:
246:
224:Anenthemonae
200:
191:Hexacorallia
29:
18:Sea Anemones
3762:iNaturalist
3656:Wikispecies
3401:: 127–182.
3248:Sea Anemone
3204:Coral Reefs
2490:Sea anemone
2268:9 September
2258:Sea anemone
2232:McGraw-Hill
1855:Bunodeopsis
1806:Protantheae
1479:†= extinct
1434:Actinioidea
1385:, subclass
1362:, from the
1316:rambu-rambu
1232:Neoaiptasia
1201:Heteromysis
1148:, juvenile
1018:sea urchins
1000:nematocysts
809:Anthopleura
751:mesenteries
738:can occur.
671:homeostasis
642:mesenteries
574:. However,
572:crustaceans
564:neurotoxins
521:capable of
325:, subclass
240:46 families
134:painted by
41:508–0
35:Sea anemone
3916:Actiniaria
3910:Categories
3689:Actiniaria
3676:Actiniaria
3662:Actiniaria
3632:Actiniaria
3416:1808/13641
3007:10 January
2645:2017-07-13
2127:2010-11-20
1966:References
1945:Cangitoxin
1894:Acontiaria
1886:Mesomyaria
1878:Endomyaria
1835:Nynantheae
1751:Spirularia
1650:Alcyonacea
1609:Zoantharia
1512:Actiniaria
1422:Enthemonae
1242:Bundeopsis
1226:Calliactis
1207:Leptomysis
903:Locomotion
830:pedal disc
716:anthozoans
696:Life cycle
519:organelles
515:cnidocytes
451:pedal disc
413:planktonic
368:cnidocytes
331:cnidarians
309:Actiniaria
219:Enthemonae
211:Suborders
201:Actiniaria
3931:Symbiosis
3425:1175-5334
2027:cite book
1862:Athenaria
1448:Phylogeny
1420:Suborder
1400:Suborder
1359:Mackenzia
1341:Mackenzia
1198:(such as
1136:(such as
1130:clownfish
1022:parasitic
996:predators
913:gastropod
686:sphincter
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