Sea of Azov - Knowledge (XXG)

51: 861:, aiming to disrupt Russian supplies to Crimea. Capturing Taganrog would also result in an attack on Rostov, which was a strategic city for Russian support of their Caucasian operations. On 12 May 1855, the allied forces easily captured Kerch and gained access to the Sea of Azov, and on 22 May they attacked Taganrog. The attack failed and was followed by a siege. Despite the vast superiority of the allied forces (about 16,000 soldiers against fewer than 2,000), the city withstood all attempts to capture it, which ended around August 1855 with the retreat of the allied army. Individual coastal attacks continued without success and ceased in October 1855. 4502: 619: 1729: 1587:

most algae are of planktonic type. The sea is characterised by high concentrations of organic matter and long blooming periods. Another specific feature of the sea is the variable salinity – low in the large bays and higher in the open sea, especially near the Kerch Strait. Therefore, the plankton species are distributed inhomogeneously in the Sea of Azov. Although many additional species are brought in from the saltier Black Sea, most of them cannot adjust to the variable salinity of the Sea of Azov, except for the

81: 1559:, etc.). This was partly due to extremely high biological productivity of the sea, which was stimulated by the strong supply of nutrients from numerous rivers feeding the sea, low water salinity, ample heating due to shallow waters and long vegetation period. However, diversity and numbers have been reduced by artificial reduction of river flow (construction of dams), over-fishing and water-intense large-scale cultivation of cotton, causing increasing levels of 1066:

fresh water is outflowing from the Azov Sea to the Black Sea. The depth of Azov Sea is decreasing, mostly due to the river-induced deposits. Whereas the past hydrological expeditions recorded depths of up to 16 metres, more recent ones could not find places deeper than 13.5–14 metres. This might explain the variation in the maximum depths among different sources. The water level fluctuates by some 20 cm over the year due to the snow melts in spring.

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stimulates biotic activity in the surface layers, in which organisms photosynthesise under aerobic conditions. Once the organisms expire, the dead organic matter sinks to the bottom of the sea where bacteria and microorganisms, using all available oxygen, consume the organic matter, leading to anoxic conditions. Studies have shown that in the Sea of Azov, the exact vertical structure is dependent on wind strength and

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toward the Black Sea due to the predominance of northern winds and the water inflow from the rivers; its average speed is 10–20 cm/s, reaching 30–40 cm in the narrowest parts. Although the sea is not subject to tidal variation, there are seasonal changes in the observed sea level of up to 10–20 inches (250–510 mm), caused by seasonal variations in river outflows.

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intensive bombardment of the fortress from land and sea, on 17 July the Russian army broke the defense lines and occupied parts of the wall. After heavy fighting, the garrison surrendered on 17 July. After the war, the Russian fleet base was moved to Taganrog and Azov, and 215 ships were built there between 1696 and 1711. In 1711, as a result of the

2554: 1892:. Unlike the Black Sea plankton which does not adapt well to the low salinity of the Sea of Azov and concentrates near the Kerch Strait, fishes and invertebrates of the Black Sea adjust well. They are often stronger than the native species, are used to the relatively low temperatures of the Black Sea and survive winter in the Sea of Azov well. 1696: 1165: 916:

invasion since it had begun amassing tens of thousands of troops near the southeast Ukraine border and had begun a propaganda war against the Kyiv government. The Russians seized three Ukrainian military vessel as the boats were trying to cross the strait, and captured 24 sailors who were finally released after months of negotiations.

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bands ranging from 7 km in the north to 1.5 km in the south can occur temporarily at any time from late December to mid-March. Several ships were trapped in ice in 2012 when it froze over. The ice thickness reaches 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in) in most parts of the sea and 60–80 cm

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due to the westerly and south-westerly winds. Their speed is typically less than 10 cm/s, but can reach 60–70 cm/s for 15–20 m/s winds. In the bays, the flow is largely controlled by the inflow of the rivers and is directed away from the shore. In the Kerch Strait, the flow is normally

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rivers, account for more than 90% of water inflow. The contribution of the Don is about twice that of the Kuban. The Kuban delta is located at the southeast, on the east side of the Kerch Strait. It is over 100 km long and covers a vast flooded area with numerous channels. Because of the spread,

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The sea is considered an internal sea of Russia and Ukraine, and its use is governed by an agreement between these countries ratified in 2003. The sea is 360 kilometres (220 mi) long and 180 kilometres (110 mi) wide and has an area of 39,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi); it is

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On December 10, 2021, the Ukrainian Navy announced that Russia had blocked off nearly 70 percent of the Sea of Azov, issuing navigation warnings, ostensibly to conduct artillery fire exercises on the sea ..."near Mariupol, Berdyansk and Henichesk." It raised apprehension regarding a potential Russian

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The irrigation system of the Taman Peninsula, supplied by the extended delta of the Kuban River, is favorable for agriculture and the region is famous for its vines. The area of the Syvash lagoons and Arabat Spit was traditionally a centre of a salt-producing industry. The Arabat Spit alone produced

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Historically, the sea has had rich marine life, both in variety, with over 80 fish and 300 invertebrate species identified, and in numbers. Consequently, fishing has long been a major activity in the area. The annual catch of recent years was 300,000 tonnes, about half of which are valuable species

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Typical values of the annual inflow and outflow of water to the sea, averaged over the period from 1923 to 1985, are as follows: river inflow 38.6 km, precipitation 15.5 km, evaporation 34.6 km, inflow from the Black Sea 36–38 km, outflow 53–55 km. Thus, about 17 km of

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and Mediterranean seas. It is connected to the Black Sea by the Strait of Kerch, which at its narrowest has a width of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) and a maximum depth of 15 metres (49 ft). The narrowness of the Kerch Strait limits the water exchange with the Black Sea. As a result, the salinity

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Because of the shallow waters, the development of aquatic life in the Sea of Azov is more characteristic of a lagoon, and the plankton patterns are rather similar in the open sea and near the shores. Despite its shallowness, the water has low transparency, so bottom plants are poorly developed and

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result in unusually high fish productivity. The sea shores and spits are low; they are rich in vegetation and bird colonies. The Sea of Azov is the shallowest sea in the world, with the depth varying between 0.9 and 14 metres (3 and 46 ft). There is a constant outflow of water from the Sea of

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with winds of 4–7 m/s, sometimes up to 15 m/s. Those winds may lower the winter temperatures from the usual −1 to −5 °C to below −30 °C. The mean mid-summer temperatures are 23–25 °C with a maximum of about 40 °C. Winds are weaker in summer, typically 3–5 m/s.

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moved to Azov by land and by ship via the Don River to Taganrog. In early May, they were joined by another fleet led by Peter I. On 27 May, the Russian fleet blocked Azov by sea. On 14 June, the Turkish fleet tried to break the blockade but, after losing two ships, retreated to the sea. After

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Another traditional activity in the sea is fishing. The Sea of Azov used to be the most productive fishing area in the Soviet Union: typical annual fish catches of 300,000 tonnes converted to 80 kg per hectare of surface. (The corresponding numbers are 2 kg in the Black Sea and 0.5

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The Sea of Azov is the shallowest sea in the world with an average depth of 7 metres (23 ft) and maximum depth of 14 metres (46 ft); in the bays, where silt has built up, the average depth is about 1 metre (3 ft). The sea bottom is also relatively flat with the depth gradually

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bottom waters, with the anoxic waters forming in a layer 0.5 to 4 metres (1.6–13.1 ft) in thickness. The occurrence of the anoxic layer is attributed to seasonal eutrophication events associated with increased sedimentary input from the Don and Kuban Rivers. This sedimentary input

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stretches over 112 kilometres (70 mi) and is one of the world's longest spits; three other spits, Fedotov Spit, Achuevsk Spit and Obitochna Spit, are longer than 30 km. Most spits stretch from north to south and their shape can significantly change over just several years.

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The winds cause frequent storms, with the waves reaching 6 metres in the Taganrog Bay, 2–4 metres near the southern shores, and 1 metre in the Kerch Strait. In the open sea, their height is usually 1–2 metres, sometimes up to 3 metres. Winds also induce frequent

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at the Bosporus, creating the current link between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Subsequent work has been done both to support and to discredit this theory, and archaeologists still debate it. This has led some to associate this catastrophe with prehistoric

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with a Turkish crew. Six other ships were driven from their anchors and stranded and two tankers were damaged (Volgoneft-139 and Volgoneft-123). As a result, about 1300 tons of fuel oil and about 6800 tons of sulfur entered the sea.

1297:, which was opened in May 2018. This is a major geopolitical issue since shipping vessels over a certain size can not pass under the span. Since then Russia has been accused of interdicting shipping through the Kerch Strait. 793:

and aimed to gain Russian access to the Sea of Azov and Black Sea. The first campaign began in the spring of 1695. The Russian army consisted of 31 thousand men and 170 cannons and included selected trained regiments and

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The second campaign involved both ground forces and the Azov fleet, which was built in Moscow Oblast, Voronezh, Bryansk and other regions between winter 1695 and spring 1696. In April 1696, the army of 75,000 headed by

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Control of the western shore of the Sea is vital to the economy of Ukraine but it is also of immense strategic importance to Russia, as a land route to Crimea as well as it is for passage by Russian marine traffic.

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Golubitskaya, lasted about 2 hours and formed a mud island 100 metres in diameter and 2 metres in height; the island was then washed away by the sea. Similar eruptions occurred in 1862, 1906, 1924, 1950 and 1952.

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Major spits of the Sea of Azov: 1. Arabat 2. Fedotov 3. Obitochna 4. Berdyansk 5. Belosaraysk 6. Krivaya 7. Beglitsk 8. Glafirovsk (east) and Yeysk (west) 9. Dolgaya 10. Kamyshevatsk 11. Yasensk 12. Achuevsk 13.

2979: 1965:) in the Soviet Union. Nowadays, dolphins are rarely observed in the Sea of Azov. This is attributed to shallowing of the sea, increasing navigation activities, pollution, and reduction in the fish population. 1180:. Farther north, between the Fedotov Spit and Obytochna Spit (30 km long), lies Obytochny Bay. Further north, between Obytochna Spit and Berdyansk Spit (23 km long), is Berdyansk Bay with two cities, 1860:, visit the Sea of Azov from the Black Sea for spawning. This was especially frequent in 1975–77 when the salinity of the southern Sea of Azov was unusually high, and additional species were seen such as 5848: 1462:

The sea is relatively small and nearly surrounded by land. Therefore, its climate is continental with cold winters and hot and dry summers. In autumn and winter, the weather is affected by the

1157:. Syvash accepts up to 1.5 km of Azov water per year. Because of the lagoons' wide extent and shallowness, the water rapidly evaporates, resulting in the high salinity of 170 on the 1081:, but are sometimes violent and resemble regular volcanic eruptions. Some of those volcanoes are under water, near the shores of the peninsula. A major eruption on 6 September 1799, near 3142: 4612: 1231:(population 83,200). South-east of the bay is Yeysk Liman. It lies entirely on the continent, entering the Taganrog Bay through the Yeysk and Glafirovsk Spits, and is the mouth of the 331:. Because of these deposits, the sea bottom is relatively smooth and flat, with the depth gradually increasing toward the middle. Because of the river inflow, water in the sea has low 4404: 3789:Основные положения о территориальном планировании, содержащиеся в "Схеме территориального планирования рекреационного комплекса прибрежных территорий Азовского моря и Нижнего Дона" 2000:

For centuries, the Sea of Azov has been an important waterway for the transport of goods and passengers. The first modern ironworks in Imperial Russia were located upstream on the

1955:, regularly visited the Sea of Azov from the Black Sea although the common dolphin usually avoided the basin and Kerch Strait due to low salinity. One type of harbour porpoise, 691:(2nd century BC) confidently expected that the strait to the Sea of Azov would close in the near future, due to ongoing deposition of sediments from rivers. In the 1st century, 1906:

is observed in the Sea of Azov, but it could not adjust to low salinity and therefore is limited to the neighborhood of the Kerch Strait. Several Sea of Azov mollusks, such as

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Increasing navigation rates have resulted in more pollution and even in ecological disasters. On 11 November 2007, a strong storm resulted in the sinking of four ships in the

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or "Rotten Sea". Their typical depth is only 0.5–1 metres with a maximum of 3 metres. They cover an area of 2,560 square kilometres (990 sq mi) in the northeastern

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The fauna of the freshwater Taganrog Bay is much poorer – it consists of 55 species from 36 genera and 16 families; among them, three species are rare and 6 are endangered.

1133:. Typical maximum depth in the bays and limans is a few metres. Because of shallow waters and abundant rivers, the spits are remarkably long and numerous in the sea – the 5841: 4475: 3374:

Debolskaya, E. I.; Yakusheva, E.V.; Kuznetsov, I.S. (2008). "Analysis of the hydrophysical structure of the Sea of Azov in the period of the bottom anoxia development".

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There are 183 ichthyofauna species from 112 genera and 55 families in the Sea of Azov region. Among them, there are 50 rare and 19 endangered species, and the sturgeon

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is the first benthos species which spread from the Black Sea in the early 20th century and settled in the Sea of Azov. Its current density is 7 kg/m. From 1956,

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Average water temperatures are 0–1 °C in winter (2–3 °C in the Kerch Strait) and 24–25 °C in summer, with a maximum of about 28 °C on the

5834: 2028:(formerly Zhdanov), Ukraine; this activity stopped after the closure of the mines in the 1990s. Navigation increased after the construction in 1952 of the 854: 3043: 1282:, a major Russian river. The strait is 41 kilometres long and 4 to 15 kilometres wide. Its narrowest part lies on the Sea of Azov side, restricted by the 816: 4887: 781:

The Sea of Azov was frequently the scene of military conflicts between Russia, pursuing naval expansion to the south, and the major power in the region,

4053: 798:. It reached Azov on 27–28 June and besieged it by land by 5 July. After two unsuccessful assaults on 5 August and 25 September, the siege was lifted. 1776:. The number of species is large; for example, the Belosaraysk and Berdyansk spits alone contain more than 200 each. Some spits are declared national 3503: 1486:

character of the sea, the temperature usually lowers by only about 1 °C with depth, but in cold winters, the difference can reach 5–7 °C.

4282: 2569: 1129:. The sand, silt and shells they bring are deposited in the areas of reduced flow, that is the sides of the bays, forming narrow sandbanks called 996: 293: 789:, there were two campaigns in 1695–96 to capture the then Turkish fortress of Azov defended by a garrison of 7,000. The campaigns were headed by 6238: 4957: 4684: 4647: 4434: 3711: 3134: 2408: 3236: 384:

prince named "Azum" or "Asuf", said to have been killed defending his town in 1067. A formerly common spelling of the name in English was the

4231: 4121: 3956: 2437: 2365: 2336: 3566: 1025:; they ensure that the waters of the sea have comparatively low salinity and are almost fresh in places, and also bring in huge volumes of 664:

themselves lived by fishing and farming, but were avid warriors able to defend themselves against invaders. Misled by its strong currents,

1247:. South-west of the liman, the 31 km long Achuevsk Spit runs along the coastline. Between the Achuevsk spit and Beisug Liman stands 4662: 3205: 1033:

increasing from the coast to the centre. The Sea of Azov is an internal sea with passage to the Atlantic Ocean going through the Black,

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form only 5% of the species. Green algae are mostly responsible for the colour of the sea in the satellite images (see photos above).

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and above 30 °C near the shores. During the summer, the sea surface is usually slightly warmer than the air. Because of the

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city, which has a population of 87,500. It extends into the prominent Yeysk peninsula, which is tipped in the north-west by the

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is the largest bay of the Sea of Azov. It is located in the north-eastern part of the Sea and is bounded by the Belosaraysk and

618: 4679: 3840: 3814: 3119: 3004: 2980:"Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the sea of Azov and the strait of Kerch" 2850: 1077:, most of which are active. Their eruptions are usually quiet, spilling out mud, and such gases as methane, carbon dioxide and 1058:

the delta has low contrast in satellite images, and is hardly visible in the map. The Don flows from the north into the large

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and sand. Accumulation of sand and shells results in a smooth and low coastline, as well as in numerous spits and sandbanks.

815:, Azov was returned to Turkey and the Russian Azov fleet was destroyed. The city was recaptured by Russia in 1737 during the 80: 1243:. South of it, also enclosed by the continent, lies Beisug Liman, which is restricted by the Yasensk Spit and is fed by the 3540: 668:

had only a vague idea of the extent of the sea, whose fresh water caused them to typically label it a "swamp" or a "lake".

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varies in Strabo's work depending upon his sources and conversions, but this would have been around 350 to 400 kilometres.

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kilograms (1.1 lb) in the Mediterranean Sea.) The catch has decreased in the 21st century, with more emphasis now on

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Estuaries and spits of the sea are rich in birds, mostly waterfowl, such as wild geese, ducks and seagulls. Colonies of

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in the Taganrog Bay. The ice is often unstable and piles up to the height of several metres. Before the introduction of

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Satellite image of Sea of Azov. The shallow Sea of Azov is clearly distinguished from the deeper Black Sea. Numbers: 1.

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in the Black Sea is recorded, although it is unclear whether these mammals historically occurred in the Azov basin.

288:, and sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. The sea is bounded by Russia on the east, and by 6026: 5176: 4950: 4456: 4439: 4414: 4303: 2468: 2036:– the most important riverine transport route in the central Russia – thus connecting major cities such as Moscow, 1591:

species. About 600 species of planktonic algae are known in the Sea of Azov. The number of species is dominated by

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Geografichesko-statisticheskìĭ slovar' Rossìĭskoĭ imperìi (Geographical-statistical dictionary of Russian Empire)

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were introduced into Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes. Of these,

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Treaty between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait

2199: 1936: 1107: 1062:. The depth there varies between 2 and 9 metres, while the maximum depth is observed in the middle of the sea. 702: 549: 4389: 927:, Russia fully captured the city and blocked off Ukraine's access to the sea by controlling the entire north 6233: 5128: 4657: 4577: 4341: 3164:

Ukraine Crisis: Protecting civilians 'Priority Number One'; Guterres releases $ 20M for humanitarian support

2731: 2687: 2588: 2143: 1981: 1095: 1043: 820: 570: 4254: 3990:"Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea: The first case of long-term survival of an exotic pinniped" 857:

and France against Russia took place between May and November 1855. The British and French forces besieged

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in exchange for Greek and Roman manufactures and luxuries. Its later history is uncertain but probably the

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with an amplitude of 20–50 cm and lasting from minutes to hours. Another consequence of the winds is

1278:(population 151,300) is located on the Kerch peninsula, and the Taman peninsula contains the delta of the 1017:

the smallest sea within the countries of the former Soviet Union. The main rivers flowing into it are the

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from the late 2nd century BC, it stretched along both southern shores of the Sea of Azov from the time of

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to call the sea Temarunda (alternative spellings Temarenda and Temerinda), meaning "Mother of Waters".

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The Azov is the world's shallowest sea, with depths ranging from 0.9 to 14 m (3.0 to 45.9 ft)

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in November 2018, when Russia seized three Ukrainian Navy vessels attempting to enter the Sea of Azov.

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flows into it from the north-east. On its shores stand the two principal cities of the Sea of Azov,

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With a maximum depth of only about 46 feet (14 m), the Azov is the world's shallowest sea

2332: 1902: 1885: 1836: 1018: 924: 844: 790: 768: 728: 649: 603: 273: 4221: 4188: 3946: 2427: 1582:(and other plankton species) are mostly responsible for the colour of the Sea of Azov waters. 5612: 5464: 5015: 4855: 4814: 4351: 4184: 4033: 3391: 3070: 2764: 2134: 2013: 1952: 1713: 1513: 1503: 1475:

varies between 312 and 528 mm/year and is 1.5–2 times larger in summer than in winter.

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ships and further ground forces along the coast of the Sea of Azov, with the ships based at

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Ukraine Says Russia Blocking Most Of Sea Of Azov As Tensions Mount Between Kyiv And Moscow

2682: 2583: 2307: 2174: 2064: 1915: 1881: 1831: 1800: 1792: 1556: 1379: 1305: 1263: 1173: 1161:(i.e. 170 psu). For this reason Syvash has long had an important salt-producing industry. 1130: 1070: 1000: 976: 956: 696: 657: 534: 374: 328: 285: 6141: 5376: 1149:

which is separated from the sea by the Arabatsk Spit. North of the spit lies the city of

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Although more than 20 rivers flow into the sea, mostly from the north, two of them, the

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ships into Ukraine's port. Late that September, two Ukrainian vessels departed from the

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A remarkable feature of the Sea of Azov is the large complex of shallow lagoons called

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The current vertical profile of the Sea of Azov exhibits oxygenated surface waters and

1034: 1013:", which is itself defined as "A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia (45°02'N)". 952: 885: 877: 782: 776: 740: 641: 607: 440: 412: 404: 396: 277: 191: 5826: 2768: 2258: 1934:, originate from the Black Sea. Another example of invading species is the Dutch crab 6207: 6194: 6131: 6101: 6071: 6061: 6036: 5985: 5975: 5893: 5814: 5802: 5622: 5514: 5484: 5469: 5459: 5439: 5366: 5336: 5291: 5281: 5256: 5236: 5206: 5186: 5098: 5073: 4819: 4527: 4369: 4088: 4024: 4015: 3989: 3910: 3905: 2784: 1765: 1692:. Mollusks account for 60–98% of the invertebrate biomass at the Sea of Azov bottom. 1600: 1499: 1495: 1463: 1369: 1319: 1279: 1154: 1090: 944: 803: 755:

who had settled in the region from central Asia, overran it in the late 4th century.

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on the northwest and southwest (the parts of Ukraine bordering the sea are currently

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were introduced to the area in the early 20th century and are hunted for their fur.

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are among the major and most valuable commercial fish species of the Sea of Azov.

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On February 24, 2022, Russian forces began shelling Mariupol at the start of the

6121: 6076: 6021: 5923: 5745: 5717: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5642: 5637: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5522: 5434: 5429: 5356: 5171: 5123: 5118: 5088: 5078: 5055: 5025: 4522: 4409: 3845:(in Russian). Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. 2005. Archived from 2866: 2068: 2033: 1989: 1761: 1615: 1596: 1579: 1364: 1329: 1134: 1074: 1054: 1022: 960: 850: 840: 831: 595: 455:

broadly to various peoples who happened to live beside it. Other names included

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from the mines of the Kerch peninsula to the processing plant of Azovstal in

1098:, but typically a 'stagnation zone' lies between the oxic and anoxic layers. 144: 131: 6126: 6086: 6051: 5918: 5677: 5647: 5572: 5552: 5547: 5532: 5504: 5361: 5326: 5316: 5226: 5143: 5050: 5010: 4824: 4537: 3482: 3047: 2946: 2925: 2897: 2710: 2057: 2041: 2037: 1985: 1977: 1811:

and many birds of prey. Mammals include foxes, wild cats, hares, hedgehogs,

1619: 1560: 1352: 1343: 1181: 1150: 1010: 980: 928: 893: 881: 724: 673: 669: 661: 625:

in the north Black Sea, 8th to 3rd century BC, along with their modern names

576: 448: 281: 1959:, used to live in the Sea of Azov and was therefore called "Azov dolphin" ( 1176:

with the associated Fedotov Spit (45 km long) which are formed by the

1164: 884:. The military posturing was exacerbated following the construction of the 111: 4249: 3871: 1483: 1112: 939: 5750: 5740: 5707: 5662: 5632: 5627: 5527: 5108: 5040: 4374: 4359: 3504:"Ukraine Complains Russia Is Using New Crimea Bridge to Disrupt Shipping" 3031: 2819: 2100: 2049: 2045: 2025: 2021: 1969: 1907: 1877: 1861: 1757: 1699: 1689: 1663: 1530: 1526: 1479: 1374: 1224: 1201: 1193: 1185: 1158: 1082: 901: 858: 849:

Another major military campaign on the Sea of Azov took place during the

795: 720: 688: 591: 344: 332: 1788: 1575: 1254: 5499: 4364: 3931: 2106:

Traditionally much of the coastline has been a zone of health resorts.

2005: 2001: 1889: 1869: 1849: 1845: 1820: 1804: 1773: 1737: 1681: 1673: 1627: 1623: 1604: 1564: 1467: 1384: 1211:

With an area of about 5,600 square kilometres (2,200 sq mi),

1189: 889: 709: 336: 289: 198: 174: 1644:. Western part of the sea, which is more saline, hosts three forms of 1506: 4712: 4582: 4510: 4291: 3654: 3135:"Port city of Mariupol comes under fire after Russia invades Ukraine" 2840: 2797: 2510:

Lexicon Nominum Locorum: Supplementum referens nomina Latina vulgaria

1865: 1816: 1812: 1592: 1491: 1456: 1425: 1314: 1267: 1146: 1142: 1122: 972: 964: 853:

of 1853–56. A naval and ground campaign pitting the allied navies of

719:

was named for the Cimmerian Bosporus rather than for the more famous

692: 452: 381: 378: 1695: 1262:

In the south, the Sea of Azov is connected to the Black Sea via the

3948:

Dolphins, porpoises and whales of the world: the IUCN red data book

3188:"Mariupol has fallen to Russia. Here's what that means for Ukraine" 358:

The name is likely to derive from the settlement of an area around

5771: 4966: 4260: 3044:

Dmytro Kovalenko, commander of the Ukrainian Navy move to Azov Sea

2053: 1830: 1787: 1746: 1727: 1694: 1574: 1552: 1512: 1446: 1304: 1275: 1253: 1236: 1163: 1111: 938: 897: 830: 823:, Russia was not allowed to keep the fortress and military fleet. 762: 752: 617: 545: 873:

to treat the sea and the Kerch Strait as shared internal waters.

869:

In December 2003, Ukraine and the Russian Federation agreed in a

2532:

Il mondo antico, moderno, e novissimo, ovvero Breve trattato ...

1857: 1415: 1405: 1228: 1026: 748: 359: 320: 5830: 4939: 4264: 3211:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from 3005:"Russia – Ukraine Boundary in the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait" 5776: 3274: 1780:, such as Beglitsk, Belosaraysk, Krivaya and Berdyansk Spits. 1266:, which is bordered to the west by the Kerch peninsula of the 1005: 683:

It was long believed to provide direct communication with the

166: 2823: 1529:

of the sea make it vulnerable to freezing during the winter.

3100:, Luke Coffey, September 25, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2022. 4167:"EU experts to assess ecological situation in Kerch Strait" 4054:"Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas" 2573:. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). London: Walton & Maberly. 1988:

in 1997, and the historic presence of large whales such as

1676:

species reside mostly at the sea bottom and include worms,

4181:"Oil Spill Near Black Sea Causes 'Ecological Catastrophe'" 3061:"Ukraine's ports partially unblocked by Russia, says Kiev" 2873:(2004 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 180. 876:

In September 2018, Ukraine announced the intention to add

16:

Sea on the south of Eastern Europe linked to the Black Sea

4169:. Web-Portal of the Ukrainian Government. March 18, 2008. 1618:, the fresh waters of the Tanganrog Bay are inhabited by 594:

occurred in ancient times. They claim that the Black and

1807:

are common. Also frequently observed are swans, herons,

2168: 1980:

has been recorded within Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov.

1940:

which is observed both in saline and freshwater parts.

1042:

of the Sea of Azov is low; in the open sea it is 10–12

695:

reckoned the distance from the Cimmerian Bosporus (the

1563:. Fish hauls have rapidly decreased and in particular 3567:"U.S. Accuses Russia of Harassing Ukrainian Shipping" 2148: 2185: 1204:, are the Mius Liman and Krivaya Spit formed by the 1121:

Many rivers flowing into the Sea of Azov form bays,

590:

published a theory that a massive flood through the

6004: 5948: 5932: 5881: 5865: 5764: 5731: 5513: 5420: 5152: 5064: 4981: 4873: 4838: 4787: 4778: 4758: 4747: 4711: 4625: 4591: 4509: 4327: 3092:

Russian dominance in the Black Sea: The Sea of Azov

2020:). It was also important for the transportation of 248: 240: 232: 224: 216: 208: 204: 190: 172: 160: 121: 23: 4220:Kosarev, Andrey G.; Kostianoy, Aleksey N. (2007). 3522:"Putin Opens Crimean Bridge Condemned By Kyiv, EU" 1270:and to the east by the Russian Taman peninsula in 900:, passed under the Crimean Bridge, and arrived in 3028:Ukraine and Russia Take Their Conflict to the Sea 680:(4th century BC) thought it about half as large. 311:The sea is largely affected by the inflow of the 2482:"Et hoc mare est palus Maeotis famosissima..." ( 323:, and shells, which in turn form numerous bays, 122: 4116:(in Ukrainian). Schidnyj Vydavnyčyj Dim. 2004. 3932:"Dolphins are leaving the polluted Sea of Azov" 1736:The shores of the Sea of Azov contain numerous 579:settlement in the area now covered by the sea. 4039:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en 3934:(in Russian). Novosti.dn.ua. 19 February 2010. 3704:Battle, Jessica Lindström (14 February 2004). 3123:, December 11, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2022. 2110:about 24,000 tonnes/year in the 19th century. 284:by the narrow (about 4 km (2.5 mi)) 5842: 4951: 4276: 3471:(in Russian). Oxford University. p. 111. 3301:Zalogin, A. D. Dobrovolsky and B. S. (1982). 3110: 3108: 3106: 1960: 1286:which faces southwards in consequence of the 1102:Coastal features and major population centres 835:Gravure showing the first attack on Taganrog. 8: 1196:(population 491,600). Then, approaching the 999:defines the limit of the Sea of Azov in the 3267:Kapitonov, V. I. Borisov and E. I. (1973). 2732:"An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf" 2360:. Vol. 1. Grolier. 1996. p. 388. 1153:(population 22,500) and south of it is the 672:(5th century BC) judged it as large as the 527: 519: 501: 489: 481: 469: 461: 5849: 5835: 5827: 4958: 4944: 4936: 4784: 4755: 4751: 4717: 4631: 4515: 4283: 4269: 4261: 4114:Hirnycyj encyklopedycnyj slovnyk, Volume 3 343:) that affects the water colour. Abundant 20: 4037: 3906:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 3460: 3458: 3449:Geography of Kuban. Collegiate Dictionary 3326:"Climatological Atlas of the Sea of Azov" 2948:Russo-Turkish Wars of 18th–19th Centuries 2871:The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia 2758: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2032:which connected the Sea of Azov with the 819:. However, as a result of the consequent 598:were vast freshwater lakes, but in about 556:("Fish Sea") from its high productivity. 533:). The Maeotians themselves were said by 4063:. 2003. pp. 219–232. Archived from 4014:Karamanlidis, A.; Dendrinos, P. (2015). 3206:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" 3133:Vasovic, Aleksandar (24 February 2022). 2892: 2890: 2856:. George Bell & Sons (London), 1903. 1740:and marshes and are dominated by reeds, 3866: 3864: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2570:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 2220: 2119: 1538:, navigation was halted in the winter. 997:International Hydrographic Organization 904:. Tensions increased further after the 888:, which is too low to allow passage of 296:). It is an important access route for 228:39,000 km (15,000 sq mi) 4472:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) 3891: 3889: 3809: 3807: 3755: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3727: 3717: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3621: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2244: 1293:The Strait of Kerch is spanned by the 817:Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739) 377:, however, instead derives it from an 319:, and other rivers, which bring sand, 4482:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014) 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3407: 3405: 3145:from the original on 26 February 2022 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 1795:and seagulls on the Belosaraysk Spit. 1168:Population centres on the Sea of Azov 759:Azov campaigns of 1695–96 and 1736–37 544:after the adjacent city now known as 540:The medieval Russians knew it as the 7: 3655:"Vessels trapped in ice in Azov sea" 3541:"Putin Inaugurates Bridge to Crimea" 3502:Choursina, Kateryna (25 July 2018). 3328:. National Oceanographic Data Centre 2044:. Currently, the major ports are in 1603:and pyrophites are significant, and 4187:. November 13, 2007. Archived from 4025:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3911:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3874:(in Russian). Web Site of Berdyansk 1844:Some ichthyofauna species, such as 1717:is probably extinct in the region. 1466:which brings cold and dry air from 991:, 16. Yeysk Liman, 17. Beisug Liman 423:, the sea was usually known as the 87: 57: 4492:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People 4395:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 3973:Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists 3585:Sharkov, Damien (31 August 2018). 2331:. Vol. 1. 2005. p. 758. 1943:Formerly three types of dolphins, 767:Capture of Azov 1696, painting by 14: 4487:Council of Ministers (until 2014) 3714:from the original on 5 July 2014. 3641:United States Hydrographic Office 3273:(in Russian). KKI. Archived from 715:began in the 7th century BC. The 6188: 5809: 5808: 5796: 4920: 4919: 4500: 4452:President of Crimea (historical) 4248: 3483:Керченский пролив (Kerch Strait) 3465:Semenov, Petr Petrovich (1862). 3305:(in Russian). Moscow University. 3239:, December 24, 2003, kremlin.ru 2552: 1290:from the Azov to the Black Sea. 1192:. The major city in the area is 1172:North of the Arabat Spit is the 921:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 743:which exported wheat, fish, and 699:) to the mouth of the Tanais at 110: 86: 79: 56: 49: 29: 4095:from the original on 2019-02-03 3120:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2329:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 1756:. Typical submerged plants are 1309:Azov Sea shore, with seacliffs. 247: 239: 231: 223: 215: 207: 4425:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation 2559:James, Edward Boucher (1857). 2488:of Roger Bacon, vol. 1, p. 357 2357:Academic American encyclopedia 1827:Migrating and invading species 1502:. The prevailing current is a 923:. By May, with the end of the 1: 6239:Seas of the Mediterranean Sea 4643:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 4447:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 4319:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 4089:"Киты в Черном море (cached)" 3979:. Retrieved on April 21. 2016 3396:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.02.027 2849:. Trans. by H.C. Hamilton as 2769:10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00007-8 2071:. The ships were the Russian 1389:Malyi Utlyuk, Velykyi Utlyuk 809:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 787:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 4430:Renaming of Crimean toponyms 3817:(in Russian). Archived from 2186: 362:, whose name comes from the 4663:2014 parliamentary election 4314:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 2561:"Maeotae and Maeotis Palus" 2460:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). 2390:National Geographic Society 2263:www.blacksea-commission.org 2169: 2149: 1945:short-beaked common dolphin 1009:] as "The limit of the 395:, the sea had other names ( 6265: 6027:American Mediterranean Sea 5177:American Mediterranean Sea 4457:2003 Tuzla Island conflict 4440:Crimean Tatar repatriation 3707:Alien invaders in our seas 2824: 2178: 1567:fisheries have collapsed. 1105: 975:, 10. Fedosiysky Bay, 11. 838: 774: 633: 582:In 1997, William Ryan and 568: 432: 6219:Bodies of water of Crimea 6185: 5790: 4917: 4754: 4720: 4634: 4518: 4498: 4467:2014 annexation by Russia 4405:1783 annexation by Russia 4299: 4223:The Black Sea Environment 3815:"List of nature reserves" 3635:"Water level variation". 3489:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3376:Journal of Marine Systems 2931:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2903:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2716:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2432:. McFarland. p. 42. 2158: 2138: 2017: 1961: 1957:Phocoena phocoena relicta 1949:common bottlenose dolphin 1928:Mytilus galloprovincialis 1258:A spit in the Sea of Azov 1251:with 32,165 inhabitants. 1227:(population 257,600) and 1184:(population 112,000) and 408: 220:180 km (110 mi) 212:360 km (220 mi) 109: 43: 35:Sea of Azov shoreline at 28: 4983:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4699:Crimean Federal District 4435:1954 transfer to Ukraine 3788: 3492:, 1969–1978 (in Russian) 2962:Filevsky, Pavel (1898). 1982:Mediterranean monk seals 1937:Rhithropanopeus harrisii 1525:The shallowness and low 1235:. Yeysk Spit is part of 1159:practical salinity scale 1108:Spits of the Sea of Azov 971:, 8. Kalamitsky Bay, 9. 723:at the other end of the 644:around the mouth of the 513:); and the Cimmerian or 294:under Russian occupation 116:Sea of Azov, upper right 5129:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 4342:Crimea in the Roman era 2898:"Azov campaign 1695–96" 2852:The Geography of Strabo 2713:[Sea of Azov]. 2469:Encyclopædia Britannica 2429:Placenames of the world 2288:Encyclopædia Britannica 1096:sea surface temperature 983:, 13. Sea of Azov, 14. 571:Black Sea deluge theory 348:Azov to the Black Sea. 5450:Great Australian Bight 4766:Crimean Premier League 4613:Urban-type settlements 4462:2014 status referendum 4420:Crimea in World War II 3945:Klinowska, M. (1991). 3545:The Maritime Executive 3420:www.coruna.coastdyn.ru 2617:Gaius Valerius Flaccus 2411:. NASA. Archived from 2259:"Marine Litter Report" 1984:became extinct in the 1841: 1796: 1733: 1703: 1583: 1522: 1459: 1310: 1259: 1169: 1118: 992: 935:Geology and bathymetry 836: 772: 751:, after defeating the 626: 623:Ancient Greek colonies 528: 520: 502: 490: 482: 470: 462: 444: 416: 400: 373:'lowlands'. A Russian 244:14 m (46 ft) 6224:Russia–Ukraine border 5857:Marginal seas of the 4893:Ukrainian Catholicism 4573:Pontic–Caspian steppe 4032:: e.T13653A45227543. 3447:Lotysh, I.P. (2006). 3097:Middle East Institute 2426:Room, Adrian (2006). 2385:"National Geographic" 1932:Anadara inaequivalvis 1834: 1791: 1731: 1714:Acipenser nudiventris 1698: 1633:Brachionus plicatilis 1578: 1516: 1450: 1308: 1257: 1167: 1115: 942: 906:Kerch Strait incident 834: 827:Crimean War 1853–1856 766: 727:. Briefly annexed by 621: 606:spilled over a rocky 335:and a high amount of 236:7 metres (23 ft) 70:Show map of Black Sea 37:Yalta, Donetsk Oblast 5991:Gulf of St. Lawrence 5297:Gulf of St. Lawrence 4675:Legislative Assembly 4257:at Wikimedia Commons 4191:on September 7, 2008 4061:cetaceanalliance.org 3994:www.researchgate.net 3951:. IUCN. p. 89. 3895:Kostianoy, pp. 83–85 3821:on December 22, 2007 3315:Kostianoy, pp. 69–73 3174:1 March 2022 at the 3170:. 24 February 2022. 2654:Publius Ovidius Naso 2592:, iv.24 & vi.6. 2463:"Sea of Azoff" 2308:"Map of Sea of Azov" 1924:Mediterranean mussel 1652:Centropages ponticus 1571:Plankton and benthos 1464:Siberian Anticyclone 658:Eurasian steppelands 575:There are traces of 495:); the Cimmerian or 6249:Geography of Europe 6157:Sea of the Hebrides 5598:Gulf of Carpentaria 5392:Sea of the Hebrides 5021:King Haakon VII Sea 4390:Genoese–Mongol Wars 4380:Empire of Trebizond 3971:Anderson R.. 1992. 3643:. 1927. p. 44. 3388:2008JMS....70..300D 2968:. Moscow: Tipo-lit. 2965:History of Taganrog 2751:1997MGeol.138..119R 2008:, originally named 1996:Economy and ecology 1968:Various species of 1840:from the Black Sea. 1521:on the Sea of Azov. 1400:Bolhradsky Sivashyk 813:Treaty of the Pruth 666:ancient geographers 588:Columbia University 475:); the Maeotian or 141: / 5593:Gulf of California 5490:Mozambique Channel 5134:Queen Victoria Sea 4996:Bellingshausen Sea 4735:Crimean Trolleybus 4639:Republic of Crimea 3571:Maritime Executive 3218:on October 8, 2011 2830:(in Ancient Greek) 2688:Naturalis Historiæ 2589:Naturalis Historiæ 2409:"Earth from space" 2198:The length of the 1897:Balanus improvisus 1842: 1797: 1734: 1704: 1609:yellow-green algae 1584: 1523: 1460: 1351:, connection with 1311: 1260: 1249:Primorsko-Akhtarsk 1200:and very close to 1170: 1119: 993: 985:Don River (Russia) 967:lagoon system, 7. 949:Kakhovka Reservoir 837: 773: 735:to the end of the 733:Greek colonization 627: 548:. It was known in 100:Show map of Europe 6201: 6200: 6195:Oceans portal 6117:Mediterranean Sea 5996:Gulf of Venezuela 5824: 5823: 5803:Oceans portal 5352:Mediterranean Sea 5302:Gulf of Venezuela 5094:East Siberian Sea 5036:Riiser-Larsen Sea 4933: 4932: 4913: 4912: 4888:Roman Catholicism 4869: 4868: 4774: 4773: 4743: 4742: 4707: 4706: 4621: 4620: 4558:Crimean Mountains 4253:Media related to 4233:978-3-540-74291-3 4123:978-966-7804-78-7 4018:Monachus monachus 3958:978-2-88032-936-5 3849:on April 26, 2010 3842:Basics of ecology 3526:Radio Free Europe 3073:. 4 December 2018 2439:978-0-7864-2248-7 2367:978-0-7172-2064-9 2338:978-1-59339-236-9 2184: 2167: 2147: 2086:and the Georgian 2067:, in the Russian 1772:. Also common is 1638:Keratella curdata 925:siege of Mariupol 845:Siege of Taganrog 769:Robert Ker Porter 652:) were famous in 648:(the present-day 280:connected to the 266: 265: 6256: 6193: 6192: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5828: 5812: 5811: 5801: 5800: 5733:Endorheic basins 5613:Gulf of Thailand 5465:Gulf of Khambhat 4960: 4953: 4946: 4937: 4923: 4922: 4785: 4756: 4752: 4718: 4632: 4516: 4504: 4352:Bosporan Kingdom 4304:Political status 4285: 4278: 4271: 4262: 4252: 4237: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4185:Associated Press 4177: 4171: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4058: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3986: 3980: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3872:"Berdyansk Spit" 3868: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3784: 3778: 3777:Kostianoy, p. 81 3775: 3769: 3768:Kostianoy, p. 79 3766: 3760: 3759:Kostianoy, p. 78 3757: 3748: 3747:Kostianoy, p. 77 3745: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3723: 3715: 3701: 3695: 3694:Kostianoy, p. 86 3692: 3686: 3685:Kostianoy, p. 76 3683: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3632: 3626: 3625:Kostianoy, p. 68 3623: 3614: 3613:Kostianoy, p. 69 3611: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3573:. 30 August 2018 3563: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3371: 3365: 3364:Kostianoy, p. 67 3362: 3351: 3350:Kostianoy, p. 66 3348: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3279: 3278: 3264: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3184: 3178: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3130: 3124: 3112: 3101: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3071:Associated Press 3057: 3051: 3050:(4 October 2018) 3041: 3035: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3017:on May 14, 2014. 3016: 3010:. Archived from 3009: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2863: 2857: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2762: 2736: 2730:Ryan, W (1997). 2727: 2721: 2720: 2707: 2692: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2660:. vi.107. & 2651: 2645: 2644: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2537: 2534:, vol. 2, p. 767 2519: 2513: 2508: 2507: [] 2501: 2495: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2457: 2444: 2443: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2315: 2310:. worldatlas.com 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2255: 2249: 2248:Kostianoy, p. 65 2246: 2203: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2183:romanized: 2182: 2180: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2124: 2099:, especially of 2019: 1964: 1963: 1953:harbour porpoise 1874:Black Sea salmon 1793:Great cormorants 1601:blue-green algae 1504:counterclockwise 1079:hydrogen sulfide 717:Bosporan Kingdom 705: 642:Maeotian marshes 636:Bosporan Kingdom 601: 543: 531: 523: 516: 511: 510:Scythicæ Paludes 505: 498: 497:Scythican Swamps 493: 485: 478: 473: 465: 458: 453:name was applied 437:hē Maiōtis límnē 434: 410: 387: 375:pseudo-etymology 258: 257: 252:290 km (240 176: 156: 155: 153: 152: 151: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 124: 114: 101: 90: 89: 83: 71: 60: 59: 53: 33: 21: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6244:Seas of Ukraine 6204: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6187: 6181: 6032:Archipelago Sea 6000: 5961:Gulf of Finland 5956:Gulf of Bothnia 5944: 5940:English Channel 5928: 5899:Bay of Campeche 5877: 5861: 5855: 5825: 5820: 5795: 5786: 5760: 5727: 5703:South China Sea 5683:Seto Inland Sea 5603:Gulf of Fonseca 5509: 5416: 5267:Gulf of Finland 5262:Gulf of Bothnia 5247:English Channel 5217:Bay of Campeche 5182:Archipelago Sea 5148: 5104:Gulf of Boothia 5060: 5001:Cooperation Sea 4977: 4964: 4934: 4929: 4909: 4865: 4834: 4770: 4739: 4703: 4694:Black Sea Fleet 4617: 4587: 4568:Perekop Isthmus 4505: 4496: 4400:Crimean Khanate 4347:Cherson (theme) 4323: 4295: 4289: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4219: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4098: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4013: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3977:Chicago Tribune 3970: 3966: 3959: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3751: 3746: 3739: 3726: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3637:Black Sea Pilot 3634: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3550: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3480: 3476: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3446: 3445: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3354: 3349: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3299: 3282: 3266: 3265: 3246: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3176:Wayback Machine 3162: 3158: 3148: 3146: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3113: 3104: 3090: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3042: 3038: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2961: 2960: 2956: 2945:Sokolov, B. V. 2944: 2943: 2939: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2796: 2792: 2760:10.1.1.598.2866 2734: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2711:"Азовское море" 2709: 2708: 2695: 2683:Pliny the Elder 2681: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2604:Avienus. v.32. 2603: 2599: 2593: 2584:Pliny the Elder 2582: 2578: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2540: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2481: 2477: 2459: 2458: 2447: 2440: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2368: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2290: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2197: 2193: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2065:Strait of Kerch 2030:Volga–Don Canal 1998: 1916:soft-shell clam 1884:, rock hopper, 1882:corkwing wrasse 1829: 1819:and wild boar. 1786: 1778:nature reserves 1726: 1709: 1573: 1544: 1542:Flora and fauna 1445: 1380:Molochnyi Lyman 1361: 1303: 1264:Strait of Kerch 1174:Molochnyi Liman 1110: 1104: 1071:Taman Peninsula 977:Strait of Kerch 957:Molochnyi Lyman 937: 867: 847: 839:Main articles: 829: 779: 761: 739:, serving as a 700: 697:Strait of Kerch 638: 632: 599: 573: 567: 562: 550:Ottoman Turkish 541: 529:Bosporicum Mare 514: 509: 496: 476: 456: 433:ἡ Μαιῶτις λίμνη 385: 364:Kipchak Turkish 356: 306:Volga–Don Canal 286:Strait of Kerch 255: 253: 194: countries 175:Primary inflows 149: 147: 143: 140: 135: 132: 130: 128: 127: 117: 105: 104: 103: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96: 95: 91: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 67: 66: 65: 61: 39: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6262: 6260: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6234:Seas of Russia 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6172:Tyrrhenian Sea 6169: 6164: 6162:Sea of Marmara 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5981:Gulf of Mexico 5978: 5973: 5968: 5966:Gulf of Guinea 5963: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5859:Atlantic Ocean 5856: 5854: 5853: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5806: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5673:Sea of Okhotsk 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5653:Philippine Sea 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:Gulf of Tonkin 5615: 5610: 5608:Gulf of Panama 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Gulf of Anadyr 5585: 5583:Gulf of Alaska 5580: 5578:East China Sea 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5407:Tyrrhenian Sea 5404: 5399: 5397:Sea of Marmara 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287:Gulf of Mexico 5284: 5279: 5274: 5272:Gulf of Guinea 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212:Bay of Bothnia 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5158: 5156: 5154:Atlantic Ocean 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5006:Cosmonauts Sea 5003: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4931: 4930: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4830:Crimea Germans 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4805:Crimean Tatars 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4730:Crimean Bridge 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4677: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4578:Southern Coast 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4385:Genoese Crimea 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: articles 4290: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4244: 4243:External links 4241: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4172: 4158: 4129: 4122: 4105: 4080: 4045: 4006: 3981: 3964: 3957: 3937: 3923: 3897: 3885: 3860: 3832: 3803: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3728:|website= 3696: 3687: 3671: 3646: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3558: 3494: 3474: 3454: 3432: 3401: 3366: 3352: 3338: 3317: 3308: 3280: 3277:on 2010-09-17. 3244: 3229: 3197: 3194:. 19 May 2022. 3179: 3156: 3125: 3102: 3084: 3052: 3036: 3020: 3003:McEwan, Alec. 2995: 2984:www.ecolex.org 2971: 2954: 2937: 2917: 2886: 2879: 2858: 2833: 2812: 2790: 2739:Marine Geology 2722: 2693: 2675: 2666: 2646: 2630: 2609: 2597: 2576: 2565:Smith, William 2538: 2527:Mare Asoviense 2514: 2512:(1985), p. 42. 2496: 2492:vol. 3, p. 542 2475: 2445: 2438: 2418: 2415:on 2011-05-10. 2400: 2376: 2366: 2347: 2337: 2320: 2299: 2275: 2250: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2191: 2150:Azovskoye more 2118: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2069:Port of Kavkaz 1997: 1994: 1912:Teredo navalis 1828: 1825: 1785: 1782: 1725: 1722: 1708: 1705: 1658:and larvae of 1647:Acartia clausi 1572: 1569: 1543: 1540: 1500:water currents 1496:standing waves 1444: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430:Beysug Estuary 1423: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1392:Utlyuk Estuary 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1346: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1302: 1299: 1295:Crimean Bridge 1274:. The city of 1272:Krasnodar Krai 1178:Molochna River 1103: 1100: 953:Molochna River 936: 933: 886:Crimean Bridge 866: 863: 828: 825: 777:Azov campaigns 775:Main article: 760: 757: 741:client kingdom 634:Main article: 631: 628: 569:Main article: 566: 563: 561: 558: 491:Mæoticum Æquor 417:mare Asoviense 355: 352: 278:Eastern Europe 264: 263: 262: acre⋅ft) 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 202: 201: 195: 188: 187: 178: 170: 169: 164: 158: 157: 125: 119: 118: 115: 107: 106: 93: 92: 85: 84: 78: 77: 76: 75: 63: 62: 55: 54: 48: 47: 46: 45: 44: 41: 40: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6261: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6229:European seas 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6132:Norwegian Sea 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6102:Levantine Sea 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6072:Greenland Sea 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6062:Caribbean Sea 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6037:Argentine Sea 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986:Gulf of Sidra 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5976:Gulf of Maine 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5894:Bay of Biscay 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5817: 5816: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623:Halmahera Sea 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5515:Pacific Ocean 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485:Laccadive Sea 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5470:Gulf of Kutch 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Gulf of Aqaba 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5440:Bay of Bengal 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5367:Norwegian Sea 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337:Levantine Sea 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292:Gulf of Sidra 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282:Gulf of Maine 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5257:Greenland Sea 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5237:Caribbean Sea 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:Bay of Biscay 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187:Argentine Sea 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5099:Greenland Sea 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074:Amundsen Gulf 5072: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016:D'Urville Sea 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4928: 4927: 4916: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846:Crimean Tatar 4844: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Pontic Greeks 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4686: 4685:2017 election 4683: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4658:State Council 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4415:Soviet period 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Crimean Goths 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4274: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4070:on 2008-09-07 4066: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4007: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3791: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3592: 3588: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3546: 3542: 3528:. 15 May 2018 3527: 3523: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3421: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2951:(in Russian). 2950: 2949: 2941: 2938: 2934:(in Russian). 2933: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2834: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2719:(in Russian). 2718: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2601: 2598: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2422: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2289: 2285: 2284:"Sea of Azov" 2279: 2276: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2176: 2171: 2170:Azovs'ke more 2165: 2159:Азовське море 2156: 2151: 2145: 2139:Азовское море 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127:Crimean Tatar 2123: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2073:bulk carriers 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920:Mya arernaria 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1903:Rapana venosa 1899: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1837:Rapana venosa 1833: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1650:, as well as 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1473:Precipitation 1469: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1420:Yeisk Estuary 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340:Obytichna Bay 1339: 1337:Berdyansk Bay 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:Bay of Arabat 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217:Dolgaya Spits 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1155:Bay of Arabat 1152: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1114: 1109: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:mud volcanoes 1073:has about 25 1072: 1067: 1063: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 1001:Kertch Strait 998: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 945:Dnieper River 941: 934: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 913: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 864: 862: 860: 856: 852: 846: 842: 833: 826: 824: 822: 821:Treaty of Niš 818: 814: 810: 805: 804:Aleksei Shein 799: 797: 792: 788: 785:. During the 784: 778: 770: 765: 758: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 711: 707: 704: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 678:Pseudo-Scylax 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 637: 629: 624: 620: 616: 614: 609: 605: 604:Mediterranean 597: 593: 589: 585: 584:Walter Pitman 580: 578: 572: 564: 559: 557: 555: 551: 547: 542:Sea of Surozh 538: 536: 532: 530: 524: 522: 512: 506: 504: 494: 492: 486: 484: 474: 472: 466: 464: 459:or Maeotius ( 454: 450: 446: 445:Palus Maeotis 442: 438: 430: 429:Ancient Greek 426: 425:Maeotis Swamp 422: 418: 414: 409:Μαιῶτις λίμνη 406: 402: 401:Palus Maeotis 398: 394: 389: 383: 380: 376: 372: 368: 365: 361: 353: 351: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 327:, and narrow 326: 322: 318: 314: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 272:is an inland 271: 261: 251: 243: 235: 233:Average depth 227: 219: 211: 203: 200: 196: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179: 177: 171: 168: 165: 163: 159: 154: 126: 120: 113: 108: 82: 52: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 6167:Thracian Sea 6152:Sea of Crete 6146: 6142:Sea of Åland 6137:Sargasso Sea 6112:Ligurian Sea 6097:Labrador Sea 6092:Irminger Sea 6057:Bothnian Sea 6042:Balearic Sea 6012:Adriatic Sea 5971:Gulf of Lion 5909:Bothnian Bay 5904:Bay of Fundy 5813: 5794: 5668:Sea of Japan 5543:Bismarck Sea 5495:Persian Gulf 5480:Gulf of Suez 5475:Gulf of Oman 5455:Gulf of Aden 5422:Indian Ocean 5402:Thracian Sea 5387:Sea of Crete 5381: 5377:Sea of Åland 5372:Sargasso Sea 5347:Ligurian Sea 5332:Labrador Sea 5322:Irminger Sea 5277:Gulf of Lion 5232:Bothnian Sea 5222:Bay of Fundy 5197:Balearic Sea 5162:Adriatic Sea 5084:Beaufort Sea 5066:Arctic Ocean 4991:Amundsen Sea 4924: 4883:Christianity 4780:Demographics 4648:Constitution 4605: 4593:Subdivisions 4563:Kerch Strait 4532: 4337:Greek Crimea 4226:. Springer. 4222: 4193:. Retrieved 4189:the original 4175: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4145: 4139: 4132: 4113: 4108: 4097:. Retrieved 4083: 4072:. Retrieved 4065:the original 4060: 4048: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4009: 3997:. Retrieved 3993: 3984: 3967: 3947: 3940: 3926: 3915:. Retrieved 3909: 3900: 3876:. Retrieved 3851:. Retrieved 3847:the original 3841: 3835: 3823:. Retrieved 3819:the original 3794:. Retrieved 3792:(in Russian) 3782: 3773: 3764: 3706: 3699: 3690: 3662:. Retrieved 3658: 3649: 3636: 3630: 3594:. Retrieved 3590: 3575:. Retrieved 3570: 3561: 3549:. Retrieved 3547:. 5 May 2018 3544: 3530:. Retrieved 3525: 3511:. Retrieved 3507: 3497: 3487: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3448: 3423:. Retrieved 3419: 3382:(3–4): 300. 3379: 3375: 3369: 3330:. Retrieved 3320: 3311: 3303:Seas of USSR 3302: 3275:the original 3269: 3241:(in Russian) 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3213:the original 3200: 3191: 3182: 3167: 3159: 3147:. Retrieved 3138: 3128: 3118: 3095: 3087: 3075:. Retrieved 3066:The Guardian 3064: 3055: 3039: 3034:, 2018-09-24 3023: 3012:the original 2998: 2987:. Retrieved 2983: 2974: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2947: 2940: 2929: 2926:"Azov fleet" 2920: 2908:. Retrieved 2906:(in Russian) 2901: 2870: 2867:Sinor, Denis 2861: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2815: 2801: 2793: 2745:(1–2): 119. 2742: 2738: 2725: 2714: 2686: 2678: 2673:Gell. xvii.8 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2638: 2633: 2620: 2612: 2600: 2587: 2579: 2568: 2531: 2526: 2523:Palus Maotis 2522: 2517: 2509: 2499: 2490:); Hofmann, 2485: 2478: 2467: 2428: 2421: 2413:the original 2403: 2397:: 138. 1994. 2394: 2388: 2379: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2342: 2328: 2323: 2312:. Retrieved 2302: 2291:. Retrieved 2287: 2278: 2266:. Retrieved 2262: 2253: 2194: 2130: 2122: 2108: 2105: 2097:fish farming 2093: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2062: 2009: 1999: 1990:minke whales 1967: 1956: 1942: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1919: 1911: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1852:, Black Sea 1843: 1835: 1798: 1774:sacred lotus 1770:water lilies 1751: 1745: 1735: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1686:coelenterata 1672: 1656:meroplankton 1651: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1613: 1585: 1545: 1524: 1488: 1477: 1461: 1410:Mius Estuary 1349:Kerch Strait 1334:Kazantip Bay 1325:Taganrog Bay 1292: 1284:Chushka Spit 1261: 1245:Beysug River 1241:Dolgaya Spit 1213:Taganrog Bay 1210: 1198:Taganrog Bay 1171: 1140: 1120: 1088: 1068: 1064: 1060:Taganrog Bay 1048: 1031: 1015: 1004: 994: 989:Taganrog Bay 969:Karkinit Bay 918: 914: 910: 875: 868: 865:21st century 848: 800: 780: 753:Alans people 737:Roman Empire 713:colonization 708: 685:Arctic Ocean 682: 676:, while the 646:Tanais River 639: 596:Caspian Seas 581: 574: 553: 539: 526: 518: 515:Bosporic Sea 508: 500: 488: 480: 471:Mæotis Lacus 468: 460: 457:Lake Maeotis 436: 390: 386:Sea of Azoff 370: 366: 357: 350: 310: 298:Central Asia 269: 267: 259: 249:Water volume 225:Surface area 18: 6214:Sea of Azov 6147:Sea of Azov 6122:Myrtoan Sea 6077:Icarian Sea 6022:Alboran Sea 5924:Pottles Bay 5746:Caspian Sea 5718:Visayan Sea 5698:Solomon Sea 5693:Sibuyan Sea 5688:Shantar Sea 5643:Molucca Sea 5638:Mar de Grau 5568:Chilean Sea 5563:Celebes Sea 5558:Camotes Sea 5523:Arafura Sea 5435:Arabian Sea 5430:Andaman Sea 5382:Sea of Azov 5357:Myrtoan Sea 5172:Alboran Sea 5124:Pechora Sea 5119:Lincoln Sea 5089:Chukchi Sea 5079:Barents Sea 5056:Weddell Sea 5026:Lazarev Sea 4523:Arabat Spit 4410:Crimean War 4255:Sea of Azov 4213:Works cited 4140:Sea of Azov 3659:www.odin.tc 3596:2 September 3577:1 September 3551:1 September 3532:1 September 3513:1 September 3270:Sea of Azov 3222:28 December 2854:, "Preface" 2846:Geographica 2803:Geographica 2664:. iii.4.49. 2622:Argonautica 2504:Carlo Egger 2131:Azaq deñizi 2088:Haji Izmail 2080:Nakhichevan 2034:Volga River 1678:crustaceans 1616:zooplankton 1597:green algae 1580:Green algae 1547:(sturgeon, 1536:icebreakers 1453:Shchyolkino 1330:Temryuk Bay 1135:Arabat Spit 961:Arabat Spit 851:Crimean War 841:Crimean War 613:flood myths 554:Balük-Denis 477:Maeotic Sea 451:or if that 341:green algae 302:Caspian Sea 300:, from the 270:Sea of Azov 209:Max. length 148: / 123:Coordinates 94:Sea of Azov 64:Sea of Azov 24:Sea of Azov 6208:Categories 6177:Wadden Sea 6107:Libyan Sea 6082:Ionian Sea 6067:Celtic Sea 6047:Baltic Sea 6017:Aegean Sea 5914:Hudson Bay 5889:Baffin Bay 5873:Foxe Basin 5782:Superocean 5756:Salton Sea 5723:Yellow Sea 5713:Tasman Sea 5658:Salish Sea 5538:Bering Sea 5445:Flores Sea 5412:Wadden Sea 5342:Libyan Sea 5312:Ionian Sea 5307:Hudson Bay 5252:Foxe Basin 5242:Celtic Sea 5202:Baltic Sea 5192:Baffin Bay 5167:Aegean Sea 5139:Wandel Sea 5114:Laptev Sea 5046:Scotia Sea 5031:Mawson Sea 4800:Ukrainians 4670:Sevastopol 4528:Arabat Bay 4309:Sevastopol 4195:August 30, 4151:August 30, 4146:Britannica 4099:2021-12-24 4074:2016-04-21 3917:2018-10-25 3878:August 30, 3853:August 30, 3825:August 30, 3796:August 20, 3332:2008-01-06 3077:6 December 2989:2018-11-27 2880:0521243041 2808:(in Latin) 2691:, vi.7.20. 2643:(in Latin) 2639:in Eutrop. 2627:(in Latin) 2625:. iv.720. 2606:(in Latin) 2594:(in Latin) 2486:Opus Majus 2314:2015-11-26 2293:2015-11-26 2210:References 2076:Volnogorsk 2010:Hughesovka 1809:sandpipers 1801:cormorants 1753:Sparganium 1668:polychaete 1660:gastropoda 1642:Asplanchna 1630:, such as 1614:Regarding 1589:euryhaline 1549:pike-perch 1519:icebreaker 1233:Yeya River 1206:Mius River 1106:See also: 1003: [ 565:Prehistory 521:Cimmericum 241:Max. depth 217:Max. width 6127:North Sea 6087:Irish Sea 6052:Black Sea 5919:James Bay 5678:Seram Sea 5648:Moro Gulf 5573:Coral Sea 5553:Bohol Sea 5548:Bohai Sea 5533:Banda Sea 5505:Timor Sea 5362:North Sea 5327:James Bay 5317:Irish Sea 5227:Black Sea 5144:White Sea 5051:Somov Sea 5011:Davis Sea 4861:Ukrainian 4839:Languages 4825:Krymchaks 4810:Armenians 4538:Black Sea 4511:Geography 3730:ignored ( 3720:cite book 3508:Bloomberg 3451:. Maikop. 3048:Ukrinform 2828:, iv.39. 2785:129316719 2777:0025-3227 2755:CiteSeerX 2525:, ovvero 2215:Citations 2187:Xı mıut’ə 2179:Хы мыутӏэ 2164:romanized 2155:Ukrainian 2144:romanized 2058:Berdyansk 2042:Astrakhan 2038:Volgograd 2022:iron ores 2004:River at 1986:Black Sea 1978:grey seal 1970:pinnipeds 1880:and even 1868:, chuco, 1766:hornworts 1762:pond weed 1738:estuaries 1700:Sturgeons 1680:, bottom 1620:cladocera 1561:pollution 1557:sea-roach 1451:Beach in 1353:Black Sea 1344:Taman Bay 1301:Hydrology 1182:Berdyansk 1151:Henichesk 1011:Black Sea 981:Black Sea 929:Pryazovia 894:Black Sea 882:Berdiansk 725:Black Sea 674:Black Sea 670:Herodotus 662:Maeotians 654:antiquity 630:Antiquity 577:Neolithic 503:Cimmeriae 449:Maeotians 421:antiquity 393:antiquity 379:eponymous 339:(such as 282:Black Sea 274:shelf sea 145:46°N 37°E 5933:Channels 5815:Category 5751:Dead Sea 5741:Aral Sea 5708:Sulu Sea 5663:Savu Sea 5633:Koro Sea 5628:Java Sea 5528:Bali Sea 5109:Kara Sea 5041:Ross Sea 4926:Category 4875:Religion 4851:Krymchak 4815:Karaites 4795:Russians 4680:Governor 4627:Politics 4533:Azov Sea 4476:Chairman 4375:Kipchaks 4360:Akatziri 4093:Archived 3712:Archived 3591:Newsweek 3172:Archived 3149:23 March 3143:Archived 3032:Stratfor 2910:June 20, 2869:(1990). 2825:Ἱστορίαι 2820:Polybius 2101:sturgeon 2050:Mariupol 2046:Taganrog 2026:Mariupol 1908:shipworm 1886:bullhead 1878:mackerel 1862:bluefish 1858:pickerel 1821:Muskrats 1805:pelicans 1758:Charales 1690:mollusks 1682:protists 1664:bivalvia 1628:rotifers 1624:copepoda 1531:Fast ice 1527:salinity 1480:open sea 1397:Atmanai 1375:Molochna 1225:Taganrog 1202:Taganrog 1194:Mariupol 1186:Primorsk 1083:stanitsa 902:Mariupol 859:Taganrog 811:and the 796:Cossacks 721:Bosporus 710:Milesian 689:Polybius 592:Bosporus 345:plankton 333:salinity 304:via the 197:Russia, 5500:Red Sea 4900:Judaism 4856:Russian 4788:Peoples 4748:Society 4725:Tourism 4713:Economy 4551:Vyalova 4365:Khazars 4329:History 4208:Sources 3999:Jul 29, 3664:Jul 29, 3486:in the 3425:Jul 29, 3384:Bibcode 3168:UN News 3139:Reuters 2747:Bibcode 2641:i.249. 2637:Claud. 2567:(ed.). 2268:Jul 29, 2200:stadion 2166:: 2146:: 2135:Russian 2014:Russian 2006:Donetsk 2002:Kalmius 1974:belugas 1890:eelpout 1870:spurdog 1854:whiting 1850:garfish 1846:anchovy 1817:martens 1813:weasels 1674:Benthos 1605:euglena 1593:diatoms 1565:anchovy 1492:seiches 1484:shallow 1468:Siberia 1443:Climate 1385:Kalmius 1288:outflow 1190:Kalmius 1123:lagoons 1117:Chushka 1035:Marmara 890:Panamax 855:Britain 791:Peter I 600:5600 BC 560:History 552:as the 483:Mæotium 463:Mæotius 419:;). 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