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146:, and (5) in various volcano sedimentary contexts, depending essentially on the composition of volcanic rocks and, ultimately, on the tectonomagmatic context. The most common minerals in ore-bearing associations of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (non-metamorphosed or oxidized) and their modern analogues are
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Minerals present in a hydrothermal system or a fossil volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit are deposited passively or reactively. Mineral associations may vary (1) in different mineralized structures, either syngenetic (namely, passive precipitation in chimneys, mounds and stratiform deposits) or
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Economic extraction of SMS deposits is in the theoretical stage, the greatest complication being the extreme water depths at which these deposits are forming. However, apparent vast areas of the peripheral areas of these black smoker zones contain a sulfide ooze which could, theoretically, be
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Inc. (Nautilus) was engaged in commercially exploring the ocean floor for copper, gold, silver and zinc seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposits, and mineral extraction from an SMS system. Nautilus' Solwara 1 Project located at 1,600 metres water depth in the
661:
Bertram C., A. Krätschell, K. O'Brien, W. Brückmann, A. Proelss, K. Rehdanz (2011). Metalliferous sediments in the
Atlantis II deep -Assessing the geological and economic resource potential and legal constraints. Resources Policy 36(2011),
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SMS deposits are laterally extensive and consist of a central vent mound around the area where the hydrothermal circulation exits, with a wide apron of unconsolidated sulfide silt or ooze which precipitates upon the seafloor.
300:, was an attempt at the world's first deep-sea mining project, with first production originally expected in 2017. However, the company went bankrupt in 2019 after failing to secure funding for the project.
258:, and are differently distributed in the various associations schematized above. The most common hydrothermal alteration assemblages are chloritic (including Mg-rich ones) and
122:, and the magmas emplaced within it. Different mineral associations precipitate during the typical stages of mineralization that characterize the life span of such systems.
611:"Mining of deep-sea seafloor massive sulfides: A review of the deposits, their benthic communities, impacts from mining, regulatory frameworks and management strategies"
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surveys and mineral exploration deep sea drilling has delineated several areas worldwide with potentially economically viable SMS deposits, including:
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Haymon, Rachel M.; Kastner, Miriam (1981). "Hot spring deposits on the East
Pacific Rise at 21°N: preliminary description of mineralogy and genesis".
46:
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Hekinian, R.; Fevrier, M.; Bischoff, J. L.; Picot, P.; Shanks, W. C. (1980-03-28). "Sulfide
Deposits from the East Pacific Rise Near 21 N".
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epigenetic (structures that correspond to feeder channels, and replacements of host rocks or pre-existing massive sulfide bodies), or
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Mineralization in submarine magmatic-hydrothermal systems is a product of the chemical and thermal exchange between the ocean, the
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or VMS deposits. The term has been coined by mineral explorers to differentiate the modern deposit from the ancient.
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chimneys, and it has been long recognised that such chimneys contain appreciable grades of
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alteration, and ferruginous (including Fe oxides, carbonates and sulfides) alteration.
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SMS deposits were first recognized during the exploration of the deep oceans and the
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SMS deposits form in the deep ocean around submarine volcanic arcs, where
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Boschen, R.E.; Rowden, A.A.; Clark, M.R.; Gardner, J.P.A. (2013).
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Beginning about 2008, technologies were being developed for
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spreading centers in the early 1960s. Deep ocean research
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exhale sulfide-rich mineralising fluids into the ocean.
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440:"Hydrothermal vents and prebiotic chemistry: a review"
588:"Nautilus says could start undersea mining in 2013"
45:or SMS deposits, are modern equivalents of ancient
34:Seafloor massive sulfide sample collected from the
27:Mineral deposits from seafloor hydrothermal vents
561:"Solwara 1 Project – High Grade Copper and Gold"
563:. Nautilus Minerals Inc. 2010. Archived from
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38:hydrothermal field, British Columbia, Canada
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447:BoletĂn de la Sociedad GeolĂłgica Mexicana
47:volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits
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7:
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476:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
68:have visited and taken samples of
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43:Seafloor massive sulfide deposits
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636:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.07.005
615:Ocean & Coastal Management
287:vacuumed up off the seafloor.
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655:The dawn of deep ocean mining
523:10.1126/science.207.4438.1433
308:Deep ocean drilling, seismic
586:Hill, Matthew (2010-09-07).
496:10.1016/0012-821X(81)90041-8
438:ColĂn-GarcĂa, MarĂa (2016).
138:, stockworks to mounds), or
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657:, Steven Scott, Feb. 2006
460:10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a13
401:Hydrothermal circulation
92:and other trace metals.
66:remote operated vehicles
18:Seafloor massive sulfide
488:1981E&PSL..53..363H
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348:d'Entrecasteaux Ridge
322:Kermadec Volcanic Arc
132:stratigraphic horizon
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376:adding missing items
627:2013OCM....84...54B
517:(4438): 1433–1444.
282:Economic importance
274:, deep and shallow
128:structural zonation
110:of these deposits.
374:; you can help by
304:Known SMS deposits
260:phyllic alteration
97:hydrothermal vents
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686:Sedimentary rocks
567:on 12 August 2010
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289:Nautilus Minerals
144:temporal zonation
140:vertical zonation
16:(Redirected from
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676:Economic geology
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648:External links
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327:Colville Ridge
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272:silicification
210:), Mn oxides,
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108:deepsea mining
36:Magic Mountain
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594:14 September
592:. Retrieved
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571:14 September
569:. Retrieved
565:the original
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416:RISE project
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334:Bismarck Sea
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294:Bismarck Sea
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270:), and also
172:tetrahedrite
156:chalcopyrite
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70:black smoker
62:bathyspheres
58:submersibles
51:
42:
41:
411:Ore genesis
383:August 2008
256:native gold
212:cassiterite
196:pyrargyrite
120:lithosphere
670:Categories
422:References
372:incomplete
310:bathymetry
266:”, mostly
248:carbonates
176:tennantite
164:sphalerite
152:pyrrhotite
621:: 54–67.
547:129237949
531:0036-8075
317:Lau Basin
232:anhydrite
216:magnetite
192:proustite
180:marcasite
160:covellite
662:315–329.
539:17779603
395:See also
264:sericite
244:siderite
236:sulfates
220:hematite
208:sulfides
204:stannite
200:wurtzite
188:orpiment
114:Minerals
623:Bibcode
511:Science
484:Bibcode
354:Red Sea
276:talcose
240:calcite
184:realgar
545:
537:
529:
268:illite
252:quartz
228:barite
224:oxides
168:galena
148:pyrite
543:S2CID
443:(PDF)
346:(see
596:2010
573:2010
535:PMID
527:ISSN
254:and
136:i.e.
64:and
631:doi
519:doi
515:207
492:doi
455:doi
378:.
238:),
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170:,
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158:,
154:,
150:,
90:Au
88:,
86:Ag
84:,
82:Zn
80:,
78:Pb
76:,
74:Cu
60:,
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