234:" to catalog the world's fish and make the sequences publicly available. The FDA states, "Once completed, the FISH-BOL database will enable a fast, accurate, and cost-effective system for molecular identification of the world's icthyofauna." But, as of today, because FISH-BOL "is not currently searchable against only vouchered species with authoritative taxonomic identifications" this database cannot currently be used for regulatory compliance testing because "FDA will only make regulatory decisions based on identifications using adequately authenticated standards." The BOL project a great research tool, but BOL is not designed to be a regulatory database. "Anyone can put sequences in the BOL," says Jonathan Deeds, FDA research biologist and project head. "Most are good, but there are also a small number of guesses." Thus, because Genbank and Fish Barcode of Life databases do not exclusively include only taxonomically validated references, they cannot be relied on for regulatory compliance testing in the US.
461:. Since these wax esters are not digestible, these wax esters have a laxative effect in humans. The laxative effect is not merely an inconvenience, but can be very serious. Although not affecting all people, the wax esters are indigestible in humans and to those susceptible can cause constipation, followed by severe oily diarrhea (keriorrhoea), rapid loose bowel movements, with onset 30 minutes to 36 hours after consumption. In fact, the FDA recommends, "Escolar should not be marketed in interstate commerce" and the Hawaiian Legislature is considering legislation to ban escolar for the same reasons. However, multiple studies have shown that a sushi restaurant advertising a "white tuna" is more likely to be selling escolar than any fish allowed to be labeled as "tuna" according to the FDA., In the US, ‘white tuna’ is identified as albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) by the US Food and Drug Administration.
342:), also known in the U.S. as Chilean sea bass, may be labeled as Merluza negra in Argentina and Uruguay, Bacalao in Chile, Mero in Japan, Légine australe in France, Marlonga-negra in Portugal, and Tandnoting in Sweden. The Chileans were the first to market toothfish commercially in the United States, earning it the name Chilean sea bass, although it is really not a bass and it is not always caught in Chilean waters. Chilean sea bass is a different species type than the sea bass caught in U.S. waters and is not allowed to be labeled as such. Thus, sometimes what might be a proper name in one country is not proper in the US. However, this would still likely be considered economic fraud under US law, even if unintentional, because the US consumer is confused as to the product being sold.
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often problematic for estimating mislabeling rates. Using statistical modeling, they produced mislabeling estimates for seafood products, supply chain locations, product forms, and countries, along with the uncertainty of estimates, which is often significant. The majority of products, for which there is sufficient data, had mislabeling estimates lower than commonly reported. The most credible average mislabeling rate at the product-level was 8% (95% HDI: 4–14%). The authors make the important point that low mislabeling rates do not necessarily translate to no impacts; rather, mislabeling rates must combined with other data in order to understand the extent and potential consequences of mislabeling. The results of the meta-analysis are available to the public at the website
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cooperation with the
National Marine Fisheries Service to provide a source of names that would facilitate consistency and order in the U.S. market place and reduce confusion among consumers. Although The Fish List had significant success in achieving its goal, its usefulness was limited because it did not include invertebrate species. In 1993, The Fish List was revised to include the acceptable market names for domestic and imported invertebrate species sold in interstate commerce, and renamed The Seafood List. The Seafood List provides information to assist manufacturers in properly labeling seafood and to reflect the acceptable market names of new species introduced into the U.S. marketplace.
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aquaculture, even though the use of fluoroquinolones in food animals may increase antibiotic resistance in human pathogens compromising the effectiveness of the use of this critically important class of antibiotics in human medicine. The
Chinese government has established a higher maximum residue limit than the US and research in China has shown that the Chinese are effectively meeting the Chinese limits. Because of concerns about the presence of fluoroquinolones in the food supply, not only in aquaculture, but also in foods like honey, the U.S. is continuing to develop methods and strategies to detect illegal residues and prevent their introduction into the U.S. food supply.
247:. Economic fraud occurs when a lower-priced fish is labeled as a higher priced fish in order to sell the lower-priced fish for a higher price. Once someone within the supply chain sells mislabeled seafood, every company or consumer that purchases the mislabeled seafood is a victim of this economic fraud. In certain species, mislabeling can be quite substantial, such as in a 2007 study of red snapper in sushi restaurants in Chicago, where none of the 14 samples of "red snapper" tested were, in fact, red snapper. In 2008, two high school students did a study and found that one-fourth of the fish samples with identifiable DNA were mislabeled. In a 2011 two-part study, the
538:). Fish outside Scombridae have been found to cause scombroid fish poisoning, including mahi mahi, bluefish, marlin, and escolar. When these fish are not refrigerated properly, bacteria can metabolize naturally occurring histamines in these fish to produce scombrotoxin. To prevent illness in these species of fish, ensuring the proper storage conditions of the fish from water to plate is of utmost importance. Freezing, cooking, smoking, curing and/or canning do not destroy Scombroid toxins. Thus, lack of proper species knowledge can make it difficult to ensure proper storage conditions both for suppliers and consumers of fish.
435:. Mislabeled seafood may also harm pregnant women who are told to avoid certain species of fish during pregnancy. However, according to a recent Congressional Research Service report, seafood mislabeling is widespread. A recent report by the consumer advocacy group Oceana reported that mislabeling can be as high as 70% in certain species of fish, although certain species are more commonly misidentified than others. Health and safety risks occur because consumers are unable to purchase certain seafood products to protect themselves against these risks based on the product label.
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labeling rules and would likely have produced a lower mislabeling rate under US law. For instance, Greenpeace considered mixing of two species within a single can to be mislabeling, which may be a violation of EU law. However, in the U.S. while ‘albacore’ must be a specific species of fish, ‘light tuna’ can refer to a few other tuna species that are not albacore. There are numerous differences between
European and U.S. law that require knowledge of these laws to ensure proper labeling in both countries.
703:, dace, and eel from China, finding twenty-five percent of the samples to contain drug residues. FDA has approved five different drugs for use in aquaculture as long as the seafood contains less than a mandated maximum residue limit: florfenicol, sulfamerazine, chorionic gonadotropin, oxytetracycline dihydrate, oxytetracycline hydrochloride, as well as a drug combination of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim. FDA has approved two drugs—formalin and hydrogen peroxide—for which it has not set a tolerance.
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of 138 (23%) fish samples were incorrectly labeled. Australia found that food service companies (e.g. restaurants) had the highest level of mislabeling with 24 out of 67 (35.8%) samples mislabeled, 5 out of 44 (11.3%) samples from retailers (e.g. fishmongers, supermarkets) mislabeled and 1 out of 24 (4%) samples from wholesalers were mislabeled. The
Australian study makes sense because certain amounts of mislabeling can occur at each step in the distribution process.
762:, also known as crystal violet has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. This compound was used during the World War I era as a topical antiseptic, but has been replaced in modern times with more modern treatments. The FDA prohibits the use of gentian violet in aquaculture because of numerous studies showing increased risk of certain cancers related to the compound and a showing that the chemical is bioavailable in fish when used in aquaculture.
59:, regulating weight and quality of bread and ale. These laws were codified in the colonies, being a part of Britain, in some form. For instance, in 1758, the Georgia Legislature passed the Act for Regulating the Assize of Bread requiring bakers to make an identification mark on their bread to show a source of origin, among other rules. Fines were imposed by the statute for lacking this labeling requirement, even if the bread conformed in all other manners.
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572:, it can accumulate in the blood stream over time and may take over a year for the levels to drop significantly. Thus, it may be present in a woman even before she becomes pregnant. Thus, women who are trying to become pregnant should also avoid eating certain types of fish well before they become pregnant. Because these fish can be substituted for other fish, however, consumers may have a difficult time avoiding these species of fish.
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of 2004 (Public Law 108-282, Title II), Lacey Act, Fair
Packaging and Labeling Act, Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, and the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. § 1592), Section 592. A number of U.S. states enforce their own mislabeling laws. Mislabeling is also illegal in the European Union, Australia, and Canada, among others.
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inadequate sewage treatment. In order to prevent the spread of bacteria and disease in contaminated water, some foreign fish farms put U.S.-banned antibiotics into their fishmeal. However, because the more stringent growing regulations in the US increase the price of food, imports from nations without these regulations are increasing based on price and profit.
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220:. As late as 2010, the US General Accounting Office reported, "Public databases seldom use validated fish standards and thus are likely to contain incomplete and/or inaccurate DNA sequences." The authors of "What can biological barcoding do for marine biology?" explain the reason U.S. Government believes "validated fish standards" are important:
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ovarian tumors in mice. The FDA also concluded that some people may be hypersensitive to this product. The FDA states, "Absolutely, no extra-label use of the nitrofurans is permitted in any food animals, including seafood." The FDA currently detains certain seafood imports without physical examination due to nitrofuran use by the producer.
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an accurate statement of the net quantity of contents. Overstating the net quantity of contents (such as including the weight of ice glaze) misbrands the products under these sections. Violations of this kind could be criminally prosecuted under the FD&C Act as felonies since they are committed with the intent to defraud or mislead.
2184:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the toxicity of fishery products belonging to the family of Gempylidae: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on contaminants in the food chain [CONTAM] related to the toxicity of fishery products belonging to the family of Gemp"
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repealed once independence was declared. One prominent protest in
Massachusetts laid out the economic differences of the colonies and the Old World as a plea to remove these requirements. While the gist of these protests focused on the pricing restrictions, some were directed toward the labeling requirement as well.
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While the U.S. has tested farm-raised shrimp for chloramphenicol since 1994, over the last decade the FDA developed a more sensitive testing methodology and changed the levels of detection for chloramphenicol in response to increasing discovery of traces of chloramphenicol in imports. In response to
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Mislabeling, also known as misbranding under US law, is enforced under several different
Federal statutes as well as some state statutes. The Federal statutes include: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), Sec. 403. Misbranded Food, Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act
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The market name for species varies widely from nation to nation as well. The FDA details what types of product descriptions are acceptable in the U.S. and provides a list of what species of fish can be sold under certain market names in the US. However, the same fish can be sold under any number of
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In 2019, a meta-analysis was published in the journal
Biological Conservation that characterized seafood mislabeling globally. By analyzing over 140 studies, the authors demonstrated that efforts to document mislabeling are highly skewed toward certain taxa and geographies, and sampling practices are
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to define the scope, boundaries and definitions of the statutory language. In the case of seafood labeling, the FDA created the Guide to
Acceptable Market Names for Seafood Sold in Interstate Commerce. The Guide provides guidance on which types of fish labels would be correct descriptions of certain
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to treat diseases caused by bacteria. Sometimes the antibiotics are used to treat diseases, but more commonly antibiotics are used to prevent diseases by treating the water or fish before disease occurs. While this prophylactic method of preventing disease is profitable because it prevents loss and
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Testing to identify the species of fish sold in commerce in the US does not appear to be mandatory under US law, but rather facilitates compliance with the law by ensuring the proper species are being sold through a company's supply chain. For these reasons, some companies have decided to implement
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Section 402(b) of the
Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) prohibits the adulteration of food by adding any substance (such as ice glaze) to increase its bulk or weight. Section 403(e)(2) of the FD&C Act and section 4(a)(2) of the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act require food to bear
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had a negative Δmislabel, which could represent an incentive to mislabel in order to facilitate market access for illegally-landed seafood. Most species had price differentials close to zero—suggesting other incentives are likely influencing seafood mislabeling. This potential list is long: the need
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of Britain, the regulations on bread did not last long in the colonies. Because bakers in the colonies were subject to the free-market forces of supply and demand, unlike the bakers' monopolies of the Old World, the colonial bakers began to protest the burdens of these laws and they were eventually
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in aquaculture. Toxicity studies have shown that this chemical can have serious toxic side effects. Malachite green is not actually an antibiotic, but has antibiotic properties. Malachite green is somewhat stable within the environment and, therefore, is detectable in fish that were treated with
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The FDA now enforces regulations in the US requiring testing of certain imported products for antimicrobial agents under Import Alert 16-131. The Import Alert provides that the use of antimicrobials during the various stages of aquaculture, including malachite green, nitrofurans, fluoroquinolones,
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Mislabeling is not just occurring in the US. In Canada, a study found 34 of 153 fish samples from grocery stores were mislabeled. In Ireland, scientists found that 28% of cod products in Ireland are mislabeled and 7% are mislabeled in Britain. In a study conducted by the Australian government, 32
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regions that vary within a species, but do not readily change from generation to generation. DNA and RNA tests were further developed using DNA barcoding to differentiate different species of organisms from each other, while ensuring each organism within a species is properly grouped. Thus, using
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Through the years, the Federal Government has worked to provide consistent and scientifically sound recommendations to industry and consumers about acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce. This advice was consolidated in 1988 when The Fish List was first published by FDA in
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sequence of bacteria allowing that bacteria to survive antibiotic treatments. Because some of the same antibiotics are used to treat fish that are used to treat human disease, pathogenic bacteria causing human disease can also become resistant to antibiotics as a result of treatment of fish with
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For instance, a recent US Government study estimated that US fishing activities had an estimated 17% bycatch, which is the discarded catch from fishing activities, such as protected species, non-marketable species, etc. A species that may be discarded in the US may be a marketable fish in another
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Mislabeling was also found in tuna cans in a large European study funded by Greenpeace. In this study, they found 30.3% of the tuna cans displayed a different species in the can than on the label or a mixed species of fish within the cans. However, the Greenpeace study was conducted based on EU
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published an alarming report on a two-year investigation on seafood fraud within the U.S. Over one-third of the collected and analyzed seafood samples were mislabeled. Particularly snapper and tuna were the fish species with the highest mislabeling rate. With 74 percent, sushi restaurants had the
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Linking DNA sequences to specimens in museum collections is therefore critical for the success of barcoding. The deposition of voucher specimens will ensure that all results entered into GenBank or a similar database can be checked and corrected. Voucher specimens are not a requirement by GenBank
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After FDA repeatedly found that farm-raised seafood from China was contaminated, the agency announced on June 28, 2007, a broader import control of all farm-raised catfish, basa, shrimp, dace(related to carp), and eel from China. During targeted sampling, from October 2006 through May 2007, FDA
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are chemicals designed to either kill or inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria while exploiting the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in order to make them relatively harmless in higher-level organisms. Antibiotics are constructed to act in one of three ways: by disrupting cell
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The FDA, agreeing with the need to insure a vouchered and taxonomically validated reference is used, maintains the requirement that only validly authenticated standards be used to make regulatory decisions. In order to help the industry comply with labeling requirements, FDA has worked with the
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replacing or updating most of the 1906 Act. The 1938 Act provides much of the statutory framework that exists today. In 20 chapters, this Act defines food, among other regulated areas, and proper food labeling. For instance, 21 USC § 403, Misbranded Food, states, "A food shall be deemed to be
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Nitrofurans are broad spectrum antibiotics, being effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In 1991, the FDA withdrew several approved food animal nitrofuran products as a result of research showing nitrofurazone, one of the nitrofurans, can produce mammary tumors in rats and
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Because the toxins are very heat-resistant, consumers cannot protect themselves by cooking these contaminated fish. When fish are collected from certain areas known to contain these toxins and are mislabeled, consumers may be seriously injured. Although there is a treatment for the disease, the
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The issue has two sides. In some foreign countries, clean water supplies for aquaculture are extremely limited. Untreated animal manure and human waste are used as feed in shrimp farms and tilapia farms in China and Thailand, in addition to the collection of waste products accumulating from
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Mislabeling is often assumed to be driven by an incentive for economic gain: the desire to label a lesser value product as a higher value one. However, evidence for the causes of mislabeling are largely limited to anecdotes and untested hypotheses. Another meta-analysis was published in 2019
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Fluoroquinolones have been prohibited from extra-label use in the U.S. and many other parts of the world in aquaculture because of public health concern about the development of such antimicrobial resistance. Chinese authorities have acknowledged permitting the use of fluoroquinolones in
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misbranded: (a) (1) If its labeling is false or misleading in any particular… (b) If it is offered for sale under the name of another food." Seafood is, thus, misbranded if the package claims to contain one species of fish but actually contains another species of fish that would mislead.
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era in the US, seafood imports increased 65 percent and shrimp imports increased 95 percent. Today, 80 percent of American seafood is imported, about half coming from aquaculture. China, Thailand and Vietnam together account for 44 percent of seafood imports into the United States.
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disease is not often properly diagnosed and the treatment is most effective if administered within 72 hours of exposure. Avoiding the species of fish known to contain the disease or avoiding eating fish from locations known to have the disease are the only preventative measures.
496:. People who have ciguatera may experience nausea, vomiting, and neurologic symptoms such as tingling fingers or toes. They also may find that cold things feel hot and hot things feel cold. Ciguatera has no cure. Symptoms usually go away in days or weeks but can last for years.
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of 1906 (34 U.S. Stats. 768). The Pure Food and Drug Act, which was initially created to ensure products were labeled correctly, also prohibited interstate commerce of misbranded and adulterated foods. Under this statutory authority, one of the most famous cases was a federal
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driver for seafood fraud. Using price data from mislabeling studies, the authors estimated Δmislabel (i.e., the difference between the price of a labeled seafood product and its substitute when it was not mislabeled). They failed to find any strong evidence for a widespread
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repeatedly found that farm-raised seafood from China was contaminated with antimicrobial agents that are not approved for use in the United States. More specifically, the antimicrobials nitrofuran, malachite green, gentian violet, and fluoroquinolones, were detected.
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The largest Federal investigation related to economic fraud resulting from seafood mislabeling came after import alert 16-128 was issued. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration held up every Chinese catfish load when it arrived to verify that they were genuine
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provided for criminal and civil penalties for transporting certain species of wildlife in commerce. While the Lacey Act was directed toward conservation efforts, the law also created a de facto labeling requirement for certain types of products, such as fish.
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are among the fish that commonly elicit fish allergies. People often determine which fish to which they have allergies and avoid those types of fish. However, with common substitution of certain fish, avoiding certain species of fish can be difficult.
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The species of seafood being sold is not the only form of economic fraud. The label of "wild-caught" fish to describe fish grown in aquaculture would be mislabeling of the fish, even if they were of the same species, because this misleads the consumer.
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of specific animal species by those who are not expert taxonomists, even if they are identifying whole animals, is inaccurate and difficult. Three molecular targets to test for species identification exist: protein, DNA, and RNA. However, for
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the chemical at some point even after treatment has discontinued. After more stringent testing and inspection by the governments of Western Countries, the use of malachite green began to wane and other drugs began to become more prevalent.
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in human pathogens and that prolonged exposure to nitrofurans, malachite green, and gentian violet has been shown to have a carcinogenic affect. In a consumer brochure, the FDA describes the reasoning for enforcement under the import alert:
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is syndrome resembling an allergic reaction that occurs within a few hours of eating fish contaminated with scombrotoxin. Scombroid poisoning derives its name from the family of fish most commonly associated with the disease, the family
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Seafood substitution occurs when "one species of fish, crustacean or shellfish is sold as another species". Aside from the numerous health risks that are associated with mislabeled fish, seafood substitution is also a form of economic
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tested 183 samples from retailers across the Boston area and found 87 were sold with the wrong species name (48 percent), including 24 of the 26 red snapper samples, mentioning many retailers by name. Less than a week after the
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Beth Daley and Jenn Abelson, "From sea to sushi bar, a system open to abuse The rampant mislabeling of fish that consumers buy can be largely traced to this: the lack of anything like the regulations imposed on meat suppliers",
159:, the most common substitute for tuna in retail locations, is not one of the fish legally allowed to be labeled as "tuna". These market names were created both for the safety of the consumer and to prevent economic fraud.
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Culp, S. J. (June 2004). "NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of malachite green chloride and leucomalachite green (CAS Nos. 569-64-2 and 129-73-7) administered in feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice".
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Directive number 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 20 March 2000 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the labeling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs
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diet. Kashrut does not require rabbis to "bless" fish to make it kosher, but rather to identify the features the fish must have to meet kosher requirements (among others) and confirm their existence.
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fish species and which labels would be misleading. The market label for specific species of fish can be found on the FDA's Seafood List website. The FDA explains the history of how this list evolved:
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PLOS One: accelerating the publication of peer-reviewed science, 2009, "The Real maccoyii: Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes – Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances"
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The FDA has been testing for chemicals in aquaculture products for over two decades. In November 2005, the testing program for aquaculture drugs was revised to include antibiotics such as
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The mark on the bread, for instance, could be lost while baking individual loaves next to each other, or in other ways during the cooking and storage process, leading to loss of profit.
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The overuse of antibiotics can create antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spontaneously arise when selective pressure to survive results in changes to the
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2771:, statement of Murray M. Lumpkin, M.D., Deputy Commissioner for International and Special Program before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science & Transportation, 18 July 2007
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are often visually indistinguishable, having lost their skin, fins, and other identifying marks, molecular methods provide the only means of exact identification of fish. Visual
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membranes of bacteria (rendering them unable to regulate themselves), by impeding DNA or protein synthesis, or by hampering the activity of certain enzymes unique to bacteria.
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The list allows multiple different species of certain fish to be marketed under the same market name. For instance, the FDA lists 14 species of fish that can be labeled as "
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species can be mislabelled in misleading ways. This article examines the history and types of mislabelling, and looks at the current state of the law in different locations.
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magazine released the results of a study they planned to release in their December 2011, issue which further discussed the extensive amount of mislabeling seen at retail.
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has the potential for toxic side effects and Italy and Japan have banned it from sale. However, in the US restaurants have been found marketing escolar as "white tuna".
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Although the 1938 Act provides the structural framework for labeling laws in the United States, statutory updates and additions have been made. For instance, in 1966,
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nation. Thus, commonly included substitutes may sometimes be species of fish that are caught in the same areas and are legally co-marketed in the country of origin.
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Anderson, A.D.; Nelson, J.M.; Rossiter, S.; Angulo, F.J. (2003). "Public health consequences of use of antimicrobial agents in food animals in the United States".
2489:, 2004 EPA and FDA Advice For: Women Who Might Become Pregnant Women Who are Pregnant Nursing Mothers Young Children, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, March 2004
2289:"Annex 2 - Seafood References for Managing Food Safety: A Manual for the Voluntary Use of HACCP Principles for Operators of Food Service and Retail Establishments"
74:, once again, the need to regulate food packaging. In 1898, the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists established a Committee on Food Standards headed by
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the US discovery of chloramphenicol in imported shrimp and subsequent increased testing sensitivity, the use of this compound in aquaculture began to decrease.
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The first direct statutory regulation of food labeling did not take effect until January 1, 1907. The 59th Congress of the United States passed, and President
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antibiotics. For this reason, the overuse of antibiotics in treatment of fish aquaculture (among other agricultural uses) could create public health issues.
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the barcode method, a lab can identify any species of fish, even without their visual characteristics, as long as the fish has previously been sequenced.
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284:, which is dedicated to providing evidence-based and transparent information on seafood mislabeling and fraud to promote ocean and food sustainability.
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was passed requiring all consumer products in interstate commerce to be honestly and informatively labeled, with FDA enforcing provisions on foods. The
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Pregnant women are warned against eating certain fish during pregnancy. Most notably, the fish not recommended for consumption during pregnancy are
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Alderman, D.J.; Hastings, T.S. (1998). "Antibiotic use in aquaculture: development of antibiotic resistance – potential for consumer health risks".
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Mislabeled seafood can create serious health risks, including conditions which may even be fatal. Three common health risks include substituting
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today, which is a known problem as errors are frequently discovered in the submissions without any possibility of checking the original material.
126:, regulating the use of certain chemicals on commodity foods. All of these laws were enacted for the health, safety and welfare of the consumer.
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TRADE DEFICIT IN FOOD SAFETY, Proposed NAFTA Expansions Replicate Limits On U.S. Food Safety Policy That Are Contributing To Unsafe Food Imports
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The petition of John White to The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston, Massachusetts, 1771. (Early American Imprints, 1st Series, no. 42303.
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states that only 1% of seafood, compared with 2% of all imports, is inspected and only 0.1% of all seafood is tested for antibiotic residue.
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Lammi, Glenn G.; Chang, James (December 17, 2004). "Michigan High Court Ruling Offers Positive Guidance on Challenges to Tort Reform Laws".
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408:'s Jorge Hernandez said in an interview, "food testing ensures that the product they're selling is the product they say they're selling".
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Ciguatera fish poisoning (or ciguatera) is an illness caused by eating fish that contain toxins produced by a marine microalgae called
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is commonly substituted for tuna in sushi restaurants. Escolar, which is much less expensive than tuna, is a fish with a diet high in
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that are not approved for use in aquaculture fish. From October 1, 2006, through May 31, 2007, FDA tested samples of catfish, basa,
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USFDA, Industry Efforts Reduce Use of Unapproved Drugs. Global Aquaculture Advocate. July, August, 2006 Issue. p.38-39. Collette, B.
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DNA testing provides a reproducible means of differentiating one species from another. DNA testing was originally developed using
155:". The list does not allow, however, common substitutes to be listed as the fish they are commonly substituted as. For instance,
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Proper species identification of seafood has been important to consumers since ancient times. The Jewish dietary laws, known as
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maintains a "one strike and you're out" policy that ends contracts with fish suppliers that sell wrongly labeled grouper, and
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An Act for regulating the assize of bread. Savannah, Georgia, Dec. 12, 1758 (Early American Imprints, 1st Series, no. 41356).
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for the appearance of constant supply, confusing naming practices and policies, informal supply chains, and mixed fisheries.
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2222:"The Real maccoyii: Identifying Tuna Sushi with DNA Barcodes – Contrasting Characteristic Attributes and Genetic Distances"
1068:"Single Laboratory Validated Method for DNA-Barcoding for the Species Identification of Fish for FDA Regulatory Compliance"
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933:(1995). "Lacey Act: America's Premier Weapon in the Fight against Unlawful Wildlife Trafficking, The"; Anderson, Robert S.
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The FDA announced on November 3, 2011, that they had begun using DNA methods for testing seafood for species mislabeling.
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He, X, et al., "Residues of fluoroquinolones in marine aquaculture environment of the Pearl River Delta, South China",
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1649:"Seafood Ethics – Evidence-based and transparent information on seafood mislabeling and fraud to promote sustainability"
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Coca-Cola, claiming that "Coca-Cola" was "misbranded" because the product no longer contained "coca" as an ingredient.
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Food allergies to fish, unlike most allergies, often begin in adulthood. The greatest risk from fish allergies is
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2831:"Quantitative and confirmatory analyses of malachite green and leucomalachite gree residues in fish and shrimp".
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Christensen, A.M.; Ingersley, F.; Baun, A. (2006). "Ecotoxicity of mixtures of antibiotics use in aquacultures".
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3145:
2108:
712:
514:
509:
432:
2074:
3461:
3401:
1157:
56:
2795:
1077:
943:
3386:
3186:
2652:
1986:
1375:
305:
had a positive Δmislabel, and may have the sufficient characteristics to motivate mislabeling for profit.
91:
909:
3218:
3203:
2941:
2739:
SEAFOOD SAFETY, FDA Needs to Improve Oversight of Imported Seafood and Better Leverage Limited Resources
2714:
SEAFOOD SAFETY, FDA Needs to Improve Oversight of Imported Seafood and Better Leverage Limited Resources
492:
306:
107:
55:
In the 13th century, the King of England passed first law concerning proper labeling requirements, the
1180:
Jeffreys, A.J.; Wilson, V.; Thein, S.W. (1984). "Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA".
2058:
1736:
1673:
1602:
1189:
1112:
335:
329:
is marketed in the US under the name "Chilean sea bass" to make it attractive to the American market.
326:
310:
2657:
78:
and thereafter states began incorporating these standards into their food statutes. In the US, the
3569:
3554:
3523:
3502:
3406:
3396:
3391:
2529:
1720:
3635:
3605:
3544:
2606:
2436:"Scombroid fish poisoning-Underreporting and prevention among noncommercial recreational fishers"
2046:
1956:
1701:
1630:
1213:
172:
122:(FQPA), or H.R.1627, was passed unanimously in 1996 by Congress and signed into law by President
87:
865:
2086:
3590:
3549:
3313:
3181:
2973:
2814:
2670:
2598:
2457:
2348:
2253:
1806:
1772:
1754:
1693:
1622:
1309:
1262:
1205:
1140:
861:
476:
200:
195:
134:
79:
2725:
3687:
3666:
3610:
3233:
3115:
3100:
3033:
3023:
2934:
2662:
2590:
2563:
2447:
2243:
2233:
2195:
1842:
1762:
1744:
1685:
1614:
1290:
1252:
1244:
1197:
1130:
1120:
684:
438:
359:
177:
2901:
2844:
Keyes, C.W. 2006. "Safety in Seafood, Regulatory Interplay Combines Testing, Enforcement".
2783:
1881:
1789:
3595:
3559:
3487:
3333:
3243:
3198:
3018:
2517:
2095:
1975:
1829:
1394:
738:
696:
680:
547:
347:
298:
297:
for seafood; rather, Δmislabel was highly variable. Some species, such a sturgeon caviar,
231:
75:
2768:
1448:
2624:
Angulo, F.J. (2000). "Antimicrobial agents in aquaculture: potential impact on health".
1740:
1560:
1193:
1116:
584:, which can cause life-threatening breathing, cardiac, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
487:
whose flesh is contaminated with toxins. The CDC states the following about Ciguatera:
3630:
3620:
3492:
3446:
3421:
3378:
3278:
3208:
3028:
2567:
2541:
2452:
2435:
2248:
2221:
2220:
Lowenstein, Jacob H.; Amato, George; Kolokotronis, Sergios-Orestis (18 November 2009).
1767:
1724:
1257:
1232:
1135:
1100:
759:
708:
302:
213:
188:
3681:
3574:
3411:
3268:
3213:
2835:. LIB No. 4363 Vol 21 (11). Anderson, W. C., S. B. Turnipseed and J. E. Roybal 2005.
1705:
1634:
569:
565:
531:
168:
2694:
2610:
2510:
3564:
3441:
3338:
3328:
2965:
1968:
1465:
Jenn Abelson and Beth Daley, "On the menu, but not on your plate", Oct. 23, 2011.
1217:
217:
123:
1328:"What can biological barcoding do for marine biology?", C. Schander, E Willassen,
2498:
2238:
1749:
1689:
1674:"Exploring the causes of seafood fraud: A meta-analysis on mislabeling and price"
1618:
1492:
3655:
3343:
3323:
3283:
3263:
3003:
2998:
959:
United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, 241 U.S. 265 (1916)
688:
648:
581:
2902:"Detention Without Physical Examination of Seafood Products Due to Nitrofurans"
2666:
3436:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3273:
3258:
3191:
3155:
3038:
2978:
2183:
1725:"Tuna Species Substitution in the Spanish Commercial Chain: A Knock-On Effect"
1168:
1017:
FDA's Guide to Acceptable Market Names for Seafood Sold in Interstate Commerce
692:
640:
632:
628:
601:
519:
63:
2885:
Questions and Answers on FDA's Import Alert on Farm-Raised Seafood From China
1987:
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002
1758:
1697:
1626:
17:
3477:
3431:
3348:
3288:
3110:
3087:
3068:
3048:
2857:
Collette, B. 2006 USFDA, "Industry Efforts Reduce Use of Unapproved Drugs".
1125:
636:
561:
484:
480:
470:
458:
428:
355:
2818:
2674:
2602:
2257:
2199:
1776:
1266:
1248:
1144:
2738:
2713:
2461:
1209:
3426:
3318:
3293:
3043:
3013:
3008:
2983:
2434:
Gellert, GA; Ralls, J; Brown, C; Huston, J; Merryman, R (December 1992).
2380:
2009:
557:
527:
405:
184:
is considered to be more accurate (by increasing discriminating power).
90:
signed into law, the nation's first act regulating food and safety, The
3625:
3416:
3150:
3130:
3120:
3095:
3053:
2993:
2957:
2333:"Mislabeling of fish at restaurants may be widespread, studies suggest"
609:
585:
454:
442:
420:
156:
130:
44:
32:
3650:
2594:
2385:
2361:
321:
3353:
3253:
3140:
3135:
2376:"Hotmail, Outlook en Skype inloggen - Laatste nieuws - MSN Nederland"
2362:"Harmful Algal Blooms: Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Home | CDC HSB"
2049:
20 October 2010. Minister of Justice, Canada. Retrieved November 2010
1603:"The characterization of seafood mislabeling: A global meta-analysis"
1589:"Greenpeace genetic tinned tuna tests reveals trail of fishy secrets"
1534:
1201:
700:
589:
535:
48:
2475:
Balancing choices: Supporting consumer seafood consumption decisions
821:
47:, required the Jews to identify certain types of fish to maintain a
1360:"Specious Species: Fight against Seafood Fraud Enlists DNA Testing"
62:
However, although the United States and each State had adopted the
3451:
3125:
3105:
3058:
1648:
668:
553:
437:
401:
363:
320:
244:
194:
281:
230:
international research effort The Fish Barcode of Life campaign "
3063:
2988:
2716:, United States Government Accountability Office, April 14, 2011
1397:
NSW Food Authority, NSW/FA/FI014/1105. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
597:
523:
424:
367:
152:
2930:
2741:, United States Government Accountability Office, 14 April 2011
2477:, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, OCTOBER 2006
652:
allows fish to grow more quickly, there are several downsides.
3358:
1855:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1995.
672:
656:
605:
593:
181:
102:
However, the 1906 Act had a number of problems. In 1938, the
1907:"Broiled, blackened, fried - DNA-tested?", STEPHEN NOHLGREN,
1894:"Broiled, blackened, fried - DNA-tested?", STEPHEN NOHLGREN,
2926:
2897:
2895:
2893:
1945:
Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004
1591:
Greenpeace International, Press release - 23 November 2010
1278:
1276:
2487:
What You Need to Know About Mercury in Fish and Shellfish
70:
After just over a century as a nation, the United States
2697:, Nicole Gilbert, News21, 2011 (last visited Oct. 2011).
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
216:
became more accessible, so did the error rate in public
2908:#16-129, published 06/29/2011 (last visited Oct. 2011).
2544:, Kenneth Todor, PhD., 2008 (last visited Oct 1, 2011)
374:
to analyze the DNA of all detained catfish from China.
2695:
Tainted Seafood Reaching U.S., Food Safety Experts Say
2012:
www.appliedfoodtechnologies.com Retrieved October 2011
1433:"Fish fraud: The menus said snapper, but it wasn't!"
1378:
Food safety fact sheet 41. Queensland Government 2011.
568:. When people eat the types of fish that are high in
2779:
2777:
1672:
Donlan, C. Josh; Luque, Gloria M. (1 February 2019).
1347:, "DNA-based Seafood Identification", 28 October 2011
900:"Significant Dates in U.S. Food and Drug Law History"
3529:
Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification
1579:, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ), 2004
3583:
3537:
3511:
3470:
3377:
3242:
3174:
3086:
2964:
1601:Luque, Gloria M.; Donlan, C. Josh (1 August 2019).
2075:"Something fishy going on in U.S. seafood market?"
1449:"Fish Tale Has DNA Hook: Students Find Bad Labels"
725:Due to limitations on funding and resources, U.S.
667:Between 1995 and 2005, the first ten years of the
2126:"Seafood Species Substitution and Economic Fraud"
1859:. Fishing News Book. University Press, Cambridge.
1857:Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products
1667:
1665:
1577:Fish mislabelling survey commonly asked questions
1388:Seafood substitution in restaurants and takeaways
1376:Seafood substitution in restaurants and takeaways
1233:"Biological identifications through DNA barcodes"
970:"Sec. 403. [21 USC §343] Misbranded Food"
1923:, D. Blankenship, Associated Press, July 9, 2011
1561:Customers Being Codded with Mislabelling of Fish
1530:"Mislabelling means rare fish sold: Marketplace"
1053:
1051:
2872:Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1803:Hooked: Pirates, Poaching, And the Perfect Fish
1101:"DNA barcoding and the renaissance of taxonomy"
635:, differ from those of higher-level organisms (
1921:"'Pacific' salmon may be farmed Atlantic fish"
1340:
1338:
256:report, international consumer advocate group
2942:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2397:
2395:
2269:
2267:
1719:Gordoa, Ana; Carreras, Gustavo; Sanz, Nuria;
809:The dietary laws. The book of Jewish practice
8:
354:), rather than other Asian species, such as
2728:, Public Citizen’s Global Trade Watch, 2007
2047:Fish Inspection Regulations C.R.C., c. 802.
1231:Hebert, PDN; Cywinska, A; Ball, SL (2003).
822:"Judaism 101: Kashrut: Jewish Dietary Laws"
2949:
2935:
2927:
2737:China 23%, Thailand 16%, and Vietnam 5%.
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2520:The Food Allergy & Anaphylaxis Network
1012:
1010:
1008:
695:, as well as antimicrobial compounds like
400:voluntary testing programs. For instance,
106:(52 US Stat. 1040) was signed into law by
2656:
2451:
2247:
2237:
1766:
1748:
1355:
1353:
1256:
1134:
1124:
894:
892:
838:, Vol. 9, Issue 2, Pages 332 - 342, 1956.
834:Ross, Alan S.C., "The Assize of Bread",
263:In 2013, the international organization
2874:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1-21
2542:Todor’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology
1843:"Dissostichus eleginoides summary page"
860:(Washington Legal Foundation) 19 (46).
800:
334:names around the world. For instance,
288:evaluating the evidence for an overall
2769:Hearing on "Safety of Chinese Imports"
1314:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1307:
133:are usually broad and require Federal
2833:USFDA Laboratory Information Bulletin
2530:Food Allergies: What You Need to Know
7:
1933:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
483:, which is caused by eating certain
104:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
2870:TRIPHENYLMETHANE AND RELATED DYES,
2035:Australian Trade Practices Act 1974
737:In 1983, the FDA banned the use of
711:, may contribute to an increase of
2568:10.1046/j.1365-2621.1998.3320139.x
1790:NOAA Fisheries 2011 Bycatch Report
1519:oceana.org Retrieved 28 March 2013
25:
2159:"A Fish Puts Chefs in a Quandary"
1447:Schwartz, John (22 August 2008).
391:Legal consequences of mislabeling
3661:
3660:
3649:
3457:
3456:
3364:
3363:
3229:
3228:
3077:
2499:Mercury Contamination of Seafood
2157:Burros, Marian (10 March 1999).
1542:from the original on 5 June 2011
1001:United States administrative law
727:Government Accountability Office
268:worst level of mislabeled fish.
1969:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
116:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act
2501:California Academy of Sciences
1:
1911:, Published February 5, 2007.
623:Antimicrobials in aquaculture
617:Antimicrobials in aquaculture
450:Substituting escolar for tuna
295:mislabeling for profit driver
29:Intentional food mislabelling
2408:Food and Drug Administration
2294:Food and Drug Administration
2239:10.1371/journal.pone.0007866
2194:(9): 92. 11 September 2004.
2131:Food and Drug Administration
2021:European Commission (2000).
1869:Regulatory Fish Encyclopedia
1750:10.1371/journal.pone.0170809
1690:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.11.022
1619:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.04.006
1413:Food and Drug Administration
1073:Food and Drug Administration
975:Food and Drug Administration
905:Food and Drug Administration
39:History in the United States
3483:Fish diseases and parasites
2859:Global Aquaculture Advocate
2846:Global Aquaculture Advocate
1517:Oceana Seafood Fraud Report
836:The Economic History Review
120:Food Quality Protection Act
3704:
2667:10.1089/107662903322762815
620:
545:
507:
468:
370:and sutchi. The FDA hired
199:Results from an automated
3644:
3616:List of seafood companies
3601:Gathering seafood by hand
3075:
2887:(last visited Oct. 2011).
2796:How FDA Regulates Seafood
2556:Int. J. Food Sci. Technol
1099:Miller, Scott E. (2007).
1034:Applied Food Technologies
790:Applied Food Technologies
372:Applied Food Technologies
3498:Scombroid food poisoning
2275:"Centre for Food Safety"
2077:, CBS News, June 8, 2011
2037:. Retrieved October 2011
1105:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
713:antimicrobial resistance
647:Antibiotics are used in
515:Scombroid food poisoning
510:Scombroid food poisoning
433:scombroid food poisoning
340:Dissostichus eleginoides
173:taxonomic identification
97:misbranding suit against
3402:List of raw fish dishes
2861:. July/August. p.38-39.
2063:The Florida Times-Union
2059:You ordered grouper ...
2010:Applied Food Technology
1607:Biological Conservation
1493:"Magazine Archive 2023"
1330:Marine Biology Research
1158:Molecular phylogenetics
1126:10.1073/pnas.0700466104
931:16 Pub. Land L. Rev. 27
627:The cells of bacteria (
57:Assize of Bread and Ale
3387:List of seafood dishes
2919:Environ Geochem Health
2583:Environ. Toxicol. Chem
2200:10.2903/j.efsa.2004.92
2098:, online, Nov. 3, 2011
1362:, Clare Leschin-Hoar,
1249:10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
723:
446:
382:Overstating quantities
330:
290:mislabeling for profit
227:
212:In the late 2000s, as
204:
163:Species identification
149:
92:Pure Food and Drug Act
2848:. April/May p. 20-23.
2388:on 20 September 2013.
2209:– via CrossRef.
2025:Accessed October 2011
1882:"Enforcement Reports"
1237:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
944:"Home - Books - NCBI"
718:
493:Gambierdiscus toxicus
441:
415:Risks to the consumer
324:
307:Atlantic Bluefin Tuna
222:
198:
144:
108:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3519:Seafood mislabelling
2403:"BBB - Scombrotoxin"
1909:St. Petersburg Times
1896:St. Petersburg Times
1296:on 11 September 2012
811:. NJ: Behrman House.
336:Patagonian toothfish
327:Patagonian toothfish
311:Patagonian Toothfish
238:Seafood substitution
208:Taxonomic validation
3570:Pain in crustaceans
3555:Eating live seafood
3524:Sustainable seafood
3503:Shellfish poisoning
3407:List of tuna dishes
3397:List of fish dishes
3392:List of crab dishes
2645:Microb. Drug Resist
2301:on 23 November 2012
2138:on 14 December 2012
2065:, February 13, 2007
1898:, February 5, 2007.
1741:2017PLoSO..1270809G
1723:(26 January 2017).
1366:, 10 November 2011.
1364:Scientific American
1345:FDA Guidance Letter
1194:1985Natur.314...67J
1117:2007PNAS..104.4775M
807:Jacobs, L. (1987).
352:Ictalurus punctatus
3636:Seafood restaurant
3606:History of seafood
3545:Declawing of crabs
2516:2018-10-19 at the
2094:2012-04-03 at the
1999:Tariff Act of 1930
1974:2012-10-14 at the
1828:2013-09-21 at the
1453:The New York Times
1393:2012-03-26 at the
858:Legal Backgrounder
447:
331:
205:
88:Theodore Roosevelt
72:began to recognize
3675:
3674:
3667:Category: Seafood
3591:Fish preservation
3550:Eyestalk ablation
3512:Advisory services
2595:10.1897/05-415r.1
2088:SeafoodSourceNews
1801:G. Bruce Knecht,
1435:Chicago Sun-Times
1332:, 2005; 1: 79-83.
1243:(1512): 313–321.
1111:(12): 4775–4776.
1030:"Mislabeled fish"
639:), such as fish.
477:foodborne illness
201:chain-termination
80:Lacey Act of 1900
16:(Redirected from
3695:
3664:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3611:History of sushi
3460:
3459:
3367:
3366:
3232:
3231:
3224:List of seafoods
3081:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2899:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2862:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2784:FDA Import alert
2781:
2772:
2766:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2698:
2692:
2679:
2678:
2660:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2589:(8): 2208–2215.
2578:
2572:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2411:. Archived from
2399:
2390:
2389:
2384:. Archived from
2372:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2351:rsmas.miami.edu
2346:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2297:. Archived from
2285:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2241:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2134:. Archived from
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2061:, D. Bauerlein,
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1966:
1960:
1959:law.cornell.edu
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1823:The Seafood List
1820:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1752:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1538:. 1 April 2010.
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1497:Consumer Reports
1489:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1357:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1289:. Archived from
1288:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1202:10.1038/314067a0
1177:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1080:on 20 April 2012
1076:. Archived from
1064:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
978:. Archived from
966:
960:
957:
951:
950:
948:
940:
934:
928:
922:
921:
919:
917:
908:. Archived from
896:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
854:
848:
845:
839:
832:
826:
825:
818:
812:
805:
685:fluoroquinolones
258:Consumer Reports
178:forensic testing
21:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3656:Food portal
3648:
3640:
3596:Fish processing
3579:
3560:Live fish trade
3533:
3507:
3488:Mercury in fish
3466:
3373:
3334:Shark liver oil
3245:
3238:
3170:
3082:
3073:
2960:
2955:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2775:
2767:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2701:
2693:
2682:
2658:10.1.1.457.3728
2642:
2641:
2637:
2626:APUA Newsletter
2623:
2622:
2618:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2518:Wayback Machine
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2415:on 8 March 2013
2401:
2400:
2393:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:, April 4, 2011
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2096:Wayback Machine
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1976:Wayback Machine
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1830:Wayback Machine
1821:
1817:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1735:(1): e0170809.
1718:
1717:
1713:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1482:, Oct. 24, 2011
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1395:Wayback Machine
1386:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1284:"Archived copy"
1282:
1281:
1274:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1188:(6006): 67–73.
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1152:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1006:
999:
995:
985:
983:
968:
967:
963:
958:
954:
946:
942:
941:
937:
929:
925:
915:
913:
912:on 6 March 2013
898:
897:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
855:
851:
846:
842:
833:
829:
820:
819:
815:
806:
802:
798:
786:
777:
775:Floroquinolones
768:
757:
748:
746:Chloramphenicol
739:malachite green
735:
733:Malachite green
697:malachite green
681:chloramphenicol
625:
619:
578:
550:
548:Mercury in fish
544:
512:
506:
473:
467:
452:
417:
406:US Food Service
393:
384:
348:channel catfish
299:Atlantic Salmon
240:
210:
165:
76:Harvey W. Wiley
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3658:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3631:Salmon cannery
3628:
3623:
3621:Pescetarianism
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3584:Related topics
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3538:Animal welfare
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Metagonimiasis
3490:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3471:Health hazards
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3447:Shark fin soup
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:Fish and chips
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3379:Seafood dishes
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3279:Fermented fish
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3187:Marine mammals
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2923:
2910:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2800:
2788:
2773:
2752:
2743:
2730:
2718:
2699:
2680:
2651:(4): 373–379.
2635:
2616:
2573:
2562:(2): 139–155.
2546:
2534:
2522:
2511:"Fish Allergy"
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2446:(6): 645–647.
2426:
2391:
2367:
2353:
2341:
2331:Scott Travis,
2324:
2312:
2280:
2263:
2212:
2175:
2163:New York Times
2149:
2117:
2100:
2079:
2067:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2014:
2002:
1991:
1979:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1873:
1861:
1848:
1834:
1815:
1794:
1782:
1711:
1661:
1640:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1565:Irish Examiner
1553:
1521:
1509:
1484:
1470:
1458:
1439:
1426:
1399:
1380:
1368:
1349:
1334:
1321:
1272:
1223:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1091:
1059:
1047:
1021:
1004:
993:
982:on 4 June 2012
961:
952:
935:
923:
888:
879:
870:
849:
840:
827:
813:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
785:
782:
776:
773:
767:
764:
760:Gentian violet
756:
755:Gentian violet
753:
747:
744:
734:
731:
709:gentian violet
621:Main article:
618:
615:
577:
574:
543:
540:
505:
502:
475:A very common
466:
463:
451:
448:
416:
413:
392:
389:
383:
380:
303:Yellowfin Tuna
282:Seafood Ethics
239:
236:
214:DNA sequencing
209:
206:
203:DNA sequencing
189:microsatellite
164:
161:
139:Federal courts
40:
37:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3700:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3575:Shark finning
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Cod liver oil
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:Other seafood
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2813:(71): 1–F10.
2812:
2811:Toxic Rep Ser
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2232:(11): e7866.
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:1-59486-110-2
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:Marine Policy
1675:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1567:July 15, 2011
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1036:. 27 May 2011
1035:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
997:
994:
981:
977:
976:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
945:
939:
936:
932:
927:
924:
911:
907:
906:
901:
895:
893:
889:
883:
880:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
850:
844:
841:
837:
831:
828:
823:
817:
814:
810:
804:
801:
795:
791:
788:
787:
783:
781:
774:
772:
765:
763:
761:
754:
752:
745:
743:
740:
732:
730:
728:
722:
717:
714:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
674:
670:
665:
661:
658:
653:
650:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
624:
616:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
570:methylmercury
567:
566:king mackerel
563:
559:
555:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
511:
503:
501:
497:
495:
494:
488:
486:
482:
478:
472:
464:
462:
460:
456:
449:
444:
440:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
412:
409:
407:
403:
397:
390:
388:
381:
379:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
328:
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
285:
283:
277:
273:
269:
266:
261:
259:
255:
250:
246:
237:
235:
233:
226:
221:
219:
218:DNA databases
215:
207:
202:
197:
193:
190:
185:
183:
179:
174:
170:
169:filleted fish
162:
160:
158:
154:
148:
143:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
112:
109:
105:
100:
98:
93:
89:
84:
81:
77:
73:
68:
65:
60:
58:
53:
50:
46:
38:
36:
34:
27:
19:
18:Seafood fraud
3565:Pain in fish
3518:
3442:Seafood boil
3339:Shrimp paste
3329:Salted squid
3204:Sea cucumber
3146:Prawn/Shrimp
2921:. 2011 Sep 1
2918:
2913:
2906:Import Alert
2905:
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2337:Sun-Sentinel
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2303:. Retrieved
2299:the original
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2203:. Retrieved
2191:
2188:EFSA Journal
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1792:, NOAA, 2011
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1721:Viñas, Jordi
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1480:Boston Globe
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1467:Boston Globe
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124:Bill Clinton
113:
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26:
3344:Smoked fish
3324:Salted fish
3284:Fish fillet
3264:Canned fish
3161:Crustaceans
3156:Sea urchins
2419:16 December
2322:hawaii.gov
2305:16 December
2142:16 December
1684:: 258–264.
1613:: 556–570.
1084:16 December
986:16 December
916:16 December
766:Nitrofurans
689:nitrofurans
649:aquaculture
641:Antibiotics
631:), such as
629:prokaryotes
582:anaphylaxis
576:Anaphylaxis
485:reef fishes
479:in fish is
3437:Fried fish
3314:Fish stock
3309:Fish steak
3304:Fish paste
3299:Fish sauce
3274:Cured fish
3259:Dried fish
2979:Barramundi
2798:FDA, 2007.
2440:West J Med
1169:Sequencing
796:References
693:quinolones
637:eukaryotes
633:salmonella
546:See also:
520:Scombridae
508:See also:
469:See also:
459:wax esters
64:common law
3478:Ciguatera
3432:Fish soup
3349:Stockfish
3289:Fish head
3244:Processed
3182:Jellyfish
3088:Shellfish
3069:Whitebait
3049:Swordfish
2653:CiteSeerX
2349:Ciguatera
2205:11 August
1957:Lacey act
1759:1932-6203
1706:158072634
1698:0308-597X
1635:196662888
1627:0006-3207
1502:11 August
1419:11 August
1300:7 January
1040:11 August
866:1056-3059
562:swordfish
504:Scombroid
481:ciguatera
471:Ciguatera
465:Ciguatera
429:ciguatera
3682:Category
3427:Fish pie
3319:Lutefisk
3294:Fish oil
3166:Molluscs
3151:Scallops
3116:Crayfish
3044:Sturgeon
3024:Mackerel
3014:Flounder
3009:Flatfish
2984:Billfish
2883:CFSAN -
2819:15213768
2675:15000744
2611:24601814
2603:16916040
2514:Archived
2381:NBC News
2258:19924239
2226:PLOS ONE
2168:31 March
2109:"Search"
2092:Archived
1972:Archived
1947:fda.gov
1935:fda.gov
1871:fda.gov
1826:Archived
1805:, 2006.
1777:28125686
1729:PLOS ONE
1654:25 April
1540:Archived
1391:Archived
1310:cite web
1267:12614582
1145:17363473
784:See also
558:tilefish
532:skipjack
528:mackerel
232:FISH-BOL
167:Because
135:agencies
131:statutes
129:Federal
3688:Seafood
3626:Raw bar
3462:more...
3417:Chowder
3369:more...
3246:seafood
3234:more...
3209:Seaweed
3199:Octopus
3141:Oysters
3136:Mussels
3131:Lobster
3121:Geoduck
3101:Cockles
3096:Abalone
3054:Tilapia
3034:Sardine
3019:Herring
2994:Catfish
2974:Anchovy
2958:Seafood
2462:1475947
2453:1022098
2249:2773415
1768:5268641
1737:Bibcode
1546:17 June
1437:, 2007.
1258:1691236
1218:4356170
1210:3856104
1190:Bibcode
1136:1829212
1113:Bibcode
610:tilapia
602:snapper
586:Pollock
542:Mercury
455:Escolar
443:Escolar
421:escolar
157:escolar
45:kashrut
33:Seafood
3665:
3412:Bisque
3354:Surimi
3254:Caviar
3029:Salmon
2817:
2786:16-131
2673:
2655:
2632:: 1–6.
2609:
2601:
2460:
2450:
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2246:
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1696:
1633:
1625:
1535:CBC.ca
1265:
1255:
1216:
1208:
1182:Nature
1143:
1133:
1019:, FDA
864:
701:shrimp
691:, and
608:, and
590:salmon
564:, and
536:bonito
301:, and
265:Oceana
180:using
49:kosher
3452:Sushi
3219:Algae
3214:Squid
3192:Whale
3126:Krill
3106:Conch
3059:Trout
3039:Shark
2607:S2CID
2532:, FDA
2112:(PDF)
1832:, FDA
1813:. p.9
1702:S2CID
1631:S2CID
1408:"FDA"
1294:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1214:S2CID
947:(PDF)
669:NAFTA
554:shark
402:Sysco
364:panga
245:fraud
3111:Crab
3064:Tuna
2989:Carp
2966:Fish
2815:PMID
2671:PMID
2599:PMID
2458:PMID
2421:2019
2320:Bill
2307:2019
2254:PMID
2207:2023
2170:2011
2144:2019
1807:ISBN
1773:PMID
1755:ISSN
1694:ISSN
1656:2020
1623:ISSN
1548:2023
1504:2023
1421:2023
1316:link
1302:2013
1263:PMID
1206:PMID
1141:PMID
1086:2019
1042:2023
988:2019
918:2019
862:ISSN
707:and
598:tuna
534:and
524:tuna
431:and
425:tuna
423:for
368:swai
356:basa
325:The
309:and
153:tuna
3359:Roe
3004:Eel
2999:Cod
2663:doi
2591:doi
2564:doi
2448:PMC
2444:157
2244:PMC
2234:doi
2196:doi
1763:PMC
1745:doi
1686:doi
1682:100
1615:doi
1611:236
1253:PMC
1245:doi
1241:270
1198:doi
1186:314
1131:PMC
1121:doi
1109:104
673:WTO
657:DNA
606:eel
594:cod
360:tra
182:DNA
137:or
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