111:
104:
28:
435:
has yielded ages between 4 million years ago and "recent" for the rocks in the volcanic field, but the reliability of the dates decreases the younger they are. Pillow lavas are usually about 1.5 million years old while subaerial activity occurred 700,000 years ago. The youngest dates were obtained on
324:
became inactive; however volcanic activity continued in different form over the entire peninsula. In the case of the Seal
Nunataks, volcanism commenced immediately after subduction had ceased and was probably facilitated by the presence of
462:, respectively. However, some reported fumarolic activity may be due to solar evaporation of snow, and tephra layers were only found in moraines, implying that it might not have been genuine volcanic eruptions.
247:
The Seal
Nunataks volcanic group contains at least sixteen volcanic cones, the largest of which is 368 metres (1,207 ft) high Murdoch Nunatak. From north to south they are Lindenberg island, Larsen Nunatak,
243:
and the Seal
Nunataks form this volcanic province. Alexander Island was active between 48 and 18 million years ago. James Ross Island lies about 150 kilometres (93 mi) northeast of the Seal Nunataks.
1000:
Smellie, J. L.; Hole, M. J. (1 July 1997). "Products and processes in
Pliocene–Recent, subaqueous to emergent volcanism in the Antarctic Peninsula: examples of englacial Surtseyan volcano construction".
454:
have been observed on
Christensen, Dallman and Murdoch, and eruptions were reported on the last two in 1982. This activity consisted of the possible formation of
711:
Lawver, Lawrence A.; Keller, Randall A.; Fisk, Martin R.; Strelin, Jorge A. (1995). "Bransfield Strait, Antarctic
Peninsula Active Extension behind a Dead Arc".
204:
until its northern margin collapsed between 1986 and 1996, rising from about 500 metres (1,600 ft) below sea level. They were discovered by the
Norwegian
213:
917:
Hole, M. J. (1 February 1990). "Geochemical evolution of
Pliocene-Recent post-subduction alkalic basalts from Seal Nunataks, Antarctic Peninsula".
103:
400:
have been reported as well. The rocks define numerous suites, both alkali basalt, subalkaline basalts and basaltic andesites are represented.
1120:
728:
337:
may have aided in the onset of volcanism. Small volumes of magma ascending would generate the dispersed volcanic fields, like Seal
Nunataks.
421:
1140:
990:
60:
1160:
1150:
471:
980:
53:
368:
west of the
Antarctic Peninsula may have played a role in establishing the alignments of the Seal Nunataks volcanoes.
264:, Arctowski and Gray Nunatak, Oceana Nunatak, Hertha Nunatak and Castor Nunatak. The nunataks are for the most part
1145:
1112:
1094:
1155:
1099:
365:
432:
135:
280:. Castor, Christensen and Hertha are the only vents which show evidence of subaerial activity in form of
27:
1010:
926:
549:
273:
268:
consisting of ridges with lengths of less than 1 to 6 kilometres (0.62 to 3.73 mi) flanked with
305:
261:
224:
169:
1034:
341:
1116:
1077:
1047:
1026:
986:
967:
900:
880:
813:
793:
724:
447:
240:
205:
538:"Climatically induced retreat and collapse of northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula"
1067:
1059:
1018:
959:
934:
892:
805:
716:
628:
557:
459:
417:
345:
317:
236:
201:
161:
947:
440:
313:
277:
249:
228:
220:
1014:
930:
553:
330:
293:
1134:
1038:
938:
381:
326:
285:
253:
173:
140:
446:
The discoverer Captain Larsen observed volcanic activity on Christensen Nunatak and
321:
257:
633:
616:
720:
443:
on some of the nunataks imply that they were covered with glaciers in the past.
389:
334:
289:
232:
197:
181:
165:
1089:
562:
537:
405:
361:
349:
309:
1081:
1030:
971:
904:
817:
536:
Rott, Helmut; Rack, Wolfgang; Nagler, Thomas; Skvarca, Pedro (January 1998).
312:
from about 200 million years ago until 4 million years ago, when a number of
75:
62:
455:
357:
281:
617:"A hut too far: history of the Argentine Ventimiglia shelter on Peter I Øy"
1022:
451:
401:
397:
393:
185:
1063:
963:
896:
809:
316:
collided with the subduction zone starting from 50 million years ago at
437:
385:
208:
in December 1893, who also identified them as volcanoes and named them
177:
157:
1072:
412:
have been found at Seal Nunataks. Their geochemistry implies that the
409:
377:
272:
deposits and occasionally by primary volcanic features. According to
153:
43:
450:, but the reliability of these reports is considered to be unclear.
413:
269:
794:"Chapter 3.2b Bransfield Strait and James Ross Island: petrology"
352:
age crop out. The tectonic structure in the area appears to be a
598:
596:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
353:
296:. The volcanoes appear to align along northwest-striking lines.
265:
436:
Donald and Gray, the dates being less than 200,000 years ago.
881:"Chapter 1.4 Antarctic volcanism: active volcanism overview"
356:
bordered by Robertson Island in the south, the Larsen Rift.
646:
644:
519:
517:
515:
513:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
219:
The Seal Nunataks are part of a volcanic province in
1109:
Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans
792:
Haase, Karsten M.; Beier, Christoph (January 2021).
172:. The Seal Nunataks have been described as separate
1046:Smellie, John L.; Hole, Malcolm J. (January 2021).
134:
129:
91:
52:
42:
37:
20:
979:Oliver, R. L.; James, P. R.; Jago, J. B. (1983).
1107:LeMasurier, W. E.; Thomson, J. W., eds. (1990).
1048:"Chapter 4.1a Antarctic Peninsula: volcanology"
866:
755:
602:
587:
919:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
948:"Chapter 4.1b Antarctic Peninsula: petrology"
420:-derived melts which underwent only a little
276:in 1901-1903, Christensen Nunatak features a
8:
284:; elsewhere the nunataks are constructed by
854:
743:
686:
674:
662:
252:, Dallmann and Murdoch Nunatak, Akerlundh,
715:. Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 315–342.
48:368 m (1,207 ft)Murdoch Nunatak
17:
1071:
632:
615:Fontana, Pablo Gabriel (1 January 2018).
561:
482:
333:. Alternatively, the development of a
340:There is only little evidence of the
214:Base Aérea Teniente Benjamín Matienzo
110:
7:
842:
830:
779:
767:
698:
650:
523:
504:
1052:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
952:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
885:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
798:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
184:. There are unconfirmed reports of
14:
946:Hole, Malcolm J. (January 2021).
216:is located in the Seal Nunataks.
109:
102:
26:
472:List of volcanoes in Antarctica
985:. Cambridge University Press.
235:. In the Antarctic Peninsula,
196:The Seal Nunataks are part of
1:
867:Oliver, James & Jago 1983
756:Oliver, James & Jago 1983
634:10.1080/17518369.2018.1547043
603:Oliver, James & Jago 1983
588:Oliver, James & Jago 1983
376:The Seal Nunataks consist of
200:and were embedded within the
939:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90118-Y
320:and caused it to cease. The
721:10.1007/978-1-4615-1843-3_8
360:associated with the former
192:Geography and geomorphology
1177:
1113:American Geophysical Union
879:Geyer, A. (January 2021).
422:fractional crystallization
563:10.3189/S0260305500017262
329:in the already subducted
96:
25:
1141:Volcanoes of Graham Land
1095:Global Volcanism Program
380:, basalt which contains
1161:Nunataks of Graham Land
1100:Smithsonian Institution
1003:Bulletin of Volcanology
982:Antarctic Earth Science
855:Smellie & Hole 1997
744:Smellie & Hole 2021
687:Smellie & Hole 2021
675:Smellie & Hole 1997
663:Smellie & Hole 2021
223:which extends over the
1151:Islands of Graham Land
433:Potassium-argon dating
366:oceanic fracture zones
1090:"Seal Nunataks Group"
1023:10.1007/s004450050167
348:, where sediments of
260:, Donald, Pollux and
176:of ages ranging from
76:65.12500°S 60.00000°W
542:Annals of Glaciology
81:-65.12500; -60.00000
1064:10.1144/M55-2018-59
1015:1997BVol...58..628S
964:10.1144/M55-2018-40
931:1990JVGR...40..149H
897:10.1144/M55-2020-12
810:10.1144/M55-2018-37
554:1998AnGla..27...86R
306:Antarctic Peninsula
262:Christensen Nunatak
225:Antarctic Peninsula
188:volcanic activity.
170:Antarctic Peninsula
72: /
782:, p. 152,153.
160:emerging from the
152:are a group of 16
38:Highest point
1146:Pyroclastic cones
1122:978-0-87590-172-5
730:978-1-4613-5747-6
448:Lindenberg Island
274:Otto Nordenskjöld
241:James Ross Island
206:Carl Anton Larsen
146:
145:
1168:
1126:
1103:
1085:
1075:
1042:
996:
975:
942:
909:
908:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
821:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
734:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
678:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
639:
638:
636:
612:
606:
600:
591:
585:
568:
567:
565:
533:
527:
521:
508:
502:
460:pyroclastic cone
428:Eruptive history
346:Robertson Island
318:Alexander Island
314:spreading ridges
237:Alexander Island
212:. The Argentina
202:Larsen Ice Shelf
162:Larsen Ice Shelf
113:
112:
106:
87:
86:
84:
83:
82:
77:
73:
70:
69:
68:
65:
30:
18:
1176:
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1131:
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1123:
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993:
978:
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865:
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849:
841:
837:
829:
825:
791:
790:
786:
778:
774:
766:
762:
754:
750:
742:
738:
731:
710:
709:
705:
697:
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673:
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657:
649:
642:
614:
613:
609:
601:
594:
586:
571:
535:
534:
530:
522:
511:
503:
484:
480:
468:
430:
374:
302:
250:Evensen Nunatak
229:Marie Byrd Land
221:West Antarctica
194:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
114:
80:
78:
74:
71:
66:
63:
61:
59:
58:
33:
12:
11:
5:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1156:Oscar II Coast
1153:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1104:
1086:
1058:(1): 305–325.
1043:
1009:(8): 628–646.
997:
991:
976:
958:(1): 327–343.
943:
925:(2): 149–167.
913:
911:
910:
871:
869:, p. 336.
859:
857:, p. 629.
847:
845:, p. 153.
835:
833:, p. 331.
823:
784:
772:
770:, p. 330.
760:
758:, p. 337.
748:
746:, p. 305.
736:
729:
713:Backarc Basins
703:
701:, p. 164.
691:
689:, p. 309.
679:
677:, p. 630.
667:
665:, p. 321.
655:
653:, p. 150.
640:
621:Polar Research
607:
605:, p. 334.
592:
590:, p. 335.
569:
528:
526:, p. 152.
509:
507:, p. 151.
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
467:
464:
429:
426:
416:are primitive
404:consisting of
373:
370:
327:fracture zones
308:was a site of
301:
298:
193:
190:
174:volcanic vents
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
127:
126:
116:
115:
108:
107:
101:
100:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
56:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
32:Larsen Nunatak
31:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
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1138:
1136:
1124:
1118:
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1101:
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1079:
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1061:
1057:
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1049:
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1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
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1008:
1004:
998:
994:
992:9780521258364
988:
984:
983:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
914:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
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882:
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868:
863:
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851:
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844:
839:
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832:
827:
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819:
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718:
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707:
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695:
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664:
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584:
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564:
559:
555:
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547:
543:
539:
532:
529:
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520:
518:
516:
514:
510:
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501:
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497:
495:
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491:
489:
487:
483:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
439:
434:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:clinopyroxene
379:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
286:hyaloclastite
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
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211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Seal Nunataks
142:
141:volcanic vent
139:
137:
136:Mountain type
133:
128:
117:Seal Nunataks
105:
95:
90:
85:
57:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
36:
29:
24:
21:Seal Nunataks
19:
16:
1108:
1093:
1055:
1051:
1006:
1002:
981:
955:
951:
922:
918:
888:
884:
874:
862:
850:
838:
826:
801:
797:
787:
775:
763:
751:
739:
712:
706:
694:
682:
670:
658:
624:
620:
610:
545:
541:
531:
445:
431:
375:
339:
322:volcanic arc
303:
290:pillow lavas
258:Bull Nunatak
246:
218:
210:Seal Islands
209:
195:
149:
147:
15:
390:plagioclase
372:Composition
335:slab window
233:Ross Island
198:Graham Land
182:Pleistocene
166:Graham Land
79: /
54:Coordinates
1135:Categories
1073:2164/19331
804:(1): 295.
478:References
456:lava flows
406:lherzolite
362:subduction
358:Lineaments
350:Cretaceous
310:subduction
282:lava flows
67:60°00′00″W
64:65°07′30″S
1082:0435-4052
1039:129569146
1031:0258-8900
972:0435-4052
905:0435-4052
891:(1): 64.
843:Hole 1990
831:Hole 2021
818:0435-4052
780:Hole 1990
768:Hole 2021
699:Hole 1990
651:Hole 1990
524:Hole 1990
505:Hole 1990
452:Fumaroles
402:Xenoliths
92:Geography
44:Elevation
627:(1): 4.
466:See also
441:erratics
398:basanite
394:Andesite
342:basement
186:Holocene
164:east of
158:nunataks
1011:Bibcode
927:Bibcode
550:Bibcode
438:Glacial
386:olivine
300:Geology
178:Miocene
156:called
154:islands
130:Geology
1119:
1080:
1037:
1029:
989:
970:
903:
816:
727:
548:: 89.
458:and a
418:mantle
414:magmas
410:spinel
378:basalt
278:crater
1035:S2CID
294:dykes
270:scree
266:tuyas
254:Bruce
1117:ISBN
1078:ISSN
1027:ISSN
987:ISBN
968:ISSN
901:ISSN
814:ISSN
725:ISBN
408:and
396:and
388:and
354:rift
331:slab
304:The
292:and
256:and
231:and
148:The
1068:hdl
1060:doi
1019:doi
960:doi
935:doi
893:doi
806:doi
717:doi
629:doi
558:doi
364:of
344:at
180:to
1137::
1115:.
1111:.
1098:.
1092:.
1076:.
1066:.
1056:55
1054:.
1050:.
1033:.
1025:.
1017:.
1007:58
1005:.
966:.
956:55
954:.
950:.
933:.
923:40
921:.
899:.
889:55
887:.
883:.
812:.
802:55
800:.
796:.
723:.
643:^
625:37
623:.
619:.
595:^
572:^
556:.
546:27
544:.
540:.
512:^
485:^
424:.
392:.
384:,
288:,
239:,
227:,
168:,
1125:.
1102:.
1084:.
1070::
1062::
1041:.
1021::
1013::
995:.
974:.
962::
941:.
937::
929::
907:.
895::
820:.
808::
733:.
719::
637:.
631::
566:.
560::
552::
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