Seals in the Sinosphere

3843: 1276: 3811: 1575: 3867: 1601: 2486: 3698: 1549: 2520: 1523: 3792: 3612: 1076: 2858: 6010: 3342: 3678: 4929: 2910:), with roughly equal width lines used throughout the name. The font must be one of several based on ancient historical lettering styles found in metal, woodcarving, and so on. Ancient forms of ideographs are commonplace. A red perimeter must entirely surround the name, and there should be no other decoration on the underside (working surface) of the seal. The top and sides (handle) of the seal may be decorated in any fashion from completely undecorated to historical animal motifs, dates, names, and inscriptions. 2512: 873: 2778: 2793: 1219: 2012: 2306: 3733: 3597: 1243: 3710: 1255: 2007: 2447: 1302: 2349: 1207: 2805: 3842: 682:). The word 印 ("yìn" in Mandarin, "in" in Japanese and Korean, "ấn" and "in" in Vietnamese) specifically refers to the imprint created by the seal, as well as appearing in combination with other morphemes in words related to any printing, as in the word "印刷", "printing", pronounced "yìnshuā" in Mandarin, "insatsu" in Japanese. In the western world, Asian seals were traditionally known by traders as 43: 2344: 1967: 2498:

lifting the seal vertically away from its imprint may rip or damage paper, the seal is usually lifted off one side at a time, as if bent off from the page. After this, the image may be blotted with a piece of paper to make it dry faster, although this may smudge it. Usually there needs to be a pile of soft felt or paper under the paper to be imprinted for a clear seal impression.

2625: 2566:, usually imprinted in such works in the order (from top to bottom) of name seal, leisure seal(s), then studio seal. Owners or collectors of paintings or books will often add their own studio seals to pieces they have collected. This practice is an act of appreciation towards the work. Some artworks have had not only seals but inscriptions of the owner on them; for example, the 2385: 2380: 2228: 2820: 2128: 1937: 2068: 1741: 2223: 1746: 2301: 2098: 2262: 1903: 1898: 1866: 1836: 1831: 1790: 1795: 3023: 1600: 3697: 1574: 2267: 2636: 3810: 3083:

adhere to a handful of strongly observed customs. The size is the attribute most strongly governed by social custom. It is usually not more than 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in size. A man's is usually slightly larger than a woman's, and a junior employee's is always smaller than his bosses' and his

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Once seals are used, as much paste as possible is wiped from the printing surface and off the edges with a suitable material. The seals are kept in a constant environment, especially seals made of sandalwood or black ox horn. Tall thin seals are best kept on their sides, to prevent them from wobbling

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Seals are still used for official purposes in a number of contexts. When collecting parcels or registered post, the name seal serves as an identification, akin to a signature. In banks, traditionally the method of identification was also by a seal. Seals remain the customary form of identification on

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Plant-based paste tends to dry more quickly than silk-based pastes because the plant extract does not hold onto the oil as tightly as silk. Depending on the paper used, plant pastes can dry in 10 to 15 minutes. The more absorbent the paper is, the faster it dries as the paper absorbs most of the oil.

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by specialist seal carvers, or by the users themselves. Specialist carvers carve the user's name into the stone in one of the standard scripts and styles described above, usually for a fee. Some people carve their own seals using soapstone and fine knives, which are widely available; this is cheaper

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had as many as 20 different seals for use with inscriptions on paintings he collected. Provided that it is tastefully done (for example, not obscuring the body of the painting, appropriate inscription, fine calligraphy, etc.), this practice does not devalue the painting but could possibly enhance it

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The paste is kept covered after it has been used, in its original container (be it plastic or ceramic). It is kept in an environment away from direct sunlight and away from intense heat to prevent it from drying out. The paste for silk based pastes need to be stirred with a spatula every month or so

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Banks always provide stamp pads or ink paste, and dry cleaning tissues. The banks also provide small plastic scrubbing surfaces similar to small patches of red artificial grass. These are attached to counters and used to scrub the accumulated ink paste from the working surface of customers' seals.

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alongside a bank employee's seal. Rules for the size and design vary somewhat from bank to bank; generally, they contain a Japanese person's full name. A Westerner may be permitted to use a full family name with or without an abbreviated given name, such as "Smith", "Bill Smith", "W Smith" or "Wm

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Government bureaucrats would receive office seals that served as a status token of both their office and authority. These government office seals tended to be small enough in size that they could be carried by the official on their belts. Unlike imperial seals and other seals of high office which

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The authority of the government was often tied to their possession of certain seals. For example, when the Later Jin khanate proclaimed the Qing Empire, they only did so after receiving the jade seal from the Mongols. Likewise, the Northern Yuan before them claimed their legitimacy through their

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are kept in secure places such as bank vaults. or hidden in a home. They are usually stored in thumb-sized rectangular boxes made of cardboard covered with embroidered green fabric outside and red silk or red velvet inside, held closed by a white plastic or deerhorn splinter tied to the lid and

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When the seal is pressed onto the printing surface, the procedure differs according to plant or silk based paste. For silk based paste, the user applies pressure, often with a specially made soft, flat surface beneath the paper. For plant based paste, the user simply applies light pressure. As

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Many types of private seal not categorised above are usually categorised under the umbrella term "leisure seals". The inscription on leisure seals is usually a short text which is either a quote from a famous writing or just some saying that the owner of the seal thought is important. Typical

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to avoid the oil sinking down and drying out the paste as well as to prepare it for use. A good paste would produce a clear impression in one go; if the impression is not clear requiring further impressions then it indicates that the paste is either too dry or the cinnabar has been depleted.

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Determining which side of the seal should face up may be done in a number of ways: if there is a carving on top, the front should face the user; if there is an inscription on the side, it should face to the left of the user; if there is a dot on the side, it should face away from the user.

2410:. Collector seals were chiefly used for the function of authenticating different pieces of art. Thus a collector seal identified to be of a famous art collector or connoisseur would become an integral part of an artwork itself and could substantially raise its monetary value on the Chinese 1690:

by people in their private lives. Artists would also sign their works and letters with their seals. Furthermore, Chinese literati are known to usually use a number of different pen names in their works, so trying to identify a person's name from a specific seal can be a tricky business.

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There are many classes of personal seals. Private seals are naturally unregulated; therefore they show the largest variety in content, shape, size, material, and calligraphy of any type of seal. Seals with names, pen names, pseudonyms, etc on them were used as an early type of

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Used in ancient times as a protective charm on letters to shield the recipient from wild beasts or demons; now used mainly as a well-wishing convention on letters to people who travel abroad as well as a protective charm for the letter to be delivered safely to the recipient.

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to a professional, paying upward of US$ 20 and more often closer to US$ 100, and using it for decades. People desirous of opening a new chapter in their lives—say, following a divorce, death of a spouse, a long streak of bad luck, or a change in career—will often have a new

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still remains an official means of verification for binding legal agreement and identification. The government passed the 'Act on Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature (본인서명사실 확인 등에 관한 법률)' in 2012, which gives registered handwritten signatures the same legal effect as

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Another type of seal that was used by the Chinese Emperors was a seal to indicate that a certain text or official document was written in the Emperor’s own handwriting as opposed to written by someone ordered to do so by the Emperor. In the case of the Qing dynasty period

1512:). Government seals in the People's Republic of China today are usually circular in shape, and have a five-pointed star in the centre of the circle. The name of the governmental institution is arranged around the star in a semicircle – a form also adopted by some 2401:

In Imperial China it was considered to be customary for collectors and connoisseurs of art to affix the print of their seals on the surface of a scroll of painting or calligraphy. Artists themselves often used their own seals on artworks, such as on works of

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In Hong Kong, seals have fallen out of general use, as signatures are often required. In the past, seals were used by businesses on documents related to transactions. Seals have also been used in lieu of a signature for the city's illiterate population.

3866: 2555:. Today, personal identification is often by a hand signature accompanied by a seal imprint. Seals can serve as identification with signatures because they are more difficult to forge than a signature, and only the owner has access to his own seal. 3196:

can be any size, design, or shape. Irregular naturally occurring outlines and handles, as though a river stone were cut in two, are commonplace. The material may be anything, though in modern times soft stone is the most common and metal is rare.

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are used by graphic artists to both decorate and sign their work. The practice goes back several hundred years. The signatures are frequently pen names or nicknames; the decorations are usually favorite slogans or other extremely short phrases. A

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to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm), usually square or (rarely) rectangular but never round, irregular, or oval. It must contain the individual's full family and given name, without abbreviation. The lettering must be red with a white background

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The legal system of registered seals was introduced by the Japanese colonial government in 1914. While it was scheduled to be completely replaced by an electronic certification system in 2013 in order to counter fraud, as of 2021

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is a moderately formal seal typically used for signing for postal deliveries, signing utility bill payments, signing internal company memos, confirming receipt of internal company mail, and other low-security everyday functions.

2966: 3590:(낙관, 落款). As seal-carving was also considered a form of art, many artists carved their own seals. Seals of Joseon-period calligraphist and natural historian Kim Jung-hee (aka Wandang or Chusa) are considered to be antiques. 1522: 3677: 5994: 1581: 1482: 1673:(nine-folded) script was the preferred type of calligraphy. During the Qing dynasty period, most government office seals were bilingual with the Chinese (Seal script) inscription on the right side of the seal and the 1231: 3937:

Seals in Vietnam have different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký

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period government regulations stipulated that the ink used to affix official seals had their colours determined based in the rank of the official in question, with various colours such as green, purple, yellow, Etc.

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Throughout Chinese history, seals have played an important part and are known to have been used both by government authorities and private individuals for thousands of years. The earliest known examples of seals in

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Throughout Chinese history the calligraphy used for government office seals changed in radical ways. By the Han dynasty period the inscriptions of office seals tended to become thicker and more angular. From the

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with the following exceptions. In size, they are comparatively large, measuring 2 to 4 inches (5.1 to 10.2 cm) across. Their handles are often ornately carved with friezes of mythical beasts or hand-carved

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was a square bronze seal with side length of 9 centimetres. Its inscription reads "Seal of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China". Notably, the seal uses the relatively modern

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Of Chinese origin, the process soon spread beyond China and across East and Southeast Asia. Various countries in these regions currently use a mixture of seals and hand signatures, and, increasingly,

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is also accepted, many Koreans think it is more formal to use seals in public documents. In 2008, the Constitutional Court of South Korea upheld a Supreme court judgement that a signed handwritten

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Many people in China possess a personal name seal. Artists, scholars, collectors and intellectuals may possess a full set of name seals, leisure seals, and studio seals. A well-made seal made from

910:(1644–1912), there were several dozen official imperial seals that were used by its Emperors. The inscriptions on these official imperial seals usually refer to either the Emperor receiving the 634:) can be applied on objects to establish personal identification. They are commonly applied on items such as personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, and art. They are used similarly to 3438:(어새, 御璽), are used in foreign communications with countries other than China, and for domestic uses. Seals were also used by government officials in documents. These types of seals were called 3111:

in popular Japanese names can be obtained from stationery stores for less than US$ 1, though ones made from inexpensive stone are also very popular. Inexpensive prefabricated seals are called

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and other public documents to show authenticity and authority. Even today, Japanese citizens' companies regularly use name seals for the signing of a contract and other important paperwork.

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in Taiwan has continued to use traditional square seals of up to about 13 centimetres, known by a variety of names depending on the user's hierarchy. Part of the inaugural ceremony for the

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Seal of Ilkhan Ghazan, reading "王府定國理民之寶" in archaic "nine-fold" Chinese script, meaning "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people".

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Seals are still commonly used in South Korea. Most Koreans have personal seals, and every government agency and commercial corporation has its own seals to use in public documents. While

1051:(制誥之寶, "Seal of Edict"), which was written in a type of seal script used by the Ming dynasty. The Qing dynasty would continue to perpetuate this myth to legitimise their rule over China. 898:

would gradually begin to become a designation exclusively reserved for the seals of the Emperors. During the Han dynasty, the Emperor of China only had 6 imperial seals, later during the

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inscriptions on leisure seals include "Respect fate", "Attain wisdom", "Respect", "Use loyalty and humanity in your affairs", among many others. Chinese leisure seals are comparable to

4540: 1063:, had produced a large amount of texts which were affixed with the seal to indicate that they were his own writing. When the calligraphy of the Qianlong Emperor was carved into stone 2953:

passed through a fabric loop attached to the lower half of the box. Because of the superficial resemblance to coffins, they are often called "coffins" in Japanese by enthusiasts and

2414:. Thus in the course of several centuries, some Chinese paintings have become covered by a number of different seals of their different owners during the course of their existence. 5431: 3096:

are often round or oval, but square ones are not uncommon, and rectangular ones are not unheard-of; irregular shapes are not used. They can produce red lettering on a blank field (

3010:, plastic or metal, and carried in a variety of thumb-shape and -size cases resembling cloth purses or plastic pencil cases. They are usually hidden carefully in the owner's home. 3208:

are engraved on the end of a finger-length stick of stone, wood, bone, or ivory, with a diameter between 25 and 75 millimetres (0.98 and 2.95 in). Their carving is a form of

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character carved in it. They are as often round or oval as they are square. They vary in size from 0.5-to-1.5-centimetre wide (0.20 to 0.59 in); women's tend to be small.

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Same as the personal name seal, but characters are read in an anti-clockwise direction, rather than from the top-down, right-to-left. Sometimes used in writing (e.g. to sign a

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The seal is used to a lesser extent in Vietnam by authorised organisations and businesses, and also traditional Vietnamese artists. It was more common in Vietnam prior to

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chisel, two or three grades of sandpaper, slim marker pen (to draw the design on the stone), and one to three mottled, inexpensive, soft square green finger-size stones.

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During 2020, the Japanese government has been attempting to discourage the use of seals, because the practice requires generation of paper documents that interfere with

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offer no security, most people either have them custom-made by professionals or make their own by hand. They were traditionally made of wood or stone; more recently of

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displayed in a savings passbook. Note the boundary limiting its size to 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm (0.39 in × 0.59 in) and extreme freedom in design.

2477:. Because the base is a plant one that has been pulverised, the texture is very loose due to the fact that it does not bind. The appearance is sponge like and not oily. 2311:

Used on books or paintings that are kept by the user. This includes appreciation seals used on paintings and books that the owner admires. Serves a similar function to

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The material is usually a high quality hard stone or, far less frequently, deerhorn, soapstone, or jade. It is sometimes carved by machine. When carved by hand, an

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Signatures are not used for most transactions, but in some cases, such as signing a cell phone contract, they may be used, sometimes in addition to a stamp from a

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and silk strands. The silk strands bind the mixture together to form a very thick substance. It has a very oily appearance and tends to be a bright red in colour.

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These seals typically bore the titles of the offices, rather than the names of the owners. Different seals could be used for different purposes: for example, the

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Throughout history different regulations existed for these office seals that would prescribe what materials should be used (copper-alloys or gold) and how their

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Kai-lung Ho (Lecturer, Tung Wah Group of Hospitals Community College - School of Humanities and General Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong) (2012).

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Most Japanese also have a less formal seal used to sign personal letters or initial changes in documents; this is referred to by the broadly generic term

5954: 4234:"No royal seal left in Hue today. VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today" 2438:

with a quote at the end of an e-mail or internet messages where the author append some sort of proverb or saying that they consider valuable at the end.

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emerged, this new seal wasn't the original one produced during the Qin dynasty, but a later made seal created during the reign of Northern Yuan khagan

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While Chinese-style seals are typically used in China, Japan, and Korea, they are occasionally used outside East Asia. For example, the rulers of the

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was conferred to its recipient. So when Tang, the first ruler of the Shang dynasty, overthrows the last tyrannical ruler of the (possibly mythical)

60: 2519: 1341:(although hard wood or precious metal could also be used), and were originally square in shape. They were changed to a rectangular form during the 6117: 5620: 1555: 2579:

than paying a professional for expertise, craft and material. Results vary, but individuals can carve perfectly legitimate seals for themselves.

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stated in 2016 that often Hong Kongers are asked to use the word "stamp" instead of chop in formal writing so non-Hong Kongers may understand.

802:(1046–256 BC) that there is an increase in the quantity of Chinese seals paired together with textual references to them. Until the end of the 1075: 4264: 4107: 2937:

is a flat-bladed pencil-sized chisel, usually round or octagonal in cross-section and sometimes wrapped in string to give a better grip. The

988:, "Seal in front of the Emperor") written in folded seal script and was found on the edicts of the Yuan emperors that have been preserved in 4532: 4330: 3985:

Hobson-Jobson (1903): A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words, Article «Chop»; The dictionary of trade products (1890). Article «Chhap».

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and falling down. More important seals, such as authority and society seals, are encased or wrapped in a golden silk cloth for protection.

4570: 3227:. These include instructions, hiragana fonts written forward and in mirror-writing (as required on the working surface of a seal), a slim 1242: 4193: 5080: 3257: 2631:

seals made in Japan: a square seal for corporations (left), a seal for bank accounts (bottom right), and a general use seal (top right).

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into the hollow, thus signing a document with both their name and the business's (or bureau's) name. These seals are usually stored in

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by giving it further provenance, especially if it is a seal of a famous or celebrated individual who possessed the work at some point.

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and lesser seals are usually stored in inexpensive plastic cases, sometimes with small supplies of red paste or a stamp pad included.

2792: 1463: 107: 1372:. This partly explains the Qing emperors' obsession with creating numerous imperial seals - for the emperors' official use alone the 5393: 5285: 4483: 4394: 3782: 3249:

may be obtained in a local municipal office (e.g., city hall). There, a person receives a "certificate of seal impression" known as

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There are two types of seal paste (to make the impression) depending on what base material they are made of. The standard colour is

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The most popular style of script for government seals in the imperial eras of China (from the Song dynasty to Qing dynasty) was the

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Almost every stationery store, discount store, large book store, and department store carries small do-it-yourself kits for making

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is an officially registered seal. A registered seal is needed to conduct business and other important or legally binding events. A

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Can contain the person's personal philosophy or literary inclination. These can be any shape, ranging from ovals to dragon-shaped.

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The Complete Oriental Painting Course: A structured, practical guide to painting skills and techniques of China and the Far East

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requirements for 785 types of procedure, 96% of the total, including tax documents. Most business people favoured discontinuing

2777: 2771:-style boxes under high security except at official ceremonies, at which they are displayed on ornate stands or in their boxes. 2417:

The Emperors of China also had their own imperial seals to appraise and appreciate art. As such, many famous paintings from the

6192: 5471: 4837: 4661: 3756: 86: 4410: 3709: 6217: 5947: 5524: 5461: 5436: 5322: 5075: 3893: 3825: 3596: 3542: 3496: 3329:, but half considered that it would be difficult to do so. Politicians also opposed discontinuing their regional hand-carved 2941:

is held vertically in one hand, with the point projecting from the carver's fist on the side opposite the thumb. New, modern

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Inscribed with a poem or proverb, used on paintings and suchlike. May be large or small, depending on length of inscription.

1168: 845:(a mythical bird) as he was sitting in a boat. In both of these origin legends, the gifting of the seal is a symbol that the 467: 280: 168: 64: 3575:

are used for everyday purposes, such as less-significant official transactions. Thus most Koreans have more than two seals.

3310:: officials found it took up to three days between a case of COVID-19 being discovered and it being reported to the public. 816:), regardless if they were used by government officials or in private use and regardless of any material used to make them. 3341: 1012:

during the early 17th century. The Mongols at the time knew that the Yuan dynasty emperors had a Chinese seal known at the

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as a key priority. He aimed to establish a new digital agency to put the idea into practice. Ministries were urged to end

1478: 1160: 190: 4802: 4353: 93: 6237: 6094: 5532: 5255: 5045: 4687: 3785:, when signatures became the usual practice, although usually seen as having less authority in a corporate environment. 3716: 3303: 2458:

red (or lighter or darker shades of red) but other colours can be used such as black, navy, etc. for specific purposes.

1365: 1149:; "white characters") seals imprint the background in red, leaving white characters, sometimes referred to as 4298: 3450:(국새, 國璽) and it is used in promulgation of constitution, designation of cabinet members and ambassadors, conference of 6222: 6202: 5423: 5220: 5170: 3172: 1016:

which they used to promote their legitimacy but weren't in possession of the real seal, so Ligdan Khan created a new "

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would use seals (generally leisure seals and studio seals) to identify their work. These types of seals were called

1615: 75: 6227: 5989: 5596: 5586: 5494: 5489: 4830: 4768: 3903: 1529: 1353: 1280: 906:(1368–1644) this number would further grow to there now being over a dozen imperial seals, and by the reign of the 4653: 3999: 2999:

Smith" in place of "William Smith". The lettering can be red or white, in any font, and with artistic decoration.

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design are very stringent and each design is unique, so the vast majority of people entrust the creation of their

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tend to have the imperial seals for art appraisal and appreciation of generations of subsequent emperors on them.

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of the supposed first seal in Chinese history was recorded, this myth states that the first seal was given to the

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For personal use, there are at least four kinds of seals. In order from most to least formal/official, they are

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and tourist destinations in China. They often carve on-the-spot or translations of foreign names on inexpensive

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was resumed to the throne of the Tang dynasty in the year 705, he changed the name for imperial seals back to

4489: 3430:). This was used only in communications with China and for the coronation of kings. Others, generally called 2756:

is an example; weighing over 3.55 kg and measuring 9.09 cm it is used for official purposes by the

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A chop is necessary for approving decisions relating to the operations and management of a company in China.

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Computer Science 2004. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2004)

4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 3817: 3521:, is a seal which has been registered by a local office, attested by a "certificate of seal registration", ( 3402: 3311: 2305: 53: 2804: 2763:

Some seals have been carved with square tunnels from handle to underside, so that a person can slide their

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are commonly stored in low-security, high-utility places such as office desk drawers and in the anteroom (

2697: 1206: 872: 31: 4623: 5984: 5403: 5265: 5210: 4955: 3163: 2536: 2511: 1415: 1113:; "red characters") seals imprint the Chinese characters in red ink, sometimes referred to as 1047:, but the imperial seal used by the Jurchens to stamp all their imperial documents bore the inscription 1001: 803: 650: 537: 27: 4472:

Liu, Vicky; Caelli, William; Foo, Ernest; Russell, Selwyn (August 7, 2004). Estivill-Castro, V. (ed.).

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for more value. State Seals were generally made of gold or high-quality jade. There are rare cases of

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A person's stylised signature. Often small, sometimes with images, the design can be varied in style.

1411:'Seal(s) for the Qiánlóng emperor's inspection') used on select paintings in his collection. 6026: 5921: 5499: 5385: 5355: 5318: 5235: 4764: 3209: 2784: 2729: 2701: 1337:; 'treasure'), which corresponds to the great seals of Western countries. These were usually made of 794:. However, how these ancient seals were used remains to be uncovered as it is only starting from the 100: 3357:

in approximately 2nd century BC. The remaining oldest record of its usage in Korea is that kings of

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in Beijing has a collection of 25 seals - in order to reduce the significance of the Heirloom Seal.

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Emperor, who was known for his literary ambitions, including his ability to write in well-renowned

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Masterpieces of Japanese Prints: Ukiyo-e from the Victoria and Albert Museum by Rupert Faulkner,

4320: 3656: 3462: 3451: 3442:(관인, 官印) and it was supervised by specialist officials. With the declaration of establishment of 3295: 2728:. Samurai were permitted exclusive use of red ink. Chinese style seals were also utilized by the 2348: 3643:, used seals containing Chinese characters in their diplomatic letters, such as the letter from 3119: 2819: 2160:

Used to seal letters or packages, often after the sealing tag/strip has been stuck on the flap.

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Also, plant pastes tend to smudge more easily than silk pastes due to the loose binding agent.

660:, sometimes of metals, wood, bamboo, plastic, or ivory, and are typically used with red ink or 5888: 5845: 5780: 5755: 5735: 5730: 5683: 5657: 5360: 5155: 4937: 4479: 4447:"Visually sealed and digitally signed electronic documents : building on Asian tradition" 4390: 4209: 4185: 3898: 3443: 3307: 3271:

fraud is beginning to cause some concern that the present system will not be able to survive.

1966: 1459: 1361: 1044: 911: 883: 846: 1661:

period the calligraphy had become more rounded and thinner than before, and later during the

1452: 835:

which had a chart on its back. According to another origin myth, the first seal was given to

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inscriptions that might be quotes from literature, names and dates, or original poetry. The

2725: 2567: 2563: 2407: 2343: 2176: 1388: 1384: 1314: 1124: 1088: 923: 742: 665: 512: 221: 3684: 1648:

should be shaped (some with a handle in the shape of a turtle, some of a camel). Until the

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to Korean kings, with the intent of keeping relations between two countries as brothers (

2994:

means "bank". A person's savings account passbook contains an original impression of the

3965:"Nanjing Civic Bureau Signs Licensing Agreement With CIC China for Electronic Signature" 2473:

Plant: The red paste is made from finely pulverized cinnabar, mixed with castor oil and

2127: 387: 5893: 5825: 5805: 5790: 5760: 5555: 5275: 5180: 5050: 4896: 4884: 4792: 3829: 3314: 3088:

always has the person's family name and usually does not have the person's given name (

2548: 2446: 2418: 2067: 1373: 1028: 891: 832: 828: 698: 691: 657: 3972: 3046: 2873: 2670: 2653: 1936: 1020:" modelled on the seals used by the Ming dynasty as a symbol of political legitimacy. 1000:

and used it as a sign of their legitimacy and it would continue to be used during the

734: 719: 6181: 5190: 5133: 5070: 5001: 4972: 4781: 3857: 3849: 3668: 3551:) a document required for most significant business transactions and civil services. 3358: 3350: 2933:("seal-engraving blade"), a mirror, and a small specialized wooden vice are used. An 1674: 1487: 1357: 993: 973: 776: 772: 705: 639: 631: 20: 2300: 2272:

States aliases of the user, including artistic names, painting names and pen names.

2227: 1301: 6156: 6151: 5714: 5123: 5055: 5035: 4406: 3913: 3908: 3660: 3171:

spelling out "Mitsuko" (光子), a popular woman's name. Note the uniform line widths,

3127: 2575: 2532: 2266: 1871:

Used in letters, instead of writing well wishes by hand, the seal takes its place.

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An East Asian seal which used to belong to a Chinese merchant in the 1930s and 40s

2222: 1745: 5612: 4787: 3245:

used in a significant business transaction. Registration and certification of an

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States the name of the studio or body. This includes society and company seals.

2179:

had, although probably in lesser forms. These are usually rectangular in shape.

1835: 1830: 1789: 1756: 1658: 1491: 1009: 850: 836: 824: 820: 250: 42: 1794: 5568: 5165: 5128: 4962: 2884:

is used when purchasing a vehicle, marrying, or purchasing land, for example.

2743:

specific to their bureau or company and follow the general rules outlined for

2624: 2467: 2411: 1801: 1760: 1024: 623: 6166: 5484: 5065: 4928: 4874: 4853: 4797: 4512:

Japan wants to shred its paper habit. Could it finally leave the fax behind?

4186:"The Myth of the Seal Transmitting the State in the Yuan and Qing Dynasties" 3887: 3720: 3628: 3458: 2587: 2583: 2455: 2312: 1687: 1645: 928: 841: 635: 273: 4290: 2713: 1451:

contained a total of 93 jade and gold seals of which 2 seals were from the

1236:

Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin, quarterly: 1 and 4 with Zhuwen; 2 and 3 with Baiwen

152: 26:"Inkan" redirects here. For the South American Inca/Inka civilisation, see 4143: 864:), he seizes the royal seal from him to symbolically establish his power. 6086: 5408: 4903: 3413: 3152: 3144: 2628: 2463: 1972:

Seal of a department of the Government, or the leader of the department.

1056: 1043:

and with this acquisition the Jurchens claimed to have also acquired the

661: 302: 1448: 6127: 5549: 5060: 5016: 4979: 3995: 2721: 2422: 1909: 1439:, Director of the Huế Monuments Conservation Centre, at the end of the 1040: 949:). Her reasoning behind this change was that she thought that the word 750: 331: 4261:"Bảo vật Quốc gia: Ấn ngọc Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ" 3465:

without a registered seal was invalid. Korean seals are made of wood,

6109: 6071: 4918: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3474: 3213: 2705: 2693: 2552: 2544: 1396: 1360:, and was seen as a legitimising device embodying or symbolising the 1176: 1134: 1098: 791: 746: 673: 414: 4446: 2965: 157:徐永裕印 Xú Yǒngyù yìn, rotating characters meaning "Seal of Xú Yǒngyù") 4473: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 3687:

using the classical Mongolian script, as found in a letter sent to

3022: 6063: 6018: 5971: 4891: 4879: 4869: 4812: 4688:"Vietnam's Stamp of Approval - Corporate/Commercial Law - Vietnam" 3532: 3470: 3426: 3376: 3354: 3340: 3162: 3148: 3021: 3007: 2964: 2856: 2634: 2623: 2518: 2510: 2484: 2445: 1942:

States the personal name and the place name where he/she is from.

1618:(1955–1963). Notice that its inscription is completely written in 1428:), a highly stylised script which is unreadable to the untrained. 1300: 1274: 1074: 1064: 989: 878: 871: 754: 560: 436: 3084:

senior co-workers', in keeping with office social hierarchy. The

2582:

As a novelty souvenir, seal carvers also ply tourist business at

1582:

Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China

1483:

Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China

3466: 3317:

had set the digitalization of the bureaucracy and ultimately of

2635: 1338: 1067:, the print of the seal was also copied onto the stone surface. 5936: 5616: 4826: 4818:

HANKO (Daniel Semo, 20 July 2021) - 99% Invisible, Episode #451

4265:

BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)

3755:

banknotes since its first series, bearing the chairman of the

2887:

The size, shape, material, decoration, and lettering style of

2515:

Scheme of Chinese seal, seal paste, and technique to use them.

953:

sounded too much like death (si, 死) or rest (xi, 息). But when

643: 36: 4533:"Japanese fax fans rally to defence of much-maligned machine" 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 339: 4822: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 3220:

for standard Japanese names may be purchased prefabricated.

2692:

dating from AD 57, made of solid gold given to the ruler of

2891:

are closely regulated by law. For example, in Hiroshima, a

2685:

tends to refer to seals used on less important documents.

2073:

Has images with no words to express the user's character.

1841:

Used in imperial times by imperial consorts or officials.

1591:

Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ zhī yìn

3578:

In traditional arts, as in China and Japan, an artist of

1317:, their families and officials used large seals known as 307: 285: 260: 3267:

The increasing ease with which modern technology allows

1191:'red-white characters combined seal') seals use 4738:. Quarto Publishing plc. and Aurum Press: London, 1997. 4724:篆刻入門. Shanghai Book Publishings 上海書店印行: Shanghai, 1936. 1637:(璽); lower seals of rank and appointment were known as 1435:

created more than 100 imperial seals. According to Dr.

542: 935:, which was up until then used for imperial seals, to 596: 5995:

People's Government of the People's Republic of China

4323:[Seeking the historic craft of Seal Street]. 3286:

alone is insufficient, and thus signatures are used.

233: 3546: 3505:) in Korea can be classified by their legal status. 3500: 2712:, as they were a symbol of the Emperor's authority. 1364:. The Heirloom Seal was passed down through several 472: 6144: 6126: 6108: 6085: 6062: 6017: 5970: 5909: 5723: 5702: 5671: 5650: 5577: 5523: 5470: 5422: 5384: 5317: 5284: 5096: 4936: 4860: 2957:boutiques. The paste is usually stored separately. 2736:came into general use throughout Japanese society. 2462:Silk: The red paste is made from finely pulverized 1356:, which was created by the first Emperor of China, 1305:The Seal of the Emperor of the Great Ming (大明皇帝之寶; 931:issued a decree that changed the usage of the word 914:or to the Emperor being "the successor of Heaven". 590: 585: 559: 554: 536: 531: 511: 497: 492: 466: 461: 435: 413: 408: 386: 364: 359: 330: 323: 301: 279: 272: 256: 249: 227: 220: 215: 189: 167: 162: 141: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4146:. China Online Museum (WelCOMe to the real COM!). 3446:in 1948, its government created a new State Seal, 3241:A certificate of authenticity is required for any 2704:. At first, only the Emperor and his most trusted 4813:Seal culture still remains in electronic commerce 4624:"Act on Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature" 4478:. Australian Computer Society. pp. 287–294. 3663:, a Mongol-ruled dynasty of China, especially by 2739:Government offices and corporations usually have 902:(618–907) this number had grown to 8, during the 790:) and were discovered at archaeological sites at 5336:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 3848:Hồ Chí Minh ấn (胡志明印), the personal seal of the 3104:). Borderlines around their edges are optional. 2945:range in price from less than US$ 1 to US$ 100. 392: 370: 5480:Association of East Asian Research Universities 4142:Yu Yibo (Curator, China Online Museum) (2021). 3659:. These seals were sent by the emperors of the 2639:Ready-made inkan with the name "Kawamura" (河村). 2171:Carry the name of the person's private studio ( 992:. During the reign of the second Yuan emperor, 517: 503: 3401:). The use of seals became popular during the 3345:Bronze Korean seal, dated between 935 and 1392 3255: 3184: 3117: 3044: 2983: 2871: 2668: 2651: 2643:In Japan, seals in general are referred to as 806:(476 BC–221 BC), all seals were only known as 732: 717: 565: 5948: 5628: 5432:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting 4838: 4798:Art-Virtue.com History of Chinese seal making 3761:Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore 3617:The Seal of the Republic of Korea (1949–1962) 1507: 1387:had a number of informal appreciation seals ( 1332: 1322: 1128: 1092: 940: 811: 195: 173: 8: 4227: 4225: 4214:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3969:Communication Intelligence Corporation (CIC) 3536: 3526: 3490: 3396: 3390: 3380: 3370: 2688:The first evidence of writing in Japan is a 1368:, but had been lost by the beginning of the 980:the main imperial seal bore the inscription 441: 419: 4387:Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary 1406: 1186: 1079:The seal works of Wu Qiuyan in Yuan dynasty 996:, the Mongols claimed to have acquired the 642:are common, Sinosphere seals are used with 5955: 5941: 5933: 5635: 5621: 5613: 4845: 4831: 4823: 4734:Wang Jia-nan; Cai Xiaoli and Young, Dawn; 3798:Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ 3234:In modern Japan, most people have several 1352:The most important of these seals was the 969:were alternated, depending on the period. 582: 528: 458: 212: 19:For a more general view of the topic, see 5331:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 4259:TS. Nguyễn Đình Chiến (24 January 2018). 3071:s form is governed by fewer customs than 2724:began using them at some time during the 2590:, sometimes featuring Roman characters. 1260:Baiwen on right side, Zhuwen on left side 1248:Zhuwen on right side, Baiwen on left side 961:. In subsequent centuries both the terms 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 3130:are unacceptable for business purposes. 2181: 2030: 1701: 4382: 4380: 4354:"Where does the word 'chop' come from?" 3956: 3930: 3787: 3673: 3592: 2773: 2489:Yinnihe (seal paste box), Ming dynasty. 1518: 1431:During its 143 years of existence, the 1202: 638:in the West. Unlike in the West, where 5351:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research 4788:The Art of Chinese Chop (Seal Carving) 4668:from the original on 23 September 2022 4492:from the original on December 12, 2020 4232:VietNamNet Bridge (10 February 2016). 4207: 3302:. The delay has been most pressing in 2861:Man carving an ivory seal. Japan, 1915 753:had their personal seals pressed onto 138: 4604:from the original on 14 December 2020 4413:from the original on 26 February 2017 4333:from the original on 31 December 2019 4110:from the original on 1 September 2021 3571:is used on important business, other 2732:. After modernization began in 1870, 7: 4808:Introduction to Chinese Seal Carving 4433:Okinawa: History of an Island People 4196:from the original on 12 January 2020 4150:from the original on 18 October 2021 3454:and important diplomatic documents. 3420:(국인, 國印) which was conferred by the 3416:Korea, there were two types in use: 1345:, but reverted to square during the 656:Chinese seals are typically made of 65:adding citations to reliable sources 4743:Chinese Chops: A Signature in Stone 4563:"One's Testament Needs Seal: Court" 4453:from the original on March 29, 2022 3802:National Seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty 3143:. They often display only a single 1004:period. During the a new so-called 4634:from the original on 8 August 2020 4543:from the original on 6 August 2021 2990:is used specifically for banking; 2913:Throughout Japan, rules governing 2017:Seal of the realm or the monarch. 1464:President of the Republic of China 16:Stamp used in place of a signature 14: 4628:Statutes of the Republic of Korea 4594:"'Ingam' to Disappear in 5 Years" 4573:from the original on 15 June 2013 4531:McCurry, Justin (6 August 2021). 4521:Washington Post (17 October 2020) 4271:from the original on 16 July 2022 4240:from the original on 16 July 2022 3874:Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam 3751:The seal has been present in all 3212:. Foreign names may be carved in 2798:Royal Seal of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. 6008: 5515:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute 4927: 4793:History of Chinese Seal Carvings 4731:. Cico Books Ltd.: London, 2002. 4445:Liu, Yin-Miao (August 7, 2004). 4319:Cheung, Mao (26 November 2017). 4291:"图文：毛主席亲手定印文--新中国的"开国之玺"_新闻_腾讯网" 4188:. New History Journal (新史學雜誌) - 3892:The Eight Masters of Xiling and 3865: 3841: 3809: 3790: 3731: 3708: 3696: 3676: 3610: 3595: 3385:) which bore the inscription of 3216:, katakana, hiragana, or kanji. 2818: 2803: 2791: 2776: 2681:is the most comprehensive term; 2450:Chinese seal and red seal paste. 2383: 2378: 2347: 2342: 2304: 2299: 2265: 2260: 2226: 2221: 2126: 2108:Exceeding seal of the Yellow God 2103:Has lucky sayings and proverbs. 2096: 2066: 2010: 2005: 1965: 1935: 1901: 1896: 1864: 1834: 1829: 1793: 1788: 1744: 1739: 1599: 1573: 1547: 1521: 1433:government of the Nguyễn dynasty 1253: 1241: 1229: 1217: 1205: 766:Origin legends and early history 711:In Japan, seals, referred to as 151: 41: 5964:East Asian and Vietnamese seals 4698:from the original on 2021-08-07 4662:Monetary Authority of Singapore 4500:– via eprints.qut.edu.au. 4461:– via eprints.qut.edu.au. 4366:from the original on 2022-06-06 4301:from the original on 2018-11-19 4002:from the original on 2020-12-11 3783:abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty 3757:Monetary Authority of Singapore 2716:began using their own personal 1466:includes bestowing on them the 340: 308: 286: 261: 52:needs additional citations for 5644:Heraldic traditions by country 5462:EAFF E-1 Football Championship 5437:East Asian Football Federation 3894:Xiling Society of the Seal Art 3537: 3527: 3491: 3397: 3391: 3381: 3371: 3175:, and right-to-left direction. 2531:can cost between 400 and 4000 2368: 2329: 2286: 2247: 2208: 2147: 2116: 2086: 2056: 1993: 1983: 1955: 1925: 1884: 1854: 1817: 1776: 1727: 1590: 1585: 1564: 1559: 1538: 1533: 1508: 1424: 1401: 1333: 1323: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1181: 1172: 1164: 941: 812: 678: 597: 543: 473: 393: 234: 196: 174: 1: 5510:Journal of East Asian Studies 5447:East Asian Judo Championships 5294:East Asia Climate Partnership 4654:"Circulation Currency: Notes" 3971:. 14 May 2001. Archived from 3604:Seal of the Republic of Korea 2558:Seals are also often used on 1556:Seal of the Republic of China 1490:rather than the more ancient 1468:Seal of the Republic of China 1035:claimed to have acquired the 854: 780: 6095:Imperial Seal of the Mongols 5533:Horses in East Asian warfare 5076:other ethnic groups in China 4592:Na Jeong-ju (29 July 2009). 3304:infectious disease reporting 3278:. For these transactions, a 876:Personal seal and monogram ( 6136:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 3773:Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty 3547: 3501: 2502:Usage across the Sinosphere 1699:Denotes the person's name. 1494:, and the seal is called a 1037:Seal Transmitting the State 1018:Seal Transmitting the State 1014:Seal Transmitting the State 1006:Seal Transmitting the State 998:Seal Transmitting the State 6254: 5990:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 5587:Needham Research Institute 5495:East Asia Image Collection 5490:East Asian Economic Review 4925: 4769:Victoria and Albert Museum 4329:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 3904:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 3770: 3689:the Roman Pope Innocent IV 2895:is expected to be roughly 2175:), which most literati in 1530:National Taiwan University 1354:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 1281:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 690:, a term adapted from the 25: 18: 6006: 5366:Human rights in East Asia 5251:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 4236:. VietNam Breaking News. 3998:. Les Ateliers de Japon. 3824:on the right to both the 3296:electronic record-keeping 3282:is too official, while a 3256: 3185: 3118: 3045: 2984: 2872: 2669: 2652: 2363: 2324: 2281: 2242: 2203: 2172: 2142: 2111: 2081: 2051: 1988: 1978: 1950: 1920: 1879: 1849: 1812: 1771: 1722: 1677:inscription on its left. 1612:First Republic of Vietnam 1499: 1419: 1392: 1129: 1093: 733: 718: 669: 616: 581: 566: 527: 518: 504: 457: 442: 420: 211: 150: 146: 76:"Seals in the Sinosphere" 6118:National seals of Taiwan 4359:South China Morning Post 4352:Lim, Lisa (2016-07-28). 3353:was first introduced to 2613:South China Morning Post 1947:Government/official seal 1380:national seals as well. 972:During the reign of the 796:Spring and Autumn period 345:tô͘-chiong / tô͘-chiang 169:Traditional Chinese 6032:National seals of Japan 6000:Xiling Seal Art Society 5452:East Asian martial arts 5399:Archaeological cultures 4409:. Fukuoka City Museum. 3635:khanate established by 3403:Three Kingdoms of Korea 3312:Japanese prime minister 3251:inkan tōroku shōmei-sho 2720:after 750 AD, and 1876:Rotating character seal 1182:zhūbáiwén xiāngjiàn yìn 892:China's Imperial Period 191:Simplified Chinese 6193:Authentication methods 6100:State seal of Mongolia 5751:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5579:Science and technology 5563:The Book of Five Rings 5457:East Asian Youth Games 4784:at China Online Museum 4761:Basil William Robinson 3740:state seal of Mongolia 3387:Seal of the King of Ye 3346: 3333:—a "symbol of Japan". 3319:Japan's entire society 3300:digital communications 3176: 3035: 2974: 2862: 2698:Emperor Guangwu of Han 2640: 2632: 2524: 2516: 2490: 2451: 1809:Subject concubine seal 1565:Zhōnghuá mīnguó zhī xǐ 1539:Guólì Táiwān Dàxué yìn 1458:The government of the 1402:Qiánlóng yùlǎn zhī bǎo 1310: 1307:Dàmíng huángdì zhī bǎo 1298: 1266:Government authorities 1157:Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin 1143:Japanese pronunciation 1107:Japanese pronunciation 1080: 887: 371: 32:Incan (disambiguation) 6218:East Asian traditions 4862:Countries and regions 4741:Wren, Christopher S. 3771:Further information: 3344: 3166: 3025: 2968: 2860: 2638: 2627: 2537:United States dollars 2522: 2514: 2488: 2449: 2397:Art collectors' seals 1917:General/combined seal 1528:The official seal of 1445:Purple Forbidden City 1416:nine-fold seal script 1304: 1283:from Imperial China ( 1278: 1078: 1002:Northern Yuan dynasty 875: 804:Warring States period 651:electronic signatures 349:ìn-chiong / ìn-chiang 28:Inca (disambiguation) 6027:King of Na gold seal 5602:Traditional medicine 5500:East Asia Law Review 5356:East Asian Community 5046:Indigenous Taiwanese 4407:"Gold Seal (Kin-in)" 3651:and the letter from 3548:ingam-jungmyeong-seo 3002:Since mass-produced 2785:King of Na gold seal 2702:King of Na gold seal 2529:semi-precious stones 2396: 1846:Simplified word seal 1628:Government officials 1622:without diacritics. 1023:During the reign of 919:The New Book of Tang 798:(771–476 BC) of the 468:Revised Romanization 61:improve this article 6238:Vietnamese heraldry 6077:Seal of South Korea 5027:Khalkha in Mongolia 4729:Chinese Calligraphy 3826:Traditional Chinese 3580:Chinese calligraphy 3361:used a royal seal ( 3100:) or the opposite ( 2827:Privy Seal of Japan 2812:State Seal of Japan 2754:Privy Seal of Japan 2560:Chinese calligraphy 2404:Chinese calligraphy 1650:Eastern Han dynasty 1271:National government 1169:traditional Chinese 704:, meaning stamp or 366:Vietnamese alphabet 6223:Identity documents 6203:Chinese inventions 5505:East Asian studies 5201:Hip-and-gable roof 5196:Chinese characters 4748:2017-11-28 at the 4517:2020-12-10 at the 3667:and his successor 3657:Pope Boniface VIII 3517:(실인, 實印), meaning 3347: 3177: 3173:archaic text style 3064:) of a residence. 3036: 2975: 2863: 2641: 2633: 2574:Seals are usually 2525: 2517: 2491: 2452: 2117:Huangshen Yuezhang 2078:Lucky sayings seal 1719:Personal name seal 1311: 1299: 1161:simplified Chinese 1081: 986:yü ch’ien chih pao 888: 499:Mongolian Cyrillic 6228:Japanese heraldry 6175: 6174: 5930: 5929: 5610: 5609: 5361:Four Asian Tigers 4756:10 February 1985. 4720:Kong Yunbai 孔雲白, 4569:. 31 March 2008. 4263:(in Vietnamese). 3996:"Name Seal(2018)" 3975:on 11 April 2005. 3856:appearing on his 3800:(大南受天永命傳國璽), the 3747:Singaporean usage 3669:Emperor Chengzong 3444:Republic of Korea 3308:COVID-19 pandemic 2564:Chinese paintings 2535:(about 60 to 600 2408:Chinese paintings 2394: 2393: 2199:Studio/study seal 2164: 2163: 2021: 2020: 1987:), Emperor seal ( 1460:Republic of China 1409: 1362:Mandate of Heaven 1327:), later renamed 1189: 1045:mandate of heaven 1033:Later Jin dynasty 955:Emperor Zhongzong 912:Mandate of Heaven 884:Chongzhen Emperor 847:Mandate of Heaven 823:(202–220 AD), an 743:Japanese emperors 620: 619: 612: 611: 550: 549: 488: 487: 355: 354: 281:Yale Romanization 222:Standard Mandarin 137: 136: 129: 111: 6245: 6208:Chinese seal art 6198:Chinese heraldry 6188:Seals (insignia) 6012: 5980:Babao seal paste 5957: 5950: 5943: 5934: 5884:Northern Ireland 5637: 5630: 5623: 5614: 5545:Miyamoto Musashi 5442:East Asian Games 5414:Former countries 5346:East Asia Summit 5176:Chinese knotting 4931: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4824: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4397: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4306: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4181: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4139: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4106:. January 2008. 4104:ChinaCulture.org 4096: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3961: 3939: 3935: 3872:The seal of the 3869: 3850:North Vietnamese 3845: 3822:transliterations 3816:The seal of the 3813: 3794: 3767:Vietnamese usage 3753:Singapore dollar 3735: 3712: 3700: 3680: 3614: 3599: 3550: 3540: 3539: 3530: 3529: 3504: 3494: 3493: 3485:Personal seals ( 3477:or steel seals. 3422:Emperor of China 3400: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3210:calligraphic art 3190: 3188: 3187: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3052: 3050: 3049: 2989: 2987: 2986: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2822: 2807: 2795: 2780: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2610:Lisa Lim of the 2568:Qianlong Emperor 2436:Signature blocks 2387: 2382: 2370: 2365: 2351: 2346: 2331: 2326: 2308: 2303: 2288: 2283: 2269: 2264: 2249: 2244: 2230: 2225: 2210: 2205: 2182: 2174: 2149: 2144: 2130: 2118: 2113: 2100: 2088: 2083: 2070: 2063:(Image of deer) 2058: 2053: 2031: 2014: 2009: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1969: 1957: 1952: 1939: 1927: 1922: 1905: 1900: 1886: 1881: 1868: 1856: 1851: 1838: 1833: 1819: 1814: 1797: 1792: 1778: 1773: 1748: 1743: 1729: 1724: 1702: 1606:The seal of the 1603: 1592: 1587: 1577: 1566: 1561: 1551: 1540: 1535: 1525: 1511: 1510: 1501: 1426: 1421: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1385:Qianlong Emperor 1336: 1335: 1326: 1325: 1315:Chinese emperors 1295: 1290: 1286: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1221: 1209: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1174: 1166: 1132: 1131: 1096: 1095: 944: 943: 863: 859: 856: 815: 814: 789: 785: 782: 740: 738: 737: 725: 723: 722: 680: 671: 608: 607: 605: 601: 583: 577: 576: 574: 570: 546: 545: 529: 523: 522: 521: 513:Mongolian script 507: 506: 484: 483: 481: 477: 459: 453: 452: 450: 446: 431: 430: 428: 424: 404: 403: 401: 397: 382: 379: 375: 351: 350: 348: 344: 319: 318: 316: 312: 297: 296: 294: 290: 268: 267: 265: 245: 244: 242: 238: 213: 207: 206: 204: 200: 185: 184: 182: 178: 155: 139: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6233:Korean heraldry 6178: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6140: 6122: 6104: 6081: 6058: 6037:Government Seal 6013: 6004: 5966: 5961: 5931: 5926: 5905: 5875:United Kingdom 5719: 5698: 5667: 5646: 5641: 5611: 5606: 5573: 5519: 5466: 5418: 5380: 5376:Stock exchanges 5313: 5280: 5092: 4932: 4923: 4856: 4851: 4778: 4773: 4754:New York Times. 4750:Wayback Machine 4716: 4711: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4519:Wayback Machine 4510:Denyer, Simon. 4509: 4505: 4495: 4493: 4486: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4385: 4378: 4369: 4367: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4302: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4190:Academia Sinica 4183: 4182: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4144:"Chinese Seals" 4141: 4140: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4100:"Chinese Seals" 4098: 4097: 4014: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3861: 3846: 3837: 3814: 3805: 3795: 3775: 3769: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3713: 3704: 3701: 3692: 3681: 3647:to French King 3625: 3623:Mongolian usage 3618: 3615: 3606: 3600: 3519:registered seal 3483: 3469:, or sometimes 3452:national orders 3408:In the case of 3339: 3292: 3253: 3200:Traditionally, 3182: 3161: 3115: 3042: 3020: 2981: 2963: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2869: 2855: 2829: 2823: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2796: 2787: 2781: 2666: 2649: 2622: 2604: 2509: 2504: 2444: 2431: 2399: 2361: 2360: 2338: 2337: 2322: 2321: 2295: 2294: 2279: 2278: 2256: 2255: 2240: 2239: 2217: 2216: 2201: 2200: 2169: 2140: 2109: 2079: 2049: 2026: 2001: 1948: 1918: 1892: 1877: 1847: 1825: 1810: 1784: 1769: 1768:Style name seal 1763:) of a person. 1735: 1720: 1697: 1683: 1630: 1623: 1604: 1595: 1586:中华人民共和国中央人民政府之印 1578: 1569: 1552: 1543: 1526: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1249: 1246: 1237: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1213: 1210: 1073: 1071:Engraving types 1049:Zhi gao zhi bao 982:Yu qian zhi bao 870: 861: 857: 787: 783: 768: 763: 730: 715: 603: 599: 572: 568: 544:Tamag'a / Tamga 519: 479: 475: 448: 444: 426: 422: 399: 395: 377: 373: 360:Vietnamese name 346: 342: 314: 310: 292: 288: 263: 240: 236: 202: 198: 180: 176: 158: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6251: 6249: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:East Asian art 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6112: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6091: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5559: 5556:The Art of War 5552: 5547: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5325: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5276:Chinese zodiac 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5181:Chinese dragon 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Blepharoplasty 5138: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4777: 4776:External links 4774: 4772: 4771: 4757: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4692:www.mondaq.com 4679: 4658:www.mas.gov.sg 4645: 4615: 4584: 4554: 4523: 4503: 4484: 4464: 4437: 4431:Kerr, George. 4424: 4398: 4376: 4344: 4311: 4282: 4251: 4221: 4161: 4121: 4012: 3987: 3978: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3847: 3840: 3838: 3815: 3808: 3806: 3796: 3789: 3768: 3765: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3714: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3695: 3693: 3682: 3675: 3624: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3482: 3481:Personal seals 3479: 3338: 3335: 3315:Yoshihide Suga 3291: 3290:Discouragement 3288: 3160: 3157: 3151:ideograph, or 3090:shita no namae 3026:Off-the-shelf 3019: 3016: 2969:A foreigner's 2962: 2959: 2854: 2851: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2775: 2730:Ryūkyū Kingdom 2621: 2620:Japanese usage 2618: 2603: 2600: 2549:mainland China 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2443: 2440: 2430: 2427: 2419:Forbidden City 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2376: 2373: 2359:Signature Seal 2356: 2355: 2352: 2340: 2334: 2317: 2316: 2309: 2297: 2291: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2258: 2252: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2213: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2064: 2061: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2003: 1998: 1977:Kingdom seal ( 1974: 1973: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1933: 1930: 1914: 1913: 1906: 1894: 1889: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1862: 1859: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1827: 1822: 1806: 1805: 1798: 1786: 1781: 1765: 1764: 1749: 1737: 1732: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1696: 1693: 1682: 1679: 1667:Yuan dynasties 1633:were known as 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1605: 1598: 1596: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1527: 1520: 1441:Nguyễn dynasty 1437:Phan Thanh Hải 1374:Forbidden City 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1154: 1118: 1072: 1069: 1041:Chahar Mongols 869: 868:Imperial China 866: 862: 1600 BC 829:Yellow Emperor 788: 1046 BC 767: 764: 762: 759: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 594: 588: 587: 586:Transcriptions 579: 578: 563: 557: 556: 552: 551: 548: 547: 540: 534: 533: 532:Transcriptions 525: 524: 515: 509: 508: 501: 495: 494: 493:Mongolian name 490: 489: 486: 485: 470: 464: 463: 462:Transcriptions 455: 454: 439: 433: 432: 417: 411: 410: 406: 405: 390: 384: 383: 368: 362: 361: 357: 356: 353: 352: 337: 328: 327: 321: 320: 305: 299: 298: 283: 277: 276: 274:Yue: Cantonese 270: 269: 258: 254: 253: 247: 246: 231: 225: 224: 218: 217: 216:Transcriptions 209: 208: 193: 187: 186: 171: 165: 164: 160: 159: 156: 148: 147: 144: 143: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6250: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Imperial Seal 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6011: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985:Banknote seal 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5935: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5811:Liechtenstein 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5694:United States 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5111:Architecture‎ 5109: 5107: 5106:Age reckoning 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4938:Ethnic groups 4935: 4930: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782:Chinese Seals 4780: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4722:Zhuanke Rumen 4719: 4718: 4713: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4585: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4491: 4487: 4485:9781920682057 4481: 4477: 4476: 4468: 4465: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4395:4-7674-2015-6 4392: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4345: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4312: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3950: 3945: 3934: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3858:business card 3855: 3851: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3759:(MAS) or the 3758: 3754: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3534: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3498: 3488: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3388: 3378: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3128:Rubber stamps 3121: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3017: 3015: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2980: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2868: 2859: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726:Feudal Period 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2665: 2664: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2513: 2507:Chinese usage 2506: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466:, mixed with 2465: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2429:Leisure seals 2428: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2318: 2315:in the west. 2314: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2198: 2197: 2193: 2191:Example seal 2190: 2188:Example text 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2177:ancient China 2166: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2139:Sealing stamp 2138: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2048:Portrait seal 2047: 2046: 2042: 2040:Example seal 2039: 2037:Example text 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1986: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1887: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1826:妾美櫻 (female) 1823: 1820: 1808: 1807: 1804:of a person. 1803: 1799: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1779: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:personal name 1750: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711:Example seal 1710: 1708:Example text 1707: 1704: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1675:Manchu script 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1616:Ngô Đình Diệm 1613: 1609: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1514:company chops 1505: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488:Song typeface 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1472:Seal of Honor 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1417: 1412: 1404: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:Qin Shi Huang 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1330: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1282: 1277: 1270: 1265: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1220: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1184: 1178: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925: 920: 917:According to 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 885: 881: 880: 874: 867: 865: 852: 848: 844: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 778: 777:Shang dynasty 774: 773:ancient China 765: 760: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 736: 729: 721: 714: 709: 707: 706:rubber stamps 703: 700: 696: 693: 689: 685: 681: 675: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 615: 595: 593: 589: 584: 580: 564: 562: 558: 555:Japanese name 553: 541: 539: 535: 530: 526: 516: 514: 510: 502: 500: 496: 491: 471: 469: 465: 460: 456: 440: 438: 434: 418: 416: 412: 407: 391: 389: 385: 381: 369: 367: 363: 358: 338: 336: 333: 329: 326: 322: 306: 304: 300: 284: 282: 278: 275: 271: 259: 255: 252: 248: 232: 230: 226: 223: 219: 214: 210: 194: 192: 188: 172: 170: 166: 161: 154: 149: 145: 140: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 29: 22: 21:Seal (emblem) 6157:Side carving 6152:Seal carving 5901:Vatican City 5663:South Africa 5561: 5554: 5539:Bansenshūkai 5537: 5304:Rainy season 5081:unrecognized 4765:Richard Lane 4753: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4700:. 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However, 2320:Poetry seal 2167:Studio (齋印) 1962:宜州管下羈縻都黎縣印 1855:Shujian Yin 1824:臣小明 (male), 1818:Chenqie Yin 1757:family name 1659:Sui dynasty 1532:in Taiwan ( 1443:period the 1224:Zhuwen seal 1212:Baiwen seal 1061:calligraphy 1010:Ligdan Khan 927:), Empress 894:, the term 886:(1611-1644) 858: 2070 851:Xia dynasty 837:Emperor Yao 825:origin myth 821:Han dynasty 819:During the 784: 1600 409:Korean name 317:jan3 zoeng1 309:jan3 gaam3 291:tòuh jēung 117:August 2009 6182:Categories 6052:State Seal 6047:Privy Seal 5569:Yi Sun-sin 5404:Bronze Age 5341:Capitalism 5266:Typography 5261:Television 5231:Philosophy 5216:Mādhyamaka 5211:Literature 5166:Sinosphere 5086:historical 4702:2021-08-07 4370:2022-06-06 4305:2007-03-01 4006:2018-04-02 3946:References 3852:president 3685:Güyük Khan 3094:Mitome-ins 3069:mitome-in' 2584:Chinatowns 2562:works and 2539:in 2021). 2468:castor oil 2442:Seal paste 2412:art market 2313:bookplates 2296:儀徵張錫組珍藏書画 2248:Biehao Yin 2238:Alias seal 2123:黃神越章天帝神之印 1932:大英伯明皇龍正之章 1885:Huiwen Yin 1802:style name 1800:State the 1777:Biaozi Yin 1761:given name 1751:State the 1646:seal knobs 1294:Chuánguóxǐ 1025:Hong Taiji 994:Temür Khan 860: – c. 853:(presumed 786: – c. 686:or simply 684:chop marks 636:signatures 624:Sinosphere 376:ấn chương 87:newspapers 6167:Seal knob 5917:Australia 5485:CrossAsia 5472:Education 5226:Mythology 5206:Languages 5186:Festivals 5134:Taiwanese 5041:Ryukyuans 4956:subgroups 4875:Hong Kong 4854:East Asia 4608:6 October 4577:6 October 4496:August 7, 4457:August 7, 3951:Citations 3899:Cash seal 3888:Wu Qiuyan 3721:Bogd Khan 3649:Philip IV 3629:Ilkhanate 3584:paintings 3414:monarchic 3412:Seals in 3298:and slow 3284:mitome-in 3276:mitome-in 3167:A modern 3134:Mitome-in 3113:sanmonban 3109:mitome-in 3086:mitome-in 3081:mitome-in 3058:Mitome-in 3040:mitome-in 3032:sanmonban 3018:Mitome-in 2843:mitome-in 2700:, called 2602:Hong Kong 2588:soapstone 2475:moxa punk 2456:vermilion 2369:Huaya Yin 2024:Free (閑印) 1695:Name (名印) 1688:signature 1608:president 1502:), not a 1425:jiǔdiéwén 1366:dynasties 1039:from the 929:Wu Zetian 882:) of the 842:fenghuang 640:wax seals 372:ấn triện 295:yan jēung 287:yan gaam 6087:Mongolia 5889:Scotland 5861:Slovakia 5841:Portugal 5672:Americas 5592:Printing 5525:Military 5409:Iron Age 5323:Politics 5271:Yogācāra 5256:Surnames 5236:Religion 5146:Buddhism 5124:Japanese 5051:Tibetans 5022:in China 5012:Mongolic 4990:in Japan 4985:in China 4968:Japanese 4904:Mongolia 4885:Mainland 4746:Archived 4696:Archived 4666:Archived 4632:Archived 4602:Archived 4571:Archived 4547:6 August 4541:Archived 4515:Archived 4490:Archived 4451:Archived 4411:Archived 4364:Archived 4331:Archived 4299:Archived 4269:Archived 4238:Archived 4210:cite web 4200:12 April 4194:Archived 4148:Archived 4108:Archived 4000:Archived 3882:See also 3836:scripts. 3781:and the 3763:(BCCS). 3725:Mongolia 3691:in 1246. 3683:Seal of 3405:period. 3153:katakana 3145:hiragana 3107:Plastic 3077:ginkō-in 3004:ginkō-in 2996:ginkō-in 2979:ginkō-in 2971:ginkō-in 2961:Ginkō-in 2839:ginkō-in 2629:Titanium 2464:cinnabar 2336:買魚沽酒答春晴, 2330:Ciju Yin 2293:松雨彗齋圖書印, 2087:Jiyu Yin 1956:Guan Yin 1926:Zong Yin 1681:Personal 1470:and the 1455:period. 1199:together 1057:Qianlong 947:treasure 697:and the 662:cinnabar 538:SASM/GNC 303:Jyutping 243:yìnzhāng 239:túzhāng 235:yìnjiàn 6145:General 6128:Vietnam 5910:Oceania 5879:England 5846:Romania 5806:Ireland 5801:Iceland 5796:Hungary 5786:Germany 5781:Georgia 5771:Finland 5766:Denmark 5761:Czechia 5756:Croatia 5746:Belgium 5741:Belarus 5736:Austria 5731:Albania 5658:Nigeria 5550:Sun Tzu 5386:History 5319:Economy 5299:Monsoon 5241:Scripts 5191:Gardens 5161:Cuisine 5119:Chinese 5098:Culture 5061:Uyghurs 5017:Mongols 4980:Koreans 4714:Sources 4275:8 March 4244:8 March 3876:(2021). 3830:regular 3719:of the 3588:Nakkwan 3573:dojangs 3459:signing 3280:jitsuin 3258:印鑑登録証明書 3194:gago in 3180:Gagō-in 3169:gagō-in 3159:Gagō-in 3102:hakubun 3073:jitsuin 2950:jitsuin 2924:jitsuin 2919:jitsuin 2915:jitsuin 2900:⁄ 2893:jitsuin 2889:jitsuin 2882:jitsuin 2867:jitsuin 2853:Jitsuin 2847:gagō-in 2835:jitsuin 2769:jitsuin 2758:Emperor 2750:hakubun 2745:jitsuin 2722:samurai 2706:vassals 2545:cheques 2423:Beijing 2148:Feng Ni 2000:大清帝國之璽, 1910:preface 1610:of the 1534:國立臺灣大學印 1389:Chinese 1147:hakubun 1125:Chinese 1089:Chinese 1029:Jurchen 984:(御前之寶, 924:Tangshu 890:During 761:History 751:samurai 747:shōguns 666:Chinese 664:paste ( 622:In the 520:ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ 478:dojang 388:Chữ Hán 341:ìn-kàm 332:Hokkien 101:scholar 6110:Taiwan 6072:Guksae 5871:Sweden 5856:Serbia 5851:Russia 5836:Poland 5831:Norway 5821:Monaco 5791:Greece 5776:France 5724:Europe 5689:Mexico 5684:Canada 5679:Brazil 5651:Africa 5597:Swords 5424:Sports 5156:Cinema 5129:Korean 5071:Zhuang 5002:Manchu 4973:Yamato 4919:Taiwan 4897:Ryukyu 4482: 4393: 4295:qq.com 3832:) and 3653:Ghazan 3645:Arghun 3641:Persia 3633:Mongol 3567:While 3541:; 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