Seat belt - Knowledge (XXG)

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shoulder belt. In a crash, without a lap belt, such a vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine" (be thrown forward under the shoulder belt) and be seriously injured. Motorized or door-affixed shoulder belts hinder access to the vehicle, making it difficult to enter and exit—particularly if the occupant is carrying items such as a box or a purse. Vehicle owners tend to disconnect the motorized or door-affixed shoulder belt to relieve the nuisance when entering and exiting the vehicle, leaving only a lap belt for crash protection. Also, many automatic seat belt systems are incompatible with child safety seats, or only compatible with special modifications.

112: 821:. Inflatable seat belts have tubular inflatable bladders contained within an outer cover. When a crash occurs, the bladder inflates with gas to increase the area of the restraint contacting the occupant and also shortening the length of the restraint to tighten the belt around the occupant, improving the protection. The inflatable sections may be shoulder-only or lap and shoulder. The system supports the head during the crash better than a web-only belt. It also provides side impact protection. In 2013, Ford began offering rear-seat inflatable seat belts on a limited set of models, such as the 1843: 1040:

were reported wearing a three-point safety belt, and the remaining 80% were reported as wearing no safety belt. The results concluded that users of the two-point lap belt had a 73% lower fatality rate, a 53% lower serious injury rate, and a 38% lower injury rate than the occupants that were reported unrestrained. Similarly, users of the three-point safety belt had a 60% lower serious injury rate and a 41% lower rate of all other injuries. Out of the 2% described as wearing a three-point safety belt, no fatalities were reported.

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1975. The study found that for injuries considered “moderate” or worse, individuals wearing a three-point safety belt had a 56.5% lower injury rate than those wearing no safety belt. The study also concluded that the effectiveness of the safety belt did not differ with the size of a car. It was determined that the variation among results of the many studies conducted in the 1960s and 70s was due to the use of different methodologies, and could not be attributed to any significant variation in the effectiveness of safety belts.

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dated as motor manufacturers would tool up for a particular standard that could not easily be changed. For example, in 1969 there were competing designs for lap and three-point seat belts, rapidly tilting seats, and airbags being developed. As countries started to mandate seat belt restraints the global auto industry invested in the tooling and standardized exclusively on seat belts, and ignored other restraint designs such as airbags for several decades

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eggs in an egg carton—compartmentalized, and surrounded with padding and structural integrity to secure the entire container." Although school buses are considered safe for mass transit of students, this will not guarantee that the students will be injury-free if an impact were to occur. Seat belts in buses are sometimes believed to make recovering from a roll or tip harder for passengers, as they could be easily trapped in their own safety belts.

784:. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost instantaneously. This reduces the motion of the occupant in a violent crash. Like airbags, pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car's body, and many pretensioners have used explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt. Pretensioners also lower the risk of "submarining", which occurs when a passenger slides forward under a loosely fitted seat belt. 1276:

system spurred severe backlash from an American public who largely rejected seat belts. In 1974, Congress acted to prohibit NHTSA from requiring or permitting a system that prevents a vehicle from starting or operating with an unbelted occupant, or that gives an audible warning of an unfastened belt for more than 8 seconds after the ignition is turned on. This prohibition took effect on 27 October 1974, shortly after the 1975 model year began.

1032: 1062:(NCAP) was put in place by the United States National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 1979. The NCAP is a government program that evaluates vehicle safety designs and sets standards for foreign and domestic automobile companies. The agency developed a rating system and requires access to safety test results. As of September 2007, manufacturers are required to place an NCAP star rating on the automobile price sticker. 1132: 1853: 930:, then Transportation Secretary, proposed that the two passive safety restraints be phased into vehicles gradually, from vehicle model year 1987 to vehicle model year 1990, when all vehicles would be required to have either automatic seat belts or driver side air bags. Though more awkward for vehicle occupants, most manufacturers opted to use less expensive automatic belts rather than airbags during this time period. 2017:

cause fatalities. For example, drivers in high-risk areas are more likely to use seat belts and are more likely to be in accidents, creating a non-causal correlation between seat belt use and mortality. After accounting for the endogeneity of seat belt usage, Cohen and Einav found no evidence that the risk compensation effect makes seat belt-wearing drivers more dangerous, a finding at variance with other research.

6258: 540:" led to the progressive revision of passenger safety regulations in nearly all developed countries to require three-point belts, first in all outboard seating positions, and eventually in all seating positions in passenger vehicles. Since September 1, 2007, all new cars sold in the U.S. require a lap and shoulder belt in the center rear seat. In addition to regulatory changes, "seat belt syndrome" has led to a 492: 6278: 1741: 1781: 1011:(CMVSS 210) — which were not weakened to accommodate automatic belts — vehicle models that had been eligible for easy importation in either direction across the U.S.-Canada border when equipped with manual belts became ineligible for importation in either direction once the U.S. variants obtained automatic belts and the Canadian versions retained manual belts. Two particular models affected were the 1791: 2102: 247: 219: 191: 163: 361:, the Swedish national electric utility, did a study of all fatal, on-the-job accidents among their employees. The study revealed that the majority of fatalities occurred while the employees were on the road on company business. In response, two Vattenfall safety engineers, Bengt Odelgard and Per-Olof Weman, started to develop a seat belt. Their work was presented to Swedish manufacturer 1801: 1771: 1186: 723: 1833: 1823: 1751: 570: 6268: 5840: 599: 293:. In the early 1950s, Shelden made a major contribution to the automotive industry with his idea of retractable seat belts. This came about from his care of the high number of head injuries coming through the emergency room. He investigated the early seat belts with primitive designs that were implicated in these injuries and deaths. 1990:

presence of a different violation. In the United States, fifteen states enforce secondary laws, while 34 states, as well as the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands enforce primary seat belt laws. New Hampshire lacks either a primary or secondary seat belt law.

582:'s (NHTSA) Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 on January 1, 1968. However, if the shoulder strap is used without the lap belt, the vehicle occupant is likely to "submarine", or slide forward in the seat and out from under the belt, in a frontal collision. In the mid-1970s, three-point belt systems such as 3173:

The 1959 model (which appeared in August 1958) had a major innovation in the form of front seat safety belts as standard equipment on all the cars, including the export models. Volvo was the world's first automaker to take this step, even though Ford fitted a "lap" belt on one or other of its cars in

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All aerobatic aircraft and gliders (sailplanes) are fitted with four or five-point harnesses, as are many types of light aircraft and many types of military aircraft. The seat belts in these aircraft have the dual function of crash protection and keeping the pilot(s) and crew in their seat(s) during

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This has led many countries to adopt mandatory seat belt wearing laws. It is generally accepted that, in comparing like-for-like accidents, a vehicle occupant not wearing a properly fitted seat belt has a significantly and substantially higher chance of death and serious injury. One large observation

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in injuries among the target population. In crashes, small children who wear adult seat belts can suffer "seat-belt syndrome" injuries including severed intestines, ruptured diaphragms, and spinal damage. There is also research suggesting that children in inappropriate restraints are at significantly

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coupes. When the door is opened, the belts go from a fixed point in the middle of the car by the floor to the retractors on the door. Passengers must slide into the car under the belts. When the door closes, the seat belt retracts into the door. The belts have normal release buttons that are supposed

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swung away from its plumb position by rapid deceleration or rollover of the vehicle. In the absence of rapid deceleration or rollover, the reel is unlocked and the belt strap may be pulled from the reel against the spring tension of the reel. The vehicle occupant can move around with relative freedom

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A "sash" or shoulder harness is a strap that goes diagonally over the vehicle occupant's outboard shoulder and is buckled inboard of their lap. The shoulder harness may attach to the lap belt tongue, or it may have a tongue and buckle completely separate from those of the lap belt. Shoulder harnesses

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According to the analysis, seat belts decreased fatalities by 1.35% for each 10% increase in seat belt use. The study controlled for endogenous motivations of seat belt use, because that creates an artificial correlation between seat belt use and fatalities, leading to the conclusion that seat belts

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In Europe, the U.S., and some other parts of the world, most modern cars include a seat-belt reminder light for the driver and some also include a reminder for the passenger, when present, activated by a pressure sensor under the passenger seat. Some cars will intermittently flash the reminder light

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in their crash test research. The Center's director, Albert King, wrote in 1995 that the vehicle safety improvements made possible since 1987 by the use of cadavers in research had saved nearly 8,500 lives each year, and indicated that improvements made to three-point safety belts save an average of

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Manual lap belt with automatic motorized shoulder belt: When the door is opened, the shoulder belt moves from a fixed point near the seat back on a track mounted in the door frame of the car to a point at the other end of the track near the windshield. Once the door is closed and the car is started,

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activated by the rapid acceleration of the strap (webbing) from the reel. The belt can be pulled from the reel only slowly and gradually, as when the occupant extends the belt to fasten it. A sudden rapid pull of the belt—as in a sudden braking or collision event—causes the reel to lock, restraining

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The purpose of locking retractors (sometimes called ELR belts, for "Emergency Locking Retractors") is to provide the seated occupant the convenience of some free movement of the upper torso within the compartment while providing a method of limiting this movement in the event of a crash. Starting in

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The effects of seat belt laws are disputed by those who observe that their passage did not reduce road fatalities. There has also been concern that instead of legislating for a general protection standard for vehicle occupants, laws that required a particular technical approach would rapidly become

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This study and others led to the Restraint Systems Evaluation Program (RSEP), started by the NHTSA in 1975 to increase the reliability and authenticity of past studies. A study as part of this program used data taken from 15,000 tow-away accidents that involved only car models made between 1973 and

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Webclamps stop the webbing in the event of an accident and limit the distance the webbing can spool out (caused by the unused webbing tightening on the central drum of the mechanism). These belts also often incorporate an energy management loop ("rip stitching") in which a section of the webbing is

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Accident investigators often examine the webbing of a seatbelt to determine if an occupant of a vehicle was wearing their seatbelt during a collision. The material of the webbing may contain traces of the occupant's clothing. Certain materials such as nylons may become permanently affixed or melted

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It has been suggested that although seat belt usage reduces the probability of death in any given accident, mandatory seat belt laws have little or no effect on the overall number of traffic fatalities because seat belt usage also disincentivizes safe driving behaviors, thereby increasing the total

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Starting in 1971 and ending in 1972, the United States conducted a research project on seat belt effectiveness on a total of 40,000 vehicle occupants using car accident reports collected during that time. Of these 40,000 occupants, 18% were reported wearing lap belts, or two-point safety belts, 2%

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Automatic belt systems generally offer inferior occupant crash protection. In systems with belts attached to the door rather than a sturdier fixed portion of the vehicle body, a crash that causes the vehicle door to open leaves the occupant without belt protection. In such a scenario, the occupant

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resistance, lower extensibility and higher stiffness. Nylon was also prone to stretching much more than polyester, and was prone to wear and tear, with tiny abrasions drastically reducing tensile strength causing a lack of reliability in one of the most important safety measures in a vehicle. Seat

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Pros and cons have been debated about the use of seat belts in school buses. School buses, which are much bigger than the average vehicle, allow for the mass transportation of students from place to place. The American School Bus Council states in a brief article: "The children are protected like

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In 2003, the Transportation Research Board Committee, chaired by two psychologists, reported that "Enhanced SBRs" (ESBRs) could save an additional 1,000 lives a year. Research by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found that Ford's ESBR, which provides an intermittent chime for up to five

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The interlock systems used logic modules complex enough to require special diagnostic computers, and were not entirely dependable—an override button was provided under the hood of equipped cars, permitting one (but only one) "free" starting attempt each time it was pressed. However, the interlock

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As a result of such findings, many jurisdictions now advocate or require child passengers to use specially designed child restraints. Such systems include separate child-sized seats with their own restraints and booster cushions for children using adult restraints. In some jurisdictions, children

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General Motors introduced a three-point non-motorized passive belt system in 1980 to comply with the passive restraint requirement. However, it was used as an active lap-shoulder belt because of unlatching the belt to exit the vehicle. Despite this common practice, field studies of belt use still

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frequently use a combination harness consisting of a five-point harness with a redundant lap belt attached to a different part of the aircraft. While providing redundancy for negative-g maneuvers (which lift the pilot out of the seat), they also require the pilot to unlatch two harnesses if it is

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Belt-in-Seat type belts have been used by automakers in convertibles and pillarless hardtops, where there is no "B" pillar to affix the upper mount of the belt. Chrysler and Cadillac are well known for using this design. Antique auto enthusiasts sometimes replace original seats in their cars with

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was the first American car manufacturer to offer seat belts as a factory option, in its 1949 models. They were installed in 40,000 cars, but buyers did not want them and requested that dealers remove them. The feature was "met with insurmountable sales resistance" and Nash reported that after one

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When in motion, the driver and passengers are traveling at the same speed as the vehicle. If the vehicle suddenly stops or crashes, the occupants continue at the same speed the vehicle was going before it stopped. A seat belt applies an opposing force to the driver and passengers to prevent them

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Automatic belt systems also present several operational disadvantages. Motorists who would normally wear seat belts must still fasten the manual lap belt, thus rendering redundant the automation of the shoulder belt. Those who do not fasten the lap belt wind up inadequately protected only by the

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around a track under various conditions. It was found that subjects who started driving unbelted drove consistently faster when subsequently belted. Similarly, a study of habitual non-seat belt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to use by adopting higher

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As of 2016, seat belt laws can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. A primary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a citation for lack of seat belt use without any other citation, whereas a secondary seat belt law allows an officer to issue a seat belt citation only in the

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In 2001, Congress directed NHSTA to study the benefits of technology meant to increase the use of seat belts. NHSTA found that seat belt usage had increased to 73% since the initial introduction of the SBR system. In 2002, Ford demonstrated that seat belts were used more in Fords with seat belt

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A three-point belt is a Y-shaped arrangement, similar to the separate lap and sash belts, but unified. Like the separate lap-and-sash belt, in a collision, the three-point belt spreads out the energy of the moving body over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production

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for Volvo, which introduced it in 1959 as standard equipment. In addition to designing an effective three-point belt, Bohlin demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28,000 accidents in Sweden. Unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale, whereas none of the

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A study demonstrated that standard automotive three-point restraints fitted with pyrotechnic or electric pretensioners were not able to eliminate all interior passenger compartment head strikes in rollover test conditions. Electric pretensioners are often incorporated on vehicles equipped with

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Some systems also pre-emptively tighten the belt during fast accelerations and strong decelerations, even if no crash has happened. This has the advantage that it may help prevent the driver from sliding out of position during violent evasive maneuvers, which could cause loss of control of the

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In response to the Congressional action, NHTSA once again amended FMVSS 208, requiring vehicles to come with a seat belt reminder system that gives an audible signal for 4 to 8 seconds and a warning light for at least 60 seconds after the ignition is turned on if the driver's seat belt is not

2092:"It has been shown that there is no net safety benefit for passengers who choose to wear 3-point restraints on passenger-carrying rail vehicles. Generally, passengers who choose not to wear restraints in a vehicle modified to accept 3-point restraints receive marginally more severe injuries." 792:

some collisions from happening, as well as reduce injuries in the event an actual collision occurs. Pre-emptive systems generally use electric pretensioners, which can operate repeatedly and for a sustained period, rather than pyrotechnic pretensioners, which can only operate a single time.

805:; they are designed to reduce seat belt slack in a potential collision and assist in placing the occupants in a more optimal seating position. The electric pretensioners also can operate on a repeated or sustained basis, providing better protection in the event of an extended rollover or a 4935: 1193:

As with adult drivers and passengers, the advent of seat belts was accompanied by calls for their use by child occupants, including legislation requiring such use. Generally, children using adult seat belts suffer significantly lower injury risk when compared to non-buckled children.

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turbulence and aerobatic maneuvers. Passenger aircraft are fitted with lap belts. Unlike road vehicles, passenger aircraft seat belts are not primarily designed for crash protection. Their main purpose is to keep passengers in their seats during events such as turbulence. Many

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reminders than in those without: 76% and 71% respectively. In 2007, Honda conducted a similar study and found that 90% of people who drove Hondas with seat belt reminders used a seat belt, while 84% of people who drove Hondas without seat belt reminders used a seat belt.

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worked with Saab and Ford to determine the requirements for the most efficient seat belt reminder. One characteristic of the optimal SBR, according to the research, is that the audible warning becomes increasingly penetrating the longer the seat belt remains unfastened.

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BIS-equipped front seats, providing a measure of safety not available when these cars were new. However, modern BIS systems typically use electronics that must be installed and connected with the seats and the vehicle's electrical system in order to function properly.

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minutes if the driver is unbelted, sounding for 6 seconds then pausing for 30, increased seat belt use by 5 percentage points. Farmer and Wells found that driver fatality rates were 6% lower for vehicles with ESBR compared with otherwise-identical vehicles without.

398:, requiring their use by drivers and front-seat passengers. This legislation was enacted after trialing Hemco seat belts, designed by Desmond Hemphill (1926–2001), in the front seats of police vehicles, lowering the incidence of officer injury and death. Mandatory 848:

Seat belts that automatically move into position around a vehicle occupant once the adjacent door is closed and/or the engine is started were developed as a countermeasure against low usage rates of manual seat belts, particularly in the United States. The 1972

1268:(FMVSS 208) was amended by the NHTSA to require a seat belt/starter interlock system to prevent passenger cars from being started with an unbelted front-seat occupant. This mandate applied to passenger cars built after August 1973, i.e., starting with the 1974 3717: 2087:

The use of seat belts in trains has been investigated. Concerns about survival space intrusion in train crashes and increased injuries to unrestrained or incorrectly restrained passengers led researchers to discourage the use of seat belts in trains.

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assessment concluded seat-mounted three-point belts offer better protection especially to smaller vehicle occupants, though GM did not find a safety performance improvement in vehicles with seat-mounted belts versus belts mounted to the vehicle body.

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Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning type-approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended

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looped and stitched with special stitching. The function of this is to "rip" at a predetermined load, which reduces the maximum force transmitted through the belt to the occupant during a violent collision, reducing injuries to the occupant.

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the occupant in position. The first automatic locking retractor for seat belts and shoulder harnesses in the U.S. was the Irving "Dynalock" safety device. These "Auto-lock" front lap belts were optional on AMC cars with bucket seats in 1967.

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of this separate or semi-separate type were installed in conjunction with lap belts in the outboard front seating positions of many vehicles in the North American market starting at the inception of the shoulder belt requirement of the U.S.

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for vehicle manufacturers. One Los Angeles case resulted in a $ 45 million jury verdict against Ford; the resulting $ 30 million judgment (after deductions for another defendant who settled prior to trial) was affirmed on appeal in 2006.

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weaving pattern to maximize the thread density. Modern seatbelt weaves also feature snag-proof selvedges reinforced with strong polyester threads to prevent the wear and tear, while remaining flexible. The weave features about 300

4975:"Automotive Research And Development, Automotive Service Provider, India, Vehicle Type Certification, Automotive Testing And Calibration, Vehicle Design Labs, Advanced Automotive Design Standards, Automotive Engineering Course" 1230:

In 2005, in Sweden, 70% of all cars that were newly registered were equipped with seat belt reminders for the driver. Since November 2014, seat belt reminders are mandatory for the driver's seat on new cars sold in Europe.

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has summarized these data by stating "seat belts reduce serious crash-related injuries and deaths by about half." Most malfunctions are a result of there being too much slack in the seat belt at the time of the accident.

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Until the 1980s, three-point belts were commonly available only in the front outboard seats of cars; the back seats were often only fitted with lap belts. Evidence of the potential of lap belts to cause separation of the

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and there are two shoulder belts, making a total of five points of attachment to the seat. A 4-point harness is similar, but without the strap between the legs, while a 6-point harness has two belts between the legs. In

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Other statistical analyses have included adjustments for factors such as increased traffic and age, and based on these adjustments, which results in a reduction of morbidity and mortality due to seat belt use. However,

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1996, all passenger vehicles were required to lock pre-crash, meaning they have a locking mechanism in the retractor or in the latch plate. Seat belts are stowed on spring-loaded reels called "retractors" equipped with

3725: 1272:. The specifications required the system to permit the car to be started only if the belt of an occupied seat were fastened after the occupant sat down, so pre-buckling the belts would not defeat the system. 1050:'s Automotive Safety Research Group, as well as other researchers, are testing ways to improve seat belt effectiveness and general vehicle safety apparatuses. Wayne State's Bioengineering Center uses human 699:, who was wearing a five-point harness when he suffered his fatal crash. As it was first thought that his belt had broken, and broke his neck at impact, some teams ordered a six-point harness in response. 552:

buckles allows for the seatbelt to be easily clasped and unclasped, accessible quickly in case of an emergency where a passenger must evacuate, and fulfills the minimum safety requirements provided by the

880:, mandated that by 1983 every new car should have either airbags or automatic seat belts. There was strong lobbying against the passive restraint requirement by the auto industry. Adams was criticized by 150:

In case of vehicle rollover, there are 10% incapacitating injury in 1994 and 10% in 2014 when the user is restrained. There are 32% incapacitating injury in 1994 and 25% in 2014 when user is unrestrained.

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is engaged, the reel locks and the strap restrains the belted occupant in position. Dual-sensing locking retractors use both vehicle G-loading and webbing payout rate to initiate the locking mechanism.

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A 2001 analysis of U.S. crash data aimed to establish the effects of legislation on driving fatalities and found that previous estimates of seat belt effectiveness had been significantly overstated.

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cars refused to shift from Park to Drive for 20 seconds if the driver is unbuckled and the car is in "teen driver" mode. A similar feature was previously available on some General Motors fleet cars.

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increased risk of head injury. One of the authors of this research said, "The early graduation of kids into adult lap and shoulder belts is a leading cause of child-occupant injuries and deaths."

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Australia has required lap/sash seat belts in new coaches since 1994. These must comply with Australian Design Rule 68, which requires the seat belt, seat and seat anchorage to withstand 20

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tried to develop a passive three point seat belt. In 1973, Volkswagen announced they had a functional passive seat belt. The first commercial car to use automatic seat belts was the 1975

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has only around 9 inches for their head to travel forward, meaning restraining the torso and head is relatively unnecessary as the head has little room to accelerate before collision.

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while the spring tension of the reel keeps the belt taut against the occupant. When the pendulum swings away from its normal plumb position due to sudden deceleration or rollover, a

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in a U.S. passenger car, there are 0.71% fatalities in 1994 and 0.87% in 2014 when user is restrained. There are 7% fatalities in 1994 and 13% in 2014 when the user is unrestrained.

4723: 586:"Uni-Belt" began to supplant the separate lap and shoulder belts in American-made cars, though such three-point belts had already been supplied in European vehicles such as Volvo, 639:

The Belt-in-Seat (BIS) is a three-point harness with the shoulder belt attached to the seat itself, rather than to the vehicle structure. The first car using this system was the

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II. Vehicles equipped with safety-belts, safety-belt reminders, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems and i-Size child restraint systems

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belted occupants was fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph. No belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact. Bohlin was granted

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in a U.S. passenger car or SUV, from 1994 to 2004, wearing a seat belt reduced the risk of fatalities or incapacitating injuries and increased the probability of no injury:

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In the European Union, seat belt reminders are mandatory in all new passenger cars for the driver seat. In 2014, EC Regulation 661/2009 made UN Regulation 16 applicable.

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The probability of no injury is 45% in 1994 and 44% in 2014 when the user is restrained. There were 19% no injury in 1994 and 15% in 2014 when the user is unrestrained.

3295: 2364: 619:, first outfitted with a two-point belt at initial delivery in 1958, replaced with the three-point seat belt the following year. The three-point belt was developed by 5790: 937:

became mandatory on all passenger vehicles in model year 1995, most manufacturers stopped equipping cars with automatic seat belts. Exceptions include the 1995–96

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A lap belt is a strap that goes over the waist. This was the most common type of belt prior to legislation requiring three-point belts and is found in older cars.

579: 4009: 5585: 1733: 380: 5755: 664: 123:. The range of fatality reduction for front seat passengers was broad, from 20% to 55%, as was the range of major injury, from 25% to 60%. More recently, the 4789: 3526: 2122:, permit the use of airline infant lap belts (sometimes known as an infant loop or belly belt) to secure an infant under age two sitting on an adult's lap. 4903: 4673:

https://road-safety.transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-01/Road%20Safety%20Thematic%20Report%20-%20Seat%20belt%20and%20child%20restraint%20systems.pdf

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began to be introduced in the 1980s and faced opposition, with some consumers going to court to challenge the laws. Some cut seat belts out of their cars.

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The UK extended compulsory seat belt wearing to child passengers under the age of 14 in 1989. It was observed that this measure was accompanied by a 10%

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Pretensioners preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the occupant from jerking forward in a crash. Mercedes-Benz first introduced pretensioners on the

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in the late 1950s, and set the standard for seat belts in Swedish cars. The three-point seat belt was developed to its modern form by Swedish inventor

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Bédard M, Guyatt GH, Stones MJ, Hirdes JP (2002). "The independent contribution of driver, crash, and vehicle characteristics to driver fatalities".

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Two specifications define the standard of seat belt reminder: UN Regulation 16, Section 8.4 and the Euro NCAP assessment protocol (Euro NCAP, 2013).

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The Ability of Automakers to Introduce a Costly, Regulated New Technology: A Case Study of Automotive Airbags in the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Market

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said that cars with automatic seat belts had a fatality rate of .78 per 100 million miles, compared with 2.34 for cars with regular, manual belts.

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authorities require a "fasten seat belt" sign in passenger aircraft that can be activated by a pilot during takeoff, turbulence, and landing. The

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safety package. In 1967, Volvo started to install lap belts in the rear seats. In 1972, Volvo upgraded the rear seat belts to a three-point belt.

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to be used only in an emergency, but in practice are routinely used in the same manner as manual seat belt clasps. This system also found use by

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University of Minnesota professor James J. (Crash) Ryan was the inventor of, and held the patent for, the automatic retractable lap safety belt.

4810: 4584: 5872: 5692: 3916: 3875: 3791: 3981: 3320: 3266: 3037: 2772: 2742: 2631: 4293: 3053: 2953: 2923: 631:. Volvo then made the new seat belt design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free. 6302: 2448: 2236: 5085:

Bourbeau R, Desjardins D, Maag U, Laberge-Nadeau C (1993). "Neck injuries among belted and unbelted occupants of the front seat of cars".

3565: 2189:(Report). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Plans and Programs, Office of Planning and Analysis. July 11, 1984. p. IV-2 303:

Ford offered seat belts as an option in 1955. These were not popular, with only 2% of Ford buyers choosing to pay for seat belts in 1956.

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Research and development efforts are ongoing to improve the safety performance of vehicle seat belts. Some experimental designs include:

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Because many automatic belt system designs compliant with the U.S. passive-restraint mandate did not meet the anchorage requirements of

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In the United States, NHTSA now requires lap-shoulder seat belts in new "over-the-road" buses (includes most coaches) starting in 2016.

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The 'belt' part of the typical seatbelt seen in vehicles worldwide is referred to as the 'webbing'. Modern seat belt webbing has a high

399: 4082: 2762: 2704: 5636: 4214: 4109: 970:. The shoulder belt is fixed to the aft upper corner of the vehicle door and is not motorized. The lap belt must be fastened manually. 959:

the belt moves rearward along the track to its original position, thus securing the passenger. The lap belt must be fastened manually.

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I. Safety-belts, restraint systems, child restraint systems and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles

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pre- and post-seat belt law introduction, it was found that 40% more escaped injury and 35% more escaped mild and moderate injuries.

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of crash death is 0.46 with a three-point belt when compared with no belt. In another study that examined injuries presenting to the

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This improvement applies from 1 September 2019 for new types of motor vehicles and from 1 September 2021 for all new motor vehicles.

770: 6233: 4746: 4480: 4248: 3496:"Assessment of a Pre-Crash Technology in Frontal Impacts by Using a New Crash Test Sled System with Controllable Pre-Impact Braking" 3166: 2824: 2599: 2002:, which says that drivers adjust their behavior in response to the increased sense of personal safety wearing a seat belt provides. 1219: 548:

While lap belts are exceedingly rare to spot in modern cars, they are the standard in commercial airliners. The lift-lever style of

5122: 1337:

Safety belts, restraint systems, child restraint systems, and ISOFIX child restraint systems for occupants of power-driven vehicles

3303: 2030:

predicts a fall in accident rate with increasing car ownership and has been demonstrated independently of seat belt legislation.

2324:

DOT HS 810 741 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date An Analysis of Motor Vehicle Rollover Crashes and March 2007 Injury outcomes

919: 554: 111: 5778: 2985: 2679: 3215: 2343: 2161: 892:

showed an increase in wearing rates with this door-mounted system. General Motors began offering automatic seat belts on the

3942: 2372: 2054:

In the U.S., six states—California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, and Texas—require seat belts on school buses.

1069:), started testing seat belts and whiplash safety on all test cars at the Thatcham Research Centre with crash test dummies. 447:

onto the fabric as a result of heat produced by friction, whereas fiber based clothing leaves no remains on modern webbing.

3391: 2504: 99:

from falling out or making contact with the interior of the car (especially preventing contact with, or going through, the

5945: 3444: 3338: 2469:

Shelden, C. Hunter (November 5, 1955). "Prevention, the only cure for head injuries resulting from automobile accidents".

1163: 973:

Automatic shoulder and lap belts: This system was mainly used in General Motors vehicles, though it was also used on some

926:. In 1984, the Reagan Administration reversed its course, though in the meantime the original deadline had been extended; 3762: 962:

Manual lap belt with automatic non-motorized shoulder belt: This system was used in American-market vehicles such as the

355:

was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace.

5905: 5822: 938: 286: 119:

An analysis conducted in the United States in 1984 compared a variety of seat belt types alone and in combination with

6307: 6187: 6031: 3644: 915: 854: 818: 5589: 2425:. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (DOT-TSC-NHTSA-79-1). p. 17. 306:

To reduce the high level of injuries Shelden was seeing, he proposed, in late 1955, retractable seat belts, recessed

5571: 2901: 1107:: An experimental design from Ford where the "suspenders" are attached to the backrest, not to the frame of the car. 6077: 5955: 5865: 5762: 5046:"A comprehensive statewide analysis of seatbelt non-use with injury and hospital admissions: new data, old problem" 4497: 3605: 2561: 2049: 1171:

In crashes, unbelted rear passengers increase the risk of belted front seat occupants' death by nearly five times.

1059: 877: 806: 503:

are equipped with lap belts (although many newer coaches have three-point belts), as are passenger aircraft seats.

4053: 3533: 3365: 1361:

UN Regulation No. 44: restraining devices for child occupants of power-driven vehicles ("Child Restraint Systems")

6312: 5424:

Albers AC (2001). "Should there be laws mandating seatbelts in all school busses? Writing for the pro position".

3668: 411: 5528:

Garzon DL (2001). "Should there be laws mandating seatbelts in all school buses? Writing for the con position".

4017: 328:

in 1958. This was a continuation of an earlier patent application that Sheren had filed on September 22, 1952.

103:). Seat belts are considered primary restraint systems (PRSs), because of their vital role in occupant safety. 1227:

and sound the chime until the driver (and sometimes the front passenger, if present) fasten their seat belts.

896:. However, the company reported disappointing sales because of this feature. For the 1981 model year, the new 4622: 5910: 5734: 4264:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA); Department of Transportation (DOT) (April 5, 2013).

3021: 2615: 1280:

fastened. This is called a seat belt reminder (SBR) system. In the mid-1990s, the Swedish insurance company

983: 696: 6271: 4567: 4542: 3415: 3194: 3108: 6322: 5990: 4387: 4372: 3132: 1341: 1047: 615:

on August 13, 1959. The first car model to have the three-point seat belt as a standard item was the 1959

80: 5844: 132:

number of accidents. This idea, known as compensating-behavior theory, is not supported by the evidence.

83:

with interior strike hazards, by keeping occupants positioned correctly for maximum effectiveness of the

6092: 5858: 5610: 4167:"Estimates of Motor Vehicle Seat Belt Effectiveness and Use: Implications for Occupant Crash Protection" 4144: 3586: 2151: 1945: 1162:

In 1955 (as a 1956 package), Ford offered lap-only seat belts in the rear seats as an option within the

918:, influenced by studies done by the auto industry, dropped the mandate; the decision was overruled in a 817:

The inflatable seat belt was invented by Donald Lewis and tested at the Automotive Products Division of

5246: 4671:

European Road Safety Observatory, Road Safety Thematic Report – Seat belt and child restraint systems,

4639: 4607: 460:

A two-point belt attaches at its two endpoints. A simple strap was first used March 12, 1910, by pilot

4924:

https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs/2020/ECE-TRANS-WP.29-343-Rev.28-Add.1.pdf

5381:

Spital M, Spital A, Spital R (November 1986). "The compelling case for seat belts on school busses".

4817: 4698:

Chrysler Master Technician Service Conference Session - 1974, Volume 74-1 Seat Belt Starter Interlock

2269: 1345: 583: 391: 290: 5699: 5159:"Road traffic accidents before and after seatbelt legislation--study in a district general hospital" 3324: 3274: 3267:"The first seat offered in the US that incorporated a three-point belt—on the 1990 Mercedes-Benz SL" 2648: 2394: 259: 231: 203: 175: 6317: 777:

Seat belts in many newer vehicles are also equipped with "pretensioners" or "web clamps", or both.

640: 512: 435: 39: 6277: 4215:"Automotive Safety Research Group-Office of the Vice President for Research- Division of Research" 5940: 5920: 5406: 4702: 4415: 3061: 2931: 2288: 2146: 1324: 893: 781: 744: 675: 537: 92: 88: 5808: 4388:"Mortality of front-seat occupants attributable to unbelted rear-seat passengers in car crashes" 2871: 2244: 322:, submitted a patent application on March 31, 1955, for an automotive seat belt and was awarded 2841: 2069:

In the European Union, all new long-distance buses and coaches must be fitted with seat belts.

888:

also had automatic seat belts, and VW said that by early 1978, 90,000 cars had sold with them.

837: 6197: 6151: 6115: 5545: 5482: 5441: 5398: 5314: 5279: 5188: 5139: 5102: 5067: 5026: 4884: 4867:

Farmer CM, Wells JK (2010). "Effect of enhanced seat belt reminders on driver fatality risk".

4771: 4742: 4517: 4476: 4407: 4244: 4196: 3502: 3162: 3033: 2997: 2820: 2768: 2738: 2627: 2595: 2486: 2296: 2215: 2131: 1999: 1907: 885: 740:

locking mechanisms that stop the belt from extending off the reel during severe deceleration.

683: 679: 644: 521: 415: 279: 76: 5693:"Assessment of Three-point Passenger Restraints (seatbelts) Fitted to Seats on Rail Vehicles" 5356: 5221: 4658: 4322: 2960: 2300: 743:

There are two main types of inertial seat belt locks. A webbing-sensitive lock is based on a

425:

was used in some early seat belts (and is still used for lap belts), it was replaced by 100%

6156: 6087: 5537: 5500: 5472: 5433: 5390: 5306: 5269: 5261: 5178: 5170: 5131: 5094: 5057: 5016: 5008: 4876: 4509: 4399: 4186: 4178: 4088: 3240: 2797: 2654: 2478: 2280: 1959: 1353: 1031: 1016: 967: 757: 529: 524:

signed two bills in 1966 requiring safety belts in all passenger vehicles starting in 1968.

517: 480: 461: 144: 136: 31: 5791:"ICAO Manual Provides New Recommended Practices For Aircraft Cabin Child Restraint Systems" 5643: 5297:

Janssen W (1994). "Seat-belt wearing and driving behavior: an instrumented-vehicle study".

5247:"An experimental test of risk compensation: between-subject versus within-subject analyses" 4960: 4218: 4116: 1098:

similar to the criss-cross. The 3+2 improves protection against rollovers and side impacts.

5779:

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title14-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title14-vol1-sec23-785.pdf

4682: 4677: 3029: 2623: 2141: 1180: 862: 802: 608: 557:

while remaining low-cost to produce.Furthermore, in case of any collision, a passenger in

541: 476: 348: 319: 4565:

Road Amendment (Isabelle Broadhead Child Restraint Measures) Rules 2010. No. 46. Rule 1.

4681: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 1118:, designed by MIT, to fold without compromising the safety and comfort of the occupants. 6182: 6056: 6051: 6041: 6026: 5970: 5965: 5477: 5460: 5183: 5158: 5021: 4996: 4496:

Winston, Flaura K.; Durbin, Dennis R.; Kallan, Michael J.; Moll, Elisa K. (June 2000).

4191: 4166: 2156: 2136: 2111: 2027: 1979: 1760: 1740: 942: 927: 897: 648: 307: 60: 5135: 4974: 4403: 1131: 6296: 6261: 6228: 6202: 6046: 5995: 5915: 5729: 5541: 5437: 5410: 5310: 5265: 5098: 3082: 2900:

United States Congress House Committee on Public Works Subcommittee on Roads (1972).

2482: 2292: 1812: 978: 963: 822: 624: 587: 558: 440: 387: 275: 4419: 3821: 2650:

A Statistical Analysis of 28,000 Accidents with Emphasis on Occupant Restraint Value

2270:"The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities" 491: 6011: 2790:"Case Study of Clothing Fabric Transfer to Seat Belt Webbing Under Accident Forces" 2683: 1012: 991: 946: 612: 342: 5332: 1998:

Some have proposed that the number of deaths was influenced by the development of

255: 227: 199: 171: 4845: 643:, which offered BIS as standard on the front seats from 1970. Some cars like the 27:

Vehicle safety device to protect against injury during collisions and sudden stop

6281: 6212: 6161: 6146: 6102: 6082: 5975: 5925: 2512: 2118:

recommends the use of child restraints. Some airline authorities, including the

2101: 1852: 987: 974: 881: 869: 842: 668: 620: 507: 500: 479:

when his team decided the daredevil should have a "safety harness" for the 1923

430: 366: 296: 5174: 3054:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection. Final Rule" 2183: 6238: 6141: 6036: 5985: 5980: 5950: 5062: 5045: 4880: 4696: 4115:. Transport Canada. July 22, 2010. pp. 2, 5, 8. CL9203(E). Archived from 3494:

Ito, Daisuke; Ejima, Susumu; Sukegawa, Yoshihiro; Antona, Jacobo; Ito, Hisao.

1975: 1955: 1269: 911: 858: 850: 628: 372: 358: 352: 337: 324: 100: 4775: 2959:. University of Michigan - UMTRI Automotive Safety Conference. Archived from 443:

for every 46mm wide webbing, leading to around 150 ends per inch of webbing.

6243: 6207: 6192: 6097: 6072: 4997:"Seatbelt legislation in Japan: high risk driver mortality and seatbelt use" 4764:"Congress Clears Auto Safety Measure Eliminating Seat Belt Interlock System" 4513: 2954:"A Supplier's Perspective on Automotive Safety – Past, Present & Future" 2902:"1972 Highway Legislation: Hearings, Ninety-second Congress, Second Session" 2592:

The Seat Belt: Swedish Research and Development for Global Automotive Safety

2537:"The man who saved a million lives: Nils Bohlin - inventor of the seat belt" 1951: 1862: 1307: 1265: 1185: 1085: 1066: 826: 722: 707: 687: 616: 533: 426: 395: 311: 68: 5823:"Airplane Restraint Devices: Car Seats, CARES Harness & Lap Belt Rules" 5549: 5445: 5143: 5071: 5030: 4888: 4521: 4411: 4343: 4265: 3001: 2490: 5839: 5486: 5402: 5394: 5318: 5283: 5192: 5106: 4737:

Petersen Publishing (1975). "Restraint Systems". In Erwin M. Rosen (ed.).

4182: 1218: 769: 569: 17: 6120: 5960: 5935: 5274: 4200: 2801: 1051: 752: 710: 549: 472: 71:

or a sudden stop. A seat belt reduces the likelihood of death or serious

2569: 2284: 2061:

In 2015, for the first time, NHTSA endorsed seat belts on school buses.

868:

Automatic seat belts received a boost in the United States in 1977 when

6136: 5611:"EU law makes seat belts obligatory in long distance buses and coaches" 2789: 2073: 2006: 1963: 1780: 1281: 1095: 934: 737: 315: 64: 5012: 3763:"Auto Industry Expresses Reluctance, Resignation Over Air Bag Mandate" 3675: 900:

became the first car to offer motorized automatic passive seat belts.

607:

three-point belt in 1959. The first car with a three-point belt was a

254:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

226:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

198:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

170:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

6131: 6021: 5930: 5642:. U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from 5564:"Why Aren't Seat Belts Required on School Buses? | Wonderopolis" 4498:"The danger of premature graduation to seat belts for young children" 3241:"Volvo's Three-Point Safety Belt Celebrates 50 Years of Saving Lives" 1790: 1770: 1349: 1115: 1008: 692: 414:, about 3000-6000lbs, to resist tearing at high loads such as during 383:, requiring all automobiles to comply with certain safety standards. 120: 115:

Lives saved by seat belts and airbags in the United States, 1991–2001

84: 72: 4608:

http://etsc.eu/wp-content/uploads/ETSC_Seat_belt_reminder_oct_06.pdf

2653:. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Society of Automotive Engineers. 2076:

deceleration and an impact by an unrestrained occupant to the rear.

1245:

Amendment of UN Regulation 16 made seat belt reminders mandatory in

598: 5637:"Three point seat belts on coaches - the first decade in Australia" 4724:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Occupant Crash Protection" 2658: 1004:

may be thrown from the vehicle and suffer greater injury or death.

6016: 4762:

Times, Walter Rugaber Special to The New York (October 16, 1974).

2100: 1967: 1842: 1832: 1822: 1800: 1750: 1217: 1210:

below a certain size are forbidden to travel in front car seats."

1184: 1030: 836: 768: 721: 663: 597: 568: 490: 422: 362: 110: 87:(if equipped), and by preventing occupants being ejected from the 38: 5668:"NHTSA Announces Final Rule Requiring Seat Belts on Motorcoaches" 4386:

Ichikawa, Masao; Nakahara, Shinji; Wakai, Susumu (January 2002).

4315:"Ford researches possible next-generation safety belt technology" 2594:. Stockholm: Kulturvårdskommittén Vattenfall. pp. 9, 15–16. 5809:"Airline seating allocations | UK Civil Aviation Authority" 5613:. European Public Health Alliance. July 19, 2006. Archived from 3501:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Archived from 3343: 3157:

Lindh, Björn Erik (1986). "The Amazon/120 - Beauty with Brown".

5854: 5850: 5761:. International Air Transport Association. 2012. Archived from 3366:"Lock it up! How to Lock a Seat Belt for Car Seat Installation" 2761:

Ahmad, Sheraz; Rasheed, Abher; Nawab, Yasir (August 21, 2020).

351:

introduced seat belts as standard equipment in 1958. After the

5890: 3606:"Ford says inflatable seat belt improves safety, comfort, too" 2214:. Centers for Disease Control. August 20, 2015. Archived from 1126: 240: 212: 184: 156: 5725:"Decoding the Design of In-Flight Seat Belts - Atlas Obscura" 5614: 5586:"NHTSA reverses course, now wants seat belts on school buses" 5461:"Cost-benefit analysis of safety belts in Texas school buses" 4344:"Case Studies - Seat Belt Manufacturers - GWR Safety Systems" 3876:"Sales of Automatic Seat Belts Disappointing, Chevrolet Says" 2441:"Before face masks, Americans went to war against seat belts" 2336:"Clunk, click – an invention that's saved lives for 50 years" 1966:

indicate that wearing seat belts greatly reduces the risk of

285:

In 1946, C. Hunter Shelden opened a neurological practice at

2788:

Davee, Daniel; Brown, Jeffrey C.; Raasch, Christine (2006).

949:, which had automatic safety belts along with dual airbags. 4739:

The Petersen Automotive Troubleshooting & Repair Manual

475:

made the seat belt for use by professional race car driver

30:

This article is about the safety device. For the band, see

4659:

https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/R016r10e.pdf

3718:"Airbags, seat belts to be mandatory in every car by 1983" 335:) commonly used in consumer vehicles was patented in 1955 4904:"Teens Who Don't Buckle Up: Chevy Has A Surprise For You" 4131: 4129: 3827:(Report). Transportation Research Board. 2004. p. 48 994:, a car that traditionally had a motorized shoulder belt. 686:

cars. The lap portion is connected to a belt between the

63:

device designed to secure the driver or a passenger of a

4961:"Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and Regulations" 4741:. New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap. pp. 373–374. 2434: 2432: 468:, so he might remain at the controls during turbulence. 5044:

Allen S, Zhu S, Sauter C, Layde P, Hargarten S (2006).

4568:"New South Wales Government on NSW legislation website" 1364:

UN Regulation No. 129: Enhanced Child Restraint Systems

1143: 314:, automatic door locks, and passive restraints such as 3917:"Study Finds Automatic Seat Belts, Airbags Save Lives" 2562:"Trollhattan Saab—Saab 9-1, 9-3, 9-4x, 9-5, 9-7x News" 2395:"The Surprisingly Controversial History Of Seat Belts" 2237:"Clearwater Car Accident Injuries | Whiplash Injuries" 331:

The first modern three-point seat belt (the so-called

2842:"The Origin of Military Aviation in Texas, 1910–1913" 4705:

from the original on 2021-12-11 – via YouTube.

4110:"List of Vehicles Admissible From the United States" 2531: 2529: 1249:

all front and rear seats of passenger cars and vans,

1111: 884:, who said that the 1983 deadline was too late. The 6221: 6175: 6111: 6065: 6004: 5898: 4442:"Unbelted rear passengers 'biggest danger in crash" 4038:"U.S. to require airbags or automatic seat belts". 3822:

Buckling Up: Technologies to Increase Seat Belt Use

3792:"Crusade Continues, But The Intensity Has Mellowed" 2342:. Johnston Press Digital Publishing. Archived from 5206:Fenton, John (January 24, 1969). "Safety Design". 4440: 3087:Continuing Education of the Bar - California "CEB" 3083:"Karlsson v. Ford Motor Co. (2006) 140 CA4th 1202" 1110:3-point Adjustable: Experimental safety belt from 1065:In 2004, The European New Car Assessment Program ( 67:against harmful movement that may result during a 5333:"State laws requiring seat belts in school buses" 2590:Andréasson, Rune; Bäckström, Claes-Göran (2000). 3216:"Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born" 2505:"Automobile safety belt system - Patent 2855215" 4651:Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: 4617: 4615: 2986:""Crash" Was His Name; Car Safety Was His Game" 2268:Cohen, Alma; Einav, Liran (December 10, 2001). 2010:driving speeds and closer following distances. 1214:Automated reminders and engine start interlocks 1189:This child car seat has its own belting system. 714:necessary to parachute from a failed aircraft. 695:, the 6-point harness became popular after the 434:belts are commonly 46 or 48 mm wide with a 2/2 5635:Griffths M; Paine M; Moore R (June 15, 2005). 2904:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 180 788:vehicle. These pre-emptive safety systems may 580:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 300:year "only 1,000 had been used" by customers. 5866: 4919: 4917: 4543:"Kids at Risk: When Seatbelts are Not Enough" 3966:"Automatic seat belt, airbag rules dropped". 3860:"GM's Automatic Seat Belts Go on Chevettes". 3109:"Decoding the Design of In-Flight Seat Belts" 2320: 2318: 2316: 2263: 2261: 381:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 274:Seat belts were invented by English engineer 8: 4990: 4988: 4290:"3+2 Point Seatbelt and Side-Support Airbag" 2184:Passenger Car Front Seat Occupant Protection 1331:UN Regulation No. 14: safety belt anchorages 1084:: Experimental safety belt presented in the 914:, the first Transportation Secretary of the 3161:. Förlagshuset Norden, Malmö. p. 134. 2471:Journal of the American Medical Association 2416: 2414: 1970:and injury in the majority of car crashes. 1266:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard № 208 379:Subsequently, in 1966, Congress passed the 5873: 5859: 5851: 5357:"It's time for seat belts on school buses" 4839: 4837: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4241:Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers 4010:"Middle Lane: Bags, Belts, and a Loophole" 3785: 3783: 3724:. Penn State. July 1, 1977. Archived from 3697: 3695: 2817:From the Wright brothers to the astronauts 2005:In one trial subjects were asked to drive 1367: 1088:. It forms a cross-brace across the chest. 905:United States Department of Transportation 390:was put in place in 1970, in the state of 125:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5476: 5273: 5182: 5061: 5020: 4190: 4076: 4074: 3816: 3814: 3812: 2116:International Civil Aviation Organization 1974:studying using U.S. data showed that the 1035:A test apparatus with a crash test dummy 874:United States Secretary of Transportation 5163:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 4995:Nakahara S, Ichikawa M, Wakai S (2003). 4805: 4803: 3392:"How Seatbelts Work: Extend and Retract" 2705:"Seat Belt Testing for Tensile Strength" 1727: 1306:Starting with the 2020 model year, some 466:Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps 418:or while restraining larger passengers. 318:be made mandatory. Glenn W. Sheren, of 4004: 4002: 3296:"Up Close: Seatbelt safety in question" 3133:"Volvo Cars airbag celebrates 20 years" 2172: 751:A vehicle-sensitive lock is based on a 671:combined with a Schroth 6-point harness 647:use this system for the front seats. A 516:and, following hearings led by Senator 341:by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and 4060:. Associated Press. September 30, 1977 3339:"Earnhardt's death a watershed moment" 3315: 3313: 3187:"Allt om Motor: Trepunktsbältet 50 år" 3159:Volvo The Cars from the 20s to the 80s 726:Seat belt with uncovered inertial reel 4439:Derbyshire, David (January 4, 2002). 2924:"Development of Automotive Seatbelts" 2876:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2846:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 2756: 2754: 2726: 2724: 1340:Vehicles equipped with safety belts, 495:A lap ("2-point") belt in an airplane 7: 6267: 5756:"Guidance for Turbulence Management" 3904:. Ward's Communications. p. 27. 3761:Stevens, William K. (July 1, 1977). 3321:"In Search of the Perfect Seat Belt" 2734:Textiles for Industrial Applications 2731:Kumar, R. Senthil (April 19, 2016). 2682:. Drivers Technology. Archived from 2178: 2176: 1252:all front seats of buses and trucks. 922:the following year, and then by the 4321:. December 29, 2007. Archived from 4266:"New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)" 3941:Brody, Jane E. (December 9, 1981). 3527:"Microsoft Word - 2007-01-0709.doc" 2952:Fischer, Kurt (February 16, 2011). 2815:Foulois, Benjamin Delahauf (1980). 2767:. Springer Nature. pp. 72–73. 2393:Janik, Erika (September 25, 2017). 2334:Manby, Frederic (August 24, 2009). 400:seat belt laws in the United States 5503:Pros, Cons of School Bus Seatbelts 5299:Accident Analysis & Prevention 5254:Accident Analysis & Prevention 5123:Accident Analysis & Prevention 4902:Domonoske, Camila (May 21, 2019). 4165:Robertson, L.S. (September 1976). 3845:"GM Offers Automatic Seat Belts". 3746:"Air Bags, Automatic Seat Belts". 3604:Silke, Sharon (November 6, 2009). 3426:(1). IPC Transport Press: 62. 1964 3107:Nosowitz, Dan (January 29, 2018). 2872:"Early Military Aviation in Texas" 1930:AS/NZS 1754:2013; AS/NZS 3629:2013 611:that was delivered to a dealer in 25: 6234:Automobile auxiliary power outlet 5723:Dan Nosowitz (January 29, 2018). 4171:American Journal of Public Health 4087:(Master's Thesis). Archived from 3915:Girard, Penny (August 31, 1978). 3790:Haic, Marty (February 23, 1979). 3629:"Cool features you can buy now". 2870:Giles, Barney M. (October 1950). 2511:. October 7, 1958. Archived from 2439:Ackerman, Daniel (May 26, 2020). 2120:UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) 1369:international safety regulations 1238:European Union seat belt reminder 1222:Warning lights on a car dashboard 623:, who had earlier also worked on 6276: 6266: 6257: 6256: 5889:Part of a series of articles on 5838: 5542:10.1097/00005721-200101000-00003 5438:10.1097/00005721-200101000-00002 5099:10.1097/00005373-199311000-00024 4676: 4054:"Chrysler Doubts Air-Bag Claims" 3247:(Press release). August 11, 2009 2483:10.1001/jama.1955.02960270001001 1871: 1861: 1851: 1841: 1831: 1821: 1811: 1799: 1789: 1779: 1769: 1759: 1749: 1739: 1130: 1094:: Experimental safety belt from 986:when they created the 1991-1994 903:A study released in 1978 by the 773:Pyrotechnic pretensioner diagram 464:, a pioneering aviator with the 245: 217: 189: 161: 43:Buckling a three-point seat belt 4936:"Regs 1-20 - Transport - UNECE" 4790:"U.S.C. 30124 - Transportation" 4585:"Seat Belts Technology - RoSPA" 4453:from the original on 2022-01-12 4016:. July 23, 1984. Archived from 3902:Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1981 3302:. June 20, 2003. Archived from 1323:Several countries apply UN-ECE 4292:. May 13, 2008. Archived from 3982:"Automatic seat belts ordered" 3970:. October 24, 1981. p. 1. 3882:. February 23, 1979. p. 1 2162:Seat belt use rates by country 857:presented passive seat belts. 1: 5946:Electronic instrument cluster 5459:Begley CE, Biddle AK (1988). 5245:Streff FM, Geller ES (1988). 5136:10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00072-0 4404:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07279-3 4369:"Volvocars corporate website" 4137:"Seat Belts, How Effectiive?" 3900:Stark, Harry A., ed. (1981). 3645:"Experimental Safety Vehicle" 3445:"An industry grows on safety" 3390:Harris, Tom (April 9, 2002). 2764:Fibers for Technical Textiles 1933:GSO 1709/2005, GSO 1710/2005 532:and the sometimes-associated 5906:Automotive navigation system 5311:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90095-7 5266:10.1016/0001-4575(88)90055-3 4846:"Your car says: 'buckle up'" 4555:– via he Auto Channel. 4141:Road Safety Observatory - UK 3988:. August 4, 1982. p. 28 2680:"A Potted Seat Belt History" 2661:. SAE Technical Paper 670925 1950:In observational studies of 1352:child restraint systems and 287:Huntington Memorial Hospital 6303:Vehicle safety technologies 6032:Electronic throttle control 5050:Academic Emergency Medicine 4042:. July 11, 1984. p. 1. 3849:. June 27, 1978. p. 8. 2421:Ronan, Larry (April 1979). 2208:"Seat Belts: Get the Facts" 2034:Mass transit considerations 855:Experimental Safety Vehicle 819:Allied Chemical Corporation 765:Pretensioners and webclamps 590:, and Saab for some years. 282:, in the mid-19th century. 6339: 6078:Automatic vehicle location 5530:MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 5426:MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 5175:10.1177/014107689008300207 4869:Journal of Safety Research 4541:Karp, Hal (October 1999). 3470:"1967 Ambassador brochure" 2819:. Arno Press. p. 74. 2794:SAE Technical Paper Series 2737:. CRC Press. p. 252. 2050:Seat belts in school buses 2047: 1943: 1393: 1178: 1060:New Car Assessment Program 29: 6252: 5886: 5063:10.1197/j.aem.2005.11.003 4881:10.1016/j.jsr.2009.11.001 3702:"Passive-Belt Activity". 3669:"Safety Sells: Chapter 3" 3370:Car Seats For The Littles 2840:Pool, William C. (1955). 2105:An airplane lap seat belt 1954:morbidity and mortality, 1902:GSO 96/1988, GSO 97/1988 1669: 1319:International regulations 841:Automatic seat belt in a 79:by reducing the force of 2984:Mettner, J. (May 2006). 2647:Bohlin, Nils I. (1967). 2241:Clearwater Injury Lawyer 1201:in fatalities and a 12% 1027:Homologation and testing 5911:Automotive night vision 5670:. NHTSA. Archived from 4514:10.1542/peds.105.6.1179 3271:Editorial.autos.msn.com 1356:child restraint systems 1260:U.S. regulation history 990:special edition of the 984:American Specialty Cars 697:death of Dale Earnhardt 678:are typically found in 602:A three-point seat belt 473:Irvin Air Chute Company 5222:"State Seat Belt Laws" 4844:Dingfelder SF (2003). 4816:. 2014. Archived from 4081:Abeles, Ethan (1998). 3174:the middle of the 50s. 2399:Wisconsin Public Radio 2106: 1908:Child restraint system 1334:UN Regulation No. 16: 1223: 1190: 1048:Wayne State University 1036: 845: 774: 727: 672: 603: 574: 573:A seat belt and tongue 496: 333:CIR-Griswold restraint 116: 44: 6093:Remote keyless system 5395:10.1542/peds.78.5.928 5087:The Journal of Trauma 4850:Monitor on Psychology 4475:. London: UCL Press. 4183:10.2105/ajph.66.9.859 3862:The Los Angeles Times 3748:The Los Angeles Times 2922:Hedgbeth, Llewellyn. 2509:Freepatentsonline.com 2152:Passive safety device 2104: 2048:Further information: 1946:Seat belt legislation 1344:, restraint systems, 1342:safety belt reminders 1314:Regulation by country 1221: 1188: 1114:that allowed the car 1105:"belt and suspenders" 1055:61 lives every year. 1034: 920:federal appeals court 916:Reagan Administration 878:Carter Administration 840: 772: 725: 667: 601: 572: 510:cited Ryan's work in 494: 416:high-speed collisions 386:The first compulsory 373:U.S. patent 3,043,625 338:U.S. patent 2,710,649 325:U.S. patent 2,855,215 114: 42: 5847:at Wikimedia Commons 5568:www.wonderopolis.org 4471:Adams, John (1995). 4239:Roach, Mary (2003). 4058:The Montreal Gazette 3921:St. Petersburg Times 3032:. pp. 187–188. 2928:Second Chance Garage 2802:10.4271/2006-01-0904 2423:Seatbelts: 1949-1956 2212:Motor Vehicle Safety 676:Five-point harnesses 310:, reinforced roofs, 291:Pasadena, California 5363:. SafeGuard Seating 3474:oldcarbrochures.org 3420:Automobile Engineer 2566:Trollhattansaab.net 2285:10.2139/ssrn.293582 1370: 1325:vehicle regulations 660:4-, 5-, and 6-point 641:Range Rover Classic 550:commercial aircraft 513:Unsafe at Any Speed 6308:English inventions 5941:Check engine light 5921:Blind spot monitor 5825:. August 28, 2012. 4768:The New York Times 4623:"Knowledge centre" 3947:The New York Times 3767:The New York Times 3750:. October 4, 1977. 3704:The New York Times 3558:"Active Seatbelts" 3347:. February 7, 2011 3245:theautochannel.com 2990:Minnesota Medicine 2882:(October): 145–146 2852:(January): 342–371 2709:Industrial Physics 2147:List of auto parts 2107: 1960:crash test dummies 1368: 1224: 1191: 1142:. You can help by 1112:GWR Safety Systems 1037: 947:Eagle Summit Wagon 894:Chevrolet Chevette 846: 807:multiple collision 775: 745:centrifugal clutch 731:Locking retractors 728: 680:child safety seats 673: 604: 575: 538:seat belt syndrome 497: 429:due to its better 117: 93:vehicle rolls over 89:vehicle in a crash 51:, also known as a 45: 6290: 6289: 6198:Glove compartment 6152:Child safety lock 5843:Media related to 5465:Public Health Rep 5361:SafeGuardSeat.com 5157:Thomas J (1990). 5013:10.1136/ip.9.1.29 4979:www.araiindia.com 4811:"SWOV Fact sheet" 4701:. April 6, 2012. 4573:. NSW Government. 3986:Spokane Chronicle 3943:"Personal Health" 3706:. March 26, 1978. 3396:HowStuffWorks.com 3039:978-0-525-53885-1 2774:978-3-030-49224-3 2744:978-1-4665-6650-7 2633:978-0-525-53885-1 2543:. August 19, 2009 2279:. Rochester, NY. 2132:Automobile safety 2021:Increased traffic 2000:risk compensation 1994:Risk compensation 1937: 1936: 1724:Local regulations 1721: 1720: 1160: 1159: 933:When driver side 886:Volkswagen Rabbit 645:Renault Vel Satis 436:herringbone twill 267: 266: 239: 238: 211: 210: 183: 182: 81:secondary impacts 77:traffic collision 16:(Redirected from 6330: 6313:Safety equipment 6280: 6270: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6157:Rear-view mirror 6088:Power door locks 5875: 5868: 5861: 5852: 5842: 5827: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5787: 5781: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5733:. Archived from 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5698:. Archived from 5697: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5588:. Archived from 5582: 5576: 5575: 5570:. Archived from 5560: 5554: 5553: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5480: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5277: 5251: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5232: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5186: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5024: 4992: 4983: 4982: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4938:. Archived from 4932: 4926: 4921: 4912: 4911: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4807: 4798: 4797: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4707: 4706: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4669: 4663: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4619: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4371:. Archived from 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4270:Federal Register 4261: 4255: 4254: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4217:. Archived from 4211: 4205: 4204: 4194: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4143:. Archived from 4133: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3928: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3864:. June 27, 1978. 3857: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3818: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3774: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3733: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3674:. Archived from 3673: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3655: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3633:: 9. April 2013. 3631:Consumer Reports 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3564:. Archived from 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3538: 3532:. Archived from 3531: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3500: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3372:. March 18, 2014 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3323:. Archived from 3317: 3308: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3273:. Archived from 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3193:. Archived from 3183: 3177: 3176: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3137:Volvoclub.org.uk 3129: 3123: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3060:. Archived from 3050: 3044: 3043: 3028:(1st ed.). 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3008: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2930:. Archived from 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2622:(1st ed.). 2612: 2606: 2605: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2568:. Archived from 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2548: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2447:. Archived from 2436: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2371:. Archived from 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2243:. Archived from 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2194: 2188: 2180: 1876: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1836: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1816: 1815: 1804: 1803: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1728: 1371: 1155: 1152: 1134: 1127: 1017:Plymouth Acclaim 968:Volkswagen Jetta 803:precrash systems 530:lumbar vertebrae 518:Abraham Ribicoff 481:Indianapolis 500 462:Benjamin Foulois 412:tensile strength 376:for the device. 375: 340: 327: 278:, to use on his 249: 248: 241: 221: 220: 213: 193: 192: 185: 165: 164: 157: 145:vehicle rollover 137:vehicle rollover 32:Seatbelts (band) 21: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6248: 6217: 6171: 6125: 6107: 6061: 6000: 5956:Head-up display 5894: 5882: 5879: 5835: 5830: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5807: 5806: 5802: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5740: 5738: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5677: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5620: 5618: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5595: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5527: 5526: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5339: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5249: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5230: 5228: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5043: 5042: 5038: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4710: 4695: 4694: 4690: 4670: 4666: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4621: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4591: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4551: 4549: 4547:Reader's Digest 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4454: 4447:Telegraph.co.uk 4438: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4351: 4350:. June 10, 2014 4342: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4326: 4313: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4094: 4092: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4063: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4040:Chicago Tribune 4037: 4036: 4032: 4023: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3968:Chicago Tribune 3965: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3940: 3939: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3847:Chicago Tribune 3844: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3796:Boca Raton News 3789: 3788: 3781: 3772: 3770: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3722:Daily Collegian 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3571: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3427: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3400: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3278: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3223: 3222:. July 15, 2020 3214: 3213: 3209: 3200: 3198: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3169: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3089:. June 27, 2006 3081: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3065: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3030:Riverhead Books 3022:Johnson, Steven 3020: 3019: 3015: 3006: 3004: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2935: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2796:. Vol. 1. 2787: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2745: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2713: 2711: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2626:. p. 186. 2624:Riverhead Books 2616:Johnson, Steven 2614: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2541:The Independent 2535: 2534: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2454: 2452: 2438: 2437: 2430: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2378: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2221: 2219: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2142:Crashworthiness 2128: 2099: 2085: 2067: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2023: 1996: 1948: 1942: 1921:JIS D 040122000 1870: 1860: 1850: 1840: 1830: 1820: 1810: 1798: 1788: 1778: 1768: 1758: 1748: 1738: 1726: 1566:North Macedonia 1346:child restraint 1321: 1316: 1304: 1291: 1262: 1240: 1216: 1183: 1181:Infant car seat 1177: 1175:Child occupants 1156: 1150: 1147: 1140:needs expansion 1125: 1075: 1029: 1001: 977:hatchbacks and 955: 898:Toyota Cressida 863:Volkswagen Golf 835: 815: 767: 733: 720: 705: 662: 637: 596: 567: 489: 477:Barney Oldfield 458: 453: 408: 371: 336: 323: 320:Mason, Michigan 308:steering wheels 272: 263: 250: 246: 235: 222: 218: 207: 194: 190: 179: 166: 162: 109: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6336: 6334: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6274: 6264: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6188:Center console 6185: 6179: 6177: 6176:Other elements 6173: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6057:Steering wheel 6054: 6052:Power steering 6049: 6044: 6042:Manettino dial 6039: 6034: 6029: 6027:Cruise control 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5971:Radar detector 5968: 5966:Parking sensor 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5834: 5833:External links 5831: 5829: 5828: 5814: 5800: 5782: 5771: 5768:on 2016-03-04. 5747: 5715: 5684: 5659: 5627: 5602: 5577: 5574:on 2016-01-27. 5555: 5520: 5492: 5451: 5416: 5373: 5348: 5324: 5289: 5237: 5213: 5198: 5149: 5112: 5093:(5): 794–799. 5077: 5036: 4984: 4966: 4952: 4927: 4913: 4894: 4859: 4833: 4799: 4781: 4754: 4747: 4729: 4708: 4688: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4655: 4644: 4632: 4611: 4600: 4576: 4558: 4533: 4508:(6): 1179–83. 4488: 4481: 4463: 4431: 4398:(9300): 43–4. 4378: 4375:on 2015-05-03. 4360: 4335: 4319:Media.ford.com 4306: 4281: 4256: 4249: 4231: 4206: 4177:(9): 859–864. 4157: 4125: 4122:on 2010-08-21. 4101: 4070: 4045: 4030: 3998: 3973: 3958: 3933: 3907: 3892: 3867: 3852: 3837: 3808: 3779: 3753: 3738: 3709: 3691: 3660: 3636: 3621: 3596: 3578: 3549: 3518: 3486: 3461: 3436: 3407: 3382: 3357: 3330: 3327:on 2014-07-27. 3309: 3306:on 2008-06-12. 3287: 3265:Lankard, Tom. 3257: 3232: 3207: 3191:Alltommotor.se 3178: 3167: 3149: 3139:. May 26, 2007 3124: 3099: 3074: 3045: 3038: 3013: 2976: 2944: 2914: 2892: 2862: 2832: 2825: 2807: 2780: 2773: 2750: 2743: 2720: 2696: 2671: 2659:10.4271/670925 2639: 2632: 2607: 2600: 2582: 2553: 2525: 2496: 2461: 2428: 2410: 2385: 2356: 2340:Yorkshire Post 2326: 2312: 2257: 2228: 2199: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2157:Safety harness 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2137:Baby transport 2134: 2127: 2124: 2112:civil aviation 2098: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2066: 2063: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2022: 2019: 1995: 1992: 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1868: 1858: 1848: 1838: 1828: 1818: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1786: 1776: 1766: 1765:United Kingdom 1756: 1746: 1745:European Union 1731: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 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766: 763: 732: 729: 719: 716: 704: 701: 661: 658: 649:General Motors 636: 633: 625:ejection seats 595: 592: 566: 563: 522:Lyndon Johnson 488: 485: 457: 454: 452: 449: 407: 404: 271: 268: 265: 264: 253: 251: 244: 237: 236: 225: 223: 216: 209: 208: 197: 195: 188: 181: 180: 169: 167: 160: 155: 154: 151: 148: 108: 105: 61:vehicle safety 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6335: 6324: 6323:Vehicle parts 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6203:Molded carpet 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Parking brake 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5996:Trip computer 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5916:Backup camera 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5885: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5772: 5764: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5737:on 2019-10-18 5736: 5732: 5731: 5730:Atlas Obscura 5726: 5719: 5716: 5705:on 2011-06-05 5701: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5674:on 2013-12-09 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5649:on 2012-03-28 5645: 5638: 5631: 5628: 5617:on 2010-01-14 5616: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5592:on 2016-03-07 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5510: 5506: 5504: 5496: 5493: 5488: 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4138: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4091:on 2010-06-12 4090: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4020:on 2010-10-29 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3934: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3856: 3853: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3823: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3739: 3728:on 2012-04-02 3727: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3681:on 2011-07-27 3677: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3650: 3649:Classicvw.org 3646: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3568:on 2013-10-02 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3539:on 2013-04-08 3535: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3508:on 2014-05-06 3504: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3450: 3449:Business Week 3446: 3440: 3437: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3277:on 2014-07-27 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3197:on 2009-08-17 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3168:91-86442-14-7 3164: 3160: 3153: 3150: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3114: 3113:Atlas Obscura 3110: 3103: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3064:on 2010-03-25 3063: 3059: 3058:nhtsa.dot.gov 3055: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2966:on 2015-10-30 2962: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2934:on 2020-11-12 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2826:9780405122118 2822: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2686:on 2008-05-14 2685: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2603: 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1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1924:GB 14166-2013 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 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