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Sedimentation

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1550: 36: 1311: 1422: 1151: 1528:, and it is a major source of pollution in waterways in some parts of the world. High sedimentation rates can be a result of poor land management and a high frequency of flooding events. If not managed properly, it can be detrimental to fragile ecosystems on the receiving end, such as coral reefs. 1449:
of the sediments. However, the term is more particularly applied to the deposition of sediments, and in the strictest sense, it applies only to the mechanical deposition of sediment particles from an initial suspension in air or water. Sedimentation results in the formation of depositional
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Type 3 sedimentation is also known as zone sedimentation. In this process the particles are at a high concentration (greater than 1000 mg/L) such that the particles tend to settle as a mass and a distinct clear zone and sludge zone are present. Zone settling occurs in lime-softening,
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Type 1 sedimentation is characterized by particles that settle discretely at a constant settling velocity, or by the deposition of Iron-Rich minerals to streamlines down to the point source. They settle as individual particles and do not
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Type 2 sedimentation is characterized by particles that flocculate during sedimentation and because of this their size is constantly changing and therefore their settling velocity is changing. Example: alum or iron
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Victor, Steven; Neth, Leinson; Golbuu, Yimnang; Wolanski, Eric; Richmond, Robert H. (2006-02-01). "Sedimentation in mangroves and coral reefs in a wet tropical island, Pohnpei, Micronesia".
2104:"The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses Â» Rate of Siltation in Wular Lake, (Jammu and Kashmir, India) with Special Emphasis on its Climate & Tectonics" 1329:
will tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that force. For gravity settling, this means that the particles will tend to fall to the bottom of the vessel, forming
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gain to offset sea-level rise. Interest in sedimentation enhancing strategies has recently increased due to their ability to raise land elevation, which is important for the long-term
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of the sediments. However, the strict geological definition of sedimentation is the mechanical deposition of sediment particles from an initial suspension in air or water.
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Van Santen, P.; Augustinus, P. G. E. F.; Janssen-Stelder, B. M.; Quartel, S.; Tri, N. H. (2007-02-15). "Sedimentation in an estuarine mangrove system".
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Sedimentation may pertain to objects of various sizes, ranging from large rocks in flowing water, to suspensions of dust and pollen particles, to
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are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation; however, clarification does not remove
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is broadly applied to the entire range of processes that result in the formation of sedimentary rock, from initial formation of sediments by
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When particles settling from a suspension reach a hard boundary, the concentration of particles at the boundary is opposed by the
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environments, settling can be influenced by the presence or absence of vegetation. Trees such as mangroves are crucial to the
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is the falling of suspended particles through the liquid, whereas sedimentation is the final result of the settling process.
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and therefore need sediment accumulation to maintain their elevation, particularly considering increasing rates of
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Paola, C.; Twilley, R. R.; Edmonds, D. A.; Kim, W.; Mohrig, D.; Parker, G.; Viparelli, E.; Voller, V. R. (2011).
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Nicholls, R. J.; Hutton, C. W.; Adger, W. N.; Hanson, S. E.; Rahman, Md. M.; Salehin, M., eds. (2018).
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It consumes waste hydrogen and oxygen to produce power, generate settling and attitude control thrust.
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Coe, H.S.; Clevenger, G.H. (1916). "Methods for determining the capacities of slime-settling tanks".
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and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the
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Omelia, C (1998). "Coagulation and sedimentation in lakes, reservoirs and water treatment plants".
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of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans.
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Paola, C.; Voller, V. R. (2005). "A generalized Exner equation for sediment mass balance".
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and low-lying delta plains. Sedimentation enhancing strategies can be applied to encourage
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Ecosystem Services for Well-Being in Deltas: Integrated Assessment for Policy Analysis
1815:"The unbearable heaviness of colloids: facts, surprises, and puzzles in sedimentation" 1407:. Measurements of the distribution yields information on the nature of the particles. 2397: 2385:'Industrial Water Treatment For Inorganic Contaminants: Physical Treatment Processes' 2207: 2175: 2160: 2132: 2107: 1656:
are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained solids by sedimentation.
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at the vessel base. Settling is an important operation in many applications, such as
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is the process by which particulates move towards the bottom of a liquid and form a
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An undesired increased transport and sedimentation of suspended material is called
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for sediments to accumulate over geological time scales. Most sedimentation in the
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In chemistry, sedimentation has been used to measure the size of large molecules (
2246: 2007: 1564: 1507: 1484: 1460: 1350: 1223: 1012: 885: 872: 851: 797: 786: 659: 612: 585: 489: 439: 327: 2088: 1965:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 30–31, 122–123. 2262:"Natural Processes in Delta Restoration: Application to the Mississippi Delta" 2191: 2142: 1649: 1572: 1342: 1326: 1107: 697: 521: 516: 302: 268: 100: 2293: 2199: 1847: 1769:
Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers
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of the particles. The distribution of sediment near the boundary comes into
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of waves or currents, promoting the settlement of suspended particles.
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Piazza, Roberto; Buzzaccaro, Stefano; Secchi, Eleonora (2012-06-27).
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projects aiming to restore and facilitate land-building processes in
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Goldman, Steven J., Jackson, Katharine & Bursztynsky, Taras A.
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availability and deposition are important because deltas naturally
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sedimentation, active sludge sedimentation and sludge thickeners.
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separated by long intervals of nondeposition or even erosion.
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Giosan, L.; Constantinescu, S.; Filip, F.; Deng, B. (2013).
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is the thickness of sediment accumulated per unit time. For
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Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
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to several meters per thousand years in portions of major
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Gediz delta, showing a typical natural delta landscape
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Tendency for particles in suspension to settle down
1990:. Morphodynamics of the Red River Delta, Vietnam. 1813: 1694: 1475:load, this can be expressed mathematically by the 1877:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "sedimentation". 1604:), where the force of gravity is augmented with 1314:Settling pond for iron particles at water works 1249:of sediments which results in the formation of 1648:from water. Solid particles entrained by the 1176: 8: 1728:Zegler, Frank; Bernard Kutter (2010-09-02). 2137:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 1737:AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition 1222:acting on them: these forces can be due to 1183: 1169: 18: 1441:of particles from rock outcrops, through 2343:Erosion & Sediment Control Handbook. 2024:. blackwarriorriver.org. Archived from 1913: 1901: 1686: 26: 2387:Water Online; Accessed 15 October 2018 7: 2286:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142856 2069:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 1820:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 1715:participating institution membership 1557:Sedimentation enhancing strategies 1454:and the rocks that constitute the 14: 2364:Water and Waste-Water Technology. 1787:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926" 1367:Classification of sedimentation: 1621:This section is an excerpt from 1543:Sedimentation enhancing strategy 1541:This section is an excerpt from 1302:This section is an excerpt from 1150: 1149: 34: 2383:Reinsel, M., Apex Engineering. 2266:Annual Review of Marine Science 2022:"Siltation & Sedimentation" 1988:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 1928:Journal of Geophysical Research 1623:Sedimentation (water treatment) 1349:treatment, biological science, 564:Microbial calcite precipitation 2366:John Wiley & Sons (1975). 1840:10.1088/0953-8984/24/28/284109 1532:also affects siltation rates. 1: 2329:10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00018-3 2049:. malaysiadigest.blogspot.com 279:Aeolian (windborne) transport 2317:Water Science and Technology 2247:10.1016/j.ancene.2013.09.001 2008:10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.05.011 1675:Coagulation (disambiguation) 1536:Human-enhanced sedimentation 2102:U.D. Kulkarni; et al. 1963:Origin of sedimentary rocks 1495:occurred in relative brief 1071:cross-cutting relationships 620:Amorphous calcium carbonate 2430: 2089:10.1016/j.ecss.2005.07.025 1916:, "rate of sedimentation". 1620: 1540: 1517: 1414: 1392: 1301: 645:Coastal sediment transport 2192:10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3 2143:10.1007/978-3-319-71093-8 1702:Oxford English Dictionary 1405:sedimentation equilibrium 1395:Sedimentation equilibrium 1389:Sedimentation equilibrium 455:Soft-sediment deformation 52:Terrigenous (lithogenous) 2174:Syvitski, J. P. (2008). 1628:The physical process of 1561:environmental management 1228:centrifugal acceleration 756:calcareous nannoplankton 445:Sediment–water interface 2414:Liquid-solid separation 1707:Oxford University Press 1632:(the act of depositing 1245:, sedimentation is the 650:Coastal sediment supply 423:Paleocurrent indicators 2180:Sustainability Science 1739:. AIAA. Archived from 1636:) has applications in 1554: 1426: 1315: 1202:. It takes place when 1081:original horizontality 751:biogenic calcification 601:oolitic aragonite sand 371:Sedimentary structures 212:Oolitic aragonite sand 2409:Laboratory techniques 1552: 1497:depositional episodes 1469:rate of sedimentation 1445:and settling, to the 1424: 1313: 1198:is the deposition of 2345:McGraw-Hill (1986). 1948:10.1029/2004JF000274 1417:Deposition (geology) 1261:and settling to the 2278:2011ARMS....3...67P 2239:2013Anthr...1...35G 2081:2006ECSS...66..409V 2000:2007JAESc..29..566V 1940:2005JGRF..110.4014P 1879:Glossary of geology 1832:2012JPCM...24B4109P 1705:(Online ed.). 1489:accommodation space 881:Soil carbon storage 816:Sedimentary ecology 738:Biogenous sediments 22:Part of a series on 1616:In water treatment 1555: 1456:sedimentary record 1443:sediment transport 1427: 1327:centrifugal motion 1316: 1259:sediment transport 1214:in which they are 1210:settle out of the 1123:carbonate-silicate 1093:Sedimentary record 1076:lateral continuity 873:Sedimentary carbon 803:Reverse weathering 782:diatomaceous earth 465:Vegetation-induced 349:Turbidity currents 323:ice-sheet dynamics 253:Sediment transport 244:Sedimentary budget 2152:978-3-319-71092-1 1713:(Subscription or 1606:centrifugal force 1193: 1192: 843:Soil biodiversity 719:Sedimentary basin 672:Marine regression 450:Sedimentary basin 313:Fluvial processes 284:Biomineralization 203:Manganese nodules 2421: 2388: 2381: 2375: 2362:Hammer, Mark J. 2360: 2354: 2353:. pp. 8.2, 8.12. 2339: 2333: 2332: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2176:"Deltas at risk" 2171: 2165: 2164: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2075:(3–4): 409–416. 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1904:, "aggradation". 1899: 1893: 1892: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1817: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1734: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1698: 1691: 1662:dissolved solids 1646:suspended solids 1481:pelagic sediment 1272:suspensions, to 1251:sedimentary rock 1232:electromagnetism 1185: 1178: 1171: 1158: 1153: 1152: 910:Sedimentary rock 665:pelagic red clay 630:Continental rise 38: 19: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2382: 2378: 2361: 2357: 2340: 2336: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2153: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2101: 2100: 2096: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2015: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1696:"sedimentation" 1693: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1654:Settling basins 1644:acts to remove 1638:water treatment 1626: 1618: 1610:ultracentrifuge 1598: 1593: 1592: 1546: 1538: 1522: 1516: 1493:geologic record 1419: 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1805: 1793:. 27 Nov 2021 1792: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1746:on 2013-05-10 1742: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:sedimentation 1624: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602:macromolecule 1595: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1447:lithification 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:sedimentation 1432: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1358:and scooping. 1357: 1356:reignition, 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1312: 1305: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1263:lithification 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:Sedimentation 1186: 1181: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1157: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1098:Sedimentology 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 980: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 958: 957: 950: 947: 946: 945: 942: 941: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 911: 906: 905: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 869: 868: 858: 855: 854: 853: 850: 849: 844: 841: 839: 838:Pedodiversity 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 813: 812: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 765: 764: 757: 754: 752: 749: 748: 747: 744: 743: 739: 734: 733: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 685: 678: 677:transgression 675: 674: 673: 670: 666: 663: 662: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 640:Bioirrigation 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 625:Calcification 623: 621: 618: 614: 611: 610: 609: 606: 602: 599: 597: 596:aragonite sea 594: 593: 592: 589: 587: 584: 583: 579: 574: 573: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 554:Hydropedology 552: 550: 549:Soil salinity 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 509: 508: 505: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 482: 478:Soil sediment 475: 474: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 434: 431: 429: 428:sole markings 426: 425: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 381:cross-bedding 379: 378: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 364: 359: 358: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 339:Lithification 337: 336: 329: 326: 324: 321: 320: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 266: 259: 256: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 242: 240: 239:Sedimentation 237: 236: 232: 227: 226: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 204: 201: 200: 193: 192: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 166: 165: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 98: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 77: 76: 67: 64: 63: 58: 55: 53: 50: 49: 42: 41: 37: 33: 32: 29: 25: 21: 20: 2379: 2363: 2358: 2342: 2337: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2272:(1): 67–91. 2269: 2265: 2255: 2230: 2227:Anthropocene 2226: 2216: 2186:(1): 23–32. 2183: 2179: 2169: 2133: 2112:. Retrieved 2108:the original 2097: 2072: 2068: 2062: 2051:. Retrieved 2041: 2030:. Retrieved 2026:the original 2016: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1962: 1956: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1914:Jackson 1997 1909: 1902:Jackson 1997 1897: 1878: 1872: 1823: 1819: 1807: 1795:. Retrieved 1790: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1748:. Retrieved 1741:the original 1736: 1723: 1700: 1689: 1629: 1599: 1596:In chemistry 1523: 1501: 1496: 1485:river deltas 1468: 1466: 1459: 1434: 1428: 1398: 1366: 1317: 1267: 1240: 1195: 1194: 1135:Biosignature 1103:Stratigraphy 1056:soil science 1051:paleontology 1008:Organic-rich 949:conglomerate 828:Soil zoology 724:Tidal bundle 703:hemipelagite 534:Soil horizon 500:permeability 460:Unconformity 403:Alluvial fan 396:ripple marks 363:By structure 318:Glacier flow 289:Bioturbation 238: 230: 1797:27 November 1508:attenuation 1461:aggradation 1433:, the term 1380:coagulation 1067:Principles 1013:Phosphorite 886:Soil carbon 852:Rhizosphere 798:Microfossil 787:radiolarite 660:Marine clay 613:calcite sea 586:Abyssal fan 440:River delta 433:imbrication 328:ice rafting 68:Hydrogenous 65:Cosmogenous 2398:Categories 2323:(2): 129. 2114:2009-11-16 2053:2009-11-16 2032:2009-11-16 1972:0136427103 1888:0922152349 1750:2011-01-25 1717:required.) 1658:Clarifiers 1650:turbulence 1640:, whereby 1591:of deltas. 1415:See also: 1411:In geology 1374:flocculate 1354:propellant 1343:wastewater 1292:Principles 1276:of single 1247:deposition 1208:suspension 1108:Rock cycle 1088:Provenance 1046:geological 923:Carbonates 698:contourite 655:Evaporites 507:morphology 495:pore space 303:Concretion 298:Compaction 269:Weathering 231:By process 101:Grain size 80:By texture 2294:1941-1405 2233:: 35–45. 2208:128976925 2200:1862-4065 2161:135458360 1848:0953-8984 1526:siltation 1520:Siltation 1514:Siltation 1504:estuarine 1473:suspended 1452:landforms 1425:Siltation 1401:diffusion 1278:molecules 1274:solutions 1216:entrained 1204:particles 1200:sediments 1018:Siliceous 1003:Iron-rich 998:Greywacke 983:Evaporite 967:sandstone 928:limestone 693:turbidite 591:Aragonite 344:Siltation 87:Roundness 57:Biogenous 45:By origin 28:Sediments 2302:21329199 1864:23309333 1856:22738878 1669:See also 1634:sediment 1569:Sediment 1323:sediment 1319:Settling 1304:Settling 1297:Settling 1286:peptides 1282:proteins 1280:such as 1270:cellular 1257:through 1236:Settling 1156:Category 1037:History 933:dolomite 918:Badlands 376:Bedforms 217:Tektites 2274:Bibcode 2235:Bibcode 2077:Bibcode 1996:Bibcode 1936:Bibcode 1828:Bibcode 1642:gravity 1573:subside 1439:erosion 1431:geology 1255:erosion 1243:geology 1224:gravity 1113:calcium 1041:geology 1031:Related 972:mudrock 962:breccia 944:Clastic 688:Pelagic 635:Bay mud 608:Calcite 512:texture 274:Erosion 258:coastal 157:colloid 127:granule 106:boulder 92:Sorting 2370:  2349:  2300:  2292:  2206:  2198:  2159:  2149:  1969:  1885:  1862:  1854:  1846:  1775:: 356. 1608:in an 1581:rivers 1565:deltas 1339:mining 1335:slurry 1331:sludge 1220:forces 1154:  1118:silica 529:Catena 490:matrix 386:duness 171:oolite 167:Other 122:pebble 117:gravel 111:cobble 2204:S2CID 2157:S2CID 1860:S2CID 1744:(PDF) 1733:(PDF) 1711: 1681:Notes 1351:space 1230:, or 1212:fluid 993:Chert 988:Chalk 544:Humin 539:Humus 522:color 517:value 413:Fault 176:scree 2368:ISBN 2347:ISBN 2298:PMID 2290:ISSN 2196:ISSN 2147:ISBN 1967:ISBN 1883:ISBN 1852:PMID 1844:ISSN 1799:2021 1559:are 1467:The 1345:and 1284:and 896:Peat 891:Coal 485:Soil 418:Fold 181:till 152:clay 147:silt 142:sand 2325:doi 2282:doi 2243:doi 2188:doi 2139:doi 2085:doi 2004:doi 1944:doi 1932:110 1836:doi 1502:In 1429:In 1333:or 1241:In 1206:in 2400:: 2321:37 2319:. 2296:. 2288:. 2280:. 2268:. 2264:. 2241:. 2229:. 2225:. 2202:. 2194:. 2182:. 2178:. 2155:. 2145:. 2123:^ 2083:. 2073:66 2071:. 2002:. 1992:29 1942:. 1930:. 1858:. 1850:. 1842:. 1834:. 1824:24 1822:. 1818:. 1789:. 1773:55 1771:. 1753:. 1735:. 1699:. 1612:. 1567:. 1464:. 1341:, 1234:. 1226:, 2331:. 2327:: 2304:. 2284:: 2276:: 2270:3 2249:. 2245:: 2237:: 2231:1 2210:. 2190:: 2184:3 2163:. 2141:: 2117:. 2091:. 2087:: 2079:: 2056:. 2035:. 2010:. 2006:: 1998:: 1975:. 1950:. 1946:: 1938:: 1891:. 1866:. 1838:: 1830:: 1801:. 1709:. 1664:. 1625:. 1545:. 1306:. 1184:e 1177:t 1170:v

Index

Sediments

Terrigenous (lithogenous)
Biogenous
Roundness
Sorting
Grain size
boulder
cobble
gravel
pebble
granule
sand
silt
clay
colloid
oolite
scree
till
Manganese nodules
Oolitic aragonite sand
Tektites
By process
Sedimentation
Sedimentary budget
Sediment transport
coastal
Weathering
Erosion
Aeolian (windborne) transport

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