303:. While their Boer counterparts did not join the advance, the Swazi reportedly massacred the settlement, including the women and children - whose brains were dashed against rocks. Johannes Dinkoanyane survived the assault, though, he was mortally wounded and died on 16 July 1876. His last words were reportedly: "I am going to die. I am thankful I do not die by the hands of these cowardly Boers, but by the hand of a black and courageous nation like myself..." - whereupon he instructed his brother, Sekhukhune, to study the Bible; and thereafter Johannes died.
236:
29:
406:, the native peoples apparently fled from their settlement immediately. This, however, appears not to have deterred the commando from hunting them down and murdering them all. Though some of the victims were shot by the Boers; Abel Erasmus' was also constituted of a number of allied natives at the time, who reportedly used
490:
On the night of 13 August, 1882, Sekhukhune, was assassinated by
Mampuru. Mampuru claimed that he was the rightful king and accused Sekhukhune of usurping the throne following the death of their father, Sekwati. Fearing arrest, Mampuru fled and sought refuge initially with Chief Marishane (Masemola)
343:
diamond fields, including the likes of Gunn of Gunn, Alfred
Aylward, Knapp, Woodford, Rubus, Adolf Kuhneisen, Dr. James Edward Ashton, Otto von Streitencron, George Eckersley, Bailey, Captain Reidel and others from America, Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria and other European countries. In
306:
Apparently infuriated by the perceived cowardice of the Boers; the Swazi abandoned the front and returned home - and so, on 2 August 1876, Sekhukhune managed to defeat the
Transvaal army. Subsequently, the Boers retreated - notwithstanding President Burgers' appeal that he would rather be shot than
502:
When the
Pretoria Boers demanded that Nyabela surrender Mampuru for trial on charges of murder, Nyabela refused, stating that Mampuru was under his protection. This disagreement led to a war between Nyabela and the Boers, which lasted for approximately nine months. Eventually, Nyabela surrendered,
373:
had originally encountered three women, and the child was, in fact, a baby. Despite the protests of the author of the letter, Von
Schlickmann's mercenaries had opened fire immediately upon encountering the group - reportedly shooting off the head of one of the women - and thereafter kidnapping the
410:
to perpetrate the majority of the slaughter. These native allies, identified simply as 'Boer
Kaffirs' were probably Swazi forces loyal to the Boers and/or Bapedi forces loyal to chief Mampuru. One of the Boers, who had accompanied the Krugerpos commando and witnessed the massacre and kidnapping,
267:
Sekhukhune was born in 1814 to King
Sekwati and Thorometjane Phala. Originally named Matsebe (Matsebe was Sekwati's brother through their father Thulare I, in honor of his brother named his son Matsebe), he earned the nickname Sekhukhune due to his exceptional role in battles against the Boers.
348:
were instead issued with promissory notes, and each volunteer was promised to receive two thousand acres of land in
Sekhukhune's territory. The volunteers were also expected to reimburse themselves by robbing whatever they could from the natives. Probably as a consequence hereof - the
546:“… We hear this morning … of the death of one of the bravest of our former enemies, the Chief Sekhukhune… The news carries us some years back to the time when the name of Sekhukhune was a name of dread, first to the Dutch and then to the English Colonists of the Transvaal and Natal…”.
1320:"General Foreign News.; the Kafir War in South Africa. the Attack on the Transvaal Province by Secocoeni--the Government Unprepared--Apprehensions of Attack from the Zulu King Cetewayo--Fighting the Gaikas Under Sandill--the Frontier Very Restless"
510:
On 23 January, 1884, Marishane was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for providing temporary refuge to
Mampuru and inciting unrest. Following his release, Marishane returned to his village, Marishane (Mooifontein), where he later died.
314:
On 4 September 1876, President Thomas François
Burgers presented the Volksraad with a scheme to hire mercenary services in order to harry Sekhukhune's Bapedi. The Volksraad approved of the scheme and thus hired the services of the
374:
surviving two women and baby. Von Schlickmann then followed-up the execution by raiding and massacring a nearby native settlement - in all probability the same settlement where the aforesaid captives had been kidnapped from. The
223:
or Leolo Mountains, which he fortified. To strengthen his kingdom and guard against European colonization, he had his young subjects work in white mines and on farms so that their salaries could be used to buy guns from the
378:
reportedly took no prisoners - opting, instead, to slit the necks of any survivors. Conrad Von Schlickmann was killed on 17 November 1876 during a Bapedi ambush, but the Bapedi were also repulsed. The leadership of the
514:
Nyabela received a death sentence, which was later commuted to life imprisonment on 22 September, 1883. Mampuru, convicted of murder and rebellion, was executed by hanging in Pretoria prison on 22 November, 1883.
368:
kidnapped two women and a 'child' near a native settlement at Steelpoort, Conrad Von Schlickman then ordered the execution of both the women and the 'child'. According to a letter from one of the volunteers, the
411:
subsequently complained of these crimes to Sir Henry Barkly. Barkly, in turn, wrote of these allegations in protest to President Thomas François Burgers; whom he petitioned to punish the Boer war criminals.
254:
until 1881. After a return to his kingdom, he was fatally stabbed by an assassin (Mampuru II and his henchmen) in 1882, at Manoge. The assassins are presumed to have been sent by his brother and competitor,
446:
Although the British had first condemned the Transvaal war against Sekhukhune, it was continued after the annexation. In 1878 and 1879 three British attacks were successfully repelled until
470:
was signed, which stipulated in Article 23 that Sekhukhune would be released. Because his capital had been burned to the ground, he left for a place called Manoge, where he was assisted by
1379:"Bapedi Marote Mamone v Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims and Others (40404/2008) [2012] ZAGPPHC 209; [2012] 4 All SA 544 (GNP) (21 September 2012)"
775:"Bapedi Marote Mamone v Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims and Others (40404/2008) [2012] ZAGPPHC 209; [2012] 4 All SA 544 (GNP) (21 September 2012)"
671:"Bapedi Marote Mamone v Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims and Others (40404/2008) [2012] ZAGPPHC 209; [2012] 4 All SA 544 (GNP) (21 September 2012)"
542:, which at the time was not known to report on the deaths of African leaders, published an article on 30 August 1882, acknowledging his resistance against the Boers and the British:
573:
Sekhukhune I had many children apart from his heir Morwamoche II, he fathered Seraki, Kgobalale, Kgwerane, Kgetjepe, Moruthane and more of others who were lost in the battle field.
299:
of Swazi warriors spearheaded an assault on a Bapedi fortified settlement, which was futilely defended by Johannes Dinkoanyane, Sekhukhune's half-brother and a Lutheran convert of
271:
Over time, the name Sekhukhune gradually replaced his birth name, Matsebe, as it became synonymous with his remarkable achievements and leadership during conflicts with the Boers.
209:
and heir apparent with the support of his Matuba regiment. Despite his victory, Sekhukhune adhered to the serota tradition and allowed Mampuru to peacefully leave the
1524:
1562:
1577:
622:
1597:
1319:
174:, more commonly known as the Bapedi (Pedi people), from 21 September 1861 until his assassination on 13 August 1882 by his rival and half-brother,
1572:
928:
447:
1495:
1231:
1029:
809:
709:
518:
Thus concluded one of the most tumultuous political and military careers in South Africa's history, marking the demise of the Marota Empire.
274:
Throughout his life, Sekhukhune's legacy remained intertwined with the Pedi history, leaving a lasting impact on their collective identity.
357:
482:, who claimed to be the lawful king. Mampuru was captured by the Boers, tried for murder and hanged in Pretoria in 21 November 1883.
327:- Conrad Von Schlickmann. Von Schlickman was reputedly closely connected with the German Establishment and had fought under Otto von
526:
After his death, Bopedi (Pedi kingdom) was divided into small powerless units conducted by the native commissioners. His grandson
559:
1607:
1592:
247:. The second war, against the British and Swazi in 1879 in what became known as the Sekhukhune Wars, was less successful.
159:
1508:
Contested Cultural Heritage in the Limpopo Province of South Africa: the case study of the Statue of King Nghunghunyani
1351:
Delius, Peter; Rüther, Kirsten (2010). "J.A. Winter – Visionary or Mercenary? A Missionary Life in Colonial Context".
1532:
398:' in October 1876 - arguably not the first time that some Boers were in breach of the anti-slavery provisions of the
702:
An Investigation into the origin and meaning of South African mountain and river names: a historico-linguistic study
697:'n Ondersoek na die oorsprong en betekenis van Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername: 'n histories-taalkundige studie
288:
475:
1587:
307:
see his men desert him. Nevertheless, Burgers joined the Boer retreat to Steelpoort, where a fort was built -
243:
Sekhukhune fought two notable wars. The first war was successfully fought in 1876, against the ZAR and their
504:
496:
1418:"The Anglo-Boer South African War: Sekhukhune II goes on the offensive in the Eastern Transvaal, 1899-1902"
1198:
Cetywayo and his white neighbours ; or, remarks on recent events in Zululand, Natal, and the Transvaal
1065:
Cetywayo and his white neighbours ; or, remarks on recent events in Zululand, Natal, and the Transvaal
1048:
Cetywayo and his white neighbours ; or, remarks on recent events in Zululand, Natal, and the Transvaal
531:
471:
419:
205:, on 20 September 1861, Sekhukhune successfully defended his right to the throne against his half-brother
195:
183:
1557:
1162:"Citywayo and his white neighbours; or, remarks on. recent events in Zululand, natal, and the transvaal"
977:"Citywayo and his white neighbours; or, remarks on. recent events in Zululand, natal, and the transvaal"
895:"Citywayo and his white neighbours; or, remarks on. recent events in Zululand, natal, and the transvaal"
861:"Citywayo and his white neighbours; or, remarks on. recent events in Zululand, natal, and the transvaal"
399:
225:
422:. The Boers inability to subdue Sekhukhune and the Bapedi led to the departure of Burgers in favour of
801:
The land belongs to us: the Pedi polity, the Boers and the British in the nineteenth-century Transvaal
503:
and Mampuru was handed over to the Pretoria Boers. Marishane, Nyabela, and Mampuru faced trial in the
1582:
1567:
431:
394:
of Krugerpos, was accused for 'treacherously killing forty or fifty friendly natives, men and women,
214:
467:
332:
1068:. University of California Libraries. London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner. pp. 120–121.
1602:
842:
825:
Delius, Peter; RĂĽther, Kirsten (2013). "The King, the Missionary and the Missionary's Daughter".
415:
300:
1491:
1429:
1327:
1227:
1177:
1025:
992:
910:
876:
805:
705:
450:
defeated Sekhukhune in November 1879 with an army of 2,000 British soldiers, Boers and 10,000
328:
118:
1417:
1201:. University of California Libraries. London : Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner. p. 121.
1051:. University of California Libraries. London : Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner. p. 120.
1511:
1360:
1219:
1169:
1017:
984:
902:
868:
834:
551:
538:
427:
292:
217:, and Kgoloko. Sekhukhune married Legoadi IV in 1862, and lived on a mountain, now known as
1271:
1272:"'Sekukuni [sic] & Family' | Online Collection | National Army Museum, London"
454:. On 2 December 1879, Sekhukhune was captured and on 9 December 1879 he was imprisoned in
435:
340:
1378:
1145:
1080:
774:
670:
567:
191:
1402:
1096:
952:
725:
235:
28:
1551:
846:
592:
527:
403:
395:
77:
1196:
1120:
1063:
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in an effort to rebuild the Bapedi kingdom launched an unsuccessful war against the
451:
391:
361:
244:
179:
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838:
799:
695:
1173:
988:
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872:
602:
423:
210:
171:
37:
1161:
976:
894:
860:
1296:"THE SEKUKUNI WARS PART II - South African Military History Society - Journal"
1213:
1011:
647:"THE SEKUKUNI WARS PART II - South African Military History Society - Journal"
597:
587:
492:
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308:
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996:
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387:
324:
178:. As the Pedi paramount leader he was faced with political challenges from
455:
251:
1215:
Life and Correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., etc
1013:
Life and Correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., etc
582:
563:
534:. The defeat marked the end of Pedi resistance against foreign forces.
407:
320:
202:
141:
128:
66:
1515:
1248:"South African Military History Society - Journal- THE SEKUKUNI WARS"
295:) declared war against Sekhukhune and the Bapedi. On 14 July 1876 an
170:(Matsebe; circa 1814 – 13 August 1882) was the paramount King of the
1150:. University of California. London, John Murray. pp. 176–177.
1085:. University of California. London, John Murray. pp. 176–177.
234:
478:. On 13 August 1882, Sekhukhune was murdered by his half-brother
486:
Assassination of Sekhukhune and the Decline of the Marota Empire
296:
102:
390:
were also reported on by Sir Henry Barkly. Abel Erasmus, the
47:
21 September 1861 – 13 August 1882
426:
and the British annexation of the South African Republic (
704:] (in Afrikaans). Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 187.
566:
was named after him in 2000; the area is also known as
414:
On 16 February 1877, the Boers and Bapedi, mediated by
383:
was then taken over by Alfred Aylward, a Fenian rebel.
344:
lieu of any salary or supplies from the Volksraad, the
1403:"King Sekhukhune | South African History Online"
339:
primarily recruited from Europeans immigrants at the
213:
territory. His other known siblings were; Legolwana,
218:
155:
147:
137:
127:
117:
109:
98:
88:
84:
72:
62:
43:
35:
21:
623:"Freedom Park - Lest We Forget! - King Sekhukhune"
142:Sekwati I (Younger brother of Maripane Thobejane)
67:Sekwati I (younger brother of Maripane Thobejane)
1121:"Aylward, Alfred | Dictionary of Irish Biography"
929:"Our Story No 6: Sekhukhune, the great Pedi king"
1218:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–177.
1097:"King Sekhukhune | South African History Online"
953:"King Sekhukhune | South African History Online"
763:(5). The South African Military History Society.
319:, which were constituted under the command of a
1147:The life and correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere
1082:The life and correspondence of Sir Bartle Frere
544:
239:King Sekhukhune and family, between 1878-1879.
8:
1016:. Cambridge University Press. p. 176.
194:, and considerable social change caused by
1525:"King Sekhukhune I colourfully remembered"
27:
18:
1422:Southern Journal for Contemporary History
1195:Haggard, H. Rider (Henry Rider) (1896).
1062:Haggard, H. Rider (Henry Rider) (1896).
1045:Haggard, H. Rider (Henry Rider) (1896).
1450:
614:
1488:Sekhukhune: Greatest of the Pedi Kings
7:
1168:. s6-VI (157): 124–132. 1882-12-30.
983:. s6-VI (157): 547–548. 1882-12-30.
901:. s6-VI (157): 547–548. 1882-12-30.
867:. s6-VI (157): 118–119. 1882-12-30.
364:reported with horror how, after the
1563:1870s in the South African Republic
827:Journal of Southern African Studies
201:Following the death of his father,
1523:Motseo, Thapelo (22 August 2018).
434:, secretary for native affairs of
14:
1578:African resistance to colonialism
289:President Thomas François Burgers
182:(Boer settlers), the independent
1353:South African Historical Journal
560:Sekhukhune District Municipality
1598:People of the Sekukuni Campaign
1506:Mabale, Dolphin (18 May 2017).
804:. Heinemann. pp. 251–252.
291:of the South African Republic (
1573:19th-century murdered monarchs
1212:Martineau, John (2012-06-14).
1010:Martineau, John (2012-06-14).
402:. Upon sight of Abel Erasmus'
1:
396:and carrying off the children
1365:10.1080/02582473.2010.493005
839:10.1080/03057070.2013.824769
730:South African History Online
160:African Traditional Religion
1510:(MA). University of Venda.
418:, signed a peace treaty at
250:Sekhukhune was detained in
188:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
1626:
751:Kinsey, H.W. (June 1973).
694:Du Plessis, E. J. (1973).
1174:10.1093/nq/s6-vi.157.547d
989:10.1093/nq/s6-vi.157.547d
907:10.1093/nq/s6-vi.157.547d
873:10.1093/nq/s6-vi.157.547d
476:Berlin Missionary Society
381:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
376:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
371:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
366:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
353:were notoriously brutal.
351:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
346:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
337:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
317:Lydenburg Volunteer Corps
26:
1224:10.1017/cbo9781139343954
1144:Martineau, John (1895).
1079:Martineau, John (1895).
1022:10.1017/cbo9781139343954
757:Military History Journal
474:, a missionary from the
432:Sir Theophilus Shepstone
360:dated 18 December 1876;
232:, as well as livestock.
1490:. Heritage Publishers.
1486:Gemmell, David (2014).
1416:Malunga, Felix (2000).
219:
1608:South African Republic
798:Delius, Peter (1984).
556:
532:South African Republic
505:Pretoria Supreme Court
472:Johannes August Winter
466:On 3 August 1881, the
430:) on 12 April 1877 by
240:
196:Christian missionaries
184:South African Republic
1593:Northern Sotho people
1529:sekhukhunetimes.co.za
1469:historically spelled
1300:samilitaryhistory.org
1252:samilitaryhistory.org
651:samilitaryhistory.org
627:www.freedompark.co.za
442:Second Sekhukhune War
400:Sand River Convention
238:
1276:collection.nam.ac.uk
1101:www.sahistory.org.za
957:www.sahistory.org.za
283:First Sekhukhune War
215:Johannes Dinkwanyane
76:Kgoloko (regent for
753:"The Sekukuni Wars"
468:Pretoria Convention
448:Sir Garnet Wolseley
333:Franco-Prussian War
1457:sometimes spelled
1324:The New York Times
732:. 13 February 2018
495:, the king of the
416:Alexander Merensky
386:Simultaneous Boer
323:ex-soldier turned
301:Alexander Merensky
241:
151:Thorometjane Phala
16:King of the Bapedi
1497:978-0-992-22883-5
1233:978-1-108-05185-9
1166:Notes and Queries
1031:978-1-108-05185-9
981:Notes and Queries
899:Notes and Queries
865:Notes and Queries
811:978-0-435-94050-8
726:"King Sekhukhune"
711:978-0-624-00273-4
356:In a despatch to
165:
164:
1615:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1531:. Archived from
1519:
1501:
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564:Limpopo Province
554:
552:The London Times
539:The London Times
362:Sir Henry Barkly
287:On 16 May 1876,
222:
104:
58:
56:
52:
31:
19:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1617:
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1588:Bapedi monarchy
1548:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1535:on 6 March 2019
1522:
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1482:
1480:Further reading
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491:and later with
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341:Griqualand West
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278:Sekhukhune Wars
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1394:
1383:www.saflii.org
1370:
1343:
1326:. 1878-04-12.
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833:(3): 597–614.
817:
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779:www.saflii.org
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675:www.saflii.org
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568:Sekhukhuneland
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1558:1810s births
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168:Sekhukhune I
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36:King of the
22:Sekhukhune I
1583:Fratricides
1568:1882 deaths
603:Pedi people
424:Paul Kruger
230:Delagoa Bay
220:Thaba Leolo
63:Predecessor
1552:Categories
1388:2020-08-12
1359:(2): 312.
1337:2020-08-23
1305:2020-08-12
1281:2020-08-12
1257:2020-08-12
1130:2022-10-10
1125:www.dib.ie
1106:2022-10-10
962:2022-10-10
938:2023-07-26
784:2020-08-08
680:2020-09-04
656:2020-09-04
632:2023-07-26
609:References
588:Mampuru II
480:Mampuru II
420:Botshabelo
388:war crimes
263:Early life
257:Mampuru II
226:Portuguese
207:Mampuru II
176:Mampuru II
113:Legoadi IV
55:1882-08-13
51:1861-09-21
1603:Transvaal
1516:11602/692
1471:Secocoeni
1445:Footnotes
1434:2415-0509
1332:0362-4331
1182:1471-6941
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915:1471-6941
881:1471-6941
847:143487212
462:Aftermath
428:Transvaal
325:mercenary
309:Krugerpos
293:Transvaal
73:Successor
1459:Sekukuni
577:See also
549:—
456:Pretoria
408:assegais
404:commando
329:Bismarck
321:Prussian
252:Pretoria
186:(Dutch:
156:Religion
133:Maroteng
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736:4 March
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497:Ndebele
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335:. The
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172:Marota
148:Mother
138:Father
110:Spouse
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436:Natal
129:House
119:Issue
44:Reign
1541:2019
1492:ISBN
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