962:
field experiment called the META-WT experiment was performed in the Nauen wind farm. This for the first time demonstrated that at the city scale, collective resonance of wind turbine structures can modify seismic waves propagating through it. These new observations have implications for seismic hazard in a city where dense urban structures like tall buildings can strongly modify the wavefield.
926:. The compressional wave solutions used in the electromagnetic cloaking are transferred to material fluidic solutions where fluid motion is parallel to the wavevector. The computations then show that coordinate transformations can be applied to acoustic media when restricted to normal incidence in two dimensions.
817:
layer. The other layers alternate and surround the previous layer all the way to the first layer. Electromagnetic wave scattering was calculated and simulated for the layered (metamaterial) structure and the split-ring resonator anisotropic metamaterial, to show the effectiveness of the layered metamaterial.
662:
on artificial structures, which exist on or near the surface of the Earth. Current designs of seismic metamaterials utilize configurations of boreholes, trees or proposed underground resonators to act as a large scale material. Experiments have observed both reflections and bandgap attenuation from
816:
material is much thinner than the radiated wavelength. As a whole, such structure is an anisotropic medium. The layered dielectric materials surround an "infinite conducting cylinder". The layered dielectric materials radiate outward, in a concentric fashion, and the cylinder is encased in the first
961:
At the geophysics scale, in a forest in the Landes region of France in 2016, an ambitious seismic experiment called the METAFORET experiment demonstrated that trees could significantly modify the surface wavefield due to their coupled resonances when arranged at a subwavelength scale. A follow-up
929:
Next the electromagnetic cloaking shell is referenced as an exact equivalence for a simulated demonstration of the acoustic cloaking shell. Bulk modulus and mass density determine the spatial dimensions of the cloak, which can bend any incident wave around the center of the shell. In a simulation
796:
configuration. A prior simulation showed that it is possible to create concealment from electromagnetic radiation with concentric, alternating layers of electromagnetic metamaterials. That study is in contrast to concealment by inclusions in a split ring resonator designed as an
663:
artificially induced seismic waves. These are the first experiments to verify that seismic metamaterials can be measured for frequencies below 100 Hz, where damage from
Rayleigh waves is the most harmful to artificial structures.
1313:
Roux, P.; Bindi, D; Boxberger, T.; Colombi, A.; Cotton, F.; Douste-Bacque, I.; Garambois, S.; Gueguen, P.; Hillers, G.; Hollis, D.; Lecocq, T.; Pondaven, I. (2018-03-01). "Toward
Seismic Metamaterials: The METAFORET Project".
741:; the waves would pass around the building so as to arrive in phase as the earthquake wave proceeded, as if the building was not there. The mathematical models produce the regular pattern provided by
1488:
Pilz, Marco; Roux, Philippe; Mohammed, Shoaib Ayjaz; Garcia, Raphael F.; Steinmann, Rene; Aubert, Coralie; Bernauer, Felix; Guéguen, Philippe; Ohrnberger, Matthias; Cotton, Fabrice (2024).
88:
780:
medium. The design that worked is ten layers of six different materials, which can be easily deployed in building foundations. As of 2009, the project is still in the design stage.
637:
942:
that the waves are in fact dispersed around the location of the building. The frequency range of this capability is shown to have no limitation regarding the
1490:"Wind turbines as a metamaterial-like urban layer: an experimental investigation using a dense seismic array and complementary sensing technologies"
1360:
788:
For seismic metamaterials to protect surface structures, the proposal includes a layered structure of metamaterials, separated by elastic
1119:
891:
acoustic media and isotropic electromagnetic media are exactly equivalent. Under these conditions, the isotropic characteristic works in
958:
In 2012, researchers held an experimental field-test near
Grenoble (France), with the aim to highlight analogy with phononic crystals.
630:
1379:
Huang, Ying; Feng, Y; Jiang, T (2007-08-21). "Electromagnetic cloaking by layered structure of homogeneous isotropic materials".
930:
with perfect conditions, because it is easier to demonstrate the principles involved, there is zero scattering in any direction.
869:
705:
of the earth materials. In other words, the speeds of the seismic waves vary as they travel through different materials in the
883:
is not possible. However, there is at least one special case where there is a direct equivalence between electromagnetics and
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directed around an object, or hole, and protecting buildings from seismic waves employs this same principle.
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Brun, M.; S. Guenneau; and A.B. Movchan (2009-02-09). "Achieving control of in-plane elastic waves".
992:
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cloaking, and whether or not coordinate transformations could be applied to artificially fabricated
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equations when replacing the electromagnetic parameters with the following acoustic parameters:
689:
are recorded each year, by a worldwide system of earthquake detection stations. The propagation
1255:"Forests as a natural seismic metamaterial: Rayleigh wave bandgaps induced by local resonances"
1092:
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materials to material properties in other systems shows them to be closely analogous.
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729:, could be directed around the building, leaving the building unscathed, by using
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1514:
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1355:. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. pp. 32–33.
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In most instances, applying coordinate transformation to engineered artificial
947:
813:
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734:
515:
411:
1523:
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1418:
1296:
1253:
Colombi, A.; Roux, P; Guenneau, S.; Gueguen, P.; Craster, R. (2016-01-11).
1239:
1410:
911:
726:
690:
466:
371:
351:
337:
887:. Furthermore, this case appears practically useful. In two dimensions,
768:
combined with other metamaterials are designed to couple at the seismic
1335:
789:
761:
698:
220:
1278:
1179:
1093:"Metamaterial cloak could render buildings 'invisible' to earthquakes"
776:
layers of this material would be stacked, each layer separated by an
361:
876:, applicable analogies can be used for other material interactions.
1393:
1204:
Brûlé, S.; Javelaud, E. H.; Enoch, S.; Guenneau, S. (2014-03-31).
1162:
864:, and direction of power flow are universal. By understanding how
706:
265:
737:
of earthquake waves would be shortened as they interact with the
784:
Electromagnetics cloaking principles for seismic metamaterials
401:
1206:"Experiments on Seismic Metamaterials: Molding Surface Waves"
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
804:
The configuration can be viewed as alternating layers of "
725:
Computations showed that seismic waves traveling toward a
717:. Both of these have different modes of wave propagation.
950:, hence, the seismic cloak becomes an effective medium.
1143:
1141:
1139:
821:
Acoustic cloaking principles for seismic metamaterials
658:
that is designed to counteract the adverse effects of
1374:
1372:
1120:"Invisibility cloak could hide buildings from quakes"
47:
898:
It has been demonstrated mathematically that the 2D
808:
isotropic dielectric material" A. with "homogeneous
946:. The cloak itself demonstrates no forward or back
82:
1113:
1111:
1109:
709:. The two main components of a seismic event are
1086:
1084:
1082:
1447:Cummer, Steven A; David Schurig (2007-03-02).
1308:
1306:
631:
8:
1199:
1197:
825:The theory and ultimate development for the
83:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
638:
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26:
1513:
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1392:
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852:Applying the concepts used to understand
60:
46:
938:However, it can be demonstrated through
745:. This method was first understood with
1078:
495:
450:
400:
360:
264:
133:
107:
34:
841:. This was followed by an analysis of
747:electromagnetic cloaking metamaterials
7:
954:Experiments on Seismic Metamaterials
25:
940:computation and visual simulation
1091:Johnson, R. Colin (2009-07-23).
837:a small cylindrical object with
1449:"One path to acoustic cloaking"
1316:Seismological Research Letters
1231:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.133901
667:The mechanics of seismic waves
1:
812:dielectric material" B. Each
1118:Barras, Colin (2009-06-26).
973:Negative index metamaterials
872:control these components of
1352:The basics of earth science
1569:
1515:10.3389/feart.2024.1352027
1494:Frontiers in Earth Science
831:coordinate transformations
670:
1474:10.1088/1367-2630/9/3/045
1349:Krebs, Robert E. (2003).
721:Towards Seismic Cloaking
142:Clausius–Duhem (entropy)
92:Fick's laws of diffusion
1210:Physical Review Letters
998:Terahertz metamaterials
300:Navier–Stokes equations
238:Material failure theory
1453:New Journal of Physics
1008:Photonic metamaterials
84:
1032:Constitutive equation
1003:Tunable metamaterials
978:Metamaterial antennas
916:vector fluid velocity
839:electromagnetic waves
766:split ring resonators
743:Metamaterial cloaking
731:seismic metamaterials
295:Bernoulli's principle
288:Archimedes' principle
85:
18:Seismic metamaterials
1411:10.1364/OE.15.011133
993:Split-ring resonator
827:seismic metamaterial
685:More than a million
652:seismic metamaterial
387:Cohesion (chemistry)
209:Infinitesimal strain
45:
1553:Continuum mechanics
1506:2024FrEaS..1252027P
1465:2007NJPh....9...45C
1403:2007OExpr..1511133H
1387:(18): 11133–11141.
1328:2018SeiRL..89..582R
1271:2016NatSR...619238C
1222:2014PhRvL.112m3901B
1172:2009ApPhL..94f1903B
1067:Thermodynamic state
1022:Acoustic dispersion
1015:Material properties
305:Poiseuille equation
36:Continuum mechanics
30:Part of a series on
1336:10.1785/0220170196
1062:Stress (mechanics)
944:radiated frequency
847:acoustic materials
511:Magnetorheological
506:Electrorheological
243:Fracture mechanics
80:
1362:978-0-313-31930-3
1279:10.1038/srep19238
1180:10.1063/1.3068491
1156:(61903): 061903.
1047:Linear elasticity
1042:Equation of state
934:The seismic cloak
900:Maxwell equations
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226:Contact mechanics
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16:(Redirected from
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1150:Appl. Phys. Lett
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983:Photonic crystal
904:normal incidence
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733:. The very long
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833:achieved when
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753:energy is in
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739:metamaterials
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715:surface waves
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422:Charles's law
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1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1097:. Retrieved
1057:Permittivity
1052:Permeability
1037:Elastic wave
1027:Bulk modulus
960:
957:
937:
928:
924:bulk modulus
920:mass density
906:apply to 2D
897:
878:
870:permeability
866:permittivity
851:
829:is based on
826:
824:
803:
787:
759:
730:
724:
684:
677:Elastic wave
673:Seismic wave
656:metamaterial
651:
649:
497:Smart fluids
442:Graham's law
348:
341:
326:
312:Pascal's law
308:
291:
279:
134:Inequalities
893:anisotropic
858:Wave vector
806:homogeneous
799:anisotropic
794:cylindrical
735:wavelengths
697:depends on
687:earthquakes
681:Hooke's law
516:Ferrofluids
417:Boyle's law
189:Hooke's law
167:Deformation
1543:Seismology
1537:Categories
1129:2009-10-20
1099:2009-09-09
1074:References
948:scattering
835:concealing
814:dielectric
774:Concentric
770:wavelength
711:body waves
703:elasticity
671:See also:
569:Gay-Lussac
532:Scientists
432:Fick's law
412:Atmosphere
231:frictional
184:Plasticity
172:Elasticity
1524:2296-6463
1459:(3): 45.
1394:0709.0363
1163:0812.0912
988:Superlens
889:isotropic
810:isotropic
609:Truesdell
539:Bernoulli
488:Rheometer
483:Rheometry
323:Newtonian
317:Viscosity
67:φ
55:−
1427:15547562
1419:19547468
1297:26750489
1240:24745420
1188:17568906
966:See also
918:, fluid
912:pressure
908:acoustic
843:acoustic
727:building
691:velocity
467:Rheology
372:Adhesion
352:Pressure
338:Buoyancy
283:Dynamics
121:Momentum
1502:Bibcode
1461:Bibcode
1399:Bibcode
1324:Bibcode
1288:4707539
1267:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
1168:Bibcode
778:elastic
762:polymer
699:density
693:of the
654:, is a
554:Charles
362:Liquids
276:Statics
221:Bending
1522:
1425:
1417:
1359:
1295:
1285:
1259:Nature
1238:
1186:
790:plates
764:-made
760:Giant
755:effect
749:- the
679:, and
604:Stokes
599:Pascal
589:Navier
584:Newton
574:Graham
549:Cauchy
452:Plasma
347:
345:Mixing
340:
325:
307:
290:
278:
266:Fluids
199:Strain
194:Stress
177:linear
126:Energy
1423:S2CID
1389:arXiv
1184:S2CID
1158:arXiv
902:with
792:in a
707:Earth
579:Hooke
559:Euler
544:Boyle
402:Gases
1520:ISSN
1415:PMID
1357:ISBN
1293:PMID
1236:PMID
868:and
713:and
701:and
594:Noll
564:Fick
116:Mass
101:Laws
1510:doi
1469:doi
1407:doi
1332:doi
1283:PMC
1275:doi
1226:doi
1214:112
1176:doi
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1371:^
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860:,
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650:A
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639:e
632:t
625:v
349:·
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327:·
321:(
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280:·
75:x
72:d
64:d
58:D
52:=
49:J
20:)
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