576:
605:
180:
489:’s Đoạn Tuyệt (A Severance of Ties). The book was a huge commercial success and sold over 1,000 copies in three days. In 1937, they announced another book series, “Nắng Mới” (New Sun), which was targeted at those with little schooling or who did not know French. Thus, Đời Nay aimed to reach the most intellectually neglected and underprivileged groups, particularly women.
592:
of the paper signalled Tự Lực Văn Đoàn's emboldened activism, as the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn's discourse became increasingly political, especially during the French
Popular Front period and the resultant Indochinese Congress and Indochinese Democratic Front movements. During this time, the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn began interacting with external political parties, including the
24:
591:
After Phong Hóa's three-month closure by French censors, the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn decided to close Phong Hóa permanently and reinstated Ngày Nay on July 12, 1936. The revived Ngày Nay combined Phong Hóa's trademark humor and literature with social commentary from its earlier incarnation. This new version
473:
and other serialized novels from 1933 until its eventual demise in 1946. The Tự Lực Văn Đoàn sought to use publishing as a vehicle to advance their modernist reform projects. The group wanted to transform
Vietnamese readers’ reading habits and prove that the Vietnamese were capable of producing books
624:
The League aimed to construct sanitary and affordable housing in populous areas, as well as dig wells, build roads, manage sewage, and establish modern hamlets in villages. League houses would also include common spaces such as communal laundry areas and wells, reading rooms, playgrounds, and first
460:
agenda and advocated for women's emancipation. Their interest in the plight of oppressed women extended across classes, encompassing not merely urban intellectuals but also brothel madams and rural peasant women. Beyond proposing changes to women's fashion, the Tự Lực văn đoàn also encouraged women
541:
newspaper of its kind in
Vietnam and revolutionized the use of humor in magazines and newspapers. Prior to Phong Hóa, humor was compartmentalized as separate joke columns distinct from main articles, where its levity was seen as opposed to the gravity of serious intellectual discussions. Phong Hóa
628:
Apart from improving living conditions for impoverished
Vietnamese, League leaders also wanted to carve out a pluralistic public space for collective civic action. The League's organization and community practices reflected its spirit of egalitarianism and inclusion. For instance, League members
625:
aid clinics. Beyond material intervention, the League also aimed to intervene morally by encouraging and teaching its inhabitants to upkeep the houses. This education was targeted at women, whom the League held responsible for bettering the family household and applying home economic principles.
612:
The League of Light was a public housing philanthropic organization founded by the Tự Lực văn đoàn to address unsanitary housing conditions in urban and rural areas. The League was officially sanctioned by the colonial government in
October 1937, although League members had begun organizing and
560:
Beyond entertainment, Phong Hóa also hoped to serve as a public whistleblower by revealing the incompetencies and corruption of the
Tonkinese Chamber of Representatives. Through their coverage of the chamber, they hoped to improve democratic institutions and processes by holding their officials
636:’s abandonment of writing and social reform for political activism. Although the League was only active for a few brief years, it represented an important early attempt to establish civil society groups in Vietnam and provided critical social services that the colonial state failed to provide.
587:
Following the success of Phong Hóa, the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn decided to launch another newspaper in
January 1935, entitled Ngày Nay (These Days). Ngày Nay had a more explicit political bent than Phong Hóa, and featured biting social commentary. Ngày Nay was also one of the earliest forums for
561:
accountable. They also hoped to construct a civil society via their writing by their readers with the right values and habits. However, the group may have gone to far in its attacks on the mandarinate, for in May 1935 the paper was suddenly suspended for 3 months after
474:
similar to those of the great publishing houses in Europe and
America. Their early books were known for quality printing and use of high-end paper. Some of their books were so well-designed that some were even displayed at Hanoi's 1935 Salon in the
340:
aesthetics, a sharp break away from the traditional erudite, rhetorical styles of classical prose and stilted rhyme. Their novels were not meant to be didactic, or offer cosmically balanced poetic justice. Instead, the group adopted a mix of
373:, and saw economics as the tool to achieve transformative political and social change. However, the group was cautious of the excesses of capitalism, and also advocated for ways to mitigate the resultant inequalities. The group espoused an
299:(Today, 1936–1940, 1945) as well as their own publishing house (Đời Nay). The group used these journals and novels to articulate their social and political ideals, as well as experiment with new literary forms such as the groundbreaking
357:, for Tự Lực văn đoàn's members sought to reveal and critique the underlying social norms and practices that perpetuated women's traditional roles. However, some critics have also accused these writers’ works of being ideologically
549:. Lý Toét is often depicted as a bumbling country bumpkin encountering manifestations of "modernity" in rapidly evolving Vietnam. These include new technologies, fashion, spaces, and behaviours characteristic of urban cities like
377:
vision of
Vietnamese society, and sought to integrate marginalized groups such as women and the rural peasantry. The group's calls for political reforms echoed throughout their literary and journalistic publications, ranging from
335:
as a genre was a vehicle for political and social change. It could be used not only to reflect and question social reality, but also to envision new revolutionized futures. The group's prose was characterized by
889:
Nguyen-Marshall,, V. (2004). 10 Poverty, Gender and Nation in Modern
Vietnamese Literature During the French Colonial Period (1930s–40s). Asia in Europe, Europe in Asia, 214-241. doi:10.1355/9789812305879-011
629:
relinquished all pronouns that reflected hierarchical or professional status. In line with the Tự Lực văn đoàn's feminist agenda, League members also made the recruitment of female members a high priority.
485:. The first paperback series introduced were Green Books, which aimed to democratize literature by allowing families of all incomes to build their own family library. The first Green Book published was
575:
353:
lyricists were less concerned with conventional form and content and more interested in exploring their own subjectivity and individualism. Many of their literary works also engaged with
880:
Tran, B. V. (2008). The politics of Vietnamese romanticism and literary history (PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Fall) (pp. 1-352). California: University of Berkeley.
871:
Tran, B. V. (2008). The politics of Vietnamese romanticism and literary history (PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, Fall) (pp. 1-352). California: University of Berkeley.
469:Đời Nay Publishing House was founded by the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn in 1933 to address the poor production quality of books and the exploitation of writers by publishers. The house published
425:, and moderate socialist objectives of decreasing inequality and promoting social cohesion through state participation. Although the group did not necessarily believe in overthrowing
557:. Although Lý Toét aspires to be civilized and act in “modern” ways, he always fails. Lý Toét's character proved widely popular, and assumed a life of its own outside of Phong Hóa.
510:
Phong Hóa was a dynamic and versatile journal that covered a wide variety of topics ranging from current affairs to literature to humor to fashion advice. Phong Hóa's founder,
1037:
533:
Instead, Phong Hóa tried to distinguish itself from its journalistic predecessors in form, tone, ideology, and content. The magazine quickly became known for its use of
588:
photojournalism and featured several photographs. However, the journal proved expensive and time-consuming to upkeep, and the paper closed after only 13 issues.
429:, and outrightly rejected violent revolution, they demanded that the French colonial administration live up to their republican ideals by granting the people of
1066:
542:
was so successful that it not only spawned further satirical papers, it also inspired efforts by other serious journals to include humor columns of their own.
390:
politics centered around a few main ideas: its support for representative democratic institutions, linguistic and cultural nationalism, belief in eventual
291:. They were one of the most significant political and literary movements in twentieth-century Vietnam and published significantly via their two journals,
596:. Ngày Nay also functioned as the primary information organ for the League of Light, the public housing philanthropic organization started by Nhat Linh.
951:
Nhị Linh, “Viết Sách, Xuất Bản Sách” Phong Hóa no. 101, 8 June 1934, p. 1; “Xuất Bản Sách” hong. Hóa no. 103, 22 June 1934, p. 1-2; “Tủ sách gia đình”
530:, attacking it for its pedantic and didactic style and neo-traditionalist views which the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn outdated and inappropriate for Vietnam.
1015:
Nguyen, Martina Thucnhi (2016). "French Colonial State, Vietnamese Civil Society: The League of Light and Housing Reform in Hà Nội, 1937–1941".
617:, and its principal architects all trained at the Indochinese Fine Arts University, and were likely influenced by European discourses of
496:
led to significant financial strain on the Tự Lực Văn Đoàn, and the group decided to dismantle Đời Nay publishing house in 1945. By the
1047:
514:, was influenced by the literary and journalistic publishing world of the metropole and modeled Phong Hóa after journals such as
632:
Like the Đời Nay Publishing House, League activities eventually came to a halt around 1939 due to the onset of World War II and
475:
546:
711:
481:
In 1936, the group shifted to printing paperbacks in line with increasing populist sentiments following the rise of the
162:
593:
349:
in their writing, producing a form of stylized aesthetics that set a precedent for the modern novel in Vietnam. The
618:
736:
442:
516:
154:
1039:
On Our Own Strength: The Self-Reliant Literary Group and Cosmopolitan Nationalism in Late Colonial Vietnam
800:
766:
482:
370:
852:
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562:
830:
776:
741:
786:
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731:
438:
406:
235:
825:
820:
815:
656:
320:
201:
68:
706:
248:
771:
604:
810:
805:
721:
686:
391:
994:
Dutton, George (2007). "Lý Toét in the City: Coming to Terms with the Modern in 1930s Vietnam".
701:
691:
681:
726:
696:
666:
209:
72:
1043:
781:
497:
361:
and politically unrealistic, framing the writers themselves as out-of-touch bourgeois elites.
303:, new modes of reportage, and the modern autobiography. The group promoted modernization and
84:
1024:
1003:
446:
434:
414:
346:
166:
102:
671:
213:
76:
661:
260:
205:
80:
651:
461:
to write for their papers, and even had a column dedicated to discussing women's issues.
316:
288:
197:
64:
300:
256:
304:
179:
761:
646:
633:
614:
511:
486:
312:
284:
225:
193:
60:
1060:
402:
387:
716:
311:
traditions which they deemed anachronistic. Tự Lực văn đoàn's core members included
493:
308:
283:
The Tự Lực văn đoàn was an influential literary collective founded in 1932-1933 by
121:
933:
Nguyẽ̂n, V. (1994). Văn thi sĩ tiè̂n chié̂n: Hò̂i ký văn học. Hà Nội: Hội nhà văn.
676:
426:
374:
358:
342:
268:
1028:
450:
337:
131:
538:
418:
410:
135:
1007:
537:
to discuss social and political events. The magazine represented the first
583:
that was critical of the Nguyễn dynasty administration during the 1930's.
457:
395:
354:
143:
522:
422:
350:
23:
550:
534:
430:
272:
183:
98:
526:. The magazine positioned itself vis-a-vis its Southern counterpart
603:
574:
554:
332:
158:
94:
394:, defense of personal freedoms, and complete rejection of the
139:
613:
mobilizing for support a year prior. The League's president,
449:
via a strong socialist state that could tame the excesses of
417:. They synthesized classical French republican values of
369:
Similar to other leftist groups, the group subscribed to
545:
A key character that emerged from Phong Hóa was that of
433:
certain political and legal rights. The group rejected
917:
915:
973:
971:
969:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
323:, Thạch Lam, Xuân Diệu, Thế Lữ, Huy Can, and Tú Mỡ.
231:
219:
189:
172:
149:
127:
116:
108:
90:
56:
38:
30:
500:, even the publishing house ceased to operate.
441:, instead championing for a third way between
8:
409:, practicing a brand of moderate mainstream
16:
15:
864:
977:
960:
921:
942:Nhị Linh, “Tủ sách gia đình” no. 110.
7:
565:withdrew the paper's authorization.
483:Popular Front government in France
401:The group sought to achieve these
14:
1067:Vietnamese writers' organizations
579:A political cartoon published in
245:Self-Reliant Literary Association
17:Self-Reliant Literary Association
1036:Nguyen, Martina Thucnhi (2020).
476:Indochinese Fine Arts University
178:
22:
1042:. University of Hawai‘i Press.
608:The flag of the League of Light
413:that most closely aligned with
1:
1017:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
996:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
331:For the Tự Lực văn đoàn, the
301:Thơ mới (New Poetry Movement)
456:The group also had a strong
594:Indochinese Communist Party
1083:
1029:10.1525/jvs.2016.11.3-4.17
619:environmental determinism
265:Union Littéraire Autonome
21:
465:Đời Nay Publishing House
443:laissez-faire capitalism
271:literary association in
437:ideas of passivity and
295:(Mores, 1932–1936) and
1008:10.1525/vs.2007.2.1.80
609:
584:
492:However, the onset of
371:historical materialism
264:
252:
155:Route du Grand Bouddha
44:; 90 years ago
607:
578:
439:economic determinism
407:centre-left politics
853:Vietnamese PEN Club
18:
621:and urban reform.
610:
585:
517:Le Canard Enchaîné
392:self-determination
327:Literary influence
275:during the 1930s.
42:March 2, 1934
831:Huguette Tholance
777:Nguyễn Nhược Pháp
742:Nguyễn Tường Bách
498:August Revolution
365:Political beliefs
241:
240:
1074:
1053:
1032:
1011:
981:
975:
964:
958:
952:
949:
943:
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934:
931:
925:
919:
890:
887:
881:
878:
872:
869:
787:Nguyễn Cát Tường
757:Nguyễn Cát Tường
732:Nguyễn Công Hoan
712:Nguyễn Khắc Hiếu
447:Soviet communism
435:orthodox Marxist
415:social democracy
182:
167:French Indochina
103:French Indochina
52:
50:
45:
26:
19:
1082:
1081:
1077:
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849:
844:
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791:
642:
602:
600:League of Light
573:
508:
467:
367:
329:
281:
253:Tự-Lực văn-đoàn
236:League of Light
222:
175:
48:
46:
43:
12:
11:
5:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1058:
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1048:
1033:
1023:(3–4): 17–57.
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891:
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843:
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841:Hồ Thị Môn Chi
839:
836:
835:Nguyễn Thị Vân
833:
828:
826:Nguyễn Hòa Vân
823:
821:Nguyễn Thị Hậu
818:
816:Nguyễn Thị Nội
813:
808:
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797:
795:
792:
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789:
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769:
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747:Nguyễn Gia Trí
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563:French censors
507:
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328:
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305:Westernization
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1049:9780824883331
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1002:(1): 80–108.
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986:
979:
978:Nguyen (2016)
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
961:Dutton (2007)
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922:Nguyen (2020)
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794:Collaborators
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707:Phạm Cao Củng
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59:
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41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1038:
1020:
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999:
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988:Bibliography
956:
947:
938:
929:
885:
876:
867:
772:Đái Đức Tuấn
737:Vi Huyền Đắc
631:
627:
623:
611:
590:
586:
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569:
559:
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509:
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494:World War II
491:
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468:
455:
400:
383:
379:
368:
330:
307:, rejecting
296:
292:
282:
244:
242:
232:Affiliations
150:Headquarters
122:organization
117:Legal status
31:Abbreviation
838:Vũ Thị Hiền
811:Vi Kim Ngọc
806:Lê Minh Đức
752:Tô Ngọc Vân
722:Nguyên Hồng
687:Đoàn Phú Tứ
427:colonialism
405:ideals via
375:egalitarian
343:romanticism
269:centre-left
859:References
767:Lê Thị Lựu
702:Thanh Tịnh
692:Đỗ Đức Thu
682:Trọng Lang
451:capitalism
403:republican
388:republican
351:New Poetry
338:minimalist
249:Vietnamese
132:Literature
91:Founded at
49:1934-03-02
801:Lê Văn Đệ
727:Đinh Hùng
697:Trần Tiêu
667:Thạch Lam
657:Hoàng Đạo
652:Khái Hưng
647:Nhất Linh
634:Nhất Linh
615:Nhất Linh
539:satirical
528:Nam Phong
512:Nhất Linh
505:Phong Hóa
487:Nhất Linh
471:Phong Hóa
419:democracy
411:socialism
380:Phong Hóa
321:Hoàng Đạo
317:Khái Hưng
313:Nhất Linh
309:Confucian
293:Phong Hóa
289:Khái Hưng
285:Nhất Linh
226:Nhất Linh
210:Thạch Lam
202:Hoàng Đạo
198:Khái Hưng
194:Nhất Linh
136:education
109:Dissolved
85:Xuân Diệu
73:Thạch Lam
69:Hoàng Đạo
65:Khái Hưng
61:Nhất Linh
39:Formation
1061:Category
847:See also
782:Phạm Hầu
581:Ngày Nay
570:Ngày Nay
458:feminist
396:monarchy
384:Ngày Nay
359:romantic
355:feminism
297:Ngày Nay
267:) was a
259:: 自力文團,
221:Director
144:activism
57:Founders
717:Tô Hoài
677:Huy Cận
640:Members
547:Lý Toét
523:Le Rire
423:freedom
347:realism
279:History
257:chữ Hán
174:Region
128:Purpose
120:Active
47: (
1046:
762:Lê Phổ
662:Thế Lữ
551:Saigon
535:satire
431:Tonkin
386:. Its
273:Tonkin
261:French
206:Thế Lữ
184:Tonkin
163:Tonkin
99:Tonkin
81:Thế Lữ
672:Tú Mỡ
555:Hanoi
333:novel
214:Tú Mỡ
190:Owner
159:Hanoi
95:Hanoi
77:Tú Mỡ
1044:ISBN
553:and
520:and
445:and
421:and
345:and
287:and
243:The
112:1940
1025:doi
1004:doi
382:to
153:80
140:art
1063::
1021:11
1019:.
998:.
968:^
894:^
478:.
453:.
398:.
319:,
315:,
263::
255:,
251::
212:,
208:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
101:,
97:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
71:,
67:,
63:,
34:TL
1052:.
1031:.
1027::
1010:.
1006::
1000:2
980:.
963:.
924:.
247:(
51:)
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