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between the original unlawful assault and the accused's response, it undermines the contention that there were no other means available to respond to the potential use of force and one tends to suspect that the accused was motivated by revenge rather than self-defense. However, R v
Lavalleé accepted expert evidence demonstrating that people experiencing battered women's syndrome have special knowledge about the cyclical nature of violence in a way allows them to foresee when harm is coming. Second, it's relevant whether there was a reasonable avenue of escape available to the accused. Under the old self-defense provision, there was a requirement for the accused to have believed on reasonable grounds that there was no alternative course] of action open to him at the time, so that he reasonably thought that he was obliged to kill in order to preserve himself from death or grievous bodily harm. Now, even though 34(2)(b) is only one consideration in a non-exhaustive list, the mandatory role it used to play in the common law suggests it carries considerable weight in determining the reasonableness of the act in the circumstances under 34(1)(c) As such, while there is no absolute duty to retreat, it is a prerequisite to the defense that there were no other legal means of responding available. In other words, there may be an obligation to do retreat where there is an option to do so (R v Cain). However, there is an exception to the obligation to retreat which is there is no requirement to flee from your own home to escape an assault to raise self-defense (R v Forde). Moreover, evidence of the accused suffering from battered women's syndrome may evince that the accused reasonably perceived there to have been no means of escape (R v Lavalleé). Third, the accused's role in the incident may play into the reasonableness of her or his act. Consideration of the accused's role is not limited to whether he did any provocative or unlawful acts at it was under the old self-defense provisions (R v Khill). Fourth, the nature and proportionality of the accused's response will factor into whether it was reasonable. While a person is not expected to weigh to a nicety the measure of force used to respond to violence or a threat thereof, grossly disproportionate force will tend to be unreasonable (R v Kong).
119:
139:
312:, women's self-defense training emerged in the early twentieth century in the United States and the United Kingdom paralleling the women's rights and suffrage movement. These early feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. They challenged the notion that men were their "natural protectors" noting that men were often the perpetrators of
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554:, self-defense, in the context of criminal law, is a statutory defense that provides a full defense to the commission of a criminal act. It operates as a justification, the successful application of which means that owing to the circumstances in which the act was produced, it is not morally blameworthy. There are three elements an accused must demonstrate to successfully raise self-defense.
53:
558:
and objective lens. Certain beliefs, including racist beliefs and beliefs induced by self-intoxication are prima facie unreasonable. Other beliefs related to the subjective experience of the accused may, however, be reasonable. These include any relevant military training (R v Khill), heightened awareness of patterns of cyclical violence in intimate relationships (
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Third, the act that constitutes the offence must have been reasonable in the circumstances. There are a number of indicia which factor into whether the act was reasonable in the circumstances. For one, was the violence or threat of violence imminent? Usually, if there is a significant time interval
557:
First, the accused must demonstrate that she or he believed on reasonable grounds that force was going to be used against her or him or another person or that a threat of force is being made against her or him or another person. The reasonableness of the belief is assessed through both a subjective
167:
can be effectively applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from a knife or gun situation or how to break away from a punch, while others train how to attack. To provide more practical self-defense, many modern martial arts schools now use a combination of martial arts styles
324:
in the 1990s. Today's
Empowerment Self-Defense (ESD) courses focus on teaching verbal and psychological as well as physical self-defense strategies. ESD courses explore the multiple sources of gender-based violence especially including its connections with sexism, racism, and classism. Empowerment
337:
in the wider sense, and many martial arts instructors also give self-defense classes. While all martial arts training can be argued to have some self-defense applications, self-defense courses are marketed explicitly as being oriented towards effectiveness and optimized towards situations as they
150:
Physical self-defense is the use of physical force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be either armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on various parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand, but also on the mental and physical
307:
According to
Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics on Rainn, about "80 percent of juvenile victims were female and 90 percent of rape victims were adult women". In addition, women from ages 18 to 34 are highly at risk to experience sexual assault. According to historian Wendy Rouse in
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can be deployed for use in a defensive capacity. The most suitable depends on the threat presented, the victim or victims, and the experience of the defender. Legal restrictions also vary greatly, and influence which self-defense options are available to choose from.
69:
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occur in the real world. Many systems are taught commercially, tailored to the needs of specific target audiences (e.g. defense against attempted rape for women, self-defense for children and teens). Notable systems taught commercially include:
316:. Women discovered a sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in boxing and jiu-jitsu. Interest in women's self-defense paralleled subsequent waves of the women's rights movement especially with the rise of
333:
Self-defense techniques and recommended behavior under the threat of violence are systematically taught in self-defense classes. Commercial self-defense education is part of the
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Self-Defense instructors focus on holding perpetrators responsible while empowering women with the idea that they have both the right and ability to protect themselves.
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Second, the act that constitutes the offence is committed for the purpose of defending or protecting themselves or the other person from that use or threat of force.
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in a 2009 case ruled the killing of a robber during his escape attempt to be justifiable self-defense because "the robbery was still in progress" at this time.
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Senn, Charlene Y.; Eliasziw, Misha; Barata, Paula C.; Thurston, Wilfreda E.; Newby-Clark, Ian R.; Radtke, H. Lorraine; Hobden, Karen L. (11 June 2015).
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In any given case, it can be difficult to evaluate whether force was excessive. Allowances for great force may be hard to reconcile with human rights.
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Japanese Armed & Unarmed Combat Art
Systems directly taught as Combatives with No Sport Aspect, also adapted to modern weapons such as
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expressly for this purpose, while other jurisdictions have tight restrictions on who can own firearms, and what types they can own.
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are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other
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A Bangladesh Rifles Senior
Warrant Officer (left in yellow/green outfit) applies a mechanical advantage control/hold to a
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Rouse, Wendy Her Own Hero: The
Origins of the Women's Self-Defense Movement. New York: New York University Press, 2017.
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Branded a criminal – Red
Offender spray is rolled out at Canterbury's nightspots (KentOnLine.co.uk, 13 May 2010)
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Hollander, Jocelyn A. (April 2013). "Does Self-Defense
Training Prevent Sexual Violence Against Women?".
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and techniques and will often customize self-defense training to suit individual participants.
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sprays linking a suspect to a crime scene, would in most places be legal to own and carry.
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In the United States between 2008 and 2012, approximately 1 out of every 38
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1360:"Gun and self-defense statistics that might surprise you – and the NRA"
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Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or
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1148:"Efficacy of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women"
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Thompson, Martha E. (2013–2014). "Empowering Self-Defense
Training".
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430:. These include competing, as well as armed and unarmed combats.
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1042:"What is Self Defense? Explaining The Concept of Self Defense"
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www.cvpsd.org Center for
Violence Prevention and Self Defense
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310:
Her Own Hero: The Origins of Women's Self-Defense Movement
1013:
Kopel, David B.; Gallant, Paul; Eisen, Joanne D. (2008).
27:
Countermeasure that involves defending oneself from harm
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1003:. Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved on 2 June 2012.
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562:) and whether the accused has autism (R v Kagan).
433:Street Fighting oriented, unarmed systems, such as
41:"Home defense" redirects here. For the film, see
1135:https://nyupress.org/9781479828531/her-own-hero/
1110:"Victims of Sexual Violence: Statistics | RAINN"
415:, etc. These styles can also include competing.
1297:McCaughey, Martha; Cermele, Jill (2013–2014).
1479:
1001:Dictionary.com's Definition of "Self-Defense"
8:
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30:For the legal theory of self-defense, see
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1040:Joseph, Christopher (22 September 2023).
395:Traditional unarmed fighting styles like
1419:R. v. Forde (S.C.), (2011) 285 O.A.C. 77
920:Gun laws in the United States (by state)
106:in times of danger is available in many
102:as a legal justification for the use of
993:
418:Traditional armed fighting styles like
295:is defined as using words "to prevent,
342:Civilian versions of modern military
7:
1152:The New England Journal of Medicine
528:The Intermediate People's Court of
373:and arts derived from it, such as
214:, especially those categorized as
25:
2406:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program
1384:R. v. Kagan (P.D.), 2007 NSSC 215
1346:Are There Limits to Self-Defense?
1015:"The Human Right of Self-Defense"
955:Self-defense in international law
930:Gun politics in the United States
728:Self-defense in international law
510:Self-defence in international law
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2371:Historical European martial arts
1451:
1358:Martelle, Scott (19 June 2015).
299:, or end an attempted assault."
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1078:Self-defense: steps to survival
965:Sell your cloak and buy a sword
94:and well-being of oneself from
56:This telescopic steel security
1348:Beijing Review, 28 April 2009.
151:preparedness of the defender.
1:
1299:"Guest Editors' Introduction"
1081:. Human Kinetics. p. 2.
1075:Mattingly, Katy (July 2007).
1065:. Retrieved on 5 August 2012.
36:Self Defense (disambiguation)
1386:Supreme Court of Nova Scotia
302:
90:that involves defending the
516:Self-defence in English law
320:in the 1960s and 1970s and
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1044:. USA Self Defense Centers
876:Video surveillance systems
534:People's Republic of China
513:
503:
248:Everyday objects, such as
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40:
29:
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2484:
2473:
1545:
1534:
1501:
1408:R. v. Cain, 2011 ONCA 298
1019:BYU Journal of Public Law
60:is sold to the public in
1398:Supreme Court of Canada
1396:R. v. Khill, 2021 SCC 37
1316:10.1177/1077801214526047
1260:10.1177/1077801214526051
1209:10.1177/1077801214526046
940:Non-aggression principle
451:Martial sports, such as
2603:Former official sports
2031:Northern Praying Mantis
1606:Mainland Southeast Asia
1430:R. v. Kong 2006 SCC 40.
980:Turning the other cheek
883:Legal and moral aspects
846:Nonviolent self defense
718:Personal defense weapon
595:Baton (law enforcement)
274:hair spray aerosol cans
198:In some jurisdictions,
146:during a demonstration.
2442:Professional wrestling
2109:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu
1303:Violence Against Women
1248:Violence Against Women
1197:Violence Against Women
890:Battered woman defense
768:Weighted-knuckle glove
545:Violence Policy Center
521:Application of the law
329:Self-defense education
314:violence against women
280:, can also be used as
276:in combination with a
147:
135:
72:
65:
34:. For other uses, see
2538:Demonstration sports
1165:10.1056/NEJMsa1411131
970:Stand-your-ground law
506:Right of self-defense
447:Keysi Fighting Method
335:martial arts industry
176:Further information:
141:
121:
100:right of self-defense
71:
55:
32:Right of self-defense
2798:Martial arts at the
2753:Martial arts at the
2683:Martial arts at the
2638:Martial arts at the
2618:Invitational sports
2568:Martial arts at the
2489:Martial arts at the
2411:Pencak Silat Harimau
2249:Pencak Silat Harimau
2181:Submission wrestling
1886:Luta Livre esportiva
1460:at Wikimedia Commons
935:Justifiable homicide
905:Constitutional carry
811:Digital self-defense
779:Unarmed self-defense
599:Tonfa (martial arts)
391:Kodokan Goshin Jutsu
318:Second-wave feminism
303:Women's self-defense
232:electroshock weapons
144:United States Marine
84:Commonwealth English
2479:International games
2161:Full contact karate
2151:Professional boxing
1866:Brazilian jiu-jitsu
836:Hand to hand combat
659:Hollow-point bullet
639:Electroshock weapon
485:Brazilian jiu-jitsu
322:Third-wave feminism
293:Verbal self-defense
288:Verbal self-defense
122:Demonstration of a
2641:Pan American Games
2318:Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu
2229:JieitaikakutĹŤjutsu
2166:Mixed martial arts
806:Cyber self-defense
578:Armed self-defense
541:gun-related deaths
284:for self-defense.
282:improvised weapons
190:A wide variety of
148:
136:
126:defense against a
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2432:Martial arts film
1456:Media related to
1364:Los Angeles Times
1158:(24): 2326–2335.
1088:978-0-7360-6689-1
960:Self-preservation
861:Physical security
826:GPS tracking unit
786:Anti-theft system
733:Slapjack (weapon)
634:Defensive gun use
186:Defensive gun use
178:Non-lethal weapon
98:. The use of the
16:(Redirected from
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950:Reasonable force
871:Secure telephone
763:Tranquilizer gun
698:Offensive weapon
654:Hiatt speedcuffs
266:kitchen utensils
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2046:Shaolin kung fu
1962:
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910:Duty to retreat
900:Concealed carry
895:Castle doctrine
880:
856:Personal alarms
851:Peroneal strike
841:Intrusion alarm
821:Gated community
590:Ballistic knife
575:
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504:Main articles:
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387:German ju-jutsu
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202:may be carried
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159:Many styles of
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2901:Self-defense
2737:Pencak silat
2447:Stage combat
2401:Mardani khel
2323:Jeet Kune Do
2281:Silat Melayu
2244:Pencak silat
2196:Self-defense
2195:
2138:Full contact
2125:
2113:
2051:Shoot boxing
1991:Chess boxing
1891:Malla-yuddha
1828:Punching bag
1818:Boxing glove
1675:Leg strikes
1654:Elbow strike
1640:Arm strikes
1495:Martial arts
1458:Self-defense
1425:
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1367:. Retrieved
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1117:. Retrieved
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1092:. Retrieved
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1046:. Retrieved
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1022:
1018:
1008:
996:
975:Use of force
925:Gun politics
882:
881:
778:
777:
743:Stun grenade
723:Riot shotgun
713:Pepper spray
683:Mace (spray)
668:Combat knife
577:
576:
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560:R v Lavallée
556:
549:
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527:
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469:shoot boxing
435:Jeet Kune Do
409:Pencak Silat
332:
309:
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291:
247:
236:
228:pepper spray
216:switchblades
197:
189:
182:Melee weapon
161:martial arts
158:
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128:knife attack
80:self-defence
79:
76:Self-defense
75:
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49:
44:Home Defense
43:
18:Self-defence
2686:Asian Games
2571:World Games
2533:Greco-Roman
2353:Battlefield
2313:Chun Kuk Do
2256:Suffrajitsu
2066:Tang Soo Do
1941:Greco-Roman
1694:Knee strike
1611:Philippines
1369:16 February
791:Armored car
748:Switchblade
678:Laser sight
375:Aikijujutsu
297:de-escalate
264:with keys,
250:flashlights
2728:2018 Only
2589:Kickboxing
2343:Qwan Ki Do
2271:To-Shin Do
2201:combatives
2171:Pankration
2156:Kickboxing
2127:Xingyiquan
2115:Baguazhang
2081:Wudangquan
2011:Kickboxing
1906:Shuai jiao
1716:Joint lock
1633:techniques
1119:22 October
1048:7 December
988:References
945:Open Carry
796:Body armor
708:PAVA spray
644:Gun safety
604:Boot knife
514:See also:
457:kickboxing
346:, such as
344:combatives
268:and other
258:newspapers
243:DNA-marker
220:controlled
2844:Wrestling
2839:Taekwondo
2789:Wrestling
2784:Taekwondo
2719:Wrestling
2714:Taekwondo
2674:Wrestling
2669:Taekwondo
2612:Taekwondo
2594:Muay Thai
2529:freestyle
2525:Wrestling
2520:Taekwondo
2396:Krav Maga
2308:Angampora
2276:Wing Chun
2234:Krav Maga
2224:Kajukenbo
2186:Vale Tudo
2061:Taekwondo
2026:Muay Thai
2016:Kun Khmer
1946:Mongolian
1936:freestyle
1916:Wrestling
1875:Para judo
1853:Grappling
1706:Grappling
1644:Chokehold
1574:Indonesia
1325:1077-8012
1284:206668145
1268:1077-8012
1217:1077-8012
1174:0028-4793
1114:rainn.org
1029:: 43–178.
866:Safe room
831:Guard dog
801:Bodyguard
738:Slingshot
493:wrestling
477:Taekwondo
461:Muay Thai
439:Kajukenbo
348:Krav Maga
239:ID-marker
222:, as may
208:concealed
2895:Category
2829:Muaythai
2579:Ju-jitsu
2452:Tricking
2436:Chanbara
2338:Unifight
2291:Eclectic
2266:Taekkyon
2214:Bartitsu
2096:Internal
1986:Capoeira
1968:Striking
1896:Pehlwani
1843:Sparring
1805:Training
1793:Shooting
1738:Stand-up
1726:Takedown
1679:Footwork
1669:Headbutt
1631:Unarmed
1516:Timeline
1333:24742868
1276:24686126
1233:21607932
1225:24626766
1182:26061837
693:Nunchuku
619:Crossbow
573:See also
413:Taekkyon
383:Bartitsu
366:Bujinkan
262:keyrings
200:firearms
114:Physical
2880:Outline
2814:Fencing
2769:Fencing
2704:Jujutsu
2654:Fencing
2505:Fencing
2381:Jujutsu
2366:Bokator
2361:Banshay
2295:hybrids
2261:Systema
2219:Hapkido
2121:Tai chi
2076:Vovinam
2021:Lethwei
1926:Cornish
1881:Jujutsu
1838:Randori
1788:Archery
1748:Weapons
1621:Vietnam
1594:Okinawa
1584:Ireland
1579:Italian
1521:Records
1511:History
1094:28 July
773:Kubaton
649:Handgun
473:Sanshou
424:Eskrima
405:Hapkido
401:Kung fu
389:, and
371:Jujutsu
360:Systema
352:Defendo
278:lighter
192:weapons
155:Unarmed
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124:jujutsu
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2870:Portal
2824:Karate
2809:Boxing
2779:Karate
2764:Boxing
2732:Kurash
2709:Karate
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2664:Karate
2649:Boxing
2622:Aikido
2584:Karate
2557:Savate
2515:Karate
2500:Boxing
2328:Shooto
2104:Aikido
2056:Savate
2006:Karate
1981:Boxing
1861:BarrĂłg
1689:Flying
1664:Ground
1659:Clinch
1616:Russia
1564:Europe
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624:CS gas
585:Airgun
552:Canada
530:Foshan
491:, and
465:savate
453:boxing
397:Karate
379:Aikido
272:, and
224:batons
212:Knives
204:openly
184:, and
132:Berlin
92:health
2834:Sambo
2742:Sambo
2724:Wushu
2627:Wushu
2607:Sambo
2552:Glima
2457:Wuxia
2239:MCMAP
2209:Arnis
2041:Sanda
2001:Dambe
1976:Bando
1956:shoot
1921:catch
1901:Sambo
1731:Throw
1721:Sweep
1699:Stomp
1649:Punch
1601:Korea
1589:Japan
1569:India
1559:China
1280:S2CID
1229:S2CID
753:Taser
664:Knife
489:Sambo
428:Arnis
356:Spear
270:tools
172:Armed
104:force
62:Japan
58:baton
2819:Judo
2774:Judo
2699:Judo
2659:Judo
2599:Sumo
2542:BudĹŤ
2510:Judo
1931:folk
1911:Sumo
1871:Judo
1813:Kata
1756:Duel
1711:Hold
1684:Kick
1371:2018
1329:PMID
1321:ISSN
1272:PMID
1264:ISSN
1221:PMID
1213:ISSN
1178:PMID
1170:ISSN
1121:2019
1096:2010
1083:ISBN
1050:2023
508:and
481:judo
445:and
420:Kali
96:harm
1951:oil
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