334:. Depressants produce feelings of relaxation and sedation, while relieving feelings of depression and anxiety. Though they are generally ineffective antidepressants, as most are short-acting, the rapid onset of alcohol and sedative/hypnotics softens rigid defenses and, in low to moderate doses, provides relief from depressive affect and anxiety. As alcohol also lowers inhibitions, alcohol is also hypothesized to be used by those who normally constrain emotions by attenuating intense emotions in high or obliterating doses, which allows them to express feelings of affection, aggression and closeness. Most patients that have been hospitalized for substance use or alcohol dependence reported using drugs in response to depressive symptoms. This type of misuse is more likely in men than in women. This makes diagnosing a psychiatric disorder very difficult in substance abusers, because of self medicating.
244:(e.g., the "high feeling", approval from peers), negative reinforcement (e.g. reduction of negative affect) and avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, all of which are seen in those who develop problematic drug use, but are not all found in all recreational drug users. While earlier behavioral formulations of drug dependence using operant conditioning maintained that positive and negative reinforcement were necessary for drug dependence, Duncan maintained that drug dependence was not maintained by positive reinforcement, but rather by negative reinforcement. Duncan applied a public health model to drug dependence, where the agent (the drug of choice) infects the host (the drug user) through a vector (e.g., peers), while the environment supports the disease process, through stressors and lack of support.
237:. According to Khantzian, drug dependent individuals generally experience more psychiatric distress than non-drug dependent individuals, and the development of drug dependence involves the gradual incorporation of the drug effects and the need to sustain these effects into the defensive structure-building activity of the ego itself. The addict's choice of drug is a result of the interaction between the psychopharmacologic properties of the drug and the affective states from which the addict was seeking relief. The drug's effects substitute for defective or non-existent ego mechanisms of defense. The addict's drug of choice, therefore, is not random.
612:
choice between ongoing poor mental health or quitting and recovering from their symptoms, decide on quitting alcohol or benzodiazepines or both. It has been noted that every individual has an individual sensitivity level to alcohol or sedative hypnotic drugs, and what one person can tolerate without ill health, may cause another to experience very ill health, and even moderate drinking can cause rebound anxiety syndrome and sleep disorders. A person experiencing the toxic effects of alcohol will not benefit from other therapies or medications, as these do not address the root cause of the symptoms.
252:
National
Comorbidity Study demonstrated that only 15% of alcohol users and 15% of illicit drug users ever become dependent. A crucial determinant of whether a drug user develops drug abuse is the presence or absence of negative reinforcement, which is experienced by problematic users, but not by recreational users. According to Duncan, drug dependence is an avoidance behavior, where an individual finds a drug that produces a temporary escape from a problem, and taking the drug is reinforced as an operant behavior.
284:, it may evoke and/or exacerbate some symptoms of several kinds of mental illnesses that are already latently present, and may lead to addiction or physical dependency, among other side effects of long-term use of the drug. This does not differ significantly from the potential effects of drugs provided by physicians, which are equally capable of producing dependency and/or addiction and also have side effects arising from long-term use.
755:, and 17.5% reported self-medicating with both. Overall, the total prevalence of reported self-medication with one or both classes of anti-infective agents within the past month was 73.9%. Furthermore, according to the associated study, data indicated that self-medication "varies significantly with a number of socio-economic characteristics" and the "main reason that was indicated for the self-medication was financial constraints".
248:(2) the individual's preference for a particular drug is based on its psychopharmacological properties. The individual's drug of choice is determined through experimentation, whereby the interaction of the main effects of the drug, the individual's inner psychological turmoil, and underlying personality traits identify the drug that produces the desired effects.
544:. As research suggests that psychological pain and physiological pain both share the same underlying mechanism, it is likely that under the self-medication hypothesis some or most recreational opioid users are attempting to alleviate psychological pain with opioids in the same way opioids are used to treat physiological pain.
660:
In 89% of countries, antibiotics can be prescribed only by a doctor and supplied only by a pharmacy. Self-medication with antibiotics is defined as "the taking of medicines on one's own initiative or on another person's suggestion, who is not a certified medical professional". It has been identified
247:
Khantzian revisited the SMH, suggesting there is more evidence that psychiatric symptoms, rather than personality styles, lie at the heart of drug use disorders. Khantzian specified that the two crucial aspects of the SMH were that (1) drugs of abuse produce a relief from psychological suffering and
3719:
Moseson, Heidi; Bullard, Kimberley A.; Cisternas, Carolina; Grosso, Belén; Vera, Verónica; Gerdts, Caitlin (August 2020). "Effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion between 13 and 24 weeks gestation: A retrospective review of case records from accompaniment groups in
Argentina, Chile, and
676:
where it may be lacking, self-medication can pose a risk to both the patient and community as a whole. The reasons behind self-medication are unique to each region and can relate to health system, societal, economic, health factors, gender, and age. Risks include allergies, lack of cure, and even
639:
and is implicated in the drug-seeking behavior expressed nearly universally across all documented addiction syndromes. This long-term dysregulation of glutamate transmission is associated with an increase in vulnerability to both relapse-events after re-exposure to drug-use triggers as well as an
611:
Sometimes anxiety precedes alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence but the alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence acts to keep the anxiety disorders going, often progressively making them worse. However, some people addicted to alcohol or benzodiazepines, when it is explained to them that they have a
205:
As different drugs have different effects, they may be used for different reasons. According to the self-medication hypothesis (SMH), the individuals' choice of a particular drug is not accidental or coincidental, but instead, a result of the individuals' psychological condition, as the drug of
166:
Sometimes self-medication or DIY medicine occurs because patients disagree with a doctor's interpretation of their condition, to access experimental therapies that are not available to the public, or because of legal bans on healthcare, as in the case of some transgender people or women seeking
251:
Meanwhile, Duncan's work focuses on the difference between recreational and problematic drug use. Data obtained in the
Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study demonstrated that only 20% of drug users ever experience an episode of drug abuse (Anthony & Helzer, 1991), while data obtained from the
672:. Many people resort to that out of necessity when access to a physician is unavailable because of lockdowns and GP surgery closures, or when the patients have a limited amount of time or money to see a prescribing doctor. While being cited as an important alternative to a formal
684:
is also a problem for higher-income countries. In the
European Union the average prevalence was 7% in 2016 with the highest rates in southern countries. There are high rates of self-medication with antibiotics in Russia (83%), Central America (19%) and Latin America (14-26%) too.
6001:
210:
is hypothesized to function as a compensatory means to modulate effects and treat distressful psychological states, whereby individuals choose the drug that will most appropriately manage their specific type of psychiatric distress and help them achieve emotional stability.
571:. Depressant properties are more obvious in occasional users, and stimulating properties are more common in chronic users. Khantzian noted that research had not sufficiently addressed a theoretical mechanism for cannabis, and therefore did not include it in the SMH.
294:
Due to the different effects of the different classes of drugs, the SMH postulates that the appeal of a specific class of drugs differs from person to person. In fact, some drugs may be aversive for individuals for whom the effects could worsen affective deficits.
626:
Self medicating is a very common precursor to full addictions and the habitual use of any addictive drug has been demonstrated to greatly increase the risk of addiction to additional substances due to long-term neuronal changes. Addiction to any/every
159:, implicit in, or closely related to the right to refuse professional medical treatment. Self-medication can cause unintentional self-harm. Self-medication with antibiotics has been identified as one of the primary reasons for the evolution of
901:
medicine. Proportionally, boys were much more likely to self-medicate using conventional medicine than herbal medicine as compared with girls, a phenomenon which was theorized to be influenced by their relative earning potential.
796:
with medication is safe and effective, but is illegal in some jurisdictions. Before the current medication had been developed and in places where abortion is illegal, people may resort to unsafe methods of self-managed abortion.
587:
often makes the symptoms of anxiety or depression worse. This is believed to occur as a result of the changes in brain chemistry from long-term use. Of those who seek help from mental health services for conditions including
191:
Self-medication can be defined as the use of drugs to treat an illness or symptom when the user is not a medically qualified professional. The term is also used to include the use of drugs outside their license or off-label.
2225:
Crum, Rosa M.; La Flair, Lareina; Storr, Carla L.; Green, Kerry M.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Alvanzo, Anika A. H.; Lazareck, Samuel; Bolton, James M.; Robinson, Jennifer; Sareen, Jitender; Mojtabai, Ramin (20 December 2012).
187:
Generally speaking, self-medication is defined as "the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms".
3061:
Torres NF, Chibi B, Middleton LE, Solomon VP, Mashamba-Thompson TP (March 2019). "Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in low and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review".
4310:
Geissler, P.W .; K. Nokes; R. J. Prince; R. Achieng
Odhiambo; J. Aagaard-Hansen; J. H. Ouma (June 2000). "Children and medicines: self-treatment of common illnesses among Luo school children in western Kenya".
4389:
Hall, Alexandra; Koenraadt, Rosa; Antonopoulos, Georgios A. (December 2017). "Illicit pharmaceutical networks in Europe: organising the illicit medicine market in the United
Kingdom and the Netherlands".
820:. One review found that "the quality of glucose control achieved with DIY AID systems is impressively good". With DIY brain stimulation, individuals with depression create their own devices to access an
233:
According to
Khantzian's view of addiction, drug users compensate for deficient ego function by using a drug as an "ego solvent", which acts on parts of the self that are cut off from consciousness by
152:
as self-administered medicines. These claims have been criticized as inaccurate by independent researchers. Unverified and unregulated third-party health claims are used to market dietary supplements.
2063:
Anthony, J., Warner, L., & Kessler, R. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances and inhalants: Basic findings from the
National Comorbidity Study.
615:
Nicotine addiction seems to worsen mental health problems. Nicotine withdrawal depresses mood, increases anxiety and stress, and disrupts sleep. Although nicotine products temporarily relieve their
3570:
Jannini, Emmanuele A.; Lenzi, Andrea; Isidori, Andrea; Fabbri, Andrea (September 2006). "COMMENTARY: Subclinical
Erectile Dysfunction: Proposal for a Novel Taxonomic Category in Sexual Medicine".
470:
by helping individuals break through their inhibitions. Some reviews suggest that students use psychostimulants to self medicate for underlying conditions, such as ADHD, depression or anxiety.
2479:
Stiglmayr CE, Grathwol T, Linehan MM, Ihorst G, Fahrenberg J, Bohus M (May 2005). "Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: a computer-based controlled field study".
736:
induced by ibuprofen, or the consequences of exceeding the recommended doses of paracetamol by combining doses of the generic product with proprietary flu-remedies and Tylex (paracetamol and
6021:
623:
has claimed that nicotine is both less harmful and therapeutic for people with mental illness, and is a form of self-medication. This claim has been criticised by independent researchers.
1485:
5589:
525:, and anti-depressants, however, people tend to self-medicate anxiety and depression with depressants and stimulants respectively, though this is by no means an absolute analysis.
619:
symptoms, an addiction causes stress and mood to be worse on average, due to mild withdrawal symptoms between hits. Nicotine addicts need the nicotine to temporarily feel normal.
6979:
2665:
Meerwijk, EL, Ford, JM, & Weiss, SJ. (2012). "Brain regions associated with psychological pain: implications for a neural network and its relationship to physical pain".
387:(ADHD), which can either be diagnosed or undiagnosed. Because a significant portion of people with ADHD have not been diagnosed they are more prone to using stimulants like
1997:
Khantzian, E.J., Halliday, K.S., & McAuliffe, W.E. (1990). Addiction and the vulnerable self: Modified dynamic group therapy for drug abusers. New York: Guilford Press.
955:, or receive counterfeit medication. Selling prescription drugs to people without a valid prescription is illegal in many jurisdictions and can be considered an example of
6757:
6271:
1753:
D. Bowen; G. Kisuule; H. Ogasawara; Ch. J. P. Siregar; G. A. Williams; C. Hall; G. Lingam; S. Mann; J. A. Reinstein; M. Couper; J. Idänpään-Heikkilä; J. Yoshida (2000),
1115:
6016:
2745:
Michelini S; Cassano GB; Frare F; Perugi G (July 1996). "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders".
2708:
2608:
2414:
2357:
2111:
959:. In a 2021 article, Jack E. Fincham argues that unlicensed sales of prescription drugs online are a significant public health threat. It is also possible to obtain
6011:
528:
Modern research into novel antidepressants targeting opioid receptors suggests that endogenous opioid dysregulation may play a role in medical conditions including
7004:
6984:
6762:
5569:
2051:
Duncan, D.F., & Gold, R.S. (1983). Cultivating drug use: A strategy for the 80s. Bulletin of the
Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 2, 143-147.
6582:
2945:
Parrott AC (March 2006). "Nicotine psychobiology: how chronic-dose prospective studies can illuminate some of the theoretical issues from acute-dose research".
1593:
4062:"Recurrent themes in the history of the home use of electrical stimulation: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and the medical battery (1870–1920)"
688:
Two significant issues with self-medication are the lack of knowledge of the public on, firstly, the dangerous effects of certain antimicrobials (for example,
1053:
6542:
2064:
383:, produce improvements in physical and mental functioning, including increased energy and alertness. Stimulants tend to be most widely used by people with
6702:
1619:
6297:
3266:
Chen, Can; Patterson, Benjamin; Simpson, Ruan; Li, Yanli; Chen, Zhangzhang; Lv, Qianzhou; Guo, Daqiao; Li, Xiaoyu; Fu, Weiguo; Guo, Baolei (2022-08-09).
2138:
1138:
60:
in which an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administer treatment for physical or psychological conditions, for example
3433:
Stevenson, R; MacWalter, R; Harmse, J (1 June 2001). "Mortality during the winter flu epidemic--two cases of death associated with self-medication".
640:
overall increase in the likelihood of developing addiction to other reinforcing drugs. Drugs which help to re-stabilize the glutamate system such as
7009:
6188:
3478:"Prior Knowledge, Older Age, and Higher Allowance Are Risk Factors for Self-Medication with Antibiotics among University Students in Southern China"
2866:
Cosci F; Schruers KR; Abrams K; Griez EJ (Jun 2007). "Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a direct relationship".
384:
1173:"Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use and applying harm reduction theory: a literature review"
6767:
6307:
5986:
415:
can result in self-medication with these drugs by individuals affected with ADHD symptoms. This self medication can effectively prevent them from
172:
3158:"Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries"
3807:
3327:"Fluoroquinolone-associated suspected tendonitis and tendon rupture: A pharmacovigilance analysis from 2016 to 2021 based on the FAERS database"
240:
While Khantzian takes a psychodynamic approach to self-medication, Duncan's model focuses on behavioral factors. Duncan described the nature of
6997:
6667:
6198:
6677:
5996:
5539:
3827:
786:, and obesity are often purchased online by people who have no diagnosis or prescription. In 2017, the United Kingdom legalized the sale of
7048:
6276:
5191:
2622:
Eisenberger, Naomi I.; Lieberman, Matthew D. (Jul 2004). "Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain".
466:
individuals use stimulants to maintain their restlessness and heighten euphoria. Additionally, stimulants are useful to individuals with
6622:
5991:
712:
3885:
2322:
Bandelow; Schmahl; Falkai; Wedekind (April 2010). "Borderline personality disorder: a dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system?".
1728:
6717:
6091:
5372:
4549:
751:, 48.1% of respondents reported self-medicating with antibiotics within the past 30 days, whereas 43.4% reported self-medicating with
2228:"Reports of Drinking to Self-Medicate Anxiety Symptoms: Longitudinal Assessment for Subgroups of Individuals with Alcohol Dependence"
1294:
6737:
6722:
6692:
6547:
6457:
6143:
6108:
5460:
5211:
4648:
4354:
Lavorgna, Anita (March 2015). "The online trade in counterfeit pharmaceuticals: New criminal opportunities, trends and challenges".
3605:
Lavorgna, Anita (March 2015). "The online trade in counterfeit pharmaceuticals: New criminal opportunities, trends and challenges".
821:
817:
144:
Products are marketed by manufacturers as useful for self-medication, sometimes on the basis of questionable evidence. Claims that
1080:
6707:
6612:
6527:
6472:
6281:
6113:
6101:
890:
35:
2124:
291:
have been known to self-medicate, as well as many individuals without this diagnosis who have experienced psychological trauma.
6946:
6870:
6772:
6467:
6431:
6266:
6173:
5534:
4281:
3763:
Berer, Marge (2020). "Reconceptualizing safe abortion and abortion services in the age of abortion pills: A discussion paper".
3209:"Determinants of Self-Medication With Antibiotics in European and Anglo-Saxon Countries: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
1702:
911:
771:
770:
One area of DIY medicine is self-administered pharmaceutical drugs that are obtained without a prescription, as in the case of
537:
4437:"Negative Consequences of the Widespread and Inappropriate Easy Access to Purchasing Prescription Medications on the Internet"
4174:
Ekekezie, Chiazotam; Perler, Bryce K.; Wexler, Anna; Duff, Catherine; Lillis, Christian John; Kelly, Colleen R. (April 2020).
1111:
6992:
6747:
6732:
6712:
6687:
6672:
6632:
6572:
6522:
6158:
459:
288:
3268:"Do fluoroquinolones increase aortic aneurysm or dissection incidence and mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis"
850:
students, 57% reported self-medicating. The type of drugs most frequently used for self-medication were antibiotics (31%),
7073:
7058:
6926:
6875:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6492:
6203:
5559:
5048:
3535:
Edenfield, Avery C.; Holmes, Steve; Colton, Jared S. (3 July 2019). "Queering Tactical Technical Communication: DIY HRT".
1841:
Khantzian E.J. (1997). "The self-medication hypothesis of drug use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications".
1369:
956:
805:
540:. BPD is typically characterized by sensitivity to rejection, isolation, and perceived failure, all of which are forms of
6752:
6742:
6697:
6682:
6662:
6652:
6627:
6607:
6537:
6497:
6487:
6477:
3476:
Pan, Hui; Binglin Cui; Dangui Zhang; Jeremy Farrar; Frieda Law; William Ba-Thein (2012-07-20). Fielding, Richard (ed.).
894:
498:
7053:
6848:
6784:
6727:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6577:
6567:
6517:
6512:
6502:
6482:
6462:
6421:
5872:
3910:
Burnside, Mercedes; Crocket, Hamish; Mayo, Michael; Pickering, John; Tappe, Adrian; de Bock, Martin (September 2020).
2428:
Peciña, Marta; Karp, Jordan F; Mathew, Sanjay; Todtenkopf, Mark S; Ehrich, Elliot W; Zubieta, Jon-Kar (April 2019).
6956:
6931:
6657:
6617:
6587:
6532:
4946:
1057:
5020:
155:
Self-medication is often seen as gaining personal independence from established medicine, and it can be seen as a
7083:
6961:
6208:
5942:
5887:
4631:
1765:
605:
533:
2573:
Mee, S, Bunney, BG, Reist, C, Potkin, SG, & Bunney, WE. (2006). "Psychological pain: a review of evidence".
790:(Viagra) over the counter in part to cut down on the number of men buying it online from unlicensed pharmacies.
5579:
4522:
4233:"Self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care medical college, West Bengal"
662:
160:
2788:
Wetterling T; Junghanns K (Dec 2000). "Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence".
2052:
4013:""Do It Yourself" (DIY)—Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) Systems: Current Status From a German Point of View"
2135:
30:
This article is about drug use without supervision of a physician. For the operant conditioning concept, see
7063:
6261:
6228:
6218:
6168:
6163:
5788:
5107:
5102:
3845:"When open source design is vital: critical making of DIY healthcare equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic"
1019:
704:) and, secondly, broad microbial resistance and when to seek medical care if the infection is not clearing.
597:
424:
349:
75:
drugs and dietary supplements, which are used to treat common health issues at home. These do not require a
1142:
6342:
5778:
5773:
5509:
5310:
5114:
5043:
4542:
4061:
984:
323:
241:
207:
2371:
Browne; Jacobson; Lucki (February 2020). "Novel Targets to Treat Depression: Opioid-Based Therapeutics".
7078:
6223:
6178:
6138:
5594:
4836:
4558:
2702:
2602:
2408:
2351:
2105:
960:
793:
783:
168:
4488:
2078:
3038:"Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self- Assessment Survey (TrACSS)"
2277:"The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications"
6951:
6843:
6256:
6213:
6153:
6081:
6054:
5574:
5549:
5519:
5514:
5340:
5141:
3489:
2481:
1024:
941:
921:
779:
669:
122:
79:
559:
in that it simultaneously produces stimulating, sedating and mildly psychedelic properties and both
6921:
6858:
6426:
6362:
6096:
5798:
5720:
5167:
5151:
5097:
4981:
2430:"Endogenous opioid system dysregulation in depression: implications for new therapeutic approaches"
1980:
898:
616:
447:
446:
originating from the prolonged presence of negative symptoms of undiagnosed ADHD, which can impair
265:
31:
1397:
Kingon, Angus (2012). "Non-prescription medications: considerations for the dental practitioner".
7043:
6865:
6452:
6071:
5927:
5882:
5862:
5821:
4939:
4807:
4759:
4609:
4417:
4371:
4097:
3912:"Do-It-Yourself Automated Insulin Delivery: A Leading Example of the Democratization of Medicine"
3788:
3745:
3622:
3552:
3458:
3087:
2970:
2813:
2770:
2690:
2647:
2506:
2396:
2304:
1960:
1921:
1899:
Khantzian E.J. (2003). "The self-medication hypothesis revisited: The dually diagnosed patient".
1866:
1516:
1344:
1325:
620:
601:
541:
462:, especially in individuals thought to have ADHD. The SMH also hypothesizes that hyperactive and
280:, or other mind-altering drugs. While this may provide immediate relief of some symptoms such as
269:
149:
134:
141:" such as Adderall, Ritalin, and Concerta has been widely reported and discussed in literature.
3107:"The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies"
7038:
6936:
6916:
6507:
6312:
6044:
5841:
5783:
5295:
5028:
4701:
4535:
4466:
4448:
4336:
4262:
4254:
4213:
4195:
4156:
4138:
4089:
4081:
4042:
3990:
3941:
3866:
3823:
3780:
3737:
3701:
3683:
3587:
3517:
3450:
3415:
3366:
3348:
3307:
3289:
3248:
3230:
3189:
3156:
Ocan, M; Obuku, EA; Bwanga, F; Akena, D; Richard, S; Ogwal-Okeng, J; Obua, C (1 August 2015).
3138:
3079:
3019:
2962:
2927:
2883:
2848:
2805:
2762:
2682:
2639:
2590:
2555:
2498:
2461:
2388:
2339:
2296:
2257:
2194:
2186:
1981:
The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence.
1858:
1802:
1791:"Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan"
1790:
1684:
1666:
1575:
1557:
1508:
1466:
1414:
1406:
1317:
1272:
1254:
1235:"Tobacco Use Among Individuals With Schizophrenia: What Role Has the Tobacco Industry Played?"
1212:
1194:
989:
933:
925:
917:
859:
701:
636:
431:
234:
94:
90:
2212:
947:
People trying to buy pharmaceutical drugs online without a prescription may be the victim of
668:
Self-medication with antibiotics is an unsuitable way of using them but a common practice in
7068:
6853:
6436:
6352:
6251:
6076:
6064:
5763:
5642:
5584:
5544:
5501:
5402:
5305:
5266:
5249:
5187:
5084:
4456:
4407:
4399:
4363:
4328:
4320:
4244:
4203:
4187:
4146:
4128:
4073:
4032:
4024:
3980:
3972:
3931:
3923:
3856:
3815:
3772:
3729:
3691:
3675:
3614:
3579:
3544:
3507:
3497:
3442:
3405:
3397:
3356:
3338:
3297:
3279:
3238:
3220:
3179:
3169:
3128:
3118:
3071:
3009:
3001:
2954:
2917:
2875:
2840:
2797:
2754:
2674:
2631:
2582:
2545:
2537:
2490:
2451:
2441:
2380:
2331:
2288:
2247:
2239:
2178:
2093:
2034:
2011:
Khantzian, E.J. (1999). Treating addiction as a human process. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
1850:
1674:
1658:
1565:
1547:
1500:
1456:
1448:
1309:
1262:
1246:
1202:
1184:
1029:
1014:
825:
641:
589:
529:
215:
110:
72:
1755:"Guidelines for the Regulatory Assessment of Medicinal Products for use in Self-Medication"
6941:
6890:
6828:
6327:
6302:
5846:
5768:
5758:
5529:
5524:
5407:
5345:
5322:
4966:
4956:
2142:
2023:"The acquisition, maintenance and treatment of polydrug dependence: A public health model"
968:
801:
775:
552:
522:
494:
420:
408:
396:
372:
319:
277:
219:
118:
106:
2526:"The neural bases of social pain: Evidence for shared representations with physical pain"
2022:
1754:
893:
children in western Kenya found that 19% reported engaging in self-treatment with either
3733:
3493:
743:
In a questionnaire designed to evaluate self-medication rates amongst the population of
631:
tested so far has been correlated with an enduring reduction in the expression of GLT1 (
82:
to obtain and, in some countries, are available in supermarkets and convenience stores.
6838:
6804:
6779:
6369:
6086:
5912:
5902:
5816:
5725:
5665:
5609:
5362:
5317:
5217:
4604:
4594:
4461:
4436:
4208:
4175:
4151:
4116:
4037:
4012:
4008:
3985:
3960:
3936:
3911:
3696:
3663:
3512:
3477:
3410:
3386:"Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention"
3385:
3361:
3326:
3302:
3267:
3243:
3208:
3184:
3157:
3133:
3106:
3014:
2989:
2922:
2905:
2550:
2525:
2456:
2429:
2252:
2227:
2153:
1679:
1646:
1570:
1535:
1461:
1437:"Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention"
1436:
1267:
1234:
1207:
1172:
1088:
1004:
847:
759:
697:
628:
593:
580:
514:
506:
467:
343:
261:
98:
57:
4324:
2801:
7032:
6911:
6885:
6880:
6794:
6357:
6317:
5937:
5917:
5826:
5753:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5660:
5456:
5256:
5239:
5207:
4986:
4927:
4792:
4724:
4706:
4677:
4644:
4626:
4421:
4375:
3961:"Prescribing unapproved medical devices? The case of DIY artificial pancreas systems"
3792:
3749:
3626:
3583:
3556:
2844:
2586:
2494:
2400:
1380:
1345:"Dietary Supplement Marketing - Rethinking the Use of Third Party Material | MLM Law"
844:
689:
673:
230:. The SMH was later expanded to include alcohol, and finally all drugs of addiction.
130:
4101:
3462:
3325:
Shu, Yamin; Zhang, Qilin; He, Xucheng; Liu, Yanxin; Wu, Pan; Chen, Li (2022-09-06).
3091:
2974:
2817:
2774:
2651:
2510:
2308:
1870:
1520:
1329:
6799:
6347:
6049:
5735:
5617:
5554:
5489:
5434:
5382:
5261:
5227:
5179:
5075:
4893:
4749:
2694:
2038:
1034:
994:
929:
867:
863:
752:
693:
368:
315:
206:
choice provides relief to the user specific to his or her condition. Specifically,
102:
4191:
3861:
3844:
3776:
3548:
4518:
4514:
Comprehensive Drug Self-administration and Discrimination Bibliographic Databases
3502:
2990:"Potential role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of substance use disorders"
2541:
2384:
1941:
Duncan D.F. (1974a). "Reinforcement of drug abuse: Implications for prevention".
6246:
6193:
6183:
6148:
6133:
6039:
5877:
5745:
5700:
5622:
5599:
5332:
5290:
4998:
4861:
4787:
4742:
4672:
4589:
964:
855:
837:
813:
681:
439:
156:
3679:
3446:
3401:
3207:
Lescure, Dominique; Paget, John; Schellevis, Francois; van Dijk, Liset (2018).
3075:
2831:
Cowley DS (Jan 1, 1992). "Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and panic disorder".
2635:
1662:
1452:
6322:
6059:
5793:
5685:
5158:
5003:
4951:
4581:
4403:
4077:
3343:
3174:
3123:
3005:
2958:
2678:
2446:
2292:
2182:
2097:
1854:
1504:
1313:
1189:
1009:
816:
injectors. Some people with insulin-dependent diabetes have created their own
787:
733:
564:
560:
518:
510:
451:
412:
331:
327:
138:
86:
4452:
4367:
4258:
4199:
4142:
4085:
4028:
3976:
3927:
3687:
3618:
3352:
3293:
3284:
3234:
3225:
2190:
1670:
1561:
1410:
1258:
1198:
17:
6833:
6789:
6337:
6332:
5907:
5892:
5867:
5715:
5710:
5695:
5690:
5650:
5627:
5564:
5421:
5394:
5278:
5136:
5119:
5092:
5008:
4971:
4961:
4934:
4905:
4866:
4853:
4831:
4802:
4599:
4249:
4232:
2166:
2125:
Self-Medication With Alcohol and Drugs by Persons With Severe Mental Illness
1789:
Awad, Abdelmoneim; Idris Eltayeb; Lloyd Matowe; Lukman Thalib (2005-08-12).
1250:
874:
851:
719:
708:
490:
463:
455:
435:
416:
400:
360:
176:
137:. In postsecondary (university and college) students, self-medication with "
76:
4470:
4340:
4266:
4217:
4160:
4093:
4046:
3994:
3945:
3870:
3784:
3741:
3705:
3640:
3591:
3521:
3454:
3419:
3370:
3311:
3252:
3193:
3142:
3083:
3023:
2966:
2887:
2809:
2686:
2643:
2594:
2559:
2502:
2465:
2392:
2343:
2276:
2261:
2053:
http://www.addictioninfo.org/articles/263/1/Cultivating-Drug-Use/Page1.html
1806:
1688:
1579:
1512:
1486:"The Other Side of Medicalization: Self-Medicalization and Self-Medication"
1470:
1418:
1321:
1276:
1216:
3819:
2931:
2852:
2766:
2758:
2300:
2198:
1862:
1594:"This Drug Could Be the Next Ozempic. Bootlegs Are Already Selling Online"
458:
and contentment with one's life, so stimulants may be useful for treating
5836:
5730:
5632:
5355:
5286:
5244:
5234:
5202:
5197:
5162:
4976:
4883:
4843:
4819:
4772:
4667:
4662:
4636:
2879:
952:
937:
809:
744:
730:
722:
649:
486:
392:
388:
380:
376:
311:
307:
145:
61:
4527:
5947:
5808:
5466:
5429:
5377:
5367:
5350:
5222:
4991:
4917:
4737:
4657:
4412:
4332:
4176:"Understanding the Scope of Do-It-Yourself Fecal Microbiota Transplant"
3959:
Roberts, Joseph T.F.; Moore, Victoria; Quigley, Muireann (March 2021).
1620:"Barriers to trans care lead some to embrace a do-it-yourself approach"
972:
737:
645:
584:
568:
556:
443:
404:
364:
303:
281:
273:
227:
114:
65:
4282:"Self-Medication among Allopathic medical Doctors in Karnataka, India"
2723:
2165:
Weiss, Roger D.; Griffin, Margaret L.; Mirin, Steven M. (1992-01-01).
940:
have historically been among the prevailing factors that lead to such
222:, and a response to Khantzian by Duncan. The SMH initially focused on
5897:
5831:
5300:
5146:
5126:
4888:
4812:
4777:
4716:
4133:
2335:
2243:
1552:
999:
716:
632:
482:
478:
223:
126:
5033:
4871:
4824:
4687:
3765:
Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
2167:"Drug Abuse as Self-Medication for Depression: An Empirical Study"
948:
916:
Self-medication is highly regulated in much of the world and many
878:
841:
762:, 47.8% of respondents reported self-medicating with antibiotics.
748:
726:
4496:
International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives
3037:
2906:"Alcohol and benzodiazepines generate anxiety, panic and phobias"
1233:
Prochaska, Judith J.; Hall, Sharon M.; Bero, Lisa A. (May 2008).
430:
Stimulants also can be beneficial for individuals who experience
5922:
5655:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5063:
5058:
5053:
4922:
4910:
4878:
4696:
4619:
4614:
502:
6390:
5968:
5487:
4569:
4531:
2988:
McClure EA, Gipson CD, Malcolm RJ, Kalivas PW, Gray KM (2014).
1387:
Journal of Medical Ethics 26 July 2012, accessed 20 August 2013
579:
Self-medicating excessively for prolonged periods of time with
352:
commonly use alcohol to overcome their highly set inhibitions.
5705:
5131:
4898:
4513:
1920:
Khantzian, E.J., Mack, J.F., & Schatzberg, A.F. (1974).
509:. Opiates are hypothesized to be used as self-medication for
214:
The self-medication hypothesis (SMH) originated in papers by
4487:
Jain, Sonam; Reetesh Malvi; Jeetendra Kumar Purviya (2011).
171:. Other reasons for relying on DIY medical care is to avoid
1399:
Annals of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons
264:
attempt to correct their illnesses by using certain drugs.
6022:
Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs
501:. This binding reduces the perception of and reaction to
1922:
Heroin use as an attempt to cope: Clinical observations.
419:
with ADHD and receiving treatment with stimulants like
105:, and other forms of behavior to alleviate symptoms of
71:
The substances most widely used in self-medication are
1384:
774:
which is common among trans people. Prescription-only
1087:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
644:
have been proposed for the treatment of addiction to
403:
concerning the effects of illicit substances such as
6970:
6904:
6819:
6445:
6412:
6401:
6290:
6239:
6124:
6032:
5979:
5855:
5807:
5744:
5641:
5608:
5500:
5420:
5393:
5331:
5277:
5178:
5083:
5074:
5019:
4852:
4715:
4580:
2724:"Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: Outcome in 50 Patients"
1703:"Can DIY Medicine Tame Rampaging Healthcare Costs?"
680:Besides developing countries, self-medication with
661:as one of the primary reasons for the evolution of
4117:"Mapping the Landscape of Do-it-Yourself Medicine"
3384:Rather IA, Kim BC, Bajpai VK, Park YH (May 2017).
2211:Sarah W. Book, M.D., and Carrie L. Randall, Ph.D.
1784:
1782:
1780:
1536:"Mapping the Landscape of Do-it-Yourself Medicine"
1435:Rather IA, Kim BC, Bajpai VK, Park YH (May 2017).
873:Another study indicated that 53% of physicians in
442:, however in some cases depression may occur as a
3105:Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN (2017-05-15).
1795:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
1381:Three arguments against prescription requirements
758:Similarly, in a survey of university students in
2007:
2005:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1916:
1914:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1056:. World Self-Medication Industry. Archived from
125:. Such treatment may cause serious detriment to
93:is often specifically in relation to the use of
3886:"Meet the Anarchists Making Their Own Medicine"
2136:Mental Illness: The Challenge Of Dual Diagnosis
1983:American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1259–1264.
1729:"Meet the Anarchists Making Their Own Medicine"
5570:Legal history of cannabis in the United States
3111:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
2899:
2897:
2171:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
2077:Nicholson T., Duncan D.F., White J.B. (2002).
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1295:"Cigarette-derived nicotine is not a medicine"
27:Unsupervised use of drugs and other substances
4543:
1924:American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 160-164.
881:reported self-administration of antibiotics.
8:
4231:Banerjee, I.; T. Bhadury (April–June 2012).
3664:"Self-Managed Abortion in the United States"
2707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2413:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2356:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2110:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2065:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology
1647:"Self-Managed Abortion in the United States"
1228:
1226:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
567:properties, depending on the individual and
920:are available for administration only upon
707:Also inappropriate use of over-the-counter
6409:
6398:
6387:
6298:Arguments for and against drug prohibition
5976:
5965:
5497:
5484:
5080:
4577:
4566:
4550:
4536:
4528:
4017:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
3916:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
1302:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry
4460:
4411:
4248:
4207:
4150:
4132:
4036:
3984:
3935:
3860:
3695:
3668:Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports
3511:
3501:
3409:
3360:
3342:
3301:
3283:
3242:
3224:
3183:
3173:
3132:
3122:
3013:
2921:
2549:
2455:
2445:
2251:
1963:American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 174.
1961:Letter: Drug abuse as a coping mechanism.
1678:
1651:Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports
1569:
1551:
1460:
1266:
1206:
1188:
6272:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.
4286:British Journal of Medical Practitioners
4180:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1288:
1286:
1081:"Distressed doctors pushed to the limit"
385:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
6308:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
5363:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids
3662:Verma, Nisha; Grossman, Daniel (2023).
2213:Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use
1645:Verma, Nisha; Grossman, Daniel (2023).
1045:
173:health care prices in the United States
6199:Office of National Drug Control Policy
5987:International drug control conventions
4489:"Concept of Self Medication: A Review"
2700:
2600:
2406:
2349:
2103:
268:is often self-medicated by the use of
148:has medicinal value have been used to
5540:List of cannabis rights organizations
3641:"Viagra can be sold over the counter"
1484:Fainzang, Sylvie (1 September 2013).
1430:
1428:
1370:Benefits and risks of self-medication
828:as a treatment for various diseases.
344:Alcohol (drug) § Self-medication
7:
4121:Citizen Science: Theory and Practice
3390:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
3272:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
2215:. Alcohol Research and Health, 2002.
1540:Citizen Science: Theory and Practice
1441:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
713:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
4441:American Health & Drug Benefits
3812:Inspiring a Medico-Legal Revolution
3734:10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.015
2722:Professor C Heather Ashton (1987).
6092:Law Enforcement Action Partnership
2079:"Is recreational drug use normal?"
1141:. Tampa Bay Online. Archived from
1137:Howard Altman (October 10, 2010).
1110:Vivek Benegal (October 12, 2010).
818:automated insulin delivery systems
25:
6109:Students for Sensible Drug Policy
3884:Oberhaus, Daniel (26 July 2018).
3843:Richterich, Annika (3 May 2020).
3808:"DIY Abortion and Harm Reduction"
3537:Technical Communication Quarterly
1727:Oberhaus, Daniel (26 July 2018).
1493:Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry
1171:Abelman, Dor David (2017-10-06).
1118:from the original on Jan 20, 2011
1112:"Addicted to alcohol? Here's why"
226:use, but a follow-up paper added
6114:Transform Drug Policy Foundation
6008:Other treaties addressing drugs
4237:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
4011:; Lange, Karin (November 2020).
3584:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00287.x
2587:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.003
2495:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00466.x
800:Another area is the creation of
36:Self-medication (disambiguation)
6947:Regulation of therapeutic goods
6871:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
6432:Opium production in Afghanistan
4435:Fincham, Jack E. (March 2021).
4356:European Journal of Criminology
3607:European Journal of Criminology
2575:Journal of Psychiatric Research
2275:Khantzian, E J (Jan–Feb 1997).
975:online without a prescription.
924:by licensed medical personnel.
912:Regulation of therapeutic goods
832:Physicians and medical students
824:. Other people self-administer
772:DIY transgender hormone therapy
538:borderline personality disorder
6895:of tobacco or other substances
3572:The Journal of Sexual Medicine
2154:Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
2039:10.1080/02791072.1975.10472000
1139:"Military suicide rates surge"
460:treatment-resistant depression
289:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
6927:Needle and syringe programmes
6876:Long-term effects of cannabis
6277:Psilocybin mushrooms legality
6204:School district drug policies
4325:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00428-1
4313:Social Science & Medicine
4192:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000499
4060:Wexler, Anna (1 March 2017).
3862:10.1080/14461242.2020.1784772
3777:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.07.012
3549:10.1080/10572252.2019.1607906
2802:10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8
1079:Kirstin Murray (2010-11-10).
957:transnational organized crime
5997:1971 Psychotropic Substances
3503:10.1371/journal.pone.0041314
2845:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90136-Y
2728:British Journal of Addiction
2542:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182464dd1
2385:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000242
2281:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
2027:Journal of Psychedelic Drugs
1943:Clinical Toxicology Bulletin
1843:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
399:to mitigate their symptoms.
7049:Substance-related disorders
6785:Pharmaceutical distribution
6422:Coca production in Colombia
5873:Counterculture of the 1960s
621:Nicotine industry marketing
330:that lower inhibitions via
7100:
6957:Substance abuse prevention
6932:Opioid replacement therapy
3680:10.1007/s13669-023-00354-x
3447:10.1177/003693300104600307
3402:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004
3213:Frontiers in Public Health
3076:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.11.018
2904:Cohen SI (February 1995).
2636:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010
1663:10.1007/s13669-023-00354-x
1453:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004
1054:"What is self-Medication?"
909:
858:(18%), antiulcerics (9%),
600:, approximately half have
341:
201:Self-medication hypothesis
29:
6962:Supervised injection site
6397:
6386:
6252:Anabolic steroid legality
6017:Convention Against Doping
6012:Law of the Sea Convention
5975:
5964:
5943:Urban legends about drugs
5496:
5483:
4576:
4565:
4404:10.1007/s12117-017-9304-9
4392:Trends in Organized Crime
4078:10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.081
3965:Medical Law International
3344:10.3389/fphar.2022.990241
3331:Frontiers in Pharmacology
3175:10.1186/s12889-015-2109-3
3124:10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x
3006:10.1007/s40263-014-0142-x
2959:10.1007/s00213-005-0294-y
2679:10.1007/s11682-012-9179-y
2447:10.1038/s41380-018-0117-2
2293:10.3109/10673229709030550
2183:10.3109/00952999208992825
2098:10.3109/14659890209169340
1855:10.3109/10673229709030550
1766:World Health Organization
1505:10.1007/s11013-013-9330-2
1314:10.3109/15622970309167951
1293:Parrott AC (April 2003).
1190:10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6
606:benzodiazepine dependence
196:Psychology and psychiatry
6758:Turks and Caicos Islands
6267:Methamphetamine legality
5580:Marijuana Policy Project
4571:Major recreational drugs
4523:Medical Subject Headings
4368:10.1177/1477370814554722
4029:10.1177/1932296819889641
3977:10.1177/0968533221997510
3928:10.1177/1932296819890623
3619:10.1177/1477370814554722
3435:Scottish Medical Journal
3285:10.3389/fcvm.2022.949538
3226:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00370
2524:Eisenberger, NI (2012).
2086:Journal of Substance Use
1979:Khantzian, E.J. (1985).
1351:. MLM Law Resources site
663:antimicrobial resistance
517:. Opiates are effective
505:, while also increasing
161:antimicrobial resistance
5535:Cannabis rights leaders
4250:10.4103/0022-3859.97175
3849:Health Sociology Review
3806:Jackson, Emily (2015).
1020:Psychedelic microdosing
808:for protection against
778:such as those to treat
450:, resulting in lack of
350:social anxiety disorder
260:Some people who have a
218:, Mack and Schatzberg,
89:surrounding the use of
6343:Politics of drug abuse
5311:Mandragora officinarum
4280:Nalini, G. K. (2010).
3042:amrcountryprogress.org
2530:Psychosomatic Medicine
2232:Depression and Anxiety
1959:Duncan, D.F. (1974b).
1239:Schizophrenia Bulletin
1177:Harm Reduction Journal
985:Biodiversity and drugs
822:experimental treatment
499:gastrointestinal tract
324:central nervous system
242:positive reinforcement
34:. For other uses, see
6703:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6002:1988 Drug Trafficking
5595:Cannabis and religion
4559:Recreational drug use
4115:WEXLER, ANNA (2022).
3820:10.4324/9781315588797
2759:10.1055/s-2007-979558
1534:WEXLER, ANNA (2022).
1251:10.1093/schbul/sbm117
961:controlled substances
794:Self-managed abortion
784:male pattern baldness
169:self-induced abortion
7074:Psychological stress
7059:Substance dependence
6952:Responsible drug use
6763:United Arab Emirates
6082:Drug Policy Alliance
5970:Legality of drug use
5575:Legality of cannabis
5550:Cannabis Social Club
5520:Cannabis cultivation
5515:Cannabis consumption
5346:Cannabis (Marijuana)
5168:Psilocybin mushrooms
2880:10.4088/JCP.v68n0608
2482:Acta Psychiatr Scand
2434:Molecular Psychiatry
2021:Duncan D.F. (1975).
1383:, Jessica Flanigan,
1025:Psychological trauma
780:erectile dysfunction
670:developing countries
569:circumstances of use
135:addictive mechanisms
123:psychological trauma
7010:Tobacco consumption
6980:Alcohol consumption
6922:Drug rehabilitation
6859:Effects of cannabis
6583:Indian Ocean region
6363:Philippine drug war
5992:1961 Narcotic Drugs
4673:nail polish remover
3494:2012PLoSO...741314P
2667:Brain Imaging Behav
2373:Harv Rev Psychiatry
2311:– via PubMed.
1598:Wall Street Journal
1145:on 12 December 2010
656:Infectious diseases
617:nicotine withdrawal
534:clinical depression
448:executive functions
256:Specific mechanisms
32:Self-administration
7054:Alcohol and health
6866:Drug-related crime
6543:Dominican Republic
6453:Illegal drug trade
5928:Religion and drugs
5883:Drug paraphernalia
5863:Chasing the dragon
5822:Fashion cigarettes
5403:Calea zacatechichi
5098:Psychoactive toads
4808:Mitragyna speciosa
4760:Dextropropoxyphene
4702:Nonbenzodiazepines
4610:Alcoholic beverage
3643:. 28 November 2017
2947:Psychopharmacology
2747:Pharmacopsychiatry
2141:2009-03-08 at the
1901:Primary Psychiatry
1707:The Rheumatologist
1343:Reese, Spencer M.
860:cough suppressants
692:, which can cause
542:psychological pain
444:comorbid condition
235:defense mechanisms
95:recreational drugs
91:psychoactive drugs
44:, sometime called
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7018:
7017:
6937:Pharmacovigilance
6917:Drug legalization
6815:
6814:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6313:Cognitive liberty
6257:Cannabis legality
6045:Decriminalization
5960:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5842:Smoking fetishism
5479:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5416:
5415:
5296:Atropa belladonna
4663:contact adhesives
4605:Ethanol (alcohol)
4319:(12): 1771–1783.
4066:Brain Stimulation
3829:978-1-315-58879-7
3162:BMC Public Health
2868:J Clin Psychiatry
1600:. 20 October 2023
990:Cognitive liberty
934:commercialization
702:aortic dissection
674:healthcare system
637:nucleus accumbens
590:anxiety disorders
530:anxiety disorders
497:in the brain and
489:, function as an
417:getting diagnosed
150:market cigarettes
16:(Redirected from
7091:
7084:Patient advocacy
6854:Drug harmfulness
6849:Driving impaired
6668:Papua New Guinea
6437:Rolling meth lab
6410:
6399:
6388:
6353:Mexican drug war
6262:Cocaine legality
6247:Alcohol legality
6077:Demand reduction
6065:Supply reduction
5977:
5966:
5643:Drinking culture
5585:Medical cannabis
5545:Cannabis smoking
5502:Cannabis culture
5498:
5485:
5461:recreational use
5306:Hyoscyamus niger
5267:Salvia divinorum
5250:Amanita muscaria
5212:recreational use
5192:recreational use
5081:
4649:recreational use
4578:
4567:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4503:
4493:
4475:
4474:
4464:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4415:
4398:(3–4): 296–315.
4386:
4380:
4379:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4252:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4136:
4134:10.5334/cstp.553
4112:
4106:
4105:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4023:(6): 1028–1034.
4005:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3699:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3364:
3346:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3287:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3228:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3126:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3017:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2404:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2347:
2336:10.1037/a0018095
2319:
2313:
2312:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2244:10.1002/da.22024
2222:
2216:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2162:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2018:
2012:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1984:
1977:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1938:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1875:
1874:
1838:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1786:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1762:WHO/EDM/QSM/00.1
1759:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1555:
1553:10.5334/cstp.553
1531:
1525:
1524:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1192:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1050:
1030:Zoopharmacognosy
1015:Emotional eating
918:classes of drugs
826:fecal transplant
642:N-acetylcysteine
523:mood stabilizers
495:opioid receptors
361:Psychostimulants
356:Psychostimulants
216:Edward Khantzian
133:if motivated by
119:mental illnesses
73:over-the-counter
21:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7029:
7028:
7027:
7014:
6972:
6966:
6942:Reagent testing
6900:
6891:Passive smoking
6821:
6811:
6441:
6427:Drug precursors
6414:
6405:
6403:
6393:
6374:
6328:Drug possession
6303:Cannabis rights
6286:
6282:Salvia legality
6235:
6126:
6120:
6028:
5971:
5952:
5933:Self-medication
5851:
5847:Tobacco smoking
5809:Smoking culture
5803:
5740:
5637:
5604:
5560:Cannabis vaping
5530:Cannabis rights
5525:Cannabis edible
5492:
5471:
5412:
5408:Silene capensis
5389:
5327:
5323:Diphenhydramine
5273:
5174:
5070:
5015:
4967:Methylphenidate
4957:Methamphetamine
4848:
4711:
4595:Benzodiazepines
4572:
4561:
4556:
4519:Self-medication
4510:
4491:
4486:
4483:
4481:Further reading
4478:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4009:Heinemann, Lutz
4007:
4006:
4002:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3644:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2953:(3–4): 567–76.
2944:
2943:
2939:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2699:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2624:Trends Cogn Sci
2621:
2620:
2616:
2599:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2405:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2348:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2148:
2143:Wayback Machine
2134:
2130:
2123:
2119:
2102:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1907:: 47–48, 53–54.
1898:
1897:
1878:
1840:
1839:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1114:. India Today.
1109:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1085:The 7.30 Report
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1043:
981:
969:benzodiazepines
914:
908:
887:
836:In a survey of
834:
802:medical devices
776:lifestyle drugs
768:
658:
652:, and alcohol.
581:benzodiazepines
577:
550:
476:
421:methylphenidate
409:methamphetamine
397:pseudoephedrine
373:methylphenidate
358:
346:
340:
320:benzodiazepines
314:drugs, such as
301:
299:CNS depressants
258:
220:David F. Duncan
203:
198:
185:
107:mental distress
42:Self-medication
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7097:
7095:
7087:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7064:Mood disorders
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7031:
7030:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6995:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6908:
6906:
6905:Harm reduction
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6839:Date rape drug
6836:
6831:
6825:
6823:
6817:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6805:Liquor license
6802:
6797:
6792:
6782:
6780:Darknet market
6777:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6418:
6416:
6407:
6395:
6394:
6391:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6370:Zero tolerance
6367:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6144:Czech Republic
6141:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6097:Liberalization
6094:
6089:
6087:Harm reduction
6084:
6079:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5983:
5981:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5913:Party and play
5910:
5905:
5903:Needle sharing
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5817:Cigarette card
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5726:Tailgate party
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5676:Drinking games
5673:
5668:
5666:Binge drinking
5663:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5610:Coffee culture
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5337:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5318:Dimenhydrinate
5315:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5283:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:alkyl nitrites
5215:
5200:
5195:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5142:Peruvian torch
5134:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5089:
5087:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5031:
5025:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4775:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4707:Quinazolinones
4704:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4634:
4629:
4627:Gabapentinoids
4624:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4516:
4509:
4508:External links
4506:
4505:
4504:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4427:
4381:
4362:(2): 226–241.
4346:
4302:
4272:
4243:(2): 127–131.
4223:
4186:(4): 603–607.
4166:
4107:
4072:(2): 187–195.
4052:
4000:
3951:
3922:(5): 878–882.
3902:
3876:
3855:(2): 158–167.
3835:
3828:
3798:
3755:
3711:
3654:
3632:
3613:(2): 226–241.
3597:
3578:(5): 787–794.
3562:
3543:(3): 177–191.
3527:
3468:
3425:
3396:(4): 808–812.
3376:
3317:
3258:
3199:
3148:
3097:
3053:
3029:
2980:
2937:
2893:
2858:
2839:(1A): 41S–8S.
2823:
2790:Eur Psychiatry
2780:
2737:
2714:
2657:
2630:(7): 294–300.
2614:
2565:
2516:
2471:
2440:(4): 576–587.
2420:
2363:
2330:(2): 623–636.
2314:
2287:(5): 231–244.
2267:
2238:(2): 174–183.
2217:
2204:
2177:(2): 121–129.
2157:
2146:
2128:
2117:
2092:(3): 116–123.
2069:
2056:
2044:
2033:(2): 209–213.
2013:
1999:
1985:
1965:
1952:
1926:
1910:
1876:
1849:(5): 231–244.
1818:
1801:(2): 326–331.
1776:
1745:
1719:
1694:
1637:
1611:
1585:
1526:
1499:(3): 488–504.
1476:
1447:(4): 808–812.
1424:
1389:
1373:
1362:
1349:www.mlmlaw.com
1335:
1282:
1245:(3): 555–567.
1222:
1156:
1129:
1102:
1091:on Apr 6, 2011
1071:
1060:on Jun 5, 2016
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Dual diagnosis
1002:
997:
992:
987:
980:
977:
910:Main article:
907:
904:
899:pharmaceutical
886:
883:
848:medical school
833:
830:
767:
764:
760:southern China
729:, e.g. due to
698:tendon rupture
657:
654:
594:panic disorder
576:
573:
549:
546:
507:pain tolerance
493:by binding to
475:
472:
468:social anxiety
357:
354:
342:Main article:
339:
336:
300:
297:
262:mental illness
257:
254:
202:
199:
197:
194:
184:
181:
58:human behavior
46:do-it-yourself
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7096:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6971:Countries by
6969:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6912:Drug checking
6910:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6881:Neurotoxicity
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6818:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:Cannabis shop
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6768:United States
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6623:Latin America
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6385:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:Plan Colombia
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6318:Designer drug
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:Drug legality
6238:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6189:United States
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6123:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6102:Latin America
6100:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6072:Policy reform
6070:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:International
5978:
5974:
5967:
5963:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5938:Sex and drugs
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5918:Poly drug use
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Cloud-chasing
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5754:Psychonautics
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:Drinking song
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:Diethyl ether
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5661:Beer festival
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5457:Nitrous oxide
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5419:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5208:Nitrous oxide
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5180:Dissociatives
5177:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Hallucinogens
5073:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Energy drinks
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4793:Hydromorphone
4791:
4789:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4725:Buprenorphine
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:Paint thinner
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4645:Nitrous oxide
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4502:(3): 831–836.
4501:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4306:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3814:. Routledge.
3813:
3809:
3802:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3722:Contraception
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:(7): e41314.
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3064:Public Health
3057:
3054:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:(2): 95–106.
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:(6): 874–80.
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:(4): 127–34.
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2581:(8): 680–90.
2580:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:(2): 126–35.
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2067:, 2, 244-268.
2066:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1626:. 5 July 2023
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
905:
903:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
876:
871:
869:
868:anthelmintics
865:
864:multivitamins
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
845:undergraduate
843:
839:
831:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
763:
761:
756:
754:
753:antimalarials
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
721:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:ciprofloxacin
686:
683:
678:
675:
671:
666:
664:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
629:drug of abuse
624:
622:
618:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:social phobia
595:
591:
586:
582:
575:Effectiveness
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:and increase
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
355:
353:
351:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
298:
296:
292:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
249:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
209:
200:
195:
193:
189:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
164:
162:
158:
153:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
131:mental health
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:The field of
83:
81:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:Self-medicate
7079:DIY medicine
6998:Lifetime use
6800:Liquor store
6718:South Africa
6348:War on drugs
6174:Soviet Union
6050:Legalization
5932:
5888:Drug tourism
5736:Wine tasting
5656:Beer culture
5618:Coffee break
5555:Cannabis tea
5490:Drug culture
5333:Cannabinoids
5262:Salvinorin A
5228:amyl nitrite
5085:Psychedelics
4837:/paracetamol
4750:Desomorphine
4590:Barbiturates
4499:
4495:
4447:(1): 22–28.
4444:
4440:
4430:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4294:. Retrieved
4289:
4285:
4275:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4020:
4016:
4003:
3971:(1): 42–68.
3968:
3964:
3954:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3889:
3879:
3852:
3848:
3838:
3811:
3801:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3728:(2): 91–98.
3725:
3721:
3714:
3674:(2): 70–75.
3671:
3667:
3657:
3645:. Retrieved
3635:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3441:(3): 84–86.
3438:
3434:
3428:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3114:
3110:
3100:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:
3032:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2913:
2909:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2796:(8): 483–8.
2793:
2789:
2783:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2703:cite journal
2670:
2666:
2660:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2603:cite journal
2578:
2574:
2568:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2489:(5): 372–9.
2486:
2480:
2474:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2409:cite journal
2379:(1): 40–59.
2376:
2372:
2366:
2352:cite journal
2327:
2324:Psychol. Rev
2323:
2317:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2207:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2149:
2131:
2120:
2106:cite journal
2089:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2047:
2030:
2026:
2016:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1904:
1900:
1846:
1842:
1810:. Retrieved
1798:
1794:
1769:, retrieved
1761:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1657:(2): 70–75.
1654:
1650:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1496:
1492:
1479:
1444:
1440:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1376:
1365:
1353:. Retrieved
1348:
1338:
1308:(2): 49–55.
1305:
1301:
1242:
1238:
1180:
1176:
1147:. Retrieved
1143:the original
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:the original
1084:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:the original
1048:
1035:Self-surgery
995:Comfort food
946:
930:social order
922:prescription
915:
888:
872:
856:antipyretics
835:
799:
792:
769:
757:
742:
731:haemorrhagic
725:can lead to
706:
687:
679:
667:
659:
625:
614:
610:
578:
551:
527:
477:
434:, to reduce
429:
425:amphetamines
369:amphetamines
359:
348:People with
347:
316:barbiturates
302:
293:
287:People with
286:
259:
250:
246:
239:
232:
213:
204:
190:
186:
165:
154:
143:
117:, including
103:comfort food
84:
80:prescription
70:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
7005:Opiates use
6985:Cocaine use
6820:Issues with
6738:Switzerland
6723:South Korea
6693:Puerto Rico
6678:Philippines
6548:El Salvador
6458:Afghanistan
6194:Just Say No
6184:Switzerland
6159:Netherlands
6125:Drug policy
6055:Prohibition
6040:Drug policy
6033:State level
5878:Dance party
5789:Microdosing
5746:Psychedelia
5701:Oktoberfest
5623:Coffeehouse
5600:Stoner film
5291:Scopolamine
5021:Entactogens
4999:Theobromine
4862:Amphetamine
4788:Hydrocodone
4778:Diamorphine
4582:Depressants
4413:1874/362451
4333:11295/80905
3895:15 December
3647:15 December
2916:(2): 73–7.
2910:J R Soc Med
2673:(1): 1–14.
1738:15 December
1712:15 December
1630:15 December
1604:15 December
965:amphetamine
942:prohibition
889:A study of
838:West Bengal
814:epinephrine
682:antibiotics
557:paradoxical
519:anxiolytics
440:self-esteem
401:Unawareness
328:depressants
157:human right
139:study drugs
7033:Categories
6993:Annual use
6844:Dependence
6708:Seychelles
6613:Kyrgyzstan
6528:Costa Rica
6473:Bangladesh
6446:Drug trade
6415:production
6404:production
6323:Drug court
6209:California
6127:by country
6060:Regulation
5794:Smart shop
5779:Literature
5774:Experience
5721:Sports bar
5686:Happy hour
5651:Bartending
5422:Club drugs
5395:Oneirogens
5279:Deliriants
5159:Psilocybin
4982:Polacrilex
4952:Mephedrone
4854:Stimulants
4656:Hazardous
4600:Carbamates
4296:2012-09-02
3720:Ecuador".
3337:: 990241.
3278:: 949538.
3070:: 92–101.
3047:2023-03-28
2734:: 655–671.
1812:2012-09-02
1771:2012-09-02
1764:, Geneva:
1355:14 October
1041:References
1010:Alcoholism
906:Regulation
866:(6%), and
852:analgesics
804:, such as
788:sildenafil
766:Other uses
734:duodenitis
694:tendonitis
565:anxiogenic
561:anxiolytic
511:aggression
481:, such as
452:motivation
432:depression
413:mephedrone
363:, such as
332:anxiolysis
266:Depression
183:Definition
179:beliefs.
87:psychology
7044:Addiction
6989:Cannabis
6834:Addiction
6790:Beer shop
6773:Venezuela
6638:Mauritius
6468:Australia
6406:and trade
6333:Drug test
6134:Australia
5908:Nootropic
5893:Entheogen
5868:Club drug
5716:Sommelier
5711:Pub crawl
5696:Nightclub
5691:Hip flask
5628:Latte art
5565:Head shop
5435:Quaaludes
5203:Inhalants
5152:San Pedro
5137:Mescaline
5120:Ayahuasca
5093:Bufotenin
5038:Benzofury
5029:2C series
5009:Chocolate
4972:Modafinil
4962:Methylone
4935:Ephedrine
4906:Cathinone
4867:Arecoline
4832:Oxycodone
4803:Methadone
4637:Inhalants
4453:1942-2962
4422:255516752
4376:145354387
4259:0972-2823
4200:0002-9270
4143:2057-4991
4127:(1): 38.
4086:1935-861X
3793:201156994
3771:: 45–55.
3750:218490175
3688:2161-3303
3627:145354387
3557:151159278
3353:1663-9812
3294:2297-055X
3235:2296-2565
3117:(1): 47.
2994:CNS Drugs
2401:210120636
2191:0095-2990
1671:2161-3303
1562:2057-4991
1546:(1): 38.
1411:0158-1570
1405:: 88–90.
1385:BMJ Group
1259:0586-7614
1199:1477-7517
1183:(1): 68.
875:Karnataka
723:outbreaks
720:influenza
711:or other
709:ibuprofen
635:) in the
491:analgesic
464:hypomanic
436:anhedonia
208:addiction
177:anarchist
62:headaches
54:medicine,
7039:Pharmacy
6973:drug use
6886:Overdose
6822:drug use
6748:Thailand
6733:Suriname
6713:Slovakia
6688:Portugal
6673:Paraguay
6633:Malaysia
6573:Honduras
6523:Colombia
6508:Cambodia
6229:Virginia
6219:Maryland
6214:Colorado
6169:Slovakia
6164:Portugal
5837:Smokeasy
5731:Wine bar
5633:Teahouse
5356:Hash oil
5287:Atropine
5245:Muscimol
5235:Ketamine
5198:Glaucine
5163:Psilocin
4977:Nicotine
4884:Caffeine
4844:Tramadol
4820:Morphine
4797:Dilaudid
4773:Fentanyl
4764:Darvocet
4754:Krokodil
4729:Suboxone
4668:Gasoline
4658:solvents
4641:Medical
4471:33841622
4341:10798331
4267:22718057
4218:31972620
4161:36632334
4102:21868698
4094:27965065
4047:31875681
3995:33958837
3946:31876179
3871:33411651
3785:31494046
3742:32360817
3706:37305376
3592:16942523
3522:22911779
3482:PLOS ONE
3463:30009395
3455:11501327
3420:28490950
3371:36147351
3312:36017083
3253:30619809
3194:26231758
3143:28515903
3092:73434085
3084:30716570
3024:24442756
2975:11356233
2967:16463194
2888:17592911
2833:Am J Med
2818:24094651
2810:11175926
2775:19145509
2687:22660945
2652:15893740
2644:15242688
2595:16725157
2560:22286852
2511:30951552
2503:15819731
2466:29955162
2393:31913981
2344:20438240
2309:39531697
2262:23280888
2139:Archived
1949:: 69–75.
1871:39531697
1807:16124943
1689:37305376
1624:NBC News
1580:36632334
1521:35393482
1513:23820755
1471:28490950
1419:24783837
1330:26903942
1322:12692774
1277:17984298
1217:28985738
1149:27 March
1122:27 March
1116:Archived
1095:27 March
979:See also
963:such as
953:phishing
938:religion
885:Children
810:COVID-19
745:Khartoum
650:nicotine
608:issues.
592:such as
553:Cannabis
548:Cannabis
487:morphine
393:nicotine
389:caffeine
381:nicotine
377:caffeine
312:hypnotic
308:sedative
278:cannabis
146:nicotine
127:physical
77:doctor's
7069:Anxiety
6648:Nigeria
6643:Moldova
6563:Germany
6558:Finland
6553:Estonia
6493:Bolivia
6149:Germany
5948:Whoonga
5799:Therapy
5467:Poppers
5445:Ecstasy
5430:Cocaine
5378:APINACA
5368:JWH-018
5351:Hashish
5223:poppers
5059:Ecstasy
4992:Tobacco
4940:Ephedra
4918:Cocaine
4738:Codeine
4732:Subutex
4717:Opioids
4462:8025924
4209:7359198
4152:9830450
4038:7645134
3986:8053740
3937:7753855
3697:9989574
3513:3401104
3490:Bibcode
3411:5415144
3362:9486157
3303:9396038
3244:6304439
3219:: 370.
3185:4522083
3168:: 742.
3134:5433038
3015:4009342
2932:7769598
2923:1295099
2853:1346485
2767:8858711
2695:8755398
2551:3273616
2457:6310672
2301:9385000
2253:4154590
2199:1562010
1863:9385000
1680:9989574
1571:9830450
1462:5415144
1268:2632440
1208:5639593
973:Z-drugs
854:(23%),
738:codeine
715:during
677:death.
646:cocaine
602:alcohol
585:alcohol
479:Opiates
474:Opiates
405:cocaine
365:cocaine
338:Alcohol
304:Alcohol
282:anxiety
274:tobacco
270:alcohol
228:cocaine
115:anxiety
99:alcohol
66:fatigue
6753:Turkey
6743:Taiwan
6698:Russia
6683:Poland
6663:Panama
6653:Norway
6628:Latvia
6608:Kosovo
6538:Cyprus
6498:Brazil
6488:Bhutan
6478:Belize
6224:Oregon
6179:Sweden
6139:Canada
5898:Hippie
5832:Loosie
5301:Datura
5147:Peyote
5132:LSD-25
4889:Coffee
4813:Kratom
4782:Heroin
4767:Darvon
4684:Other
4469:
4459:
4451:
4420:
4374:
4339:
4265:
4257:
4216:
4206:
4198:
4159:
4149:
4141:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4045:
4035:
3993:
3983:
3944:
3934:
3869:
3826:
3791:
3783:
3748:
3740:
3704:
3694:
3686:
3625:
3590:
3555:
3520:
3510:
3461:
3453:
3418:
3408:
3369:
3359:
3351:
3310:
3300:
3292:
3251:
3241:
3233:
3192:
3182:
3141:
3131:
3090:
3082:
3022:
3012:
2973:
2965:
2930:
2920:
2886:
2851:
2816:
2808:
2773:
2765:
2693:
2685:
2650:
2642:
2593:
2558:
2548:
2509:
2501:
2464:
2454:
2399:
2391:
2342:
2307:
2299:
2260:
2250:
2197:
2189:
1869:
1861:
1805:
1687:
1677:
1669:
1578:
1568:
1560:
1519:
1511:
1469:
1459:
1417:
1409:
1328:
1320:
1275:
1265:
1257:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1064:25 May
1000:Coping
971:, and
936:, and
926:Safety
895:herbal
870:(4%).
862:(8%),
717:winter
536:, and
483:heroin
379:, and
326:(CNS)
322:, are
224:heroin
111:stress
6829:Abuse
6728:Spain
6603:Kenya
6598:Japan
6593:Italy
6578:India
6568:Haiti
6518:China
6513:Chile
6503:Burma
6483:Benin
6463:Aruba
6392:Other
6291:Other
6154:India
5856:Other
5784:Music
5590:NORML
5450:Molly
5383:Spice
5373:APICA
5103:Vilca
5064:Molly
5034:6-APB
5004:Cocoa
4928:Crack
4879:Betel
4872:Areca
4825:Opium
4688:Freon
4492:(PDF)
4418:S2CID
4372:S2CID
4098:S2CID
3789:S2CID
3746:S2CID
3623:S2CID
3553:S2CID
3459:S2CID
3088:S2CID
2971:S2CID
2814:S2CID
2771:S2CID
2691:S2CID
2648:S2CID
2507:S2CID
2397:S2CID
2305:S2CID
2082:(PDF)
1867:S2CID
1758:(PDF)
1517:S2CID
1489:(PDF)
1326:S2CID
1298:(PDF)
949:fraud
879:India
842:India
749:Sudan
727:death
633:EAAT2
456:focus
56:is a
6658:Oman
6618:Laos
6588:Iran
6533:Cuba
6413:Drug
6402:Drug
6338:Narc
5923:Rave
5764:Drug
5440:MDMA
5289:and
5108:Yopo
5054:MDMA
4987:Salt
4947:MDPV
4923:Coca
4911:Khat
4743:Lean
4697:Kava
4620:Wine
4615:Beer
4467:PMID
4449:ISSN
4337:PMID
4263:PMID
4255:ISSN
4214:PMID
4196:ISSN
4157:PMID
4139:ISSN
4090:PMID
4082:ISSN
4043:PMID
3991:PMID
3942:PMID
3897:2023
3890:Vice
3867:PMID
3824:ISBN
3781:PMID
3738:PMID
3702:PMID
3684:ISSN
3649:2023
3588:PMID
3518:PMID
3451:PMID
3416:PMID
3367:PMID
3349:ISSN
3308:PMID
3290:ISSN
3249:PMID
3231:ISSN
3190:PMID
3139:PMID
3080:PMID
3020:PMID
2963:PMID
2928:PMID
2884:PMID
2849:PMID
2806:PMID
2763:PMID
2709:link
2683:PMID
2640:PMID
2609:link
2591:PMID
2556:PMID
2499:PMID
2462:PMID
2415:link
2389:PMID
2358:link
2340:PMID
2297:PMID
2258:PMID
2195:PMID
2187:ISSN
2112:link
1859:PMID
1803:PMID
1740:2023
1733:Vice
1714:2023
1685:PMID
1667:ISSN
1632:2023
1606:2023
1576:PMID
1558:ISSN
1509:PMID
1467:PMID
1415:PMID
1407:ISSN
1357:2018
1318:PMID
1273:PMID
1255:ISSN
1213:PMID
1195:ISSN
1151:2011
1124:2011
1097:2011
1066:2016
812:and
700:and
515:rage
513:and
503:pain
485:and
423:and
318:and
306:and
175:and
129:and
113:and
5769:Era
5759:Art
5706:Pub
5510:420
5341:THC
5257:PCP
5240:MXE
5188:DXM
5127:LSA
5115:DMT
5049:MDA
5044:AMT
4899:Tea
4632:GHB
4521:at
4457:PMC
4408:hdl
4400:doi
4364:doi
4329:hdl
4321:doi
4292:(2)
4245:doi
4204:PMC
4188:doi
4184:115
4147:PMC
4129:doi
4074:doi
4033:PMC
4025:doi
3981:PMC
3973:doi
3932:PMC
3924:doi
3857:doi
3816:doi
3773:doi
3730:doi
3726:102
3692:PMC
3676:doi
3615:doi
3580:doi
3545:doi
3508:PMC
3498:doi
3443:doi
3406:PMC
3398:doi
3357:PMC
3339:doi
3298:PMC
3280:doi
3239:PMC
3221:doi
3180:PMC
3170:doi
3129:PMC
3119:doi
3072:doi
3068:168
3010:PMC
3002:doi
2955:doi
2951:184
2918:PMC
2876:doi
2841:doi
2798:doi
2755:doi
2675:doi
2632:doi
2583:doi
2546:PMC
2538:doi
2491:doi
2487:111
2452:PMC
2442:doi
2381:doi
2332:doi
2328:117
2289:doi
2248:PMC
2240:doi
2179:doi
2094:doi
2035:doi
1851:doi
1675:PMC
1659:doi
1566:PMC
1548:doi
1501:doi
1457:PMC
1449:doi
1310:doi
1263:PMC
1247:doi
1203:PMC
1185:doi
897:or
891:Luo
806:PPE
740:).
665:.
604:or
596:or
583:or
563:or
555:is
411:or
395:or
121:or
64:or
50:DIY
7035::
5161:/
4498:.
4494:.
4465:.
4455:.
4445:14
4443:.
4439:.
4416:.
4406:.
4396:20
4394:.
4370:.
4360:12
4358:.
4335:.
4327:.
4317:50
4315:.
4288:.
4284:.
4261:.
4253:.
4241:58
4239:.
4235:.
4212:.
4202:.
4194:.
4182:.
4178:.
4155:.
4145:.
4137:.
4123:.
4119:.
4096:.
4088:.
4080:.
4070:10
4068:.
4064:.
4041:.
4031:.
4021:14
4019:.
4015:.
3989:.
3979:.
3969:21
3967:.
3963:.
3940:.
3930:.
3920:14
3918:.
3914:.
3888:.
3865:.
3853:29
3851:.
3847:.
3822:.
3810:.
3787:.
3779:.
3769:63
3767:.
3744:.
3736:.
3724:.
3700:.
3690:.
3682:.
3672:12
3670:.
3666:.
3621:.
3611:12
3609:.
3586:.
3574:.
3551:.
3541:28
3539:.
3516:.
3506:.
3496:.
3484:.
3480:.
3457:.
3449:.
3439:46
3437:.
3414:.
3404:.
3394:24
3392:.
3388:.
3365:.
3355:.
3347:.
3335:13
3333:.
3329:.
3306:.
3296:.
3288:.
3274:.
3270:.
3247:.
3237:.
3229:.
3215:.
3211:.
3188:.
3178:.
3166:15
3164:.
3160:.
3137:.
3127:.
3113:.
3109:.
3086:.
3078:.
3066:.
3040:.
3018:.
3008:.
2998:28
2996:.
2992:.
2969:.
2961:.
2949:.
2926:.
2914:88
2912:.
2908:.
2896:^
2882:.
2872:68
2870:.
2847:.
2837:92
2835:.
2812:.
2804:.
2794:15
2792:.
2769:.
2761:.
2751:29
2749:.
2732:82
2730:.
2726:.
2705:}}
2701:{{
2689:.
2681:.
2669:.
2646:.
2638:.
2626:.
2605:}}
2601:{{
2589:.
2579:40
2577:.
2554:.
2544:.
2534:74
2532:.
2528:.
2505:.
2497:.
2485:.
2460:.
2450:.
2438:24
2436:.
2432:.
2411:}}
2407:{{
2395:.
2387:.
2377:28
2375:.
2354:}}
2350:{{
2338:.
2326:.
2303:.
2295:.
2283:.
2279:.
2256:.
2246:.
2236:30
2234:.
2230:.
2193:.
2185:.
2175:18
2173:.
2169:.
2108:}}
2104:{{
2088:.
2084:.
2029:.
2025:.
2002:^
1988:^
1968:^
1945:.
1929:^
1913:^
1905:10
1903:.
1879:^
1865:.
1857:.
1845:.
1821:^
1797:.
1793:.
1779:^
1760:,
1731:.
1705:.
1683:.
1673:.
1665:.
1655:12
1653:.
1649:.
1622:.
1596:.
1574:.
1564:.
1556:.
1542:.
1538:.
1515:.
1507:.
1497:37
1495:.
1491:.
1465:.
1455:.
1445:24
1443:.
1439:.
1427:^
1413:.
1403:21
1401:.
1347:.
1324:.
1316:.
1304:.
1300:.
1285:^
1271:.
1261:.
1253:.
1243:34
1241:.
1237:.
1225:^
1211:.
1201:.
1193:.
1181:14
1179:.
1175:.
1159:^
1083:.
967:,
951:,
944:.
932:,
928:,
877:,
840:,
782:,
747:,
696:,
648:,
532:,
521:,
454:,
427:.
407:,
391:,
375:,
371:,
367:,
276:,
272:,
163:.
109:,
101:,
97:,
68:.
52:)
5463:)
5459:(
5214:)
5210:(
5194:)
5190:(
4651:)
4647:(
4551:e
4544:t
4537:v
4500:2
4473:.
4424:.
4410::
4402::
4378:.
4366::
4343:.
4331::
4323::
4299:.
4290:3
4269:.
4247::
4220:.
4190::
4163:.
4131::
4125:7
4104:.
4076::
4049:.
4027::
3997:.
3975::
3948:.
3926::
3899:.
3873:.
3859::
3832:.
3818::
3795:.
3775::
3752:.
3732::
3708:.
3678::
3651:.
3629:.
3617::
3594:.
3582::
3576:3
3559:.
3547::
3524:.
3500::
3492::
3486:7
3465:.
3445::
3422:.
3400::
3373:.
3341::
3314:.
3282::
3276:9
3255:.
3223::
3217:6
3196:.
3172::
3145:.
3121::
3115:6
3094:.
3074::
3050:.
3026:.
3004::
2977:.
2957::
2934:.
2890:.
2878::
2855:.
2843::
2820:.
2800::
2777:.
2757::
2711:)
2697:.
2677::
2671:7
2654:.
2634::
2628:8
2611:)
2597:.
2585::
2562:.
2540::
2513:.
2493::
2468:.
2444::
2417:)
2403:.
2383::
2360:)
2346:.
2334::
2291::
2285:4
2264:.
2242::
2201:.
2181::
2114:)
2100:.
2096::
2090:7
2041:.
2037::
2031:7
1947:4
1873:.
1853::
1847:4
1815:.
1799:8
1742:.
1716:.
1691:.
1661::
1634:.
1608:.
1582:.
1550::
1544:7
1523:.
1503::
1473:.
1451::
1421:.
1359:.
1332:.
1312::
1306:4
1279:.
1249::
1219:.
1187::
1153:.
1126:.
1099:.
1068:.
310:/
48:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.