107:(ืคืืงืื ื ืคืฉ, "the preservation of human life") is paramount, and in most situations even the preservation of a limb is equated with the basic principle. This stems in part from the biblical injunction that the Judaic laws are given "that you shall live by them", a commandment traditionally interpreted as meaning "...and not die by them"โhuman life is generally considered more significant than keeping religious precepts at the risk of life (or in some cases risk of serious harm). However, three areas of prohibition may not be trespassed under any circumstances, even to save a human life: acts involving murder, some kinds of sexual misconduct, and idol worship. These areas are central to society and humanity, in the perspective of the Jewish religion, and their breach is of such magnitude that even under threat of being killed, one should refuse. These are sometimes informally referred to as the "three cardinal sins"; however, they actually encompass many more than a mere three prohibitions. The governing principle here is
307:
desecrate the
Sabbath rather than let himself be killed; however, if the ruler demands the Jew cook food on the Sabbath, not for the ruler's benefit but simply for the sake of dishonoring the Torah, then one is required to surrender one's life to avoid desecrating God's name (akin to idolatry). Hannah and her sons acted in this way when it came to eating pork for the sake of desecrating the Torah; by allowing themselves to be killed, they sanctified God's name in public.
407:
observe them. Both agreed that a prohibition on male-male anal sex, and adultery with a married woman, retained a die-rather-than-transgress character, and instructed
Conservative Jews to continue to observe rabbinic prohibitions on different-sex sexual relations outside of marriage (fornication), although the liberal responsum also found a variety of traditional rules of
426:
Many authorities hold that the requirement to sacrifice one's life does not apply to purely passive behavior, so that, for example, a married woman who is raped is not required to die resisting the rape. Rather, the requirement applies only to playing an initiating role in one of the forbidden sexual
40:
to sacrifice their own life rather than violate a religious prohibition. One of these prohibitions is that no life should be taken, including one's own. Many more ritual prohibitions exist as well, which means that under limited circumstances a Jew has to self-sacrifice when the greater good calls
406:
on the subject of homosexuality. One declared all rabbinic prohibitions on nonโpenile-anal sex between men to be formally lifted and no longer applicable to
Conservative Jews. The other formally declared the necessity of their remaining in effect and instructed Conservative Jews to continue to
306:
This story, however, relates another exception where
Halakha requires that one surrender one's life: a situation in which a person is forced to break a law for the sake of desecrating the Torah. If a non-Jewish ruler demands that a Jew cook food for him on the Sabbath, the Jew is required to
468:
and said, "The governor of the city ordered me to slay a certain man, and threatened to kill me if I did not". Rava said to him, "Rather than slay another person, you must permit yourself to be slain, for how do you know that your blood is redder than his; perhaps his blood is redder than
118:
Someone who runs great risks or accepts great hardship for the sake of observing the religious laws of
Judaism without actually sacrificing his or her life is considered especially righteous. An act of such figurative self-sacrifice and acceptance of the possible consequence is called
255:: For all the sins in the Torah, if a person is told, "Transgress and you will not be killed," they should transgress and not be killed, except for idol worship, sexual relations and bloodshed.'" A Jew must sacrifice his or her life rather than transgress the above-mentioned sins.
515:
through the public transgression of His commandments. The desecration of God's name is considered the harshest violation of Jewish law, at least as far as heavenly forgiveness is concerned; therefore, if the sin is to be committed in public (for these purposes, in the presence of
560:
on every negative or positive commandment even when not in public. This is called "Sandal straps" and refers to the traditional Jewish manner of putting on footwear (Put on right, put on left, tie left, tie right). In this situation, one must die even for "Sandal straps".
176:. If the life of a non-Jew or an apostate Jew is in danger, the law is not so clear and is the matter of some debate, but it is certainly within the spirit of the law, if not the letter. This also touches on Judaism's views regarding other religions; see
169:
states, "You shall not stand by the blood of your fellow." The Talmud derives from this verse that one must do everything in one's power to save the life of another Jew, even if this involves violating one or more of the
564:
However, if a government or any other power is not opposing the Jewish religion in itself but rather any religion, such as in Russia under the communist regime, then according to some opinions, the above does not apply.
323:
22:26. Referring to the case of a betrothed girl who is raped by a man, it says, "for as when a man rises against his neighbor, and slays him, even so is this matter." Thus sexual immorality is likened by the
699:). Accordingly, sex between a married man a woman whom it is permissible for the man to take as an additional wife is not biblically considered adultery. Such an act, however, is rabbinically prohibited.
539:
If these two conditions are not present, there is no requirement to give one's life, since God's name will not be desecrated by the transgression. For example, if a Jew is being forced to transgress the
271:
6:5 "And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might," meaning that one should even surrender one's life rather than serve any divinity aside from
583:. Since refraining from the performance of a positive commandment involves no specific action, to do so would not be considered a desecration of God's name, so self-sacrifice would never be required.
142:(religious requirements) when a life is in danger. This rule is founded on the Biblical statement, "You shall keep my decrees and my laws that a person will do and live by them, I am God." (
356:
between men (violations of the prohibition "thou shall not lie with a man as with a woman, it is an abomination" as agreed on by many
Orthodox and some Conservative Jewish authorities).
552:
During a time of crisis for the Jewish faith—for example, if a government or any other power wants to force Jews not to be religious—every prohibition in Jewish law becomes
419:, to be no longer applicable to Conservative Jews. Under the Conservative movement's philosophy of pluralism, local rabbis choose which among the approved alternatives to follow. (See
661:
541:
568:
It is also considered a crisis for the Jewish faith when a particular requirement within Jewish law is in danger of being outlawed by a government or other power.
348:
include those mentioned in
Leviticus Chapter 18, which include adultery with a married woman, various types of incest, sexual relations with a woman in the
1394:
191:("Let him be killed rather than transgress") refers to the requirement to give one's life rather than transgress a law. Although ordinarily one is
532:
of ten Jewish adults required to constitute a "public" for purposes of public martyrdom, one of a number of situations in which women count in a
420:
1308:
747:
399:
672:
177:
375:(Orthodox authorities and traditionalists within Conservative Judaism consider a broader range of male-male sexual intimacy, including
1109:
935:
835:
723:
65:, "transgress and do not be killed") and it applies to virtually all of Jewish ritual law, including the best known laws of
489:
As stated above, one is normally required to let oneself be killed only for the three cardinal laws; however, in the opinion of
1270:
54:
50:
465:
402:, reflecting strong disagreement between liberals and traditionalists on the subject, approved two diametrically opposed
1114:
395:
recognizes rabbinic prohibitions as being a lesser type of transgression overridden by the imperative to preserve life.
1464:
379:
between men, as forbidden, but not included in the "die rather than transgress" prohibitions), and various aspects of
709:
590:, in a situation where one is not required to sacrifice oneself rather than transgress, to do so would be considered
41:
for breaking a more minor dictate. This practice reflects the practical and perhaps malleable nature of Judaic law.
1378:
1250:
1209:
1119:
1065:
429:
372:
251:
said in the name of Rav Shimon ben
Yehotzadak: 'It was decided by a vote in the loft of the house of Nitezeh in
1422:
135:
Judaism places a high value on life. It is therefore permitted to disregard all but three domains of
Judaism's
1469:
1352:
1281:
1264:
1188:
635:
1417:
1195:
1046:
316:
223:
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928:
403:
288:
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for the sake of the forcer's personal profit, he or she would not be required to give his or her life.
1321:
640:
502:
341:
24:
1358:
1016:
903:
248:
217:
744:
328:
to murder โ and one is required to give one's life rather than commit murder, as discussed below.
1146:
1041:
1011:
866:
457:
244:
1140:
1033:
971:
163:
143:
363:
are excluded. The Rabbis made a number of prohibitions in sexual matters beyond those of the
155:. This verse is the source of the doctrine that one should not endanger one's life to keep a
1442:
1428:
1346:
1257:
1168:
921:
392:
383:
are among these rabbinic prohibitions not specifically prohibited by
Leviticus 18. Although
337:
1435:
843:
751:
520:
Jewish male adults), and the sole purpose of the persecutor is to have the Jew transgress
1327:
1287:
149:) The Rabbis deduced from this verse that one should not die rather than transgress the
57:, religious laws of Judaism in order to preserve human life. This principle is known as
1365:
1315:
1202:
987:
963:
630:
625:
607:
512:
103:
20:
1458:
955:
213:
There are three sins for which one is always required to die rather than transgress:
1157:
979:
300:
284:
78:
913:
1152:
1022:
1003:
995:
580:
572:
368:
320:
268:
136:
1294:
1162:
587:
508:
490:
481:
384:
222:
sexual misconduct such as incest, adultery, homosexuality, or bestiality (see
166:
97:
882:
146:
811:
601:
Following through and sacrificing one's life in accordance with the law of
1234:
1098:
763:
696:
449:
376:
360:
353:
292:
264:
88:
945:
595:
591:
521:
197:
172:
151:
92:
83:
73:
67:
33:
391:
on Leviticus 18:3, he does not consider it sexual intercourse proper.
1400:
1372:
1339:
1228:
1135:
1091:
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1075:
1059:
1052:
878:
863:
787:
620:
529:
517:
445:
441:
416:
412:
408:
380:
349:
303:
and allows her sons to be killed one by one before she herself dies.
280:
240:
233:
30:
528:. (Note: According to many Orthodox authorities, women count in the
77:, and even to the severest prohibitions, such as those relating to
1301:
1182:
1175:
579:; one would never be required to sacrifice oneself for one of the
388:
364:
325:
227:
387:
regards lesbian conduct as biblically prohibited on the basis of
453:
296:
917:
273:
252:
37:
493:, certain other special situations also require martyrdom.
724:"HebrewBooks.org - ืจืื"ื ืืืืืช ืืืกืืจื ืืืื ืคืจืง ืื ืืืื ื"
279:
A famous example can be found in the Babylonian Talmud
239:
The above three are ruled as being exceptions by the
1410:
1387:
1220:
1128:
1074:
1032:
954:
594:, which is strongly forbidden and condemned under
524:, any prohibition would be considered a matter of
695:Biblical law permits men to have multiple wives (
710:"Issurei Biah - Chapter Twenty One - Chabad.org"
115:, or "be killed but do not transgress").
881:Hilchot Yesodei Hatorah chapter five parts 1-3
511:, one is required to give one's life to avoid
929:
201:when a life is in danger, certain situations
8:
575:could potentially be considered a matter of
480:The following requirements are according to
344:, the types of sexual misconduct subject to
571:There is a further qualification: Only the
936:
922:
914:
29:Although rare, there are instances within
291:, a story associated with the holiday of
101:. Thus, the Torah generally asserts that
897:
895:
739:
737:
1007:(Stumbling block in front of the blind)
891:
652:
421:Homosexuality and Conservative Judaism
400:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards
7:
662:"Vote on Homosexuality and Halakhah"
398:In 2006 the Conservative movement's
332:Types of sexual misconduct involved
315:The exception for certain types of
178:Jewish views of religious pluralism
1309:Osek b'mitzvah patur min hamitzvah
127:, "giving over the soul").
14:
669:Living Law: A Journal of the CJLS
548:Resisting persecutions and crises
184:The requirement of self-sacrifice
1282:One commandment leads to another
611:(sanctification of God's name).
836:"Frimer, A., Women and Minyan.
367:. Adultery with a married man,
131:Preservation of life in Judaism
49:In general, a Jew must violate
991:(Sanctification of God's name)
1:
660:Nevins, Danny (2006-12-07).
444:is derived by logic, as the
381:modesty in dress and conduct
967:(Desecration of God's name)
287:7, and other sources about
1486:
500:
411:including prohibitions on
247:74a, the Talmud records: "
18:
430:Judaism and homosexuality
289:Hannah and her seven sons
124:
112:
62:
999:(Derogatory information)
205:one to give one's life.
1110:Forbidden relationships
840:23:4, pp. 54-77 (1988)"
636:Jewish views on suicide
352:state, bestiality, and
267:, is extrapolated from
1251:B'rov am hadrat melech
949:(Jewish religious law)
536:in Orthodox Judaism).
513:desecrating God's name
471:
209:Three exceptional sins
745:Judaism and Martyrdom
603:yehareg ve'al ya'avor
581:positive commandments
573:negative commandments
556:, and one is to have
554:yehareg ve'al ya'avor
474:Additional situations
462:
319:is extrapolated from
299:, Hannah defies King
263:The first exception,
189:Yehareg ve'al ya'avor
109:ye'hareg v'al ya'avor
59:ya'avor v'al ye'hareg
55:rabbinically mandated
16:Suicide in Jewish Law
1322:Positive commandment
1265:Dina d'malkhuta dina
1017:You shall not murder
641:Martyrdom in Judaism
605:is considered to be
577:yehareg v'al ya'avor
526:yehareg v'al ya'avor
503:Martyrdom in Judaism
464:Someone came before
346:Yehareg v'al ya'avor
342:Conservative Judaism
283:57b, the apocryphal
25:Martyrdom in Judaism
1221:Halakhic principles
975:(Theft of the mind)
371:, certain types of
51:biblically mandated
1465:Jewish ethical law
1395:Capital punishment
1042:Corpse uncleanness
812:"Sanhedrin 74a:20"
750:2012-02-29 at the
373:homosexual conduct
295:. Rather than eat
1452:
1451:
1115:Gender separation
440:The exception of
317:sexual immorality
311:Sexual immorality
224:sexual immorality
1477:
1359:Toch k'dei dibur
1169:Terumat hamaaser
983:(Theft of sleep)
938:
931:
924:
915:
908:
899:
884:
876:
870:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
842:. Archived from
832:
826:
825:
823:
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808:
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801:
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778:
777:
775:
774:
764:"Pesachim 25b:4"
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754:
741:
732:
731:
720:
714:
713:
706:
700:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
677:
671:. Archived from
666:
657:
497:Public martyrdom
393:Orthodox Judaism
359:Prohibitions by
338:Orthodox Judaism
126:
114:
64:
53:, and certainly
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1406:
1383:
1216:
1136:Sabbatical year
1124:
1070:
1028:
950:
942:
912:
911:
900:
893:
888:
887:
877:
873:
862:
858:
849:
847:
834:
833:
829:
820:
818:
816:www.sefaria.org
810:
809:
805:
796:
794:
792:www.sefaria.org
786:
785:
781:
772:
770:
768:www.sefaria.org
762:
761:
757:
752:Wayback Machine
742:
735:
728:hebrewbooks.org
722:
721:
717:
708:
707:
703:
694:
690:
681:
679:
675:
664:
659:
658:
654:
649:
617:
550:
505:
499:
476:
438:
361:Rabbinic decree
354:penile-anal sex
334:
313:
261:
211:
186:
133:
47:
36:that mandate a
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1470:Jewish martyrs
1467:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1366:Yad soledet bo
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1334:Self-sacrifice
1331:
1324:
1319:
1316:Pikuach nefesh
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1066:Ritual washing
1063:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1001:
993:
989:Kiddush hashem
985:
977:
973:Geneivat da'at
969:
965:Chillul hashem
960:
958:
952:
951:
943:
941:
940:
933:
926:
918:
910:
909:
901:Many MSS read
890:
889:
886:
885:
871:
856:
827:
803:
779:
755:
733:
715:
701:
688:
651:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
638:
633:
631:Pikuach nefesh
628:
626:Kiddush Hashem
623:
616:
613:
608:Kiddush Hashem
558:mesirat nefesh
549:
546:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
487:
486:
475:
472:
437:
434:
333:
330:
312:
309:
260:
257:
243:. In tractate
237:
236:
231:
226:prohibited by
220:
210:
207:
195:to transgress
185:
182:
162:Additionally,
132:
129:
121:mesirat nefesh
113:ืืืจื ืืื ืืขืืืจ
104:pikuach nefesh
63:ืืขืืืจ ืืื ืืืจื
46:
43:
21:Kiddush Hashem
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:High Holidays
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:Related boxes
1409:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1379:Relative hour
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1374:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1347:Shomea k'oneh
1344:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:
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1299:
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1269:
1267:
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1262:
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1255:
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1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
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1184:
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1178:
1177:
1173:
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1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:Agrarian laws
1127:
1121:
1120:Homosexuality
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
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1103:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1093:
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1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1034:Ritual purity
1031:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
992:
990:
986:
984:
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978:
976:
974:
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968:
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961:
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948:
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939:
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865:
860:
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846:on 2019-09-12
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793:
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769:
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746:
740:
738:
734:
729:
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719:
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711:
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702:
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689:
678:on 2007-08-20
674:
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629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
610:
609:
604:
599:
597:
593:
589:
586:According to
584:
582:
578:
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569:
566:
562:
559:
555:
547:
545:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
514:
510:
507:According to
504:
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478:
477:
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470:
467:
461:
459:
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1012:Noahide laws
1004:
996:
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981:Gezel sheina
980:
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848:. Retrieved
844:the original
837:
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819:. Retrieved
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791:
788:"Yoma 82b:1"
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771:. Retrieved
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673:the original
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1153:First tithe
1047:Handwashing
1023:Yetzer hara
1005:Lifnei iver
997:Lashon hara
448:states (on
369:fornication
321:Deuteronomy
269:Deuteronomy
1459:Categories
1388:Punishment
1295:Marit ayin
1163:Poor tithe
850:2021-09-18
821:2021-03-04
797:2021-03-04
773:2021-03-04
682:2007-08-09
647:References
596:Jewish law
588:Maimonides
509:Maimonides
491:Maimonides
482:Maimonides
427:acts. See
385:Maimonides
98:Yom Kippur
19:See also:
1353:Testimony
1276:derabanan
1272:De'oraita
1197:Sicaricon
1105:Sexuality
867:Sanhedrin
838:Tradition
484:(Rambam).
458:Sanhedrin
456:82b, and
417:seclusion
245:Sanhedrin
193:permitted
164:Leviticus
144:Leviticus
125:ืืกืืจืช ื ืคืฉ
1423:Passover
1240:beshogeg
1236:Bemeizid
1211:Kil'ayim
1190:Bikkurim
1099:Mechitza
748:Archived
743:Kaplan,
697:polygamy
615:See also
450:Pesachim
404:responsa
377:oral sex
336:In both
293:Hanukkah
265:idolatry
259:Idolatry
218:idolatry
89:Passover
45:Overview
1443:Kashrut
1429:Shabbat
1147:Terumah
1076:Modesty
946:Halakha
592:suicide
522:halakha
469:yours?"
413:contact
409:modesty
203:require
198:halakha
173:mitzvot
157:mitzvah
152:mitzvot
139:mitzvot
93:fasting
84:chametz
74:kashrut
68:Shabbat
1436:Sukkot
1401:Kareth
1373:Zmanim
1340:Shinuy
1258:Chumra
1244:beones
1242:, and
1229:Aveira
1204:Hallah
1141:Tithes
1092:Yichud
1085:Negiah
1060:Niddah
1053:Mikveh
956:Ethics
904:Rabbah
879:Rambam
869:P.74-B
864:Talmud
621:Duress
534:minyan
530:minyan
460:74a):
446:Talmud
442:murder
436:Murder
350:Niddah
281:Gittin
241:Talmud
234:murder
91:, and
31:Jewish
1302:Neder
1183:Orlah
1176:Demai
676:(PDF)
665:(PDF)
452:25b,
389:Sifra
365:Torah
326:Torah
228:Torah
167:19:16
1274:and
466:Rava
454:Yoma
415:and
340:and
297:pork
147:18:5
137:613
71:and
23:and
518:ten
274:God
253:Lod
95:on
87:on
38:Jew
34:law
1461::
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