Self-medication - Knowledge (XXG)

334:. Depressants produce feelings of relaxation and sedation, while relieving feelings of depression and anxiety. Though they are generally ineffective antidepressants, as most are short-acting, the rapid onset of alcohol and sedative/hypnotics softens rigid defenses and, in low to moderate doses, provides relief from depressive affect and anxiety. As alcohol also lowers inhibitions, alcohol is also hypothesized to be used by those who normally constrain emotions by attenuating intense emotions in high or obliterating doses, which allows them to express feelings of affection, aggression and closeness. Most patients that have been hospitalized for substance use or alcohol dependence reported using drugs in response to depressive symptoms. This type of misuse is more likely in men than in women. This makes diagnosing a psychiatric disorder very difficult in substance abusers, because of self medicating. 244:(e.g., the "high feeling", approval from peers), negative reinforcement (e.g. reduction of negative affect) and avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, all of which are seen in those who develop problematic drug use, but are not all found in all recreational drug users. While earlier behavioral formulations of drug dependence using operant conditioning maintained that positive and negative reinforcement were necessary for drug dependence, Duncan maintained that drug dependence was not maintained by positive reinforcement, but rather by negative reinforcement. Duncan applied a public health model to drug dependence, where the agent (the drug of choice) infects the host (the drug user) through a vector (e.g., peers), while the environment supports the disease process, through stressors and lack of support. 237:. According to Khantzian, drug dependent individuals generally experience more psychiatric distress than non-drug dependent individuals, and the development of drug dependence involves the gradual incorporation of the drug effects and the need to sustain these effects into the defensive structure-building activity of the ego itself. The addict's choice of drug is a result of the interaction between the psychopharmacologic properties of the drug and the affective states from which the addict was seeking relief. The drug's effects substitute for defective or non-existent ego mechanisms of defense. The addict's drug of choice, therefore, is not random. 612:

choice between ongoing poor mental health or quitting and recovering from their symptoms, decide on quitting alcohol or benzodiazepines or both. It has been noted that every individual has an individual sensitivity level to alcohol or sedative hypnotic drugs, and what one person can tolerate without ill health, may cause another to experience very ill health, and even moderate drinking can cause rebound anxiety syndrome and sleep disorders. A person experiencing the toxic effects of alcohol will not benefit from other therapies or medications, as these do not address the root cause of the symptoms.

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National Comorbidity Study demonstrated that only 15% of alcohol users and 15% of illicit drug users ever become dependent. A crucial determinant of whether a drug user develops drug abuse is the presence or absence of negative reinforcement, which is experienced by problematic users, but not by recreational users. According to Duncan, drug dependence is an avoidance behavior, where an individual finds a drug that produces a temporary escape from a problem, and taking the drug is reinforced as an operant behavior.

284:, it may evoke and/or exacerbate some symptoms of several kinds of mental illnesses that are already latently present, and may lead to addiction or physical dependency, among other side effects of long-term use of the drug. This does not differ significantly from the potential effects of drugs provided by physicians, which are equally capable of producing dependency and/or addiction and also have side effects arising from long-term use. 755:, and 17.5% reported self-medicating with both. Overall, the total prevalence of reported self-medication with one or both classes of anti-infective agents within the past month was 73.9%. Furthermore, according to the associated study, data indicated that self-medication "varies significantly with a number of socio-economic characteristics" and the "main reason that was indicated for the self-medication was financial constraints". 248:(2) the individual's preference for a particular drug is based on its psychopharmacological properties. The individual's drug of choice is determined through experimentation, whereby the interaction of the main effects of the drug, the individual's inner psychological turmoil, and underlying personality traits identify the drug that produces the desired effects. 544:. As research suggests that psychological pain and physiological pain both share the same underlying mechanism, it is likely that under the self-medication hypothesis some or most recreational opioid users are attempting to alleviate psychological pain with opioids in the same way opioids are used to treat physiological pain. 660:

In 89% of countries, antibiotics can be prescribed only by a doctor and supplied only by a pharmacy. Self-medication with antibiotics is defined as "the taking of medicines on one's own initiative or on another person's suggestion, who is not a certified medical professional". It has been identified

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Khantzian revisited the SMH, suggesting there is more evidence that psychiatric symptoms, rather than personality styles, lie at the heart of drug use disorders. Khantzian specified that the two crucial aspects of the SMH were that (1) drugs of abuse produce a relief from psychological suffering and

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Moseson, Heidi; Bullard, Kimberley A.; Cisternas, Carolina; Grosso, Belén; Vera, Verónica; Gerdts, Caitlin (August 2020). "Effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion between 13 and 24 weeks gestation: A retrospective review of case records from accompaniment groups in Argentina, Chile, and

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where it may be lacking, self-medication can pose a risk to both the patient and community as a whole. The reasons behind self-medication are unique to each region and can relate to health system, societal, economic, health factors, gender, and age. Risks include allergies, lack of cure, and even

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and is implicated in the drug-seeking behavior expressed nearly universally across all documented addiction syndromes. This long-term dysregulation of glutamate transmission is associated with an increase in vulnerability to both relapse-events after re-exposure to drug-use triggers as well as an

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Sometimes anxiety precedes alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence but the alcohol or benzodiazepine dependence acts to keep the anxiety disorders going, often progressively making them worse. However, some people addicted to alcohol or benzodiazepines, when it is explained to them that they have a

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As different drugs have different effects, they may be used for different reasons. According to the self-medication hypothesis (SMH), the individuals' choice of a particular drug is not accidental or coincidental, but instead, a result of the individuals' psychological condition, as the drug of

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Sometimes self-medication or DIY medicine occurs because patients disagree with a doctor's interpretation of their condition, to access experimental therapies that are not available to the public, or because of legal bans on healthcare, as in the case of some transgender people or women seeking

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Meanwhile, Duncan's work focuses on the difference between recreational and problematic drug use. Data obtained in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study demonstrated that only 20% of drug users ever experience an episode of drug abuse (Anthony & Helzer, 1991), while data obtained from the

672:. Many people resort to that out of necessity when access to a physician is unavailable because of lockdowns and GP surgery closures, or when the patients have a limited amount of time or money to see a prescribing doctor. While being cited as an important alternative to a formal 684:

is also a problem for higher-income countries. In the European Union the average prevalence was 7% in 2016 with the highest rates in southern countries. There are high rates of self-medication with antibiotics in Russia (83%), Central America (19%) and Latin America (14-26%) too.

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is hypothesized to function as a compensatory means to modulate effects and treat distressful psychological states, whereby individuals choose the drug that will most appropriately manage their specific type of psychiatric distress and help them achieve emotional stability.

571:. Depressant properties are more obvious in occasional users, and stimulating properties are more common in chronic users. Khantzian noted that research had not sufficiently addressed a theoretical mechanism for cannabis, and therefore did not include it in the SMH. 294:

Due to the different effects of the different classes of drugs, the SMH postulates that the appeal of a specific class of drugs differs from person to person. In fact, some drugs may be aversive for individuals for whom the effects could worsen affective deficits.

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Self medicating is a very common precursor to full addictions and the habitual use of any addictive drug has been demonstrated to greatly increase the risk of addiction to additional substances due to long-term neuronal changes. Addiction to any/every

159:, implicit in, or closely related to the right to refuse professional medical treatment. Self-medication can cause unintentional self-harm. Self-medication with antibiotics has been identified as one of the primary reasons for the evolution of 901:

medicine. Proportionally, boys were much more likely to self-medicate using conventional medicine than herbal medicine as compared with girls, a phenomenon which was theorized to be influenced by their relative earning potential.

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with medication is safe and effective, but is illegal in some jurisdictions. Before the current medication had been developed and in places where abortion is illegal, people may resort to unsafe methods of self-managed abortion.

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often makes the symptoms of anxiety or depression worse. This is believed to occur as a result of the changes in brain chemistry from long-term use. Of those who seek help from mental health services for conditions including

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Self-medication can be defined as the use of drugs to treat an illness or symptom when the user is not a medically qualified professional. The term is also used to include the use of drugs outside their license or off-label.

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Crum, Rosa M.; La Flair, Lareina; Storr, Carla L.; Green, Kerry M.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Alvanzo, Anika A. H.; Lazareck, Samuel; Bolton, James M.; Robinson, Jennifer; Sareen, Jitender; Mojtabai, Ramin (20 December 2012).

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Generally speaking, self-medication is defined as "the use of drugs to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms".

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Torres NF, Chibi B, Middleton LE, Solomon VP, Mashamba-Thompson TP (March 2019). "Evidence of factors influencing self-medication with antibiotics in low and middle-income countries: a systematic scoping review".

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Geissler, P.W .; K. Nokes; R. J. Prince; R. Achieng Odhiambo; J. Aagaard-Hansen; J. H. Ouma (June 2000). "Children and medicines: self-treatment of common illnesses among Luo school children in western Kenya".

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Hall, Alexandra; Koenraadt, Rosa; Antonopoulos, Georgios A. (December 2017). "Illicit pharmaceutical networks in Europe: organising the illicit medicine market in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands".

820:. One review found that "the quality of glucose control achieved with DIY AID systems is impressively good". With DIY brain stimulation, individuals with depression create their own devices to access an 233:

According to Khantzian's view of addiction, drug users compensate for deficient ego function by using a drug as an "ego solvent", which acts on parts of the self that are cut off from consciousness by

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as self-administered medicines. These claims have been criticized as inaccurate by independent researchers. Unverified and unregulated third-party health claims are used to market dietary supplements.

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Anthony, J., Warner, L., & Kessler, R. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Study.

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Nicotine addiction seems to worsen mental health problems. Nicotine withdrawal depresses mood, increases anxiety and stress, and disrupts sleep. Although nicotine products temporarily relieve their

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Jannini, Emmanuele A.; Lenzi, Andrea; Isidori, Andrea; Fabbri, Andrea (September 2006). "COMMENTARY: Subclinical Erectile Dysfunction: Proposal for a Novel Taxonomic Category in Sexual Medicine".

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by helping individuals break through their inhibitions. Some reviews suggest that students use psychostimulants to self medicate for underlying conditions, such as ADHD, depression or anxiety.

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Stiglmayr CE, Grathwol T, Linehan MM, Ihorst G, Fahrenberg J, Bohus M (May 2005). "Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: a computer-based controlled field study".

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induced by ibuprofen, or the consequences of exceeding the recommended doses of paracetamol by combining doses of the generic product with proprietary flu-remedies and Tylex (paracetamol and

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has claimed that nicotine is both less harmful and therapeutic for people with mental illness, and is a form of self-medication. This claim has been criticised by independent researchers.

1485: 5589: 525:, and anti-depressants, however, people tend to self-medicate anxiety and depression with depressants and stimulants respectively, though this is by no means an absolute analysis. 619:

symptoms, an addiction causes stress and mood to be worse on average, due to mild withdrawal symptoms between hits. Nicotine addicts need the nicotine to temporarily feel normal.

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Meerwijk, EL, Ford, JM, & Weiss, SJ. (2012). "Brain regions associated with psychological pain: implications for a neural network and its relationship to physical pain".

387:(ADHD), which can either be diagnosed or undiagnosed. Because a significant portion of people with ADHD have not been diagnosed they are more prone to using stimulants like 1997:

Khantzian, E.J., Halliday, K.S., & McAuliffe, W.E. (1990). Addiction and the vulnerable self: Modified dynamic group therapy for drug abusers. New York: Guilford Press.

955:, or receive counterfeit medication. Selling prescription drugs to people without a valid prescription is illegal in many jurisdictions and can be considered an example of 6757: 6271: 1753:

D. Bowen; G. Kisuule; H. Ogasawara; Ch. J. P. Siregar; G. A. Williams; C. Hall; G. Lingam; S. Mann; J. A. Reinstein; M. Couper; J. Idänpään-Heikkilä; J. Yoshida (2000),

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Michelini S; Cassano GB; Frare F; Perugi G (July 1996). "Long-term use of benzodiazepines: tolerance, dependence and clinical problems in anxiety and mood disorders".

2708: 2608: 2414: 2357: 2111: 959:. In a 2021 article, Jack E. Fincham argues that unlicensed sales of prescription drugs online are a significant public health threat. It is also possible to obtain 6011: 528:

Modern research into novel antidepressants targeting opioid receptors suggests that endogenous opioid dysregulation may play a role in medical conditions including

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Duncan, D.F., & Gold, R.S. (1983). Cultivating drug use: A strategy for the 80s. Bulletin of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 2, 143-147.

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Parrott AC (March 2006). "Nicotine psychobiology: how chronic-dose prospective studies can illuminate some of the theoretical issues from acute-dose research".

1593: 4062:"Recurrent themes in the history of the home use of electrical stimulation: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and the medical battery (1870–1920)" 688:

Two significant issues with self-medication are the lack of knowledge of the public on, firstly, the dangerous effects of certain antimicrobials (for example,

1053: 6542: 2064: 383:, produce improvements in physical and mental functioning, including increased energy and alertness. Stimulants tend to be most widely used by people with 6702: 1619: 6297: 3266:

Chen, Can; Patterson, Benjamin; Simpson, Ruan; Li, Yanli; Chen, Zhangzhang; Lv, Qianzhou; Guo, Daqiao; Li, Xiaoyu; Fu, Weiguo; Guo, Baolei (2022-08-09).

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in which an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administer treatment for physical or psychological conditions, for example

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Stevenson, R; MacWalter, R; Harmse, J (1 June 2001). "Mortality during the winter flu epidemic--two cases of death associated with self-medication".

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overall increase in the likelihood of developing addiction to other reinforcing drugs. Drugs which help to re-stabilize the glutamate system such as

7009: 6188: 3478:"Prior Knowledge, Older Age, and Higher Allowance Are Risk Factors for Self-Medication with Antibiotics among University Students in Southern China" 2866:

Cosci F; Schruers KR; Abrams K; Griez EJ (Jun 2007). "Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a direct relationship".

384: 1173:"Mitigating risks of students use of study drugs through understanding motivations for use and applying harm reduction theory: a literature review" 6767: 6307: 5986: 415:

can result in self-medication with these drugs by individuals affected with ADHD symptoms. This self medication can effectively prevent them from

172: 3158:"Household antimicrobial self-medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the burden, risk factors and outcomes in developing countries" 3807: 3327:"Fluoroquinolone-associated suspected tendonitis and tendon rupture: A pharmacovigilance analysis from 2016 to 2021 based on the FAERS database" 240:

While Khantzian takes a psychodynamic approach to self-medication, Duncan's model focuses on behavioral factors. Duncan described the nature of

6997: 6667: 6198: 6677: 5996: 5539: 3827: 786:, and obesity are often purchased online by people who have no diagnosis or prescription. In 2017, the United Kingdom legalized the sale of 7048: 6276: 5191: 2622:

Eisenberger, Naomi I.; Lieberman, Matthew D. (Jul 2004). "Why rejection hurts: a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain".

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individuals use stimulants to maintain their restlessness and heighten euphoria. Additionally, stimulants are useful to individuals with

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Bandelow; Schmahl; Falkai; Wedekind (April 2010). "Borderline personality disorder: a dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system?".

1728: 6717: 6091: 5372: 4549: 751:, 48.1% of respondents reported self-medicating with antibiotics within the past 30 days, whereas 43.4% reported self-medicating with 2228:"Reports of Drinking to Self-Medicate Anxiety Symptoms: Longitudinal Assessment for Subgroups of Individuals with Alcohol Dependence" 1294: 6737: 6722: 6692: 6547: 6457: 6143: 6108: 5460: 5211: 4648: 4354:

Lavorgna, Anita (March 2015). "The online trade in counterfeit pharmaceuticals: New criminal opportunities, trends and challenges".

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Lavorgna, Anita (March 2015). "The online trade in counterfeit pharmaceuticals: New criminal opportunities, trends and challenges".

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Products are marketed by manufacturers as useful for self-medication, sometimes on the basis of questionable evidence. Claims that

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have been known to self-medicate, as well as many individuals without this diagnosis who have experienced psychological trauma.

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Berer, Marge (2020). "Reconceptualizing safe abortion and abortion services in the age of abortion pills: A discussion paper".

3209:"Determinants of Self-Medication With Antibiotics in European and Anglo-Saxon Countries: A Systematic Review of the Literature" 1702: 911: 771: 770:

One area of DIY medicine is self-administered pharmaceutical drugs that are obtained without a prescription, as in the case of

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Ekekezie, Chiazotam; Perler, Bryce K.; Wexler, Anna; Duff, Catherine; Lillis, Christian John; Kelly, Colleen R. (April 2020).

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students, 57% reported self-medicating. The type of drugs most frequently used for self-medication were antibiotics (31%),

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Edenfield, Avery C.; Holmes, Steve; Colton, Jared S. (3 July 2019). "Queering Tactical Technical Communication: DIY HRT".

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Khantzian E.J. (1997). "The self-medication hypothesis of drug use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications".

1369: 956: 805: 540:. BPD is typically characterized by sensitivity to rejection, isolation, and perceived failure, all of which are forms of 6752: 6742: 6697: 6682: 6662: 6652: 6627: 6607: 6537: 6497: 6487: 6477: 3476:

Pan, Hui; Binglin Cui; Dangui Zhang; Jeremy Farrar; Frieda Law; William Ba-Thein (2012-07-20). Fielding, Richard (ed.).

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Burnside, Mercedes; Crocket, Hamish; Mayo, Michael; Pickering, John; Tappe, Adrian; de Bock, Martin (September 2020).

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Peciña, Marta; Karp, Jordan F; Mathew, Sanjay; Todtenkopf, Mark S; Ehrich, Elliot W; Zubieta, Jon-Kar (April 2019).

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Self-medication is often seen as gaining personal independence from established medicine, and it can be seen as a

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Mee, S, Bunney, BG, Reist, C, Potkin, SG, & Bunney, WE. (2006). "Psychological pain: a review of evidence".

790:(Viagra) over the counter in part to cut down on the number of men buying it online from unlicensed pharmacies. 5579: 4522: 4233:"Self-medication practice among undergraduate medical students in a tertiary care medical college, West Bengal" 662: 160: 2788:

Wetterling T; Junghanns K (Dec 2000). "Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence".

2052: 4013:""Do It Yourself" (DIY)—Automated Insulin Delivery (AID) Systems: Current Status From a German Point of View" 2135: 30:

This article is about drug use without supervision of a physician. For the operant conditioning concept, see

7063: 6261: 6228: 6218: 6168: 6163: 5788: 5107: 5102: 3845:"When open source design is vital: critical making of DIY healthcare equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic" 1019: 704:) and, secondly, broad microbial resistance and when to seek medical care if the infection is not clearing. 597: 424: 349: 75:

drugs and dietary supplements, which are used to treat common health issues at home. These do not require a

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Browne; Jacobson; Lucki (February 2020). "Novel Targets to Treat Depression: Opioid-Based Therapeutics".

7078: 6223: 6178: 6138: 5594: 4836: 4558: 2702: 2602: 2408: 2351: 2105: 960: 793: 783: 168: 4488: 2078: 3038:"Global Database for Tracking Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Country Self- Assessment Survey (TrACSS)" 2277:"The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications" 6951: 6843: 6256: 6213: 6153: 6081: 6054: 5574: 5549: 5519: 5514: 5340: 5141: 3489: 2481: 1024: 941: 921: 779: 669: 122: 79: 559:

in that it simultaneously produces stimulating, sedating and mildly psychedelic properties and both

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originating from the prolonged presence of negative symptoms of undiagnosed ADHD, which can impair

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Kingon, Angus (2012). "Non-prescription medications: considerations for the dental practitioner".

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Khantzian E.J. (2003). "The self-medication hypothesis revisited: The dually diagnosed patient".

1866: 1516: 1344: 1325: 620: 601: 541: 462:, especially in individuals thought to have ADHD. The SMH also hypothesizes that hyperactive and 280:, or other mind-altering drugs. While this may provide immediate relief of some symptoms such as 269: 149: 134: 141:" such as Adderall, Ritalin, and Concerta has been widely reported and discussed in literature. 3107:"The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies" 7038: 6936: 6916: 6507: 6312: 6044: 5841: 5783: 5295: 5028: 4701: 4535: 4466: 4448: 4336: 4262: 4254: 4213: 4195: 4156: 4138: 4089: 4081: 4042: 3990: 3941: 3866: 3823: 3780: 3737: 3701: 3683: 3587: 3517: 3450: 3415: 3366: 3348: 3307: 3289: 3248: 3230: 3189: 3156:

Ocan, M; Obuku, EA; Bwanga, F; Akena, D; Richard, S; Ogwal-Okeng, J; Obua, C (1 August 2015).

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The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence.

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People trying to buy pharmaceutical drugs online without a prescription may be the victim of

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Self-medication with antibiotics is an unsuitable way of using them but a common practice in

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Khantzian, E.J. (1999). Treating addiction as a human process. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.

1850: 1674: 1658: 1565: 1547: 1500: 1456: 1448: 1309: 1262: 1246: 1202: 1184: 1029: 1014: 825: 641: 589: 529: 215: 110: 72: 1755:"Guidelines for the Regulatory Assessment of Medicinal Products for use in Self-Medication" 6941: 6890: 6828: 6327: 6302: 5846: 5768: 5758: 5529: 5524: 5407: 5345: 5322: 4966: 4956: 2142: 2023:"The acquisition, maintenance and treatment of polydrug dependence: A public health model" 968: 801: 775: 552: 522: 494: 420: 408: 396: 372: 319: 277: 219: 118: 106: 2526:"The neural bases of social pain: Evidence for shared representations with physical pain" 2022: 1754: 893:

children in western Kenya found that 19% reported engaging in self-treatment with either

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In a questionnaire designed to evaluate self-medication rates amongst the population of

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tested so far has been correlated with an enduring reduction in the expression of GLT1 (

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to obtain and, in some countries, are available in supermarkets and convenience stores.

6838: 6804: 6779: 6369: 6086: 5912: 5902: 5816: 5725: 5665: 5609: 5362: 5317: 5217: 4604: 4594: 4461: 4436: 4208: 4175: 4151: 4116: 4037: 4012: 4008: 3985: 3960: 3936: 3911: 3696: 3663: 3512: 3477: 3410: 3386:"Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention" 3385: 3361: 3326: 3302: 3267: 3243: 3208: 3184: 3157: 3133: 3106: 3014: 2989: 2922: 2905: 2550: 2525: 2456: 2429: 2252: 2227: 2153: 1679: 1646: 1570: 1535: 1461: 1437:"Self-medication and antibiotic resistance: Crisis, current challenges, and prevention" 1436: 1267: 1234: 1207: 1172: 1088: 1004: 847: 759: 697: 628: 593: 580: 514: 506: 467: 343: 261: 98: 57: 4324: 2801: 7032: 6911: 6885: 6880: 6794: 6357: 6317: 5937: 5917: 5826: 5753: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5660: 5456: 5256: 5239: 5207: 4986: 4927: 4792: 4724: 4706: 4677: 4644: 4626: 4421: 4375: 3961:"Prescribing unapproved medical devices? The case of DIY artificial pancreas systems" 3792: 3749: 3626: 3583: 3556: 2844: 2586: 2494: 2400: 1380: 1345:"Dietary Supplement Marketing - Rethinking the Use of Third Party Material | MLM Law" 844: 689: 673: 230:. The SMH was later expanded to include alcohol, and finally all drugs of addiction. 130: 4101: 3462: 3325:

Shu, Yamin; Zhang, Qilin; He, Xucheng; Liu, Yanxin; Wu, Pan; Chen, Li (2022-09-06).

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choice provides relief to the user specific to his or her condition. Specifically,

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Comprehensive Drug Self-administration and Discrimination Bibliographic Databases

3502: 2990:"Potential role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of substance use disorders" 2541: 2384: 1941:

Duncan D.F. (1974a). "Reinforcement of drug abuse: Implications for prevention".

6246: 6193: 6183: 6148: 6133: 6039: 5877: 5745: 5700: 5622: 5599: 5332: 5290: 4998: 4861: 4787: 4742: 4672: 4589: 964: 855: 837: 813: 681: 439: 156: 17: 3679: 3446: 3401: 3207:

Lescure, Dominique; Paget, John; Schellevis, Francois; van Dijk, Liset (2018).

3075: 2831:

Cowley DS (Jan 1, 1992). "Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and panic disorder".

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injectors. Some people with insulin-dependent diabetes have created their own

787: 733: 564: 560: 518: 510: 451: 412: 331: 327: 138: 86: 4452: 4367: 4258: 4199: 4142: 4085: 4028: 3976: 3927: 3687: 3618: 3352: 3293: 3284: 3234: 3225: 2190: 1670: 1561: 1410: 1258: 1198: 6833: 6789: 6337: 6332: 5907: 5892: 5867: 5715: 5710: 5695: 5690: 5650: 5627: 5564: 5421: 5394: 5278: 5136: 5119: 5092: 5008: 4971: 4961: 4934: 4905: 4866: 4853: 4831: 4802: 4599: 4249: 4232: 2166: 2125:

Self-Medication With Alcohol and Drugs by Persons With Severe Mental Illness

1789:

Awad, Abdelmoneim; Idris Eltayeb; Lloyd Matowe; Lukman Thalib (2005-08-12).

1250: 874: 851: 719: 708: 490: 463: 455: 435: 416: 400: 360: 176: 137:. In postsecondary (university and college) students, self-medication with " 76: 4470: 4340: 4266: 4217: 4160: 4093: 4046: 3994: 3945: 3870: 3784: 3741: 3705: 3640: 3591: 3521: 3454: 3419: 3370: 3311: 3252: 3193: 3142: 3083: 3023: 2966: 2887: 2809: 2686: 2643: 2594: 2559: 2502: 2465: 2392: 2343: 2276: 2261: 2053:

http://www.addictioninfo.org/articles/263/1/Cultivating-Drug-Use/Page1.html

1806: 1688: 1579: 1512: 1486:"The Other Side of Medicalization: Self-Medicalization and Self-Medication" 1470: 1418: 1321: 1276: 1216: 3819: 2931: 2852: 2766: 2758: 2300: 2198: 1862: 1594:"This Drug Could Be the Next Ozempic. Bootlegs Are Already Selling Online" 458:

and contentment with one's life, so stimulants may be useful for treating

5836: 5730: 5632: 5355: 5286: 5244: 5234: 5202: 5197: 5162: 4976: 4883: 4843: 4819: 4772: 4667: 4662: 4636: 2879: 952: 937: 809: 744: 730: 722: 649: 486: 392: 388: 380: 376: 311: 307: 145: 61: 4527: 5947: 5808: 5466: 5429: 5377: 5367: 5350: 5222: 4991: 4917: 4737: 4657: 4412: 4332: 4176:"Understanding the Scope of Do-It-Yourself Fecal Microbiota Transplant" 3959:

Roberts, Joseph T.F.; Moore, Victoria; Quigley, Muireann (March 2021).

1620:"Barriers to trans care lead some to embrace a do-it-yourself approach" 972: 737: 645: 584: 568: 556: 443: 404: 364: 303: 281: 273: 227: 114: 65: 4282:"Self-Medication among Allopathic medical Doctors in Karnataka, India" 2723: 2165:

Weiss, Roger D.; Griffin, Margaret L.; Mirin, Steven M. (1992-01-01).

940:

have historically been among the prevailing factors that lead to such

222:, and a response to Khantzian by Duncan. The SMH initially focused on 5897: 5831: 5300: 5146: 5126: 4888: 4812: 4777: 4716: 4133: 2335: 2243: 1552: 999: 716: 632: 482: 478: 223: 126: 5033: 4871: 4824: 4687: 3765:

Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

2167:"Drug Abuse as Self-Medication for Depression: An Empirical Study" 948: 916:

Self-medication is highly regulated in much of the world and many

878: 841: 762:, 47.8% of respondents reported self-medicating with antibiotics. 748: 726: 4496:

International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives

3037: 2906:"Alcohol and benzodiazepines generate anxiety, panic and phobias" 1233:

Prochaska, Judith J.; Hall, Sharon M.; Bero, Lisa A. (May 2008).

430:

Stimulants also can be beneficial for individuals who experience

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McClure EA, Gipson CD, Malcolm RJ, Kalivas PW, Gray KM (2014).

1387:

Journal of Medical Ethics 26 July 2012, accessed 20 August 2013

579:

Self-medicating excessively for prolonged periods of time with

352:

commonly use alcohol to overcome their highly set inhibitions.

5705: 5131: 4898: 4513: 1920:

Khantzian, E.J., Mack, J.F., & Schatzberg, A.F. (1974).

509:. Opiates are hypothesized to be used as self-medication for 214:

The self-medication hypothesis (SMH) originated in papers by

4487:

Jain, Sonam; Reetesh Malvi; Jeetendra Kumar Purviya (2011).

171:. Other reasons for relying on DIY medical care is to avoid 1399:

Annals of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons

264:

attempt to correct their illnesses by using certain drugs.

6022:

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

501:. This binding reduces the perception of and reaction to 1922:

Heroin use as an attempt to cope: Clinical observations.

419:

with ADHD and receiving treatment with stimulants like

105:, and other forms of behavior to alleviate symptoms of 71:

The substances most widely used in self-medication are

1384: 774:

which is common among trans people. Prescription-only

1087:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 644:

have been proposed for the treatment of addiction to

403:

concerning the effects of illicit substances such as

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Randall, Ph.D. 1784: 1782: 1780: 1536:"Mapping the Landscape of Do-it-Yourself Medicine" 1435:Rather IA, Kim BC, Bajpai VK, Park YH (May 2017). 873:Another study indicated that 53% of physicians in 442:, however in some cases depression may occur as a 3105:Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN (2017-05-15). 1795:Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 1381:Three arguments against prescription requirements 758:Similarly, in a survey of university students in 2007: 2005: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1916: 1914: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1056:. World Self-Medication Industry. Archived from 125:. Such treatment may cause serious detriment to 93:is often specifically in relation to the use of 3886:"Meet the Anarchists Making Their Own Medicine" 2136:Mental Illness: The Challenge Of Dual Diagnosis 1983:American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 1259–1264. 1729:"Meet the Anarchists Making Their Own Medicine" 5570:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 3111:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2899: 2897: 2171:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2077:Nicholson T., Duncan D.F., White J.B. (2002). 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1295:"Cigarette-derived nicotine is not a medicine" 27:Unsupervised use of drugs and other substances 4543: 1924:American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 160-164. 881:reported self-administration of antibiotics. 8: 4231:Banerjee, I.; T. Bhadury (April–June 2012). 3664:"Self-Managed Abortion in the United States" 2707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2607:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2413:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2356:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2110:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2065:Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1647:"Self-Managed Abortion in the United States" 1228: 1226: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1160: 567:properties, depending on the individual and 920:are available for administration only upon 707:Also inappropriate use of over-the-counter 6409: 6398: 6387: 6298:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 5976: 5965: 5497: 5484: 5080: 4577: 4566: 4550: 4536: 4528: 4017:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3916:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 1302:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 4460: 4411: 4248: 4207: 4150: 4132: 4036: 3984: 3935: 3860: 3695: 3668:Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports 3511: 3501: 3409: 3360: 3342: 3301: 3283: 3242: 3224: 3183: 3173: 3132: 3122: 3013: 2921: 2549: 2455: 2445: 2251: 1963:American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 174. 1961:Letter: Drug abuse as a coping mechanism. 1678: 1651:Current Obstetrics and Gynecology Reports 1569: 1551: 1460: 1266: 1206: 1188: 6272:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 4286:British Journal of Medical Practitioners 4180:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 1288: 1286: 1081:"Distressed doctors pushed to the limit" 385:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 6308:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 5363:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids 3662:Verma, Nisha; Grossman, Daniel (2023). 2213:Social anxiety disorder and alcohol use 1645:Verma, Nisha; Grossman, Daniel (2023). 1045: 173:health care prices in the United States 6199:Office of National Drug Control Policy 5987:International drug control conventions 4489:"Concept of Self Medication: A Review" 2700: 2600: 2406: 2349: 2103: 268:is often self-medicated by the use of 148:has medicinal value have been used to 5540:List of cannabis rights organizations 3641:"Viagra can be sold over the counter" 1484:Fainzang, Sylvie (1 September 2013). 1430: 1428: 1370:Benefits and risks of self-medication 828:as a treatment for various diseases. 344:Alcohol (drug) § Self-medication 7: 4121:Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 3390:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 3272:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2215:. Alcohol Research and Health, 2002. 1540:Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 1441:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 713:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 4441:American Health & Drug Benefits 3812:Inspiring a Medico-Legal Revolution 3734:10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.015 2722:Professor C Heather Ashton (1987). 6092:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 2079:"Is recreational drug use normal?" 1141:. Tampa Bay Online. Archived from 1137:Howard Altman (October 10, 2010). 1110:Vivek Benegal (October 12, 2010). 818:automated insulin delivery systems 25: 6109:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 3884:Oberhaus, Daniel (26 July 2018). 3843:Richterich, Annika (3 May 2020). 3808:"DIY Abortion and Harm Reduction" 3537:Technical Communication Quarterly 1727:Oberhaus, Daniel (26 July 2018). 1493:Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 1171:Abelman, Dor David (2017-10-06). 1118:from the original on Jan 20, 2011 1112:"Addicted to alcohol? Here's why" 226:use, but a follow-up paper added 6114:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 6008:Other treaties addressing drugs 4237:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 4011:; Lange, Karin (November 2020). 3584:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00287.x 2587:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.03.003 2495:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00466.x 800:Another area is the creation of 36:Self-medication (disambiguation) 6947:Regulation of therapeutic goods 6871:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 6432:Opium production in Afghanistan 4435:Fincham, Jack E. (March 2021). 4356:European Journal of Criminology 3607:European Journal of Criminology 2575:Journal of Psychiatric Research 2275:Khantzian, E J (Jan–Feb 1997). 975:online without a prescription. 924:by licensed medical personnel. 912:Regulation of therapeutic goods 832:Physicians and medical students 824:. Other people self-administer 772:DIY transgender hormone therapy 538:borderline personality disorder 6895:of tobacco or other substances 3572:The Journal of Sexual Medicine 2154:Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 2039:10.1080/02791072.1975.10472000 1139:"Military suicide rates surge" 460:treatment-resistant depression 289:post-traumatic stress disorder 1: 6927:Needle and syringe programmes 6876:Long-term effects of cannabis 6277:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 6204:School district drug policies 4325:10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00428-1 4313:Social Science & Medicine 4192:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000499 4060:Wexler, Anna (1 March 2017). 3862:10.1080/14461242.2020.1784772 3777:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.07.012 3549:10.1080/10572252.2019.1607906 2802:10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00519-8 1079:Kirstin Murray (2010-11-10). 957:transnational organized crime 5997:1971 Psychotropic Substances 3503:10.1371/journal.pone.0041314 2845:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90136-Y 2728:British Journal of Addiction 2542:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182464dd1 2385:10.1097/HRP.0000000000000242 2281:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2027:Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 1943:Clinical Toxicology Bulletin 1843:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 399:to mitigate their symptoms. 7049:Substance-related disorders 6785:Pharmaceutical distribution 6422:Coca production in Colombia 5873:Counterculture of the 1960s 621:Nicotine industry marketing 330:that lower inhibitions via 7100: 6957:Substance abuse prevention 6932:Opioid replacement therapy 3680:10.1007/s13669-023-00354-x 3447:10.1177/003693300104600307 3402:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004 3213:Frontiers in Public Health 3076:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.11.018 2904:Cohen SI (February 1995). 2636:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010 1663:10.1007/s13669-023-00354-x 1453:10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.004 1054:"What is self-Medication?" 909: 858:(18%), antiulcerics (9%), 600:, approximately half have 341: 201:Self-medication hypothesis 29: 6962:Supervised injection site 6397: 6386: 6252:Anabolic steroid legality 6017:Convention Against Doping 6012:Law of the Sea Convention 5975: 5964: 5943:Urban legends about drugs 5496: 5483: 4576: 4565: 4404:10.1007/s12117-017-9304-9 4392:Trends in Organized Crime 4078:10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.081 3965:Medical Law International 3344:10.3389/fphar.2022.990241 3331:Frontiers in Pharmacology 3175:10.1186/s12889-015-2109-3 3124:10.1186/s13756-017-0208-x 3006:10.1007/s40263-014-0142-x 2959:10.1007/s00213-005-0294-y 2679:10.1007/s11682-012-9179-y 2447:10.1038/s41380-018-0117-2 2293:10.3109/10673229709030550 2183:10.3109/00952999208992825 2098:10.3109/14659890209169340 1855:10.3109/10673229709030550 1766:World Health Organization 1505:10.1007/s11013-013-9330-2 1314:10.3109/15622970309167951 1293:Parrott AC (April 2003). 1190:10.1186/s12954-017-0194-6 606:benzodiazepine dependence 196:Psychology and psychiatry 6758:Turks and Caicos Islands 6267:Methamphetamine legality 5580:Marijuana Policy Project 4571:Major recreational drugs 4523:Medical Subject Headings 4368:10.1177/1477370814554722 4029:10.1177/1932296819889641 3977:10.1177/0968533221997510 3928:10.1177/1932296819890623 3619:10.1177/1477370814554722 3435:Scottish Medical Journal 3285:10.3389/fcvm.2022.949538 3226:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00370 2524:Eisenberger, NI (2012). 2086:Journal of Substance Use 1979:Khantzian, E.J. (1985). 1351:. MLM Law Resources site 663:antimicrobial resistance 517:. Opiates are effective 505:, while also increasing 161:antimicrobial resistance 5535:Cannabis rights leaders 4250:10.4103/0022-3859.97175 3849:Health Sociology Review 3806:Jackson, Emily (2015). 1020:Psychedelic microdosing 808:for protection against 778:such as those to treat 450:, resulting in lack of 350:social anxiety disorder 260:Some people who have a 218:, Mack and Schatzberg, 89:surrounding the use of 6343:Politics of drug abuse 5311:Mandragora officinarum 4280:Nalini, G. K. (2010). 3042:amrcountryprogress.org 2530:Psychosomatic Medicine 2232:Depression and Anxiety 1959:Duncan, D.F. (1974b). 1239:Schizophrenia Bulletin 1177:Harm Reduction Journal 985:Biodiversity and drugs 822:experimental treatment 499:gastrointestinal tract 324:central nervous system 242:positive reinforcement 34:. For other uses, see 6703:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6002:1988 Drug Trafficking 5595:Cannabis and religion 4559:Recreational drug use 4115:WEXLER, ANNA (2022). 3820:10.4324/9781315588797 2759:10.1055/s-2007-979558 1534:WEXLER, ANNA (2022). 1251:10.1093/schbul/sbm117 961:controlled substances 794:Self-managed abortion 784:male pattern baldness 169:self-induced abortion 7074:Psychological stress 7059:Substance dependence 6952:Responsible drug use 6763:United Arab Emirates 6082:Drug Policy Alliance 5970:Legality of drug use 5575:Legality of cannabis 5550:Cannabis Social Club 5520:Cannabis cultivation 5515:Cannabis consumption 5346:Cannabis (Marijuana) 5168:Psilocybin mushrooms 2880:10.4088/JCP.v68n0608 2482:Acta Psychiatr Scand 2434:Molecular Psychiatry 2021:Duncan D.F. (1975). 1383:, Jessica Flanigan, 1025:Psychological trauma 780:erectile dysfunction 670:developing countries 569:circumstances of use 135:addictive mechanisms 123:psychological trauma 7010:Tobacco consumption 6980:Alcohol consumption 6922:Drug rehabilitation 6859:Effects of cannabis 6583:Indian Ocean region 6363:Philippine drug war 5992:1961 Narcotic Drugs 4673:nail polish remover 3494:2012PLoSO...741314P 2667:Brain Imaging Behav 2373:Harv Rev Psychiatry 2311:– via PubMed. 1598:Wall Street Journal 1145:on 12 December 2010 656:Infectious diseases 617:nicotine withdrawal 534:clinical depression 448:executive functions 256:Specific mechanisms 32:Self-administration 7054:Alcohol and health 6866:Drug-related crime 6543:Dominican Republic 6453:Illegal drug trade 5928:Religion and drugs 5883:Drug paraphernalia 5863:Chasing the dragon 5822:Fashion cigarettes 5403:Calea zacatechichi 5098:Psychoactive toads 4808:Mitragyna speciosa 4760:Dextropropoxyphene 4702:Nonbenzodiazepines 4610:Alcoholic beverage 3643:. 28 November 2017 2947:Psychopharmacology 2747:Pharmacopsychiatry 2141:2009-03-08 at the 1901:Primary Psychiatry 1707:The Rheumatologist 1343:Reese, Spencer M. 860:cough suppressants 692:, which can cause 542:psychological pain 444:comorbid condition 235:defense mechanisms 95:recreational drugs 91:psychoactive drugs 44:, sometime called 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7017: 6937:Pharmacovigilance 6917:Drug legalization 6815: 6814: 6382: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6313:Cognitive liberty 6257:Cannabis legality 6045:Decriminalization 5960: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5842:Smoking fetishism 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5416: 5415: 5296:Atropa belladonna 4663:contact adhesives 4605:Ethanol (alcohol) 4319:(12): 1771–1783. 4066:Brain Stimulation 3829:978-1-315-58879-7 3162:BMC Public Health 2868:J Clin Psychiatry 1600:. 20 October 2023 990:Cognitive liberty 934:commercialization 702:aortic dissection 674:healthcare system 637:nucleus accumbens 590:anxiety disorders 530:anxiety disorders 497:in the brain and 489:, function as an 417:getting diagnosed 150:market cigarettes 16:(Redirected from 7091: 7084:Patient advocacy 6854:Drug harmfulness 6849:Driving impaired 6668:Papua New Guinea 6437:Rolling meth lab 6410: 6399: 6388: 6353:Mexican drug war 6262:Cocaine legality 6247:Alcohol legality 6077:Demand reduction 6065:Supply reduction 5977: 5966: 5643:Drinking culture 5585:Medical cannabis 5545:Cannabis smoking 5502:Cannabis culture 5498: 5485: 5461:recreational use 5306:Hyoscyamus niger 5267:Salvia divinorum 5250:Amanita muscaria 5212:recreational use 5192:recreational use 5081: 4649:recreational use 4578: 4567: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4529: 4503: 4493: 4475: 4474: 4464: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4398:(3–4): 296–315. 4386: 4380: 4379: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4252: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4154: 4136: 4134:10.5334/cstp.553 4112: 4106: 4105: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4040: 4023:(6): 1028–1034. 4005: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3907: 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216:Edward Khantzian 133:if motivated by 119:mental illnesses 73:over-the-counter 21: 18:Self-prescribing 7099: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7014: 6972: 6966: 6942:Reagent testing 6900: 6891:Passive smoking 6821: 6811: 6441: 6427:Drug precursors 6414: 6405: 6403: 6393: 6374: 6328:Drug possession 6303:Cannabis rights 6286: 6282:Salvia legality 6235: 6126: 6120: 6028: 5971: 5952: 5933:Self-medication 5851: 5847:Tobacco smoking 5809:Smoking culture 5803: 5740: 5637: 5604: 5560:Cannabis vaping 5530:Cannabis rights 5525:Cannabis edible 5492: 5471: 5412: 5408:Silene capensis 5389: 5327: 5323:Diphenhydramine 5273: 5174: 5070: 5015: 4967:Methylphenidate 4957:Methamphetamine 4848: 4711: 4595:Benzodiazepines 4572: 4561: 4556: 4519:Self-medication 4510: 4491: 4486: 4483: 4481:Further reading 4478: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4293: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4009:Heinemann, Lutz 4007: 4006: 4002: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3031: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2953:(3–4): 567–76. 2944: 2943: 2939: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2699: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2624:Trends Cogn Sci 2621: 2620: 2616: 2599: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2478: 2477: 2473: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2405: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2348: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2148: 2143:Wayback Machine 2134: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2102: 2081: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2001: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1919: 1912: 1907:: 47–48, 53–54. 1898: 1897: 1878: 1840: 1839: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1770: 1768: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1488: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1379: 1375: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1170: 1169: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1121: 1119: 1114:. India Today. 1109: 1108: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1085:The 7.30 Report 1078: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1061: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1043: 981: 969:benzodiazepines 914: 908: 887: 836:In a survey of 834: 802:medical devices 776:lifestyle drugs 768: 658: 652:, and alcohol. 581:benzodiazepines 577: 550: 476: 421:methylphenidate 409:methamphetamine 397:pseudoephedrine 373:methylphenidate 358: 346: 340: 320:benzodiazepines 314:drugs, such as 301: 299:CNS depressants 258: 220:David F. Duncan 203: 198: 185: 107:mental distress 42:Self-medication 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7097: 7095: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7064:Mood disorders 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7031: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6987: 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6905:Harm reduction 6902: 6901: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6839:Date rape drug 6836: 6831: 6825: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6805:Liquor license 6802: 6797: 6792: 6782: 6780:Darknet market 6777: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6449: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6407: 6395: 6394: 6391: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6370:Zero tolerance 6367: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144:Czech Republic 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6097:Liberalization 6094: 6089: 6087:Harm reduction 6084: 6079: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6006: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5983: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5913:Party and play 5910: 5905: 5903:Needle sharing 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5817:Cigarette card 5813: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5726:Tailgate party 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5676:Drinking games 5673: 5668: 5666:Binge drinking 5663: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5610:Coffee culture 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5318:Dimenhydrinate 5315: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5218:alkyl nitrites 5215: 5200: 5195: 5184: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5142:Peruvian torch 5134: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5089: 5087: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5006: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4805: 4800: 4799: 4798: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4707:Quinazolinones 4704: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4634: 4629: 4627:Gabapentinoids 4624: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4586: 4584: 4574: 4573: 4570: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4516: 4509: 4508:External links 4506: 4505: 4504: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4427: 4381: 4362:(2): 226–241. 4346: 4302: 4272: 4243:(2): 127–131. 4223: 4186:(4): 603–607. 4166: 4107: 4072:(2): 187–195. 4052: 4000: 3951: 3922:(5): 878–882. 3902: 3876: 3855:(2): 158–167. 3835: 3828: 3798: 3755: 3711: 3654: 3632: 3613:(2): 226–241. 3597: 3578:(5): 787–794. 3562: 3543:(3): 177–191. 3527: 3468: 3425: 3396:(4): 808–812. 3376: 3317: 3258: 3199: 3148: 3097: 3053: 3029: 2980: 2937: 2893: 2858: 2839:(1A): 41S–8S. 2823: 2790:Eur Psychiatry 2780: 2737: 2714: 2657: 2630:(7): 294–300. 2614: 2565: 2516: 2471: 2440:(4): 576–587. 2420: 2363: 2330:(2): 623–636. 2314: 2287:(5): 231–244. 2267: 2238:(2): 174–183. 2217: 2204: 2177:(2): 121–129. 2157: 2146: 2128: 2117: 2092:(3): 116–123. 2069: 2056: 2044: 2033:(2): 209–213. 2013: 1999: 1985: 1965: 1952: 1926: 1910: 1876: 1849:(5): 231–244. 1818: 1801:(2): 326–331. 1776: 1745: 1719: 1694: 1637: 1611: 1585: 1526: 1499:(3): 488–504. 1476: 1447:(4): 808–812. 1424: 1389: 1373: 1362: 1349:www.mlmlaw.com 1335: 1282: 1245:(3): 555–567. 1222: 1156: 1129: 1102: 1091:on Apr 6, 2011 1071: 1060:on Jun 5, 2016 1044: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005:Dual diagnosis 1002: 997: 992: 987: 980: 977: 910:Main article: 907: 904: 899:pharmaceutical 886: 883: 848:medical school 833: 830: 767: 764: 760:southern China 729:, e.g. due to 698:tendon rupture 657: 654: 594:panic disorder 576: 573: 549: 546: 507:pain tolerance 493:by binding to 475: 472: 468:social anxiety 357: 354: 342:Main article: 339: 336: 300: 297: 262:mental illness 257: 254: 202: 199: 197: 194: 184: 181: 58:human behavior 46:do-it-yourself 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7096: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6971:Countries by 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6912:Drug checking 6910: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6881:Neurotoxicity 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6795:Cannabis shop 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:United States 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6623:Latin America 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6385: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358:Plan Colombia 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Designer drug 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240:Drug legality 6238: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6189:United States 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6102:Latin America 6100: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6072:Policy reform 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980:International 5978: 5974: 5967: 5963: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5938:Sex and drugs 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5918:Poly drug use 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:Cloud-chasing 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:Psychonautics 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681:Drinking song 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5671:Diethyl ether 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5661:Beer festival 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5457:Nitrous oxide 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5208:Nitrous oxide 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5180:Dissociatives 5177: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Hallucinogens 5073: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894:Energy drinks 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4793:Hydromorphone 4791: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4725:Buprenorphine 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4678:Paint thinner 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4645:Nitrous oxide 4643: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4502:(3): 831–836. 4501: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4303: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4227: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3903: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814:. Routledge. 3813: 3809: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3722:Contraception 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3488:(7): e41314. 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064:Public Health 3057: 3054: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000:(2): 95–106. 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2874:(6): 874–80. 2873: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:(4): 127–34. 2752: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2581:(8): 680–90. 2580: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:(2): 126–35. 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2475: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2416: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2073: 2070: 2067:, 2, 244-268. 2066: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1746: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1638: 1626:. 5 July 2023 1625: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1363: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1103: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 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Retrieved 1058:the original 1048: 1035:Self-surgery 995:Comfort food 946: 930:social order 922:prescription 915: 888: 872: 856:antipyretics 835: 799: 792: 769: 757: 742: 731:haemorrhagic 725:can lead to 706: 687: 679: 667: 659: 625: 614: 610: 578: 551: 527: 477: 434:, to reduce 429: 425:amphetamines 369:amphetamines 359: 348:People with 347: 316:barbiturates 302: 293: 287:People with 286: 259: 250: 246: 239: 232: 213: 204: 190: 186: 165: 154: 143: 117:, including 103:comfort food 84: 80:prescription 70: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40: 7005:Opiates use 6985:Cocaine use 6820:Issues with 6738:Switzerland 6723:South Korea 6693:Puerto Rico 6678:Philippines 6548:El Salvador 6458:Afghanistan 6194:Just Say No 6184:Switzerland 6159:Netherlands 6125:Drug policy 6055:Prohibition 6040:Drug policy 6033:State level 5878:Dance party 5789:Microdosing 5746:Psychedelia 5701:Oktoberfest 5623:Coffeehouse 5600:Stoner film 5291:Scopolamine 5021:Entactogens 4999:Theobromine 4862:Amphetamine 4788:Hydrocodone 4778:Diamorphine 4582:Depressants 4413:1874/362451 4333:11295/80905 3895:15 December 3647:15 December 2916:(2): 73–7. 2910:J R Soc Med 2673:(1): 1–14. 1738:15 December 1712:15 December 1630:15 December 1604:15 December 965:amphetamine 942:prohibition 889:A study of 838:West Bengal 814:epinephrine 682:antibiotics 557:paradoxical 519:anxiolytics 440:self-esteem 401:Unawareness 328:depressants 157:human right 139:study drugs 7033:Categories 6993:Annual use 6844:Dependence 6708:Seychelles 6613:Kyrgyzstan 6528:Costa Rica 6473:Bangladesh 6446:Drug trade 6415:production 6404:production 6323:Drug court 6209:California 6127:by country 6060:Regulation 5794:Smart shop 5779:Literature 5774:Experience 5721:Sports bar 5686:Happy hour 5651:Bartending 5422:Club drugs 5395:Oneirogens 5279:Deliriants 5159:Psilocybin 4982:Polacrilex 4952:Mephedrone 4854:Stimulants 4656:Hazardous 4600:Carbamates 4296:2012-09-02 3720:Ecuador". 3337:: 990241. 3278:: 949538. 3070:: 92–101. 3047:2023-03-28 2734:: 655–671. 1812:2012-09-02 1771:2012-09-02 1764:, Geneva: 1355:14 October 1041:References 1010:Alcoholism 906:Regulation 866:(6%), and 852:analgesics 804:, such as 788:sildenafil 766:Other uses 734:duodenitis 694:tendonitis 565:anxiogenic 561:anxiolytic 511:aggression 481:, such as 452:motivation 432:depression 413:mephedrone 363:, such as 332:anxiolysis 266:Depression 183:Definition 179:beliefs. 87:psychology 7044:Addiction 6989:Cannabis 6834:Addiction 6790:Beer shop 6773:Venezuela 6638:Mauritius 6468:Australia 6406:and trade 6333:Drug test 6134:Australia 5908:Nootropic 5893:Entheogen 5868:Club drug 5716:Sommelier 5711:Pub crawl 5696:Nightclub 5691:Hip flask 5628:Latte art 5565:Head shop 5435:Quaaludes 5203:Inhalants 5152:San Pedro 5137:Mescaline 5120:Ayahuasca 5093:Bufotenin 5038:Benzofury 5029:2C series 5009:Chocolate 4972:Modafinil 4962:Methylone 4935:Ephedrine 4906:Cathinone 4867:Arecoline 4832:Oxycodone 4803:Methadone 4637:Inhalants 4453:1942-2962 4422:255516752 4376:145354387 4259:0972-2823 4200:0002-9270 4143:2057-4991 4127:(1): 38. 4086:1935-861X 3793:201156994 3771:: 45–55. 3750:218490175 3688:2161-3303 3627:145354387 3557:151159278 3353:1663-9812 3294:2297-055X 3235:2296-2565 3117:(1): 47. 2994:CNS Drugs 2401:210120636 2191:0095-2990 1671:2161-3303 1562:2057-4991 1546:(1): 38. 1411:0158-1570 1405:: 88–90. 1385:BMJ Group 1259:0586-7614 1199:1477-7517 1183:(1): 68. 875:Karnataka 723:outbreaks 720:influenza 711:or other 709:ibuprofen 635:) in the 491:analgesic 464:hypomanic 436:anhedonia 208:addiction 177:anarchist 62:headaches 54:medicine, 7039:Pharmacy 6973:drug use 6886:Overdose 6822:drug use 6748:Thailand 6733:Suriname 6713:Slovakia 6688:Portugal 6673:Paraguay 6633:Malaysia 6573:Honduras 6523:Colombia 6508:Cambodia 6229:Virginia 6219:Maryland 6214:Colorado 6169:Slovakia 6164:Portugal 5837:Smokeasy 5731:Wine bar 5633:Teahouse 5356:Hash oil 5287:Atropine 5245:Muscimol 5235:Ketamine 5198:Glaucine 5163:Psilocin 4977:Nicotine 4884:Caffeine 4844:Tramadol 4820:Morphine 4797:Dilaudid 4773:Fentanyl 4764:Darvocet 4754:Krokodil 4729:Suboxone 4668:Gasoline 4658:solvents 4641:Medical 4471:33841622 4341:10798331 4267:22718057 4218:31972620 4161:36632334 4102:21868698 4094:27965065 4047:31875681 3995:33958837 3946:31876179 3871:33411651 3785:31494046 3742:32360817 3706:37305376 3592:16942523 3522:22911779 3482:PLOS ONE 3463:30009395 3455:11501327 3420:28490950 3371:36147351 3312:36017083 3253:30619809 3194:26231758 3143:28515903 3092:73434085 3084:30716570 3024:24442756 2975:11356233 2967:16463194 2888:17592911 2833:Am J Med 2818:24094651 2810:11175926 2775:19145509 2687:22660945 2652:15893740 2644:15242688 2595:16725157 2560:22286852 2511:30951552 2503:15819731 2466:29955162 2393:31913981 2344:20438240 2309:39531697 2262:23280888 2139:Archived 1949:: 69–75. 1871:39531697 1807:16124943 1689:37305376 1624:NBC News 1580:36632334 1521:35393482 1513:23820755 1471:28490950 1419:24783837 1330:26903942 1322:12692774 1277:17984298 1217:28985738 1149:27 March 1122:27 March 1116:Archived 1095:27 March 979:See also 963:such as 953:phishing 938:religion 885:Children 810:COVID-19 745:Khartoum 650:nicotine 608:issues. 592:such as 553:Cannabis 548:Cannabis 487:morphine 393:nicotine 389:caffeine 381:nicotine 377:caffeine 312:hypnotic 308:sedative 278:cannabis 146:nicotine 127:physical 77:doctor's 7069:Anxiety 6648:Nigeria 6643:Moldova 6563:Germany 6558:Finland 6553:Estonia 6493:Bolivia 6149:Germany 5948:Whoonga 5799:Therapy 5467:Poppers 5445:Ecstasy 5430:Cocaine 5378:APINACA 5368:JWH-018 5351:Hashish 5223:poppers 5059:Ecstasy 4992:Tobacco 4940:Ephedra 4918:Cocaine 4738:Codeine 4732:Subutex 4717:Opioids 4462:8025924 4209:7359198 4152:9830450 4038:7645134 3986:8053740 3937:7753855 3697:9989574 3513:3401104 3490:Bibcode 3411:5415144 3362:9486157 3303:9396038 3244:6304439 3219:: 370. 3185:4522083 3168:: 742. 3134:5433038 3015:4009342 2932:7769598 2923:1295099 2853:1346485 2767:8858711 2695:8755398 2551:3273616 2457:6310672 2301:9385000 2253:4154590 2199:1562010 1863:9385000 1680:9989574 1571:9830450 1462:5415144 1268:2632440 1208:5639593 973:Z-drugs 854:(23%), 738:codeine 715:during 677:death. 646:cocaine 602:alcohol 585:alcohol 479:Opiates 474:Opiates 405:cocaine 365:cocaine 338:Alcohol 304:Alcohol 282:anxiety 274:tobacco 270:alcohol 228:cocaine 115:anxiety 99:alcohol 66:fatigue 6753:Turkey 6743:Taiwan 6698:Russia 6683:Poland 6663:Panama 6653:Norway 6628:Latvia 6608:Kosovo 6538:Cyprus 6498:Brazil 6488:Bhutan 6478:Belize 6224:Oregon 6179:Sweden 6139:Canada 5898:Hippie 5832:Loosie 5301:Datura 5147:Peyote 5132:LSD-25 4889:Coffee 4813:Kratom 4782:Heroin 4767:Darvon 4684:Other 4469: 4459: 4451: 4420: 4374: 4339: 4265: 4257: 4216: 4206: 4198: 4159: 4149: 4141: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4045: 4035: 3993: 3983: 3944: 3934: 3869: 3826: 3791: 3783: 3748: 3740: 3704: 3694: 3686: 3625: 3590: 3555: 3520: 3510: 3461: 3453: 3418: 3408: 3369: 3359: 3351: 3310: 3300: 3292: 3251: 3241: 3233: 3192: 3182: 3141: 3131: 3090: 3082: 3022: 3012: 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