Intrapersonal communication

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phenomenon that is merely related to communication. A prominent defender of this position is Cunningham. He argues that many inner experiences discussed under this label form part of communicative processes. But he denies that they themselves are instances of communication. This pertains to forms of cognitive, perceptual, and motivational episodes commonly categorized as intrapersonal communication. He sees such categorizations as an "uncritical extension of communication terminology and metaphors to the facts of our inner life space." This is closely connected to the problem that the expression "intrapersonal communication" is often used in a very wide and ambiguous sense. However, some theorists have objected to Cunningham's critique. One argument is that communication studies in general is a multiparadigmatic discipline. This implies that it has not yet established definitions of its terms that are both precise and generally accepted. According to this view, the lack of precision does not mean that the concept is useless.

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and receiver have to be the same person. This is based on the idea that one can have imaginary dialogues with other people, such as a friend, a teacher, a lost relative, or a celebrity. Oleś et al. hold instead that the hallmark of intrapersonal communication is that it only happens in the mind of one person. Some scholars see the process of searching and interpreting information as a central aspect of intrapersonal communication. This applies specifically to inner monologues and reflections on oneself, other people, and the environment. Frank J. Macke and Dean Barnlund stress that the mechanical exchange of messages is not sufficient and that intrapersonal communication has to do with meaning and making sense of things. In this regard, intrapersonal communication can be distinguished from intraorganismic communication, which takes place below the personal level as an exchange of information between organs or cells.

353:, or I-positions within the same person. For example, when facing a difficult decision, one part of a person may argue in favor of one option while another part prefers a different option. Inner dialogue can also take the form of an exchange with an imagined partner. This is the case when anticipating a discussion with one's spouse or during imaginary conversations with celebrities or lost relatives. For self-talk or inner monologue, on the other hand, there is no split between different positions. It is speech directed at oneself, as when commenting on one's performance or telling oneself to "try again". Self-talk can be positive or negative depending on how the person evaluates themself. For example, after having failed an exam, a student may engage in negative self-talk by saying "I'm so stupid" or in positive self-talk, like "don't worry" or "I'll do better next time". 459:

the self to the same self. Others see the self as a complex entity made up of different parts and analyze the exchange as an interaction between parts. A closely related approach is to talk not of distinct parts of a single self but of different selves in the same person, like an emotional self, an intellectual self, or a physical self. On these views, intrapersonal communication is understood in analogy to interpersonal communication as an exchange between different parts or selves. In either case, intrapersonal relationships play a central role. They concern how a person relates to themselves, for example, how they see themselves and who they wish to be. Intrapersonal relationships are not directly observable. Instead, they have to be inferred based on other changes that can be perceived. For example, inferences about a person's

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communication. For example, when a person receives a message from a friend inviting them to their favorite restaurant, there are often various internal reactions to this message before sending an answer in return. These reactions include sights and scents, memories from previous visits, checking whether this would clash with other plans, and devising a route to get to the restaurant. These reactions are forms of intrapersonal communication. Other examples include self-talk in an attempt to evaluate the positions expressed by the speaker to assess whether one agrees or disagrees with them. But intrapersonal communication can also occur by itself without another party being involved.

413: 438: 478: 165:, in which the sender and the receiver are distinct persons. The two phenomena influence each other in various ways. For example, positive and negative feedback received from other people affects how a person talks to themself. Intrapersonal communication is involved in interpreting messages received from others and in formulating responses. Because of this role, some theorists hold that intrapersonal communication is the foundation of all communication. But this position is not generally accepted and an alternative is to hold that intrapersonal communication is an internalized version of interpersonal communication. 321:

the most discussed form. It plays out in the mind of one person without externally expressing the message. It includes mental processes like thinking, meditating, and reflecting. However, there are also external forms of intrapersonal communication, like talking aloud to oneself in the form of private speech. Other examples are notetaking at school, writing a diary, preparing a shopping list, praying, or reciting a poem. External intrapersonal communication is also characterized by the fact that the sender and the receiver is the same person. The difference is that an external medium is used to express the message.

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information extracted this way in relation to each other through processes like comparing and contrasting. Memory stores previously received information. Especially relevant in regard to intrapersonal communication is the concept one has of oneself and how the newly received information relates to it. Perceptual sets are ingrained ways of organizing and evaluating this information, for example, how feminine and masculine traits are conceived. Encoding is the last step, in which the meaning processed in the previous steps is again expressed in symbolic form as a message sent to oneself.

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last step, the thus conceived ideas are encoded into a symbolic form and expressed using words, gestures, or movements. This process can happen right after the ideation or with some delay. It results in the generation and transmission of more stimuli, either purely internal or also external. The generated stimuli work as a feedback loop leading back to their reception and interpretation. In this sense, the same person is both the sender and the receiver of the messages. The feedback makes it possible for the communicator to monitor and correct messages.

296: 365:. Other functions include self-distancing, motivation, self-evaluation, and reflection. Self-talk often happens in reaction to or anticipation of certain situations. It can help the agent prepare an appropriate response. It may also be used to regulate emotions and cope with unpleasant experiences as well as monitor oneself. Self-talk and inner dialogue are distinct phenomena but one can quickly turn into the other. For example, an intrapersonal communication may start as self-talk and then evolve into inner dialogue as more positions are considered. 538:

identifies two significant functions: to internalize cultural norms or ways of thinking and to regulate one's own activity. The self-regulatory function of intrapersonal communication is sometimes understood in analogy to interpersonal communication. For example, parents may influence the behavior of their children by uttering phrases like "wait, think". Once the child has learned them, they can be employed to control behavior by uttering them internally. This way, people learn to modify, accept, or reject plans of action.

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This is due to the fact that it mostly occurs internally without an immediate external manifestation. Since it is not directly observable, it has to be inferred based on other changes that can be visible. For example, when seeing that a person dresses well and takes care of their health, one may infer that certain intrapersonal relationships are responsible for this behavior. A similar inference about a person's inner life could be drawn based on whether they respond to a compliment by bragging or by playing it down.

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is the simpler case since only one person is involved. This person perceives private cues, like internal thoughts and feelings, public cues originating from the environment, and behavioral cues in the form of their own behavior. One part of communication is the process of decoding and interpreting these cues. Its goal is to make sense of them and to reduce uncertainty. It is accompanied by the activity of encoding behavioral responses to the cues. These two processes happen simultaneously and influence each other.

740:("I") while others use second-person pronouns ("you"). Generally speaking, people are more likely to use the second-person pronoun when there is a need for self-regulation, an imperative to overcome difficulties, and facilitation of hard actions. The use of first-person intrapersonal pronouns is more frequent when people are talking to themselves about their feelings. A 2014 study by Sanda Dolcos and Dolores Albarracin indicates that using the second-person pronoun to provide 525:, for example, intrapersonal communication develops first and manifests as a form of egocentric speech. This happens during play activities and may help the child learn to control their activities and plan ahead. Piaget holds that, at this early stage, children are not yet fully social beings and are more concerned with developing their individuality. On this view, interpersonal speech only arises later in the person's development. This view is opposed by 305: 5059: 506:

response. This may cause their attention to focus mainly on their self-talk formulating a message. As a result, they may miss important aspects of what the current speaker is saying. Positive and effective self-talk, on the other hand, tends to make people better at communicating with others. One way to become better at interpersonal communication is to become aware of this self-talk and to be able to balance it with the need of listening.

285: 581:. Their negative intrapersonal communication tends to revolve around fears that their skills are inadequate and may be exposed. In this regard, intrapersonal communication affects a person's self-view, their emotions, and whether they see themself as capable or incompetent. It can help build and maintain self-confidence but may also create defense mechanisms. Additionally, it plays a central role in self-discovery and self-delusion. 42: 716:. A central idea in this field is that a set of negative core beliefs is responsible for negative self-talk. They can include beliefs like "I'm unlovable", "I'm unworthy", or "the world is threatening and I'm unable to face its challenges". A key therapeutic method for improving intrapersonal communication is to become aware of these beliefs and to question their truth. A further approach focuses on the practice of 5404: 529:, who argues that intrapersonal communication only happens as an internalization of interpersonal communication. According to him, children learn the tools for self-talk when their parents talk to them to regulate their behavior, for example, through suggestions, warnings, or commands. Intrapersonal communication may then be understood as an attempt by the child to regulate their behavior through similar means. 276: 605:, it is a continuous flow of momentary states of consciousness as they are lived through by the subject. They include experiences like sensory perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories. The stream of consciousness is usually seen as a form of intrapersonal communication and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for interior monologue. In literary criticism, the term refers to a 561:

functions are problem-solving, decision-making, introspection, reflection, dreaming, and self-persuasion. The goal of some external forms of intrapersonal communication, like taking notes at school or writing a shopping list, is to aid memory. In some cases, they can also help break down and address a complex problem in a series of smaller steps, as when solving a

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existence. This can be followed by questioning and challenging negative evaluations since they are often exaggerated. The person may also try to stop them and replace them with more positive thoughts. For example, when the person becomes aware of a negative thinking process, they may try to inhibit it and direct their attention to more positive outcomes.

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in and how frequently they do so. Younger children are less likely to report using inner speech instead of visual thinking than older children and adults. But it is not known whether this is due to lack of inner speech or due to insufficiently developed introspection. A method to study intrapersonal communication in natural environments, developed by

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help people calm down and become clear on their goals and how to realistically achieve them. Another relevant form is instructional self-talk, which focuses attention on the components of a task and can improve performance on physical tasks that are being learned. However, it may have negative effects for people who are already skilled in the task.

553:, problem-solving, and planning as well as remembering. It often accompanies diverse communicative tasks, such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing, for example, to understand an expression or to formulate a new one. More specific applications are to calm oneself down in stressful situations and to internalize new knowledge when learning a 3405:

given a task designed specifically to elicit inner speech, such as thinking silently about how their own name sounded. Forty per cent of 4-year-olds and 55 per cent of 5-year-olds admitted to having used inner speech rather than a visual method for getting the answer, figures that were significantly lower than the equivalent scores for adults.

724:, it may improve self-esteem and intrapersonal communication. This practice consists in directing one's attention to experiences in the present moment without any evaluation of these experiences. Abstaining from value judgments may help to avoid overly critical evaluations and instead foster an attitude of acceptance. 254:. This is the case, for example, when interpreting what another person has said and when formulating a response before enunciating it. Some theorists, like Mary J. Farley, hold that intrapersonal communication is an essential part of all communication and, therefore, always accompanies interpersonal communication. 848:

term is usually understood in a more restricted sense. Frank J. Macke approaches this problem by arguing that intrapersonal communication has to do with meaning and that some form of communicative experience is involved. On this view, the mechanical exchange of messages alone is not sufficient for communication.

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the inner voice focuses on bad aspects of the self, often in an excessively critical way. It can take the form of telling oneself that "I'm never going to be able to do this" or "I'm no good at this". Negative self-talk can already develop during childhood based on feedback from others, particularly parents.

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A further problem in defining intrapersonal communication is that there are countless processes within the human body responsible for exchanging messages. So when understood in this very wide sense, even processes like breathing could be understood as intrapersonal communication. For this reason, the

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or a style of writing used to express this stream of experiences. This usually happens by presenting the thoughts of a character directly without any summary or explanation by the narrator. It aims to give the reader a very immediate impression of what a character's experience is like. It often takes

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in 1970. He aims to give an account of communication that encompasses both its interpersonal and its intrapersonal side. He identifies communication not with the transmission of messages but with the production of meaning in response to internal and external cues. For him, intrapersonal communication

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to the stimuli as a form of decoding. How these processes take place is influenced by factors like the communicator's social background and current environment. After the symbolic decoding process, ideation occurs in the form of thinking, organizing information, planning, and proposing messages. As a

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Various types of intrapersonal communication are distinguished in the academic literature. The term is often used in a very wide sense and includes many phenomena. A central contrast is based on whether the exchange happens purely internally or is mediated through external means. The internal type is

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Intrapersonal communication has not been researched as thoroughly as other types of communication. One reason is that there are additional problems concerning how to study it and how to conceptualize it. A difficulty in this regard is that it is not as easy to observe as interpersonal communication.

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The self is not a static or inborn entity but changes throughout life. Interactions with other people have an effect on the individual's self-image. This is especially true in relation to how they judge the person and when receiving positive or negative feedback on an important task. Inner speech is

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Different forms of self-talk can have different effects on the person. One form is coping self-talk. Its main aim is to help a person cope with a difficult situation, such as when experiencing anxiety. It consists in emphasizing the person's strengths and skills without implying perfection. This can

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Like other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication can be trained and improved to be more effective. This often happens with the goal of reducing negative self-talk and fostering positive self-talk instead. An early step is often to become aware of negative patterns and acknowledge their

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In the Barker-Wiseman model, an early step of intrapersonal communication focuses on classifying these stimuli. In this process, many of the weaker stimuli are filtered out before reaching a conscious level. But they may still affect communication despite this. A similar process groups the remaining

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with oneself. It takes place within a person. Larry Barker and Gordon Wiseman define it as "the creating, functioning, and evaluating of symbolic processes which operate primarily within oneself". Its most typical forms are self-talk and inner dialogue. For example, when an employee decides to leave

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and characteristics. Intrapersonal communication is not as thoroughly researched as other forms of communication. One reason is that it is more difficult to study since it happens primarily as an internal process. Another reason is that the term is often used in a very wide sense making it difficult

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to study intrapersonal communication. Questionnaires sometimes used in the process include the Self-Talk Scale, the Varieties of Inner Speech Questionnaire, and the Internal Dialogical Activity Scale. Among other things, they aim to measure what types of intrapersonal communication a person engages

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Self-talk is a form of talking to oneself. It differs from inner dialogue since it only involves one voice and not an internal exchange between several voices. A common distinction is between positive and negative self-talk based on the evaluative attitude that is expressed. For negative self-talk,

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and Sheila Steinberg, have claimed that intrapersonal communication is the foundation of all other forms of communication. Similar claims are that intrapersonal communication is omnipresent and that it is a requirement or preliminary of interpersonal communication. However, the claim of the primacy

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or how they see themselves. This in turn has implications for how they talk to themselves in the form of positive or negative self-talk. But the converse is also true: how a person talks to themselves affects how they interact with other people. One reason for this is that some form of inner dialog

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or writing a diary or a shopping list. In this regard, it only matters that the sender and the receiver is the same person but it does not matter whether an external medium was used in the process. A slightly different conception is presented by Piotr K. Oleś et al. They reject the idea that sender

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The child was asked questions like, 'Is she just thinking, up in her head, or is she also saying things to herself, up in her head?' The 6-and 7-year-olds acknowledged that inner speech was probably going on, but the 4-year-olds were much less likely to do so. In a second experiment, children were

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According to Larry Ehrlich, intrapersonal communication has three main functions. One function is to monitor the environment and ensure that it is safe. In this regard, self-talk is used to analyze perceptions and to plan responses in case direct or indirect threats are detected. A closely related

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Both intrapersonal and interpersonal communication involve the exchange of messages. For interpersonal communication, the sender and the receiver are distinct persons, like when talking to a friend on the phone. For intrapersonal communication, one and the same person occupies both of these roles.

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Many theorists focus on the concept of the self in intrapersonal communication. There is a variety of definitions but many agree that the self is an entity that is unique to each individual, i.e. not shared between individuals. Some theorists understand intrapersonal communication as a relation of

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Among the inner verbal forms of intrapersonal communication, an often-discussed contrast is between self-talk and inner dialogue. In the case of inner dialogue, two or more positions are considered and the exchange takes place by contrasting them. It usually happens in the form of different voices

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In the context of organizations, the term "autocommunication" is sometimes used as a synonym. It is employed to describe self-communication in the workspace. For example, synchronous autocommunication is used when mentally reassuring oneself or drafting a letter. Asynchronous autocommunication, on

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Intrapersonal communication serves a great variety of functions. They include internalization, self-regulation, processing information, and problem-solving. Because of this, communication theorist James P. Lantolf characterizes it as an "exceptionally powerful and pervasive tool for thinking". He

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However, self-talk may also interfere with the ability to listen. For example, when a person has an important meeting later today, their thoughts may be racing around this topic, making the person less responsive to interactions in the present. In some cases, the listener is very keen on making a

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Intrapersonal communication need not be cut off from outer influences and often happens as a reaction to them. For example, hearing a familiar piece of music may stir up memories that lead to an internal dialog with past selves. In a similar sense, intrapersonal communication is not restricted to

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Stanley B. Cunningham lists a total of 17 functions or characteristics commonly ascribed to intrapersonal communication. They include talking to oneself, dialogue between different parts of the self, and perception as well as interpreting environmental cues and ascribing meaning to them. Further

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The self-concept plays a key role in intrapersonal communication. A person's self-concept is what they think and feel about themselves, for example, in relation to their appearance and attitudes as well as strengths and weaknesses. So seeing oneself as sincere, respectful, and thoughtful is one

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have been proposed. They aim to provide a simplified overview of the process of communication by showing what its main components are and how they interact. Most of them focus primarily on interpersonal communication but some are specifically formulated with intrapersonal communication in mind.

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There are many differences between self-talk and inner dialogue. Inner dialogue is usually more complex. It can be used to simulate social situations and examine a topic from different angles. Its goal is frequently to explore the differences between conflicting points of view, to make sense of

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Sheila Steinberg follows Graeme Burton and Richard Dimbleby by understanding intrapersonal communication as a process involving five elements: decoding, integration, memory, perceptual sets, and encoding. Decoding consists in making sense of messages. Integration puts the individual pieces of

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Some criticisms focus on the concept of intrapersonal communication itself. Intrapersonal communication is commonly accepted and used as a distinct type of communication. However, some theorists reject the claim that it is actually a form of communication. Instead, they see it as a different

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The importance of intrapersonal communication is reflected by how it affects other phenomena. For example, it has been argued that people who engage in positive self-talk are usually better at problem-solving and communicating with others, including listening skills. Negative intrapersonal

814:". A similar topic is discussed by Simon Jones and Charles Fernyhough, who explain cases of auditory verbal hallucinations as a form of inner speech. Auditory verbal hallucinations are cases in which a person hears speech without any external stimulation. On their view, speech is an inner 509:

Another discussion in the academic literature is about the question of whether intrapersonal communication is in some sense more basic than interpersonal communication. This is based on the idea that some form of intrapersonal communication is necessary for and accompanies interpersonal

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judgment. For example, some skilled people suffer from the imposter syndrome, which leads them to believe that they are imposters lacking the skills they actually have. Self-esteem matters for mental health. Low self-esteem is linked to problems ranging from depression, loneliness, and

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in various areas, for example, concerning their body image. Positive self-talk, on the other hand, involves seeing oneself in a positive light. It is linked to mental health benefits. They include higher self-esteem and well-being as well as reducing the effects of depression and

230:. It is a self-to-self communication, in the sense that the sender and the receiver is the same person. It contrasts with interpersonal communication, in which sender and receiver are distinct persons. Intrapersonal communication is examined by the discipline known as 184:. A step commonly associated with countering negative self-talk is to become aware of negative patterns. Further steps are to challenge the truth of overly critical judgments and to foster more positive patterns of thought. Of special relevance in this regard is the 74:

with oneself or self-to-self communication. Examples are thinking to oneself "I will do better next time" after having made a mistake or imagining a conversation with one's boss in preparation for leaving work early. It is often understood as an exchange of

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carrying information. External stimuli belong to the senses and usually provide information about the environment. Internal stimuli include a wide range of impressions, both concerning the state of the body, like pain, but also encompassing feelings.

557:. This happens when repeating new vocabulary to oneself in order to remember it. Intrapersonal communication can also be applied to a great variety of creative tasks, like using it to come up with musical compositions, paintings, or dance routines. 498:, this may make it hard for them to accept praise from other people. On a more basic level, it can affect how messages from other people are interpreted. For example, an overly self-critical person may interpret an honest compliment as a form of 313:

The most typical forms of intrapersonal communication happen internally, like thinking and daydreaming (top images). However, some forms make use of an external medium, like note taking at school or writing a shopping list for oneself (bottom

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as sender and receiver. Others see the self as a complex entity and understand the process as an exchange between different parts of the self or between different selves belonging to the same person. Intrapersonal communication contrasts with

114:. Self-talk involves only one voice talking to itself. For inner dialogue, several voices linked to different positions take turns in a form of imaginary interaction. Other phenomena related to intrapersonal communication include planning, 4043: 2170: 761:

concerns the properties that a person ascribes to themself. The ideal-self is the ideal the person strives toward or what they want to be like. Self-worth corresponds to whether they see themself overall as a good or a bad person.

90:. Some researchers see this as the only form. In a wider sense, however, there are also types of self-to-self communication that are mediated through external means, like when writing a diary or a shopping list for oneself. For 486:

Despite this difference, the two are closely related. For example, some theorists, like Linda Costigan Lederman, conceptualize inner dialogue in analogy to social interaction as an exchange between different parts of the self.

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Beilock, S. L.; Carr, T.H.; McMahon, C.; Starkes, J. L (2002). "When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills".

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strongly associated with a sense of self. The development of this sense in children is tied to the development of language. There are, however, cases of an internal monologue or inner voice being considered external to the

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self-concept while seeing oneself as mean, abusive, and deceitful is another. The terms "self-image" and "self-esteem" are sometimes used as synonyms but some theorists draw precise distinctions between them. According to

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Barnlund's model of intrapersonal communication. The green, blue, and gray areas symbolize different types of cues. The orange arrows represent that the person decodes certain cues. The yellow arrow is their behavioral

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forms like some forms of imagination, visualization, or memory. In this regard, intrapersonal communication can be used, for example, to explore how a piece of music would sound or how a painting should be continued.

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Dolcos, Sanda; Albarracin, Dolores (October 2014). "The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You: Self-talk person and self-regulation".

640:. Closely related phenomena are introspective writing and inner speech writing. They are usually understood as forms of externalized inner speech in which the person writes down portions of their inner dialogue. 518:

of intrapersonal communication is not generally accepted and many theorists hold that social interaction is more basic. They often see inner speech as an internalized or derivative version of social speech.

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controlled by the agent. But in some pathological cases, it is not recognized as an action. This leads to an auditory verbal hallucination since the voice is experienced as an external or alien element.

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is usually involved when talking to others to interpret what they say and to determine what one wants to communicate to them. For example, if a person's intrapersonal communication is characterized by

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For some people, negative self-talk is not just an occasional occurrence but happens frequently. In such cases, it can have detrimental effects on mental health. For example, it can affect emotional

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Many theorists use the term "self-esteem" instead of "self-worth". Self-esteem is a central aspect characterizing intrapersonal communication and refers to a person's subjective evaluation of their

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Some theorists, like James Watson and Anne Hill, restrict the definition of intrapersonal communication to inner experiences or "what goes on inside our heads", like talking to oneself within one's

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function is to bring harmony between the inner and outer world by making sense of oneself and one's environment. A third function is of a more existential nature and aims at dealing with

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Inner speech may be needed for many higher mental processes to work. It has a vital role in mental functions such as shaping and controlling one's thoughts, regulating one's behavior,

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and making sense of things. Intrapersonal communication can happen alone or in social situations. It may be prompted internally or occur as a response to changes in the environment.

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Honeycutt, James M.; Ford, Sherry G. (January 2001). "Mental Imagery and Intrapersonal Communication: A Review of Research on Imagined Interactions (IIs) and Current Developments".

172:, specifically in relation to positive and negative self-talk. Negative self-talk focuses on bad aspects of the self, at times in an excessively critical way. It is linked to 4387:

Oliver, Emily J.; Markland, David; Hardy, James; Petherick, Caroline M. (September 2008). "The effects of autonomy-supportive versus controlling environments on self-talk".

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communication, on the other hand, is linked to insecurities and low self-esteem and may lead to negative interactions with others. For example, people suffering from the

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Because of its many functions and influences, intrapersonal communication is usually understood as a significant psychological phenomenon. It plays a key role in

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The two phenomena also influence each other in various ways. For example, the positive and negative feedback a person receives from other people shapes their

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Daniels, Professor Harry; Daniels, Harry; Cole, Michael; Wertsch, James V.; Wertsch, Professor and Chair Department of Education James V. (30 April 2007).

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work early, they may engage in an inner dialogue by mentally going through possible negative comments from their boss and potential responses. Other inner

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in which sender and receiver are the same person. Some theorists use a wider definition that goes beyond message-based accounts and focuses on the role of

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A closely related issue concerns the questions of how interpersonal and intrapersonal communication interact in the development of children. According to

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Barnlund, Dean C. (5 July 2013). "A Transactional Model of Communication". In Akin, Johnnye; Goldberg, Alvin; Myers, Gail; Stewart, Joseph (eds.).

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and characteristics. As a subjective evaluation, it may differ from the facts and is often based mainly on an emotional outlook and less on a

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According to the model proposed by Barker and Wiseman in 1966, intrapersonal communication starts with the reception of external and internal

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Rimes, Katharine A.; Watkins, Ed (December 2005). "The effects of self-focused rumination on global negative self-judgements in depression".

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taking turns in arguing for their position. This can be conceptualized in analogy to interpersonal communication as an exchange of different

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Intrapersonal communication encompasses a great variety of phenomena. A central type happens purely internally as an exchange within one's

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Jones, Simon R.; Fernyhough, Charles (June 2007). "Thought as action: Inner speech, self-monitoring, and auditory verbal hallucinations".

2666: 5148: 4854: 4465: 1651: 4775: 4754: 4735: 4716: 4662: 4641: 4620: 4572: 4551: 4532: 4513: 4494: 4475: 4454: 4332: 4313: 4274: 4255: 4169: 4150: 4112: 4093: 4072: 4053: 4032: 4013: 3940: 3921: 3816: 3757: 3738: 3690: 3658: 3639: 3598: 3579: 3560: 3541: 3522: 3503: 3463: 3397: 3378: 3359: 3340: 3321: 3279: 3260: 3241: 3220: 3130: 3111: 3032: 2985: 2945: 2926: 701:. A common idea in this regard is that positive self-talk enhances performance while negative self-talk hinders it. There is some 4966: 4881: 3988: 3042:

Barker, Deborah R.; Barker, Larry L. (January 1992). "Criteria for Evaluating Models of Intrapersonal Communication Processes".

241:. But in a wider sense, it also includes external forms of self-to-self communication, such as speaking to oneself aloud during 4921: 3826:

Hatzigeorgiadis, A.; Zourbanos, N.; Galanis, E.; Theordorakis, Y. (2011). "Self-talk and sports performance: A meta-analysis".

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Lantolf, James P. (18 August 2009). "Intrapersonal Communication Theories". In Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (eds.).

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discuss which components are involved and how they interact. Many models hold that the process starts with the perception and

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Evidence-Based School Mental Health Services: Affect Education, Emotion Regulation Training, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

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Barker and Wiseman understand intrapersonal communication as a complex process involving the interaction of various elements.

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situations in which a person is alone. Instead, it also happens in social circumstances and may occur simultaneously with

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an unpunctuated and disjointed form that violates rules of grammar and logic. Often-discussed examples are found in

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Wrench, Jason S.; Punyanunt-Carter, Narissra M.; Thweatt, Katherine S. (2020). "3. Intrapersonal Communication".

5001: 4931: 4886: 3093: 376:

and understanding as well as conceptualization and interpretation of environmental cues. Further phenomena are

337: 95: 4042:

Lantolf, James P. (2003). "Intrapersonal Communication and Internalization in the Second Language Classroom".

656:. This pertains specifically to positive and negative self-talk as well as its relation to the self-concept. 481:

Intrapersonal communication contrasts with interpersonal communication, in which several people are involved.

5249: 5173: 5158: 4996: 4986: 4765: 3767:

Gammage, Kimberley L; Hardy, James; Hall, Craig R (October 2001). "A description of self-talk in exercise".

2019: 1021: 840:, is to have participants describe their inner experience at random intervals the moment a beeper goes off. 598: 405: 141: 295: 5344: 4672:

Vargas, Divane; Evangelista, Priscila Araujo; Ueda, Natalia Mayumi; Santana, Karen Oliveira (April 2023).

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Farley, Mary J. (September 1992). "Thought and Talk: The Intrapersonal Component of Human Communication".

2955:

Applegate, James L. (January 1992). "Theoretical Choices That Clarify the Present and Define the Future".

795: 546:. Many theorists also draw a close connection to the processes of searching and interpreting information. 3750:

Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Step-by-Step Treatment Manual

372:, and internal conflict resolution, as well as judgments about oneself and other people. Other forms are 5168: 5098: 4971: 4870: 3413:"Maintaining a Positive Self-Image by Stereotyping Others: Self-Threat and the Stereotype Content Model" 3290: 562: 421: 231: 149: 5379: 5178: 5128: 5093: 5083: 5078: 4674:"Communication as pillar for anxiety management in the nursing during the COVID-19: a scoping review" 866: – The mind's ability to imagine the different positions of participants in an internal dialogue 686: 673: 430: 346: 329: 173: 91: 80: 4193: 5324: 5299: 815: 606: 332:, like self-talk and inner dialogue. Its hallmark is that messages are expressed using a symbolic 45:

Intensive thinking to oneself is a typical form of intrapersonal communication, as exemplified by

5163: 5138: 5113: 5038: 4981: 4404: 4227: 4214: 3975: 3900: 3851: 3169: 702: 611: 5264: 3063:

Barker, Larry L.; Wiseman, Gordon (1 September 1966). "A Model of Intrapersonal Communication".

4103:

Littlejohn, Stephen W.; Foss, Karen A. (18 August 2009). "Constitutive View of Communication".

3473:

Cunningham, Stanley B. (1 January 1992). "Intrapersonal Communication: A Review and Critique".

5194: 4827: 4771: 4750: 4731: 4712: 4658: 4637: 4616: 4599: 4568: 4547: 4528: 4509: 4490: 4471: 4450: 4433: 4375: 4328: 4309: 4270: 4251: 4206: 4165: 4146: 4127: 4108: 4089: 4068: 4049: 4028: 4009: 3967: 3936: 3917: 3843: 3812: 3793: 3753: 3734: 3717: 3686: 3654: 3635: 3594: 3575: 3556: 3537: 3518: 3499: 3459: 3442: 3393: 3374: 3355: 3336: 3317: 3275: 3256: 3237: 3216: 3199: 3161: 3126: 3107: 3080: 3028: 2981: 2941: 2922: 2706: 2510: 2466: 2438: 2335: 2319: 2275: 2142: 2094: 2010: 1963: 1861: 1826: 1728: 1709: 1509: 1379: 1335: 1304: 1285: 1156: 1071: 1052: 811: 803: 783: 775: 677: 570: 463:

can be drawn based on whether they respond to a compliment by bragging or by playing it down.

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Martin, J.R. (2013). "Out of Nowhere: Thought Insertion, Ownership and Context-Integration".

2722: 2526: 2363: 2238: 2219: 2203: 2126: 2110: 2078: 1845: 1786: 1587: 1550: 1518: 1500: 1351: 1147: 930: 5319: 5244: 5011: 4817: 4809: 4693: 4685: 4591: 4425: 4396: 4365: 4355: 4198: 3959: 3892: 3835: 3776: 3709: 3618: 3482: 3432: 3424: 3191: 3153: 3099: 3072: 3051: 3011: 2964: 837: 737: 698: 594: 368:

Intrapersonal communication is linked to a great range of phenomena. They include planning,

357:

strange positions, and to integrate different perspectives. It also plays a central role in

258:

the other hand, takes the form of reminders or diaries. This term is also sometimes used in

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DeLucia-Waack, Janice L.; Gerrity, Deborah A.; Kalodner, Cynthia R.; Riva, Maria (2004).

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stimuli according to their urgency. It runs in parallel with attempts to attach symbolic

4248:

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The Counselor and the Group, Fourth Edition: Integrating Theory, Training, and Practice

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Fatal Words and Friendly Faces: Interpersonal Communication in the Twenty-first Century

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Honeycutt, James (18 June 2014). "Imagined Interactions". In Berger, Charles R. (ed.).

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is more effective in promoting the intentions to carry out behaviors and performances.

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Media Convergence: The Three Degrees of Network, Mass, and Interpersonal Communication

3780: 3731:

Contemporary Nursing Knowledge: Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Models and Theories

3713: 648:

The way intrapersonal communication is conducted can be responsible both for positive

94:

intrapersonal communication, messages are formulated using a language, in contrast to

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Oleś, Piotr K.; Brinthaupt, Thomas M.; Dier, Rachel; Polak, Dominika (6 March 2020).

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Tod, D.; Hardy, J.; Oliver, E. (2011). "Effects of self-talk: A systematic review".

4408: 4218: 3855: 3173: 2997:"Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review" 5349: 5289: 5279: 5224: 4926: 4911: 4344:"Types of Inner Dialogues and Functions of Self-Talk: Comparisons and Implications" 4325:

The Senses in Religious Communities, 1600–1800: Early Modern 'Convents of Pleasure'

3979: 3896: 3486: 3157: 3055: 2968: 2173:, Intrapersonal Communication and Internalization in the Second Language Classroom. 869: 799: 636: 526: 490: 362: 219: 185: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 4202: 3963: 3350:

Chandler, Daniel; Munday, Rod (10 February 2011). "intrapersonal communication".

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Developmental Psychology: Childhood & Adolescence: Childhood and Adolescence

754: 717: 621: 522: 460: 284: 215: 189: 99: 51: 4429: 3428: 786:. Self-esteem also affects how a person communicates with themself and others. 5006: 4961: 4956: 4689: 4400: 4122:

Lotman, I︠U︡. M. (1990). "2. Autocommunication: T and 'Other' as addressees".

4063:

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881: 779: 758: 681: 669: 590: 574: 543: 373: 275: 211: 119: 4813: 4360: 3839: 3103: 4991: 3864: 3195: 766: 757:, the self-concept has three parts: self-image, ideal self, and self-worth. 690: 550: 381: 259: 193: 123: 41: 35: 4831: 4603: 4437: 4379: 4210: 3971: 3847: 3446: 3203: 3165: 2550: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 1001: 999: 997: 995: 4595: 3721: 3632:

Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction

3084: 3015: 1445: 1443: 807: 770: 325: 153: 17: 4839: 4798:"Splitting of the Mind: When the You I Talk to is Me and Needs Commands" 4485:

Schinke, Robert J.; McGannon, Kerry R.; Smith, Brett (5 February 2016).

3123:

Prisoners Of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence

705:

supporting this position but it has not yet been thoroughly researched.

697:. The effects of positive and negative self-talk are often discussed in 156:

of a message that becomes a new stimulus. Some models identify the same

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Zell, Ethan; Warriner, Amy Beth; Albarracín, Dolores (September 2012).

3669: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 694: 578: 499: 227: 226:. As a form of communication, it involves the sending and receiving of 177: 76: 3622: 3390:

The Voices Within: The History and Science of How We Talk to Ourselves

5026: 5021: 3411:

Collange, Julie; Fiske, Susan T.; Sanitioso, Rasyid (February 2009).

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Lane, Shelley D.; Abigail, Ruth Anne; Gooch, John (28 April 2016).

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689:. It is associated with lower stress levels and a reduced risk of 476: 436: 411: 393: 135: 46: 40: 3589:

Diaz, Rafael M.; Berk, Laura E.; Diaz, Rafael (4 February 2014).

3456:

Development During Middle Childhood: The Years From Six to Twelve

3272:

Between Ourselves: An Introduction to Interpersonal Communication

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construction and self-organization. One function of self-talk is

328:. Most discussions in the academic literature are concerned with 4767:

Interpersonal Communication: A Mindful Approach to Relationships

3989:"CBT: A way to reshape your negative thinking and reduce stress" 1496: 1366:, p. 20, 2. Autocommunication: T and 'Other' as addressees. 791: 350: 333: 238: 157: 87: 4843: 3748:

Flessner, Christopher A.; Piacentini, John C. (12 March 2019).

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Fawcett, Jacqueline; DeSanto-Madeya, Susan (27 November 2012).

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Intrapersonal communication is also relevant in the field of

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Gravell, Rosemary; France, Jenny, eds. (20 December 2013).

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Private Speech: From Social Interaction To Self-regulation

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Examples of specific forms of self-talk and their effects

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Some forms of self-talk address the self by employing

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It can also negatively affect a person's 324:Another distinction focuses on the role of 197:to demarcate which phenomena belong to it. 4862: 4848: 4840: 4584:Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 4304:Nelson-Jones, Richard (18 November 2008). 4164:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42-4. 3807:Guerrero, Maria C. M. de (30 March 2006). 3454:Collins, W. Andrew, ed. (1 January 1984). 2864: 2852: 2840: 2763: 2287: 2182: 2057: 1841: 1623: 1391: 1048: 152:or cues. Later steps involve the symbolic 4821: 4697: 4445:Rosengren, Karl Erik (15 December 1999). 4369: 4359: 4192: 3811:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3670:"APA Dictionary of Psychology: self-talk" 3436: 3004:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2888: 2627: 2215: 2045: 2033: 1947: 1932: 1904: 1876: 1523: 1319: 1300: 951: 4525:An Introduction to Communication Studies 3335:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 3027:. 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Intrapersonal Communication 712:A similar approach is used in 1: 4749:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 4008:. Routledge. pp. 62–63. 3781:10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00011-5 3714:10.1016/s0001-2092(07)70190-4 2921:. Hampton Press. p. 52. 2060:, pp. 597, 599–600, 603. 1997:, Intrapersonal communication 1140:, Intrapersonal communication 888:Internal Family Systems Model 831:A further approach is to use 573:are continuously affected by 5044:Text and conversation theory 4203:10.1016/j.concog.2012.11.012 3964:10.1016/j.concog.2005.12.003 3792:. Springer. pp. 14–15. 3555:. Routledge. p. 633-4. 3498:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 164. 2919:Advertising in Everyday Life 2917:Alperstein, Neil M. (2003). 2611:Dolcos & Albarracin 2014 2539:Tod, Hardy & Oliver 2011 748:Self-concept and self-esteem 714:cognitive behavioral therapy 593:. Of particular interest to 5429:Intrapersonal communication 4567:. Oxford University Press. 4250:. De Gruyter. p. 124. 3952:Consciousness and Cognition 3373:. OUP Oxford. p. 448. 3354:. 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(2011). 3840:10.1177/1745691611413136 3104:10.1515/9783110878752.43 3065:Journal of Communication 3050:(1): 633, 635–6, 640–1. 2877:Barker & Barker 1992 2703:Michal Beth Dinkler 2013 2451:Rimes & Watkins 2005 1907:, pp. 139, 148–149. 1257:, pp. 34–36, 43–44. 98:forms sometimes used in 4997:Nonverbal communication 4987:Models of communication 4348:Frontiers in Psychology 4181:Conscious and Cognition 3494:Danesi, Marcel (2009). 3196:10.1037/1076-898X.8.1.6 3023:Baldick, Chris (2015). 2800:Charles Fernyhough 2016 2395:Healthdirect staff 2022 2255:Stream of Consciousness 2139:Shaffer & Kipp 2010 1960:Archer & Smith 2011 796:auditory hallucinations 599:stream of consciousness 533:Function and importance 406:models of communication 4449:. SAGE. p. 81-2. 4389:Motivation and Emotion 4126:. Tauris. p. 20. 3869:Healthdirect Australia 3668:Ellis, Albert (2023). 2995:Baer, Ruth A. (2003). 2978:Personality Assessment 1842:Watson & Hill 2015 1049:Watson & Hill 2015 823:Research and criticism 810:, this can be called " 482: 443: 417: 56: 5149:Mediated cross-border 4871:Communication studies 4596:10.1123/jsep.33.5.666 4226:Mepham, John (2003). 3016:10.1093/clipsy.bpg015 2903:, pp. 34, 43–44. 2453:, pp. 1673–1681. 738:first-person pronouns 687:personality disorders 563:mathematical equation 480: 440: 415: 232:communication studies 44: 5084:Communication theory 5079:Communication design 3630:Dorrit Cohn (1978). 3574:. SAGE. p. 77. 1978:, pp. 173, 175. 174:psychological stress 5434:Human communication 4791:. Macmillan Pub Co. 2891:, pp. 621–632. 2778:, pp. 172–173. 2749:, pp. 391–399. 2737:, pp. 111–122. 2613:, pp. 636–642. 2601:, pp. 200–212. 2589:, pp. 549–555. 2577:, pp. 233–247. 2563:Beilock et al. 2002 2553:, pp. 348–356. 2541:, pp. 666–687. 2316:Daniels et al. 2007 2185:, pp. 600–603. 1696:, pp. 173–175. 1638:, pp. 969–977. 1626:, pp. 599–603. 1394:, pp. 599–604. 1245:, pp. 481–484. 1202:, pp. 315–345. 804:divine intervention 607:narrative technique 388:as well as memory, 5114:Discourse analysis 5039:Telecommunications 4982:Meta-communication 3674:dictionary.apa.org 2814:, pp. xi–xii. 2719:Nicky Hallett 2016 2599:Oliver et al. 2008 2348:Vargas et al. 2023 2200:MacNeil-Kelly 2020 1783:Lawson et al. 2019 703:empirical evidence 612:Dorothy Richardson 483: 444: 418: 57: 5416: 5415: 4424:(12): 1673–1681. 3799:978-1-4899-2955-6 3623:10.1002/ejsp.2048 3392:. Profile Books. 3095:Language Behavior 2831:, pp. 35–36. 2523:Nelson-Jones 2008 2157:, pp. 47–52. 1935:, pp. 148–9. 1801:, pp. 43–46. 1376:Bottigheimer 1989 812:thought insertion 784:teenage pregnancy 603:mental phenomenon 571:imposter syndrome 64:autocommunication 16:(Redirected from 5441: 5406: 5405: 5061: 5012:Public relations 4907:Biocommunication 4864: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4825: 4792: 4781: 4760: 4741: 4722: 4703: 4701: 4668: 4647: 4626: 4607: 4578: 4557: 4538: 4519: 4500: 4481: 4460: 4441: 4412: 4383: 4373: 4363: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4280: 4261: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4222: 4196: 4175: 4156: 4137: 4118: 4099: 4078: 4059: 4038: 4019: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3983: 3946: 3927: 3908: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3859: 3822: 3803: 3784: 3763: 3744: 3725: 3696: 3677: 3664: 3645: 3626: 3604: 3585: 3566: 3547: 3528: 3509: 3490: 3469: 3450: 3440: 3417:Social Cognition 3407: 3384: 3365: 3346: 3327: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3285: 3266: 3247: 3226: 3207: 3177: 3136: 3117: 3088: 3059: 3038: 3019: 3001: 2991: 2972: 2951: 2932: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2802:, 4. "Two Cars". 2797: 2791: 2788:Oleś et al. 2020 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2716: 2710: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2660: 2654: 2644: 2631: 2625: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2565:, pp. 6–16. 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2432: 2426: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2379: 2376:Oleś et al. 2020 2373: 2367: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2285: 2279: 2269: 2258: 2248: 2242: 2232: 2223: 2213: 2207: 2197: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2114: 2107:Dorrit Cohn 1978 2104: 2098: 2088: 2082: 2072: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1874: 1865: 1855: 1849: 1839: 1830: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1722: 1713: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1655: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1600:Oleś et al. 2020 1597: 1591: 1581: 1570: 1541:Oleś et al. 2020 1535: 1529: 1491: 1485: 1475: 1469: 1459: 1453: 1450:Oleś et al. 2020 1447: 1438: 1428: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1345: 1339: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1308: 1298: 1289: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1188:Oleś et al. 2020 1185: 1168: 1128: 1122: 1112: 1075: 1065: 1056: 1046: 1025: 1015: 990: 984: 967: 961: 955: 949: 934: 924: 838:Russell Hurlburt 742:self-suggestions 699:sport psychology 595:literary studies 384:, thinking, and 307: 298: 287: 278: 21: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5394: 5183: 5062: 5053: 4900: 4898: 4891: 4873: 4868: 4838: 4795: 4784: 4778: 4763: 4757: 4744: 4738: 4725: 4719: 4706: 4671: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4629: 4623: 4610: 4581: 4575: 4560: 4554: 4541: 4535: 4522: 4516: 4503: 4497: 4484: 4478: 4463: 4457: 4444: 4415: 4386: 4341: 4335: 4322: 4316: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4264: 4258: 4245: 4236: 4234: 4225: 4194:10.1.1.676.1811 4178: 4172: 4159: 4153: 4140: 4134: 4121: 4115: 4102: 4096: 4081: 4075: 4062: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4022: 4016: 4003: 3994: 3992: 3986: 3949: 3943: 3930: 3924: 3911: 3882: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3825: 3819: 3806: 3800: 3787: 3766: 3760: 3747: 3741: 3728: 3699: 3693: 3680: 3667: 3661: 3648: 3642: 3629: 3607: 3601: 3588: 3582: 3569: 3563: 3550: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3512: 3506: 3493: 3472: 3466: 3453: 3410: 3400: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3349: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3288: 3282: 3269: 3263: 3250: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3210: 3180: 3142:Cognitive Model 3139: 3133: 3120: 3114: 3091: 3062: 3041: 3035: 3022: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2975: 2954: 2948: 2935: 2929: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2865:Cunningham 1992 2863: 2859: 2853:Cunningham 1992 2851: 2847: 2841:Cunningham 1992 2839: 2835: 2827: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2790:, pp. 2–3. 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2764:Cunningham 1992 2762: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2717: 2713: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2661: 2657: 2645: 2634: 2626: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2521: 2517: 2505: 2501: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2433: 2429: 2417: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2382: 2378:, pp. 1–3. 2374: 2370: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2288:Alperstein 2003 2286: 2282: 2270: 2261: 2249: 2245: 2233: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2198: 2189: 2183:Cunningham 1992 2181: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2133: 2121: 2117: 2105: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2073: 2064: 2058:Cunningham 1992 2056: 2052: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2024: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1939: 1931: 1927: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1875: 1868: 1856: 1852: 1840: 1833: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1762: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1723: 1716: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1685: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1658: 1646: 1642: 1634: 1630: 1624:Cunningham 1992 1622: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1582: 1573: 1569: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1492: 1488: 1476: 1472: 1460: 1456: 1452:, pp. 1–2. 1448: 1441: 1429: 1398: 1392:Cunningham 1992 1390: 1386: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1346: 1342: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1311: 1299: 1292: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1171: 1167: 1129: 1125: 1113: 1078: 1066: 1059: 1047: 1028: 1016: 993: 985: 970: 962: 958: 950: 937: 925: 912: 908: 903: 894:Subvocalization 864:Dialogical self 854: 825: 802:, or a kind of 794:. Examples are 750: 730: 676:, anxiety, and 662: 646: 587: 555:second language 535: 515:James Honeycutt 475: 469: 402: 386:self-persuasion 378:data processing 370:problem-solving 363:self-regulation 318: 317: 316: 315: 310: 309: 308: 300: 299: 290: 289: 288: 280: 279: 268: 203: 128:self-persuasion 116:problem-solving 62:(also known as 39: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5154:Organizational 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5104:Cross-cultural 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4952:Intrapersonal 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4837: 4836: 4808:(5): 549–555. 4793: 4782: 4776: 4761: 4755: 4742: 4736: 4723: 4717: 4704: 4669: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4608: 4590:(5): 666–687. 4579: 4573: 4558: 4552: 4539: 4533: 4520: 4514: 4501: 4495: 4482: 4476: 4461: 4455: 4442: 4413: 4395:(3): 200–212. 4384: 4339: 4333: 4320: 4314: 4301: 4281: 4275: 4262: 4256: 4243: 4223: 4187:(1): 111–122. 4176: 4170: 4157: 4151: 4138: 4132: 4119: 4113: 4100: 4094: 4079: 4073: 4060: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4020: 4014: 4001: 3984: 3958:(2): 391–399. 3947: 3941: 3928: 3922: 3909: 3891:(1): 315–345. 3880: 3860: 3834:(4): 348–356. 3823: 3817: 3804: 3798: 3785: 3775:(4): 233–247. 3764: 3758: 3745: 3739: 3726: 3708:(3): 481–484. 3697: 3691: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3646: 3640: 3627: 3617:(6): 636–642. 3605: 3599: 3586: 3580: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3529: 3523: 3510: 3504: 3491: 3481:(1): 597–620. 3470: 3464: 3451: 3408: 3398: 3385: 3379: 3366: 3360: 3347: 3341: 3328: 3322: 3309: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3248: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3208: 3178: 3152:(8): 969–977. 3137: 3131: 3118: 3112: 3089: 3071:(3): 172–179. 3060: 3039: 3033: 3020: 3010:(2): 125–143. 2992: 2986: 2973: 2963:(1): 621–632. 2952: 2946: 2933: 2927: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2893: 2889:Applegate 1992 2881: 2869: 2867:, p. 616. 2857: 2855:, p. 604. 2845: 2843:, p. 598. 2833: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2766:, p. 597. 2751: 2739: 2727: 2711: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2655: 2632: 2630:, p. 142. 2628:Steinberg 2007 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2531: 2515: 2499: 2483: 2471: 2455: 2443: 2427: 2411: 2399: 2380: 2368: 2352: 2340: 2324: 2308: 2296: 2280: 2259: 2243: 2224: 2216:Rosengren 1999 2208: 2187: 2175: 2159: 2147: 2131: 2115: 2099: 2083: 2062: 2050: 2048:, p. 155. 2046:Steinberg 2007 2038: 2036:, p. 139. 2034:Steinberg 2007 2026: 2023: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1998: 1987: 1980: 1968: 1952: 1950:, p. 141. 1948:Steinberg 2007 1937: 1933:Steinberg 2007 1925: 1909: 1905:Steinberg 2007 1897: 1885: 1877:UMN staff 2013 1866: 1850: 1831: 1815: 1803: 1791: 1775: 1773:, p. 177. 1760: 1758:, p. 176. 1748: 1746:, p. 175. 1733: 1714: 1698: 1683: 1681:, p. 174. 1671: 1669:, p. 172. 1656: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1604: 1592: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1543:, pp. 1–3 1537: 1530: 1527: 1526: 1524:UMN staff 2010 1521: 1512: 1503: 1493: 1486: 1470: 1454: 1439: 1396: 1384: 1368: 1356: 1340: 1324: 1320:Steinberg 2007 1309: 1301:Honeycutt 2014 1290: 1274: 1259: 1247: 1204: 1192: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1150: 1141: 1130: 1123: 1076: 1057: 1026: 991: 989:, p. 173. 968: 966:, p. 164. 956: 952:UMN staff 2010 935: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 898: 897: 891: 885: 879: 873: 867: 861: 858:Autosuggestion 853: 850: 833:questionnaires 824: 821: 749: 746: 729: 726: 722:self-awareness 661: 658: 654:mental illness 645: 642: 632:Virginia Woolf 586: 583: 565:line by line. 534: 531: 496:self-criticism 471:Main article: 468: 465: 401: 398: 312: 311: 302: 301: 293: 292: 291: 282: 281: 273: 272: 271: 270: 269: 267: 264: 243:private speech 202: 199: 146:interpretation 112:inner dialogue 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5446: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5144:Media studies 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134:International 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:Environmental 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5109:Developmental 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5089:Communicology 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:Media ecology 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:Interpersonal 4945: 4943: 4942:Intercultural 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917:Communication 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4853: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4777:9781942341772 4773: 4770:. 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