1590:
1819:(Springer Verlag, 1981) by the biophysicist L. A. Blumenfeld, when he wrote: "The meaningful macroscopic ordering of biological structure does not arise due to the increase of certain parameters or a system above their critical values. These structures are built according to program-like complicated architectural structures, the meaningful information created during many billions of years of chemical and biological evolution being used." Life is a consequence of microscopic, not macroscopic, organization.
1171:
33:
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viable meaning" to be tested experientially by the learner. This may be collaborative, and more rewarding personally. It is seen as a lifelong process, not limited to specific learning environments (home, school, university) or under the control of authorities such as parents and professors. It needs to be tested, and intermittently revised, through the personal experience of the learner. It need not be restricted by either consciousness or language.
1644:(1984). For Luhmann the elements of a social system are self-producing communications, i.e. a communication produces further communications and hence a social system can reproduce itself as long as there is dynamic communication. For Luhmann, human beings are sensors in the environment of the system. Luhmann developed an evolutionary theory of society and its subsystems, using functional analyses and systems theory.
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1782:. In this system, each researcher is allocated an equal amount of funding, and is required to anonymously allocate a fraction of their funds to the research of others. Proponents of SOFA argue that it would result in similar distribution of funding as the present grant system, but with less overhead. In 2016, a test pilot of SOFA began in the Netherlands.
729:" in 1960. It notes that self-organization is facilitated by random perturbations ("noise") that let the system explore a variety of states in its state space. This increases the chance that the system will arrive into the basin of a "strong" or "deep" attractor, from which it then quickly enters the attractor itself. The biophysicist
1839:. Most physicists would agree that there is neither empirical evidence to support their view, nor is there a mathematical necessity for it. There is no "clash of doctrines." Only Prigogine and a few colleagues hold to these speculations which, in spite of their efforts, continue to live in the twilight zone of scientific credibility.
1406:. These emerge from bottom-up interactions, unlike top-down hierarchical networks within organizations, which are not self-organizing. Cloud computing systems have been argued to be inherently self-organising, but while they have some autonomy, they are not self-managing as they do not have the goal of reducing their own complexity.
2382:
Ada Palmer explores how
Renaissance readers, such as Machiavelli, Pomponio Leto, and Montaigne, actually ingested and disseminated Lucretius, ... and shows how ideas of emergent order and natural selection, so critical to our current thinking, became embedded in Europe's intellectual landscape before
1703:
Enabling others to "learn how to learn" is often taken to mean instructing them how to submit to being taught. Self-organised learning (SOL) denies that "the expert knows best" or that there is ever "the one best method", insisting instead on "the construction of personally significant, relevant and
1285:
The evolution of order in living systems and the generation of order in certain non-living systems was proposed to obey a common fundamental principal called âthe
Darwinian dynamicâ that was formulated by first considering how microscopic order is generated in simple non-biological systems that are
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Yasuga, Hiroki; Iseri, Emre; Wei, Xi; Kaya, Kerem; Di Dio, Giacomo; Osaki, Toshihisa; Kamiya, Koki; Nikolakopoulou, Polyxeni; Buchmann, Sebastian; Sundin, Johan; Bagheri, Shervin; Takeuchi, Shoji; Herland, Anna; Miki, Norihisa; van der
Wijngaart, Wouter (2021). "Fluid interfacial energy drives the
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operational control (3) and development (4) which produce maintenance of identity (5) under environmental perturbation. Focus is prioritized by an alerting "algedonic loop" feedback: a sensitivity to both pain and pleasure produced from under-performance or over-performance relative to a standard
1865:
Since nature works for a determinate end under the direction of a higher agent, whatever is done by nature must needs be traced back to God, as to its first cause. So also whatever is done voluntarily must also be traced back to some higher cause other than human reason or will, since these can
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by restricting local interactions between the system components, rather than following an explicit control mechanism or a global design blueprint. The desired outcomes, such as increases in the resultant internal structure and/or functionality, are achieved by combining task-independent global
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of surrounding states. Once there, the further evolution of the system is constrained to remain in the attractor. This constraint implies a form of mutual dependency or coordination between its constituent components or subsystems. In Ashby's terms, each subsystem has adapted to the environment
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processes which he called concepts. His strict definition of concept "a procedure to bring about a relation" permitted his theorem "Like concepts repel, unlike concepts attract" to state a general spin-based principle of self-organization. His edict, an exclusion principle, "There are
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4823:
E.V. Krishnamurthy (2009)", Multiset of Agents in a
Network for Simulation of Complex Systems", in "Recent advances in Nonlinear Dynamics and synchronization, (NDS-1) â Theory and applications, Springer Verlag, New York, 2009. Eds. K.Kyamakya, et
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is a meaningful concept only if there exists such an entity whose parts or "organs" are simultaneously ends and means. Such a system of organs must be able to behave as if it has a mind of its own, that is, it is capable of governing itself.
888:. This means that a system cannot spontaneously increase its order without an external relationship that decreases order elsewhere in the system (e.g. through consuming the low-entropy energy of a battery and diffusing high-entropy heat).
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relying on a continuous input of energy. Self-organization is not an alternative to natural selection, but it constrains what evolution can do and provides mechanisms such as the self-assembly of membranes which evolution then exploits.
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can be considered self-organizing because they aim to find the optimal solution to a problem. If the solution is considered as a state of the iterative system, the optimal solution is the selected, converged structure of the system.
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determines almost all the spatiotemporal behavior of traffic, such as traffic breakdown at a highway bottleneck, highway capacity, and the emergence of moving traffic jams. These self-organizing effects are explained by
1441:
1382:, self-organization is used to produce emergent behavior. In particular the theory of random graphs has been used as a justification for self-organization as a general principle of complex systems. In the field of
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are so significant that self-organization produces bad results and that the state should direct production and pricing. Most economists adopt an intermediate position and recommend a mixture of market economy and
918:; and von Foerster organized a conference on "The Principles of Self-Organization" at the University of Illinois' Allerton Park in June, 1960 which led to a series of conferences on Self-Organizing Systems.
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is not derived from a time-independent microworld, but is itself fundamental. The virtue of their idea is that it resolves what they perceive as a "clash of doctrines" about the nature of
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change or fail; for all things that are changeable and capable of defect must be traced back to an immovable and self-necessary first principle, as was shown in the body of the
Article.
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622:
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Smollin, Lee (1995). "Cosmology as a problem in critical phenomena". In Ramón López-Peña; Henri
Waelbroeck; Riccardo Capovilla; Ricardo GarcĂa-Pelayo; Federico Zertuche (eds.).
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The self-organizing behaviour of social animals and the self-organization of simple mathematical structures both suggest that self-organization should be expected in human
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proposed "Redundancy of
Potential Command" as characteristic of the organization of the brain and human nervous system and the necessary condition for self-organization.
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is more or less scale invariant over many orders of magnitude, ideas and strategies developed in the study of self-organized systems could be helpful in tackling certain
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to management. It consists of five parts: the monitoring of performance of the survival processes (1), their management by recursive application of regulation (2),
4713:, P. Dittrich, J. T. Kim, and J. Ziegler, Advances in Artificial Life, 7th European Conference, ECAL 2003, Dortmund, Germany, pp. 606â14. LNAI 2801. Springer.
979:
Around 2008â2009, a concept of guided self-organization started to take shape. This approach aims to regulate self-organization for specific purposes, so that a
1298:. It was shown that the underlying order-generating processes of self-organization in the non-biological systems and in replicating RNA are basically similar.
891:
18th-century thinkers had sought to understand the "universal laws of form" to explain the observed forms of living organisms. This idea became associated with
801:
believed that a designing intelligence is unnecessary to create order in nature, arguing that given enough time and space and matter, order emerges by itself.
3836:"Brain of the Firm" Alan Lane (1972); see also Viable System Model in "Beyond Dispute", and Stafford Beer (1994) "Redundancy of Potential Command" pp. 157â58.
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1823:
Of course, Blumenfeld does not answer the further question of how those program-like structures emerge in the first place. His explanation leads directly to
2642:
Lozeanu, Erzilia; Popescu, Virginia; Sanduloviciu, Mircea (February 2002). "Spatial and spatiotemporal patterns formed after self-organization in plasma".
534:. The process can be spontaneous when sufficient energy is available, not needing control by any external agent. It is often triggered by seemingly random
2824:
Lehn, J.-M. (1988). "Perspectives in
Supramolecular Chemistry-From Molecular Recognition towards Molecular Information Processing and Self-Organization".
2086:
We have already seen ample evidence for what is arguably the single most impressive general property of CA, namely their capacity for self-organization
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502:
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Bernstein H, Byerly HC, Hopf FA, Michod RA, Vemulapalli GK. (1983) The
Darwinian Dynamic. Quarterly Review of Biology 58, 185-207. JSTOR 2828805
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the other partsâeach, consequently, reciprocally producing the others... Only under these conditions and upon these terms can such a product be an
2245:
3712:, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Wiley, NY, 1948. 2nd Edition 1962 "Chapter X "Brain Waves and Self-Organizing Systems" pp. 201â02.
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Ahmed, Furqan; Tirkkonen, Olav (January 2016). "Simulated annealing variants for self-organized resource allocation in small cell networks".
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2042:
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Johnson, Brian R.; Lam, Sheung Kwam (2010). "Self-organization, Natural
Selection, and Evolution: Cellular Hardware and Genetic Software".
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finds nothing before 1954, and only four entries before 1970. There were 17 in the years 1971â1980; 126 in 1981â1990; and 593 in 1991â2000.
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2228:
1601:. Tell-tale signs of self-organization are usually statistical properties shared with self-organizing physical systems. Examples such as
5566:
5011:, In Engineering Self Organising Systems: Methodologies and Applications, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 3464, pp. 1â15.
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In social theory, the concept of self-referentiality has been introduced as a sociological application of self-organization theory by
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to describe a "self-organizing system of voluntary co-operation", in regards to the spontaneous order of the free market economy.
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might be the result of or have involved certain degree of self-organization. He argues that self-organized systems are often
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usually makes the self-organized economic system less efficient. On the other end of the spectrum, economists consider that
869:
283:
3655:
2885:"Asymmetric synthesis of a highly soluble 'trimeric' analogue of the chiral nematic liquid crystal twist agent Merck S1011"
1589:
1386:, understanding how to engineer systems that are capable of presenting self-organized behavior is an active research area.
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1602:
1031:
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287:
191:
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Marinescu, D. C.; Paya, A.; Morrison, J. P.; Healy, P. (2013). "An auction-driven self-organising cloud delivery model".
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level. Cited examples of self-organizing behaviour also appear in the literature of many other disciplines, both in the
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4058:
2522:
Ruse, Michael (2013). "17. From Organicism to Mechanism-and Halfway Back?". In Henning, Brian G.; Scarfe, Adam (eds.).
1708:
argued that it is poorly recognised within psychology and education. It may be related to cybernetics as it involves a
757:
formulated a similar principle as "order through fluctuations" or "order out of chaos". It is applied in the method of
5266:
4721:
Synergetics: An Introduction. Nonequilibrium Phase Transition and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry, and Biology
1481:
136:
1151:
2967:
Barlow, S.M.; Raval R.. (2003). "Complex organic molecules at metal surfaces: bonding, organisation and chirality".
5635:
5370:
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Christian Prehofer ea. (2005), "Self-Organization in Communication Networks: Principles and Design Paradigms", in:
2444:"Ueber die bewegende Kraft der WĂ€rme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus fĂŒr die WĂ€rmelehre selbst ableiten Lassen"
1744:
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224:
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Yang, X. S.; Deb, S.; Loomes, M.; Karamanoglu, M. (2013). "A framework for self-tuning optimization algorithm".
4635:
Scott Camazine, Jean-Louis Deneubourg, Nigel R. Franks, James Sneyd, Guy Theraulaz, & Eric Bonabeau (2001)
1961:
Betzler, S. B.; Wisnet, A.; Breitbach, B.; Mitterbauer, C.; Weickert, J.; Schmidt-Mende, L.; Scheu, C. (2014).
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created universe in rejecting the idea that something can be a self-sufficient cause of its own organization:
1468:, when perturbed, to converge on one of many possible stable states. Ashby used his state counting measure of
5236:
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Cellular Automaton Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization: Introduction into Self-Organization and Emergence
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et al. (editors) (1986), "Evolution, Games, and Learning: Models for Adaptation in Machines and Nature", in:
2486:"On the Moving Force of Heat, and the Laws regarding the Nature of Heat itself which are deducible therefrom"
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introduced the term "self-organizing" to contemporary science in 1947. It was taken up by the cyberneticians
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Clauset, Aaron; Cosma Rohilla Shalizi; M. E. J Newman (2009). "Power-law distributions in empirical data".
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Love; et al. (2005). "Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiolates on Metals as a Form of Nanotechnology".
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1515:. In essence this states that unused potential communication bandwidth is a measure of self-organization.
1387:
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45:
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1892:
1695:). When applied to economics, the concept of self-organization can quickly become ideologically imbued.
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may reach specific attractors or outcomes. The regulation constrains a self-organizing process within a
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Complex Systems and Binary Networks: Guanajuato Lectures Held at Guanajuato, MĂ©xico 16â22 January 1995
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Self-organization in nonequilibrium systems: From dissipative structures to order through fluctuations
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4383:
3964:"Emergence, Self-Organization, and Social Interaction: Arousal-Dependent Structure in Social Systems"
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von Foerster, Heinz; Pask, Gordon (1961). "A Predictive Model for Self-Organizing Systems, Part II".
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1559:" means no two concepts can be the same. After sufficient time, all concepts attract and coalesce as
1334:, with structure spreading out in space and time over every available scale, as shown for example by
1254:
1119:
1079:
970:
828:
786:
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von Foerster, Heinz; Pask, Gordon (1961). "A Predictive Model for Self-Organizing Systems, Part I".
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Watts, Duncan J.; Strogatz, Steven H. (June 1998). "Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks".
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3851:"Heinz von Foerster's Self-Organisation, the Progenitor of Conversation and Interaction Theories"
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formulated the original principle of self-organization in 1947. It states that any deterministic
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4878:, 3rd. International Congress on Cybernetics, Namur, Association Internationale de Cybernetique.
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3188:"Review of Stuart Kauffman, The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution"
32:
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2011:
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has written on the role that market self-organization plays in the business cycle in his book
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As an indication of the increasing importance of this concept, when queried with the keyword
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1985:
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or the "attraction of frequencies", as he called it, is discussed in the 2nd edition of his
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in the 1960s, but did not become commonplace in the scientific literature until physicists
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automatically evolves towards a state of equilibrium that can be described in terms of an
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Self-Organized Criticality: Emergent Complex Behaviour in Physical and Biological Systems
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A Theory of Immediate Awareness: Self-Organization and Adaptation in Natural Intelligence
3656:"CLOUDLIGHTNING: A Framework for a Self-organising and Self-managing Heterogeneous Cloud"
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The DNA structure shown schematically at left self-assembles into the structure at right
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of a system can lead to an increase in its organization has a long history. The ancient
5541:
5536:
5469:
4931:
4851:
4840:
Marshall, A (2002) The Unity of Nature, Imperial College Press: London (esp. chapter 5)
4745:
4664:
4374:
Kerner, Boris S. (1998). "Experimental Features of Self-Organization in Traffic Flow".
4000:
3660:
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science
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3187:
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3003:
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Robotic systems: How sensorimotor intelligence may develop... self-organized behaviors
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How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
4815:
4059:"The Issue of Energy within a Dialectical Approach to the Regulationist Problematique"
3211:
3155:
3113:
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Rego, J.A.; Harvey, Jamie A.A.; MacKinnon, Andrew L.; Gatdula, Elysse (January 2010).
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1086:, in river basins and deltas, in dendritic solidification (snow flakes), in capillary
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Self-organization of biological systems: Protein folding and supramolecular assembly
3359:
3278:
3004:"Large Area Fabrication of Semiconducting Phosphorene by Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly"
2911:
2810:
2347:
1273:
in driving biochemical reactions in cells. The systems of reactions in any cell are
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5348:
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4927:
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An Unfinished Revolution? Heinz von Foerster and the Biological Computer Laboratory
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1740:
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Emergence Versus Self-Organisation: Different Concepts but Promising When Combined
4893:
Turtles, Termites and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds
4283:
Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein S. (1993) "On Becoming a Learning Organisation" in
2168:
2037:. Princeton studies in complexity (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press.
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and of the whole, that is as an instrument, or organ... The part must be an organ
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2005:
17:
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Self-Organizing Natural Intelligence: Issues of Knowing, Meaning, and Complexity
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3492:"Empire of colonies: Self-stabilizing and self-organizing distributed algorithm"
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Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology
4144:
Self-Organised Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology
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emergence of three-dimensional periodic structures in micropillar scaffolds".
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over all the components of the system. As such, the organization is typically
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Gordon Pask's theory of learning, evolution and self-organization (in draft).
4866:
The Dreams of Reason: The Computer and the Rise of the Sciences of Complexity
3668:
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3270:
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2588:
Self-organizing robots: Robotic construction crew needs no foreman (w/ video)
2467:
653:). Self-organization has also been observed in mathematical systems such as
5609:
5512:
3238:(2009). "Beyond the Darwinian Paradigm: Understanding Biological Forms". In
1858:
1759:
as individual and population behaviour interacts with biological evolution.
1670:
1618:
1614:
1462:
1428:
1306:
In his 1995 conference paper "Cosmology as a problem in critical phenomena"
1295:
1274:
1147:
1107:
1075:
1071:
845:
its presence to the agency of all the remaining parts, and also as existing
833:
798:
710:
706:
658:
646:
634:
586:
574:
424:
215:
82:
49:
4963:
4479:
4211:
Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth
4198:
Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth
4185:
Learning Conversations: The S-O-L way to personal and organizational growth
3870:
10.1002/(sici)1099-1735(199609)13:3<349::aid-sres103>3.3.co;2-7
3121:
3055:
2953:
2854:"A periodic reaction in homogeneous solution and its relation to catalysis"
2838:
2784:"Spontaneous generation and patterning of chiral polymeric surface toroids"
2768:
2490:
London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
2176:
3468:
2417:
2211:
668:
strong dynamical non-linearity, often (though not necessarily) involving
5338:
5303:
4607:
3887:
Conversation, Cognition and Learning. A Cybernetic Theory and Methodology
2155:
Ashby, W. R. (1947). "Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System".
1882:
1844:
1779:
1717:
1523:
884:, sometimes understood as disorder, will always increase over time in an
602:
582:
345:
53:
5234:
Mikhail Prokopenko's page on Information-driven Self-organisation (IDSO)
5132:
Metal organic coordination networks of oligopyridines and Cu on graphite
5113:
5064:
4876:
The cybernetics of evolutionary processes and of self organizing systems
2869:
808:
presents self-organization hypothetically in the fifth part of his 1637
530:
arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered
5464:
5459:
5447:
5425:
5410:
5318:
5178:
4582:
4285:
Report of a 7 year Action Research Project with the Royal Mail Business
3710:
Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine
3698:
Cybernetics, or control and communication in the animal and the machine
3320:
2802:
2629:
1990:
1634:
1598:
1512:
1442:
Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
1335:
1227:
1183:
1143:
1023:
924:
Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
881:
790:
685:
578:
570:
341:
278:
4543:
3987:
3554:
3311:
3037:
2945:
633:. The concept has proven useful in biology, from the molecular to the
5258:
5210:
4706:
4409:
De Boer, Bart (2011). Gibson, Kathleen R.; Tallerman, Maggie (eds.).
3963:
3926:
3692:
Wiener, Norbert (1962) "The mathematics of self-organising systems".
2619:, Second Edition, edited by Lerner, R. and Trigg, G., VCH Publishers.
2255:
1294:
molecules assumed to be similar to the earliest forms of life in the
1270:
1231:
1215:
531:
4768:
Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software
4759:, Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics 10, Cambridge University Press.
4045:
Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 2: The Mirage of Social Justice
2853:
1971:(OH) superstructures with semiconductive and photoactive properties"
1963:"Template-free synthesis of novel, highly-ordered 3D hierarchical Nb
5229:
Scott Camazine's webpage on self-organization in biological systems
5059:
3979:
3850:
3020:
5497:
5233:
5116:, (electronic preprints in adaptation and self-organizing systems)
5055:
Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen
3639:
3537:
3460:
3387:
1588:
1169:
1097:
1047:
995:
988:
objectives with task-dependent constraints on local interactions.
31:
4934:(1978). "Homeokinetics: A Physical Science for Complex Systems".
4837:
Elizabeth McMillan (2004) "Complexity, Organizations and Change".
4517:"Is the irreversibility we see a fundamental property of nature?"
3755:"Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system"
2550:"Heinz von Foerster and the Bio-Computing Movements of the 1960s"
1269:. However, this does not take into account the essential role of
5375:
5313:
5308:
5211:"Interactions of Actors (IA), Theory and Some Applications" 1993
4883:
4171:
Learning: Foundations of a conversational science for psychology
1815:
Most scientists would agree with the critical view expressed in
1542:
argued that von Foerster's H and Hmax were not independent, but
1457:. By contrast, the four concurrently connected galvanometers of
684:
availability of energy (to overcome the natural tendency toward
52:
cubes gradually transform into ordered 3D meshes of crystalline
5262:
5245:
4126:. The Dyrac 1997 Memorial Lecture. Cambridge University Press.
3949:
Interactive models for self organization and biological systems
1249:
have suggested that self-organization may play roles alongside
5097:
5014:
K. Yee (2003), "Ownership and Trade from Evolutionary Games",
4992:, Cambridge University Press, 1992 Dover Publications edition.
4789:
Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution
4066:
Recherches & RĂ©gulation Working Papers, RR SĂ©rie ID 2009-1
1291:
1223:
1219:
1178:(boids in Blender), an example of self-organization in biology
5191:
Cosma Shalizi's notebook on self-organization from 2003-06-20
4834:, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
4799:
Dynamic Patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior
4630:
Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Theory of Networks
3948:
2201:
and George W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.) U.S. Office of Naval Research.
2007:
Thermodynamic Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations
1310:
said that several cosmological objects or phenomena, such as
1476:" theorem which requires internal models for self-organized
657:. Self-organization is an example of the related concept of
5248:
A platform for science and technology, Klagenfurt, Austria.
5205:
4588:
How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality
3578:"Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges"
2782:
Carroll, GT; Jongejan, MGM; Pijper, D; Feringa, BL (2010).
2218:. M.C. Yovits and S. Cameron (eds.), Pergamon Press, London
941:
researchers adopted it in a greater picture from cosmology
895:
and fell into disrepute until the early 20th century, when
841:
In such a natural product as this every part is thought as
4645:
3137:"Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates"
3068:
Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau,
5252:
Watch 32 discordant metronomes synch up all by themselves
5143:
3928:
Interactions of Actors (IA), Theory and Some Applications
3694:
Recent developments in information and decision processes
1290:. Consideration was then extended to short, replicating
5223:
4669:
The Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization
3952:
Center for Models of Life, Niels Bohr Institute, Denmark
1431:
and its subsequent reproduction as self-organization in
747:
L'organisation biologique et la théorie de l'information
4495:"Netherlands: A radical new way do fund science | BIEN"
3334:
Serugendo, Giovanna Di Marzo; et al. (June 2005).
4723:, Third Revised and Enlarged Edition, Springer-Verlag.
2126:
Swarm intelligence: from natural to artificial systems
2123:
Bonabeau, Eric; Dorigo, Marco; Theraulaz, Guy (1999).
733:
developed this concept by proposing the principle of "
542:. The resulting organization is wholly decentralized,
5060:
PDF file on self-organized common law with references
2251:
International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics
1593:
Social self-organization in international drug routes
4752:, Strong Voices Publishing, Medfield, Massachusetts.
1716:. It can be conducted as a learning conversation or
814:. He elaborated on the idea in his unpublished work
664:
Self-organization relies on four basic ingredients:
5597:
5490:
5398:
5296:
4597:
The Self-Made Tapestry: Pattern Formation in Nature
4007:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
2212:"On self-organizing systems and their environments"
562:discusses self-organization in terms of islands of
2314:Order out of chaos: Man's new dialogue with nature
4740:"The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity"
4252:This I Believe and Other Essays (Resurgence Book)
2615:and Kelley, P. L. (1991) "Lasers", pp. 614â19 in
2560:BCL 1958â1976. Vienna, Austria: Edition Echoraum.
1526:in persisting and living systems. He applied his
5120:Structure and Dynamics of Organic Nanostructures
4625:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 324 pp.
2525:Beyond Mechanism: Putting Life Back Into Biology
2100:Self-organization and Emergence in Life Sciences
5246:Lakeside Labs Self-Organizing Networked Systems
5074:The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity
4980:Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order
4912:Signs of Life: How Complexity Pervades Biology]
4623:Shape and Structure, from Engineering to Nature
2403:. CUP Archive. pp. 64â. GGKEY:TFTHBB91ZH2.
1863:
1829:
1813:
1344:unsolved problems in cosmology and astrophysics
839:
589:systems. Examples of self-organization include
27:Process of creating order by local interactions
4647:Self-Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks
4068:. Association Recherche & RĂ©gulation: 1â21
3962:Smith, Thomas S.; Stevens, Gregory T. (1996).
3576:Zhang, Q., Cheng, L., and Boutaba, R. (2010).
1338:and his collaborators. Therefore, because the
1277:, but not simply self-organizing, as they are
922:took up the idea in the second edition of his
5274:
4895:, Complex Adaptive Systems series, MIT Press.
4196:Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013)
4183:Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (1991)
3582:Journal of Internet Services and Applications
1563:. The theory applies to all organizationally
496:
8:
4910:Ricard V. Solé and Brian C. Goodwin (2001),
4856:Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems
4707:"When Can we Call a System Self-organizing?"
4237:The University of Learning in transformation
4209:Harri-Augstein E. S. and Thomas L. F. (2013)
4124:Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics
3618:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1472:to describe stable states and produced the "
826:used the term "self-organizing" in his 1790
4917:Ricard V. Solé and Jordi Bascompte (2006),
2422:, Manchester University Press, Manchester,
2150:
2148:
2146:
1734:The self-organizing behavior of drivers in
1522:considered self-organization necessary for
5281:
5267:
5259:
4364:Thomas L.F. and Harri-Augstein E.S. (1985)
3336:"Self-organization in multi-agent systems"
2191:"Principles of the self-organizing system"
1378:exhibit features of self-organization. In
880:in the 19th century. It states that total
526:, is a process where some form of overall
503:
489:
59:
5016:International Review of Law and Economics
4469:
4272:The Origins and Growth of Action Learning
3667:
3638:
3603:
3593:
3536:
3507:
3386:
3310:
3219:
3045:
3019:
2758:
2748:
2475:
1989:
1937:For related history, see Aram Vartanian,
1656:is sometimes said to be self-organizing.
5177:W. Ross Ashby journal p. 759, from
4446:"Who would you share your funding with?"
4411:Self-organization and language evolution
4352:, Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
4057:Biel, R.; Mu-Jeong Kho (November 2009).
3881:
3879:
3844:
3842:
3093:Bonabeau, Eric; et al. (May 1997).
2858:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2630:Self-organized theory in quantum gravity
1575:products which evolve, learn and adapt.
4638:Self-Organization in Biological Systems
4350:Religions, values, and peak-experiences
4168:Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (2013)
4155:Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1994)
4142:Thomas L.F. & Augstein E.S. (1985)
3427:Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms
3244:Evolution: The First Four Billion Years
3070:Self-Organization in Biological Systems
2419:Reflections on the motive power of fire
2393:
2391:
2312:Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984).
2034:Self-organization in Biological Systems
1953:
1930:
1720:between learners or within one person.
1110:includes drying-induced self-assembly,
678:balance of exploitation and exploration
69:
62:
4426:
4416:
3611:
3246:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
3135:Couzin, Iain D.; Krause, Jens (2003).
2299:Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977).
2071:Cellular Automata: A Discrete Universe
2004:Glansdorff, P., Prigogine, I. (1971).
1567:or homeostatic processes that produce
1340:distribution of matter in the universe
1210:, the coordination of human movement,
1022:The many self-organizing phenomena in
965:), until our days with the disruptive
929:Self-organization was associated with
743:le principe de complexité par le bruit
681:multiple interactions among components
566:in a sea of chaotic unpredictability.
5065:An entry on self-organization at the
4309:Prigogyne I. & Sengers I. (1985)
4093:, Chapter 5. Imperial College Press.
3095:"Self-organization in social insects"
1328:large scale structure of the universe
629:, where it is often characterized as
621:Self-organization is realized in the
7:
5145:Selforganization in complex networks
4820:, Ph.D. Thesis, New York University.
3899:Green, N. (2001). "On Gordon Pask".
3753:Conant, R. C.; Ashby, W. R. (1970).
3696:, Macmillan, N. Y. and Chapter X in
3490:Dolev, Shlomi; Tzachar, Nir (2009).
2367:Reading Lucretius in the Renaissance
2098:Feltz, Bernard; et al. (2006).
2063:
2061:
2025:
2023:
1691:characteristics (sometimes called a
899:(1860â1948) attempted to revive it.
623:physics of non-equilibrium processes
36:Self-organization in micron-sized Nb
5567:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
5114:nlin.AO, nonlinear preprint archive
2644:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
1755:Order appears spontaneously in the
5206:UCLA Human Complex Systems Program
5155:The Complex Systems Lab, Barcelona
4579:, Chapman & Hall, 2nd edition.
1888:Self-organized criticality control
250:Evolutionary developmental biology
25:
5179:The W. Ross Ashby Digital Archive
5085:Self-Organizing Systems (SOS) FAQ
5007:Tom De Wolf, Tom Holvoet (2005),
4843:MĂŒller, J.-A., Lemke, F. (2000),
4515:Pagels, H. R. (January 1, 1985).
3375:Neural Computing and Applications
3144:Advances in the Study of Behavior
3102:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2157:The Journal of General Psychology
2074:. World Scientific. p. 247.
1768:Self-organized funding allocation
1146:, microphase separation of block
861:being, and, as such, be called a
569:Self-organization occurs in many
56:as summarized in the model below.
5389:
4811:", The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
4807:& David A Engstrom (2006), "
4444:Bollen, Johan (August 8, 2018).
3186:Fox, Ronald F. (December 1993).
2528:. Lexington Books. p. 419.
1978:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
1918:Outline of organizational theory
1416:Self-organization in cybernetics
1062:. Self-organization is found in
714:formed by all other subsystems.
5646:Extended evolutionary synthesis
5168:"Organisation must grow" (1939)
4801:, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
4755:Henrik Jeldtoft Jensen (1998),
2195:Principles of Self-Organization
1186:can be observed in spontaneous
417:Ordinary differential equations
4557:Article 3. Whether God exists?
4493:Coelho, Andre (May 16, 2017).
4047:. University of Chicago Press.
3740:An Introduction to Cybernetics
3728:, Chapter 5 Chapman & Hall
1831:In short, they maintain that
1817:Problems of Biological Physics
1774:) is a method of distributing
1423:regarded the automatic serial
1279:thermodynamically open systems
1018:Self-assembly of nanoparticles
902:The psychiatrist and engineer
288:Partial differential equations
1:
5201:Connectivism:SelfOrganization
5159:Computational Mechanics Group
4678:, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
3743:, Part Two Chapman & Hall
3212:10.1016/s0006-3495(93)81321-3
3156:10.1016/S0065-3454(03)01001-5
3114:10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01048-3
2989:10.1016/S0167-5729(03)00015-3
2169:10.1080/00221309.1947.9918144
2010:, London: Wiley-Interscience
1238:behaviour in birds and fish.
1190:and other biomacromolecules,
1032:spontaneous symmetry breaking
721:formulated the principle of "
5197:with permission from author.
4956:10.1126/science.201.4356.579
4730:Law, Legislation and Liberty
4235:Harri-Augstein E. S. (2000)
3496:Theoretical Computer Science
3340:Knowledge Engineering Review
2750:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020073
2370:. Harvard University Press.
1090:and in turbulent structure.
878:second law of thermodynamics
753:. The physicist and chemist
751:Entre le cristal et la fumée
5003:"Video â Simulation of DRX"
4845:Self-Organizing Data Mining
4832:The Self-Organizing Economy
4632:W. W. Norton & Company.
4614:2nd edition Wiley 1981 and
4396:10.1103/physrevlett.81.3797
4326:Flamingo Paperbacks. London
4313:Flamingo Paperbacks. London
4174:. Routledge (Psy. Revivals)
4025:The Self Organizing Economy
3737:Ashby, William Ross (1956)
2827:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
2617:The Encyclopedia of Physics
2068:Ilachinski, Andrew (2001).
1662:The Self Organizing Economy
1482:Nyquist stability criterion
1241:The mathematical biologist
949:, biology and sociology as
876:(1822â1888) discovered the
137:Particle swarm optimization
5672:
4781:, Oxford University Press.
4600:, Oxford University Press.
4471:10.1038/d41586-018-05887-3
4224:A Celebration of Awareness
3654:Lynn; et al. (2016).
3074:Princeton University Press
2700:10.1038/s41567-021-01204-4
2484:Clausius, R. (July 1851).
2340:10.1016/j.asoc.2015.10.028
1745:three-phase traffic theory
1730:Three-phase traffic theory
1727:
1582:
1453:as a key step in nano and
1413:
1163:
1064:self-organized criticality
1056:BoseâEinstein condensation
1011:
847:for the sake of the others
778:
749:and then in the 1979 book
284:Reactionâdiffusion systems
113:Self-organized criticality
5547:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
5387:
5184:February 8, 2009, at the
5088:by Chris Lucas, from the
4891:Mitchell Resnick (1994),
4750:Homeokinetics: The Basics
3913:10.1108/03684920110391913
3774:10.1080/00207727008920220
3595:10.1007/s13174-010-0007-6
3509:10.1016/j.tcs.2008.10.006
3405:10.1007/s00521-013-1498-4
3352:10.1017/S0269888905000494
3242:; Travis, Joseph (eds.).
2904:10.1080/02678290903359291
2852:Bray, William C. (1921).
2502:10.1080/14786445108646819
2482:Translated into English:
2210:Von Foerster, H. (1960).
1320:early structure formation
1288:thermodynamic equilibrium
1140:self-assembled monolayers
1036:spontaneous magnetization
897:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
745:) first in the 1972 book
688:, or loss of free energy)
225:Artificial neural network
5173:August 16, 2022, at the
5092:comp.theory.self-org.sys
5021:Louise B. Young (2002),
5000:"(open source software)"
4995:J. Tkac, J Kroc (2017),
4978:Steven Strogatz (2004),
4907:Oxford University Press.
4809:The Complementary Nature
4791:Oxford University Press.
4274:Chartwell-Bratt, Bromley
4027:. Blackwell Publishers.
3669:10.5220/0005921503330338
3271:10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.4
2664:10.1109/TPS.2002.1003908
2468:10.1002/andp.18501550403
2383:the seventeenth century.
2031:Camazine, Scott (2003).
1811:, appeals to authority:
1676:Neo-classical economists
1393:Self-organizing networks
1372:evolutionary computation
1370:, and some instances of
957:in the following 1980s (
476:Evolutionary game theory
366:Second-order cybernetics
230:Evolutionary computation
146:Collective consciousness
5224:The Cybernetics Society
5125:April 21, 2016, at the
5106:March 26, 2022, at the
5100:Primordial Soup Kitchen
5023:The Unfinished Universe
4886:Communications Magazine
4868:, Simon & Schuster.
4779:At Home in the Universe
4681:Myrna L. Estep (2006),
4653:April 19, 2018, at the
4644:Falko Dressler (2007),
4641:, Princeton Univ Press.
4606:, Self-organization as
4376:Physical Review Letters
2969:Surface Science Reports
2216:Self-organizing systems
2102:. Springer. p. 1.
1388:Optimization algorithms
1166:Biological organisation
1152:LangmuirâBlodgett films
1112:molecular self-assembly
963:complex adaptive system
832:, where he argued that
550:and able to survive or
254:Artificial intelligence
168:Social network analysis
133:Ant colony optimization
105:Collective intelligence
5239:June 14, 2009, at the
5137:June 11, 2016, at the
4904:The Life of the Cosmos
4628:Mark Buchanan (2002),
4362:Conversational Science
4348:Maslow, A. H. (1964).
4122:Feynman, R. P. (1987)
3002:Ritu, Harneet (2016).
2839:10.1002/anie.198800891
2731:"Protein Nanomachines"
2575:Dissertation Abstracts
2496:(VIII): 1â21, 102â19.
2328:Applied Soft Computing
2129:. OUP. pp. 9â11.
1868:
1841:
1821:
1793:, in a 1985 review of
1613:and others, abound in
1594:
1318:processes in general,
1179:
1103:
1004:
931:general systems theory
867:
742:
467:Rational choice theory
292:Dissipative structures
57:
46:hydrothermal treatment
5381:WidmanstÀtten pattern
5216:June 7, 2004, at the
5151:June 9, 2023, at the
5067:Principia Cybernetica
4920:in Complex Ecosystems
4850:Gregoire Nicolis and
4814:Alex Kentsis (2004),
4763:Steven Berlin Johnson
4621:Adrian Bejan (2000),
4200:. Routledge (2nd Ed.)
4187:. Routledge (1st Ed.)
4159:. Routledge (2nd Ed.)
4146:. Routledge (1st Ed.)
3934:June 7, 2004, at the
3849:Pask, Gordon (1996).
3305:. Vol. 461â461.
3175:on December 20, 2016.
2552:in Albert MĂŒller and
2454:(4): 368â97, 500â24.
2189:Ashby, W. R. (1962).
1939:Diderot and Descartes
1893:Free energy principle
1757:evolution of language
1633:can be influenced by
1592:
1550:recursive concurrent
1492:proposed Redundancy,
1208:developmental biology
1182:Self-organization in
1173:
1164:Further information:
1120:oscillating reactions
1106:Self-organization in
1101:
999:
967:emerging technologies
779:Further information:
395:Theory of computation
258:Evolutionary robotics
125:Agent-based modelling
48:at 200 °C. Initially
35:
5076:, a review paper by
4923:, Princeton U. Press
4674:Myrna Estep (2003),
4594:Philip Ball (1999),
4298:On Becoming a Person
4270:Revans R. W. (1982)
3925:Pask, Gordon (1993)
3662:. pp. 333â338.
2628:Ansari M. H. (2004)
2590:, February 13, 2014.
1833:time irreversibility
1712:control loop, or to
1480:and stability (e.g.
1435:. The importance of
1397:small-world networks
1255:evolutionary biology
1080:loop quantum gravity
829:Critique of Judgment
599:chemical oscillation
446:Coupled map lattices
412:Time series analysis
172:Small-world networks
44:(OH) cubes during a
5656:Concepts in physics
5615:Mathematics and art
5605:Pattern recognition
5575:Aristid Lindenmayer
5042:"Self-organization"
4948:1978Sci...201..579S
4657:, Wiley & Sons.
4591:, Copernicus Books.
4536:1985PhT....38a..97P
4462:2018Natur.560..143B
4388:1998PhRvL..81.3797K
4337:Thought as a System
4300:. Constable, London
4296:Rogers C.R. (1971)
4091:The Unity of Nature
4023:Krugman, P. (1995)
3968:Sociological Theory
3787:Embodiments of Mind
3762:Int. J. Systems Sci
3722:Ashby, William Ross
3547:2009SIAMR..51..661C
3453:1998Natur.393..440W
3397:2013arXiv1312.5667Y
3204:1993BpJ....65.2698F
3030:2016NatSR...634095K
2981:2003SurSR..50..201B
2921:on October 8, 2012.
2870:10.1021/ja01439a007
2729:Strong, M. (2004).
2692:2021NatPh..17..794Y
2656:2002ITPS...30...30L
2603:, October 27, 2015.
2460:1850AnP...155..500C
1851:(1225â1274) in his
1678:hold that imposing
1528:viable system model
1404:scale-free networks
1384:multi-agent systems
1263:molecular evolution
1259:population dynamics
1188:folding of proteins
811:Discourse on Method
759:simulated annealing
471:Bounded rationality
429:Population dynamics
338:Conversation theory
238:Genetic programming
163:Scale-free networks
95:Collective behavior
5553:On Growth and Form
5453:Logarithmic spiral
5290:Patterns in nature
5163:Santa Fe Institute
5110:(graphics, papers)
4990:On Growth and Form
4685:, Springer-Verlag.
4577:Design for a Brain
4311:Order out of Chaos
4222:Illich. I. (1971)
4213:. BookBaby (eBook)
4109:Rogers.C. (1969).
3990:– via JSTOR.
3726:Design for a Brain
3425:X. S. Yang (2014)
3321:10.1007/BFb0103573
2803:10.1039/C0SC00159G
2548:Asaro, P. (2007).
2477:2027/uc1.$ b242250
2448:Annalen der Physik
2303:. Wiley, New York.
2199:Heinz von Foerster
1991:10.1039/C4TA02202E
1908:Swarm intelligence
1898:Information theory
1803:Order Out of Chaos
1623:behavioral finance
1595:
1548:countably infinite
1490:Heinz von Foerster
1455:universal assembly
1400:self-stabilization
1253:in three areas of
1212:eusocial behaviour
1180:
1136:colloidal crystals
1116:reactionâdiffusion
1104:
1005:
1003:in a gravity field
959:Santa Fe Institute
947:dissipative system
908:Heinz von Foerster
785:The idea that the
719:Heinz von Foerster
717:The cybernetician
699:William Ross Ashby
697:The cybernetician
627:chemical reactions
462:Prisoner's dilemma
407:Nonlinear dynamics
362:Operationalization
358:Information theory
234:Genetic algorithms
58:
5636:Self-organization
5623:
5622:
5580:BenoĂźt Mandelbrot
5480:Self-organization
5416:Natural selection
5406:Pattern formation
5193:, used under the
5098:David Griffeath,
5090:USENET newsgroup
5078:Francis Heylighen
4942:(4356): 579â582.
4805:J. A. Scott Kelso
4795:J. A. Scott Kelso
4736:Francis Heylighen
4703:Francis Heylighen
4699:Carlos Gershenson
4612:Brain of the Firm
4544:10.1063/1.2813716
4382:(17): 3797â3800.
4248:Schumacher, E. F.
4132:978-0-521-65862-1
4043:Hayek, F. (1976)
3885:Pask, G. (1973).
3789:MIT Press (1965)"
3679:978-989-758-182-3
3605:20.500.12749/3552
3555:10.1137/070710111
3165:978-0-12-004532-7
3038:10.1038/srep34095
2946:10.1021/cr0300789
2535:978-0-7391-7437-1
2377:978-0-674-72557-7
2273:978-3-11-096801-9
2260:Walter de Gruyter
2246:François, Charles
2136:978-0-19-513159-8
2109:978-1-4020-3916-4
2081:978-981-238-183-5
2044:978-0-691-11624-2
1799:Isabelle Stengers
1710:negative feedback
1631:Spontaneous order
1585:Spontaneous order
1364:cellular automata
1251:natural selection
1200:pattern formation
1068:dynamical systems
1052:superconductivity
1044:classical physics
1028:phase transitions
945:, chemistry with
781:Spontaneous order
674:negative feedback
655:cellular automata
540:positive feedback
520:spontaneous order
516:Self-organization
513:
512:
300:Cellular automata
274:Pattern formation
205:Adaptive networks
109:Collective action
78:Self-organization
18:Self organisation
16:(Redirected from
5663:
5431:Sexual selection
5393:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5260:
5093:
5051:
5018:, 23.2, 183â197.
4975:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4521:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4473:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4307:
4301:
4294:
4288:
4287:. CSHL Monograph
4281:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4226:. Penguin Books.
4220:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4166:
4160:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4134:
4120:
4114:
4111:Freedom to Learn
4107:
4101:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4063:
4054:
4048:
4041:
4035:
4021:
4015:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3959:
3953:
3945:
3939:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3874:
3873:
3858:Systems Research
3855:
3846:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3759:
3750:
3744:
3735:
3729:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3700:, The MIT Press.
3690:
3684:
3683:
3671:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3607:
3597:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3540:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3502:(6â7): 514â532.
3487:
3481:
3480:
3447:(6684): 440â42.
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3390:
3381:(7â8): 2051â57.
3370:
3364:
3363:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3168:. Archived from
3141:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3023:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2975:(6â8): 201â341.
2964:
2958:
2957:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2914:. Archived from
2889:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2791:Chemical Science
2788:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2610:
2604:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2481:
2479:
2436:
2430:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2400:German Aesthetic
2395:
2386:
2385:
2364:(October 2014).
2358:
2352:
2351:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2290:on Google Books.
2284:
2278:
2277:
2254:(2nd ed.).
2242:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2193:, pp. 255â78 in
2187:
2181:
2180:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2027:
2018:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1975:
1958:
1942:
1935:
1854:Summa Theologica
1825:infinite regress
1680:central planning
1668:coined the term
1557:No Doppelgangers
1486:Warren McCulloch
1451:self-replication
1360:computer science
1350:Computer science
1332:critical systems
1316:galaxy formation
1078:systems, and in
1001:Convection cells
981:dynamical system
969:profounded by a
872:(1796â1832) and
804:The philosopher
767:machine learning
639:natural sciences
505:
498:
491:
382:Systems thinking
308:Self-replication
246:Machine learning
200:Dynamic networks
121:Phase transition
60:
21:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5593:
5486:
5394:
5385:
5292:
5287:
5257:
5254:theatlantic.com
5241:Wayback Machine
5218:Wayback Machine
5186:Wayback Machine
5175:Wayback Machine
5153:Wayback Machine
5139:Wayback Machine
5127:Wayback Machine
5108:Wayback Machine
5091:
5036:
5032:
5027:
4986:D'Arcy Thompson
4932:Iberall, Arthur
4926:
4785:Stuart Kauffman
4775:Stuart Kauffman
4709:In Banzhaf, W,
4689:J. Doyne Farmer
4655:Wayback Machine
4568:
4566:Further reading
4563:
4555:
4551:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4497:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4425:
4415:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4373:
4372:
4368:
4360:
4356:
4347:
4343:
4335:Bohm D. (1994)
4334:
4330:
4324:Uncommon Wisdom
4322:Capra F (1989)
4321:
4317:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4291:
4282:
4278:
4269:
4265:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4204:
4195:
4191:
4182:
4178:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4150:
4141:
4137:
4121:
4117:
4108:
4104:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4042:
4038:
4022:
4018:
4001:Luhmann, Niklas
3999:
3995:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3942:
3936:Wayback Machine
3924:
3920:
3907:(5/6): 673â82.
3898:
3897:
3893:
3884:
3877:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3736:
3732:
3720:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3610:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3067:
3063:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2892:Liquid Crystals
2887:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2611:
2607:
2599:Science Daily,
2598:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2483:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2378:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2316:. Bantam Books.
2311:
2307:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2248:, ed. (2011) .
2244:
2243:
2239:
2226:
2222:
2214:, pp. 31â50 in
2209:
2205:
2188:
2184:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2028:
2021:
2003:
1999:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1903:Constructal law
1873:
1837:time in physics
1788:
1778:for scientific
1765:
1753:
1732:
1726:
1701:
1689:command economy
1684:market failures
1666:Friedrich Hayek
1650:
1587:
1581:
1506:
1496:=1 â
1447:K. Eric Drexler
1418:
1412:
1376:artificial life
1354:Phenomena from
1352:
1324:quantum gravity
1312:spiral galaxies
1304:
1275:self-catalyzing
1243:Stuart Kauffman
1168:
1162:
1128:liquid crystals
1096:
1060:quantum physics
1020:
1010:
994:
955:system thinking
939:complex systems
886:isolated system
874:Rudolf Clausius
783:
777:
763:problem solving
695:
643:social sciences
619:
607:neural circuits
591:crystallization
538:, amplified by
524:social sciences
509:
480:
479:
478:
473:
469:
464:
459:
449:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
409:
399:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
378:Systems science
376:
374:System dynamics
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
330:
316:
315:
310:
306:
304:Spatial ecology
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
276:
266:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
242:Artificial life
240:
236:
232:
227:
222:
208:
207:
202:
198:
196:Systems biology
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
160:
150:
149:
148:
143:
141:Swarm behaviour
139:
135:
131:
129:Synchronization
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:Social dynamics
97:
87:
86:
85:
80:
64:Complex systems
43:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5669:
5667:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5651:Systems theory
5648:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5544:
5542:Wilson Bentley
5539:
5537:Joseph Plateau
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5475:Plateau's laws
5472:
5470:Fluid dynamics
5467:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5263:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5165:
5156:
5141:
5129:
5117:
5111:
5095:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5033:
5031:
5030:External links
5028:
5026:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4993:
4983:
4976:
4924:
4915:
4914:, Basic Books.
4908:
4896:
4889:
4879:
4869:
4859:
4852:Ilya Prigogine
4848:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4825:
4821:
4812:
4802:
4792:
4782:
4772:
4760:
4753:
4746:Arthur Iberall
4743:
4733:
4724:
4714:
4711:T. Christaller
4696:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:Peter Schuster
4658:
4642:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4616:Beyond Dispute
4601:
4592:
4580:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4549:
4507:
4485:
4436:
4401:
4366:
4354:
4341:
4328:
4315:
4302:
4289:
4276:
4263:
4240:
4228:
4215:
4202:
4189:
4176:
4161:
4148:
4135:
4115:
4102:
4079:
4049:
4036:
4016:
4005:Social Systems
3993:
3980:10.2307/201903
3974:(2): 131â153.
3954:
3940:
3918:
3891:
3875:
3838:
3829:
3810:
3791:
3779:
3745:
3730:
3714:
3702:
3685:
3678:
3646:
3625:
3568:
3531:(4): 661â703.
3515:
3482:
3431:
3418:
3365:
3326:
3293:
3284:
3265:(11): 879â85.
3249:
3236:Goodwin, Brian
3227:
3198:(6): 2698â99.
3178:
3164:
3127:
3085:
3061:
2994:
2959:
2940:(4): 1103â70.
2924:
2875:
2864:(6): 1262â67.
2844:
2833:(11): 89â121.
2816:
2797:(4): 469â472.
2774:
2743:(3): e73âe74.
2721:
2686:(7): 794â800.
2680:Nature Physics
2669:
2634:
2621:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2562:
2554:Karl H. MĂŒller
2541:
2534:
2514:
2431:
2406:
2387:
2376:
2353:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2272:
2237:
2220:
2203:
2182:
2142:
2135:
2115:
2108:
2090:
2080:
2057:
2043:
2019:
1997:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1849:Thomas Aquinas
1795:Ilya Prigogine
1787:
1784:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1749:
1728:Main article:
1725:
1724:Transportation
1722:
1714:systems theory
1700:
1697:
1654:market economy
1649:
1646:
1642:Niklas Luhmann
1607:herd behaviour
1583:Main article:
1580:
1577:
1504:
1474:Good Regulator
1425:identification
1421:Norbert Wiener
1414:Main article:
1411:
1408:
1380:swarm robotics
1351:
1348:
1303:
1300:
1247:structuralists
1161:
1158:
1132:grid complexes
1095:
1092:
1040:crystal growth
1009:
1006:
993:
990:
985:complex system
974:network theory
920:Norbert Wiener
859:self-organized
806:René Descartes
776:
773:
755:Ilya Prigogine
703:dynamic system
694:
691:
690:
689:
682:
679:
676:
618:
615:
564:predictability
518:, also called
511:
510:
508:
507:
500:
493:
485:
482:
481:
460:
455:
454:
451:
450:
437:Multistability
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
370:Self-reference
331:
324:Systems theory
322:
321:
318:
317:
277:
272:
271:
268:
267:
223:
214:
213:
210:
209:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
117:Herd mentality
98:
93:
92:
89:
88:
81:
76:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
41:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5668:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:Ernst Haeckel
5530:
5528:
5527:Adolf Zeising
5525:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Vortex street
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Quasicrystals
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5284:
5279:
5277:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5038:Hermann Haken
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4928:Soodak, Harry
4925:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4718:
4717:Hermann Haken
4715:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4661:Manfred Eigen
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4604:Stafford Beer
4602:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4573:W. Ross Ashby
4571:
4570:
4565:
4559:newadvent.org
4558:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4524:Physics Today
4518:
4511:
4508:
4496:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:(7717): 143.
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4420:
4412:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4260:1-870098-66-8
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4099:1-86094-330-6
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4033:1-55786-699-6
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4013:0-8047-2625-6
4010:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3864:(3): 349â62.
3863:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:10.1038/30918
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:(2): 165â89.
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3312:gr-qc/9505022
3308:
3304:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3240:Ruse, Michael
3237:
3231:
3228:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:(5): 188â93.
3107:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3082:0-691-11624-5
3079:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:Zeiger, H. J.
2609:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:0-7190-1741-6
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:(1824/1986).
2415:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2163:(2): 125â28.
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:0-471-30280-5
2013:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1984:(30): 12005.
1983:
1979:
1972:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Practopoiesis
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:Physics Today
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:Fritjof Capra
1698:
1696:
1694:
1693:mixed economy
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:critical mass
1600:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1538:In the 1990s
1536:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Stafford Beer
1518:In the 1970s
1516:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:W. Ross Ashby
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1437:phase locking
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:random graphs
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:morphogenesis
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:morphogenesis
1201:
1197:
1196:lipid bilayer
1193:
1192:self-assembly
1189:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:autocatalytic
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1014:Self-assembly
1007:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
986:
982:
977:
975:
972:
968:
964:
961:) and 1990s (
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Erich Jantsch
940:
936:
935:Hermann Haken
932:
927:
925:
921:
917:
916:Stafford Beer
913:
909:
905:
904:W. Ross Ashby
900:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
835:
831:
830:
825:
824:Immanuel Kant
821:
819:
818:
813:
812:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
782:
774:
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:from noise" (
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
712:
708:
704:
700:
692:
687:
683:
680:
677:
675:
671:
667:
666:
665:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:self-assembly
628:
624:
616:
614:
612:
611:black markets
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
486:
484:
483:
477:
474:
472:
468:
463:
458:
453:
452:
447:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
408:
403:
402:
396:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:Goal-oriented
347:
343:
339:
334:
329:
325:
320:
319:
314:
313:Geomorphology
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
275:
270:
269:
264:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
221:
217:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
159:
154:
153:
147:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
96:
91:
90:
84:
79:
74:
73:
68:
65:
61:
55:
51:
47:
34:
30:
19:
5584:
5565:
5551:
5517:
5479:
5443:Chaos theory
5366:Tessellation
5144:
5099:
5084:
5066:
5047:Scholarpedia
5045:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4996:
4989:
4979:
4939:
4935:
4918:
4911:
4902:
4892:
4888:, July 2005.
4882:
4875:
4865:
4862:Heinz Pagels
4855:
4844:
4831:
4828:Paul Krugman
4816:
4808:
4798:
4788:
4778:
4766:
4756:
4749:
4729:
4720:
4692:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4646:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4611:
4595:
4586:
4576:
4552:
4530:(1): 97â99.
4527:
4523:
4510:
4498:. Retrieved
4488:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4410:
4404:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4344:
4339:. Routledge.
4336:
4331:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4305:
4297:
4292:
4284:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4251:
4243:
4236:
4231:
4223:
4218:
4210:
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4671:, Springer.
4618:Wiley 1994.
4427:|work=
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3801:Cybernetica
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3429:, Elsevier.
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1126:networks,
1088:imbibition
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1012:See also:
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893:Lamarckism
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220:adaptation
192:Robustness
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5610:Emergence
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4982:, Thesis.
4695:, Vol 22.
4693:Physica D
4429:ignored (
4419:cite book
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1671:catallaxy
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1619:economics
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1478:endurance
1463:Homeostat
1429:black box
1302:Cosmology
1296:RNA world
1286:far from
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1108:chemistry
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707:attractor
659:emergence
647:economics
645:(such as
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587:cognitive
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4944:Bibcode
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1470:variety
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