418:
1983. The water agreement provides “exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement” for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. The environmental impacts on the downstream users and disposal of tailings from the mining operations have not been addressed. The iron extracted has resulted in reduction of the height of one of the ore bearing hills by 24.4 metres (80 ft).
53:
421:
Gold mining in the Sula
Mountains and in the Rokel river sediments was an extensive operation undertaken since 1929 in the river and its tributaries after gold was found in the mountains. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. The panning operation
413:
The Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. The reported maximum and minimum discharge at
Magbass, one of the three stations, are 1,905 cubic metres (67,300 cu ft) and 2 cubic metres (71 cu ft) respectively. There are many projects developed in the river basin
368:
age. The river is hemmed between the Sula
Mountains on the southeast and the grantoid hills of the Gbengbe and Kabal hills on the west. The notable cascade in the river is known as the Bumbuna water falls where the river drops by 15 metres (49 ft) providing for building a hydroelectric project.
429:
has been developed on the river by building a 93 metres (305 ft) high dam in the narrow reach of the river, which has created a lake that stretches 30 kilometres (19 mi) upstream. The
Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of the dam. The project implementation was assisted
417:
The iron ore mining at
Marampa is dependent on pumped water supply from the river. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act was signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from
422:
in the river using manual labour was based on paddocking. This alluvial gold mining operation has been described as environmentally destructive as forest denudation for the purpose of mining caused extensive erosion of the hills and consequent sedimentation of the river and its tributaries.
442:
The flora in the estuary consists of mangrove forest. The avifauna in the area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). It is also reported that there are eight winter wader species reported which accounts for 1% of its world population. The eight species of
303:
are the two ports located on the shores of the estuary. As the estuary widens and joins the
Atlantic its width is about 11 km (6.8 mi). The southern shore is the deepest and forms a natural harbour, which is reported to be the third largest in the world.
311:. The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. The Rokel drops 15 metres (49 ft) at the Bumbuna waterfalls. Mangrove species recorded are
397:, near the source of the Rokel. The estuary, which extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140 sq mi), was listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance in 1999. The site is bounded by Cape Point on the western side of the Freetown, by the
351:
with glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge and are exposed along the river in some stretches; the geological formation noted in the river is granite rocks. The formation is broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. It is also reported that its
388:
from the Rokel River. The trade was quite substantial for a while but eventually went into decline. Iron ore and alluvial gold mining began in the late 1920s and early 1930s, while the
Bumbuna Falls hydroelectric project is underway. The
434:
cultivation. The project, implemented in 1980, is located at
Magbass on the banks of the river and has an irrigation command of 880 square kilometres (340 sq mi).
347:
Rokel River and its tributaries are defined as the "Rokel River Group" for geological study. The geological formation in this group is reported to be of the
251:
in West Africa. The river basin measures 10,622 km (4,101 sq mi) in size, with the drainage divided by the
Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the
275:
of north central Sierra Leone, flows southwest about 240 miles (390 km) through hill ranges and, together with a smaller, parallel stream called
567:
307:
Mangrove swamps and the mud flats are the dominant ecosystem (accounting for 19% of the mangrove forest in the country) noted around the river's
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984:
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943:
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belongs to the Pan
African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma. Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of
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791:
381:
377:
996:
682:
276:
808:
United Nations Environment Programme: Division of Environmental Policy Implementation, (2007), p. 41
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lies at the entrance to the Sierra Leone River, about 25 miles (40 km) from the port of Pepel.
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255:. The estuary which extends over an area of 2,950 km (1,140 sq mi) became a
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295:, is 25 mi (40 km) in length and has a width of 4–10 miles (6.4–16.1 km).
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390:
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335:, which cover an area of 34.23 hectares (84.6 acres). Sierra Leone's capital city of
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The Rokel rises in the 900 metres (3,000 ft) high interior plateau of the
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where areas of the Rokel joins at the southern end of its mouth.
935:
Sustainability of Water Resources Under Increasing Uncertainty
414:
which derive their water supply requirements from this river.
308:
208:(Period: 1971–2000) 546.9 m/s (19,310 cu ft/s)
756:. Center for Global Christianity and Mission. Archived from
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703:
893:
Food and Environment II: The Quest for a Sustainable Future
732:
730:
562:
560:
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938:. International Association for Hydrological Sciences.
792:"Sierra Leone becomes Ramsar's 118th Contracting Party"
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164:
154:
142:
132:
118:
94:
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32:
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545:, main village on the banks of the Rokel River
872:Encyclopedia of the World's Coastal Landforms
8:
709:
593:"Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site"
778:
247:) is the largest river in the Republic of
57:Freetown at the mouth of the river estuary
754:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
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817:
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587:
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979:. UNEP/Earthprint. 2007. pp. 41–.
976:Mangroves of Western and Central Africa
911:Hambrey, M. J.; Harland, W. B. (2011).
623:. Ramsar organization. 13 December 1999
554:
914:Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record
176:10,622 km (4,101 sq mi)
29:
7:
644:
259:wetland site of importance in 1999.
380:, an Irish businessman, settled on
890:Brebbia, C. A.; Popov, V. (2013).
618:"1014, Sierra Leone River Estuary"
287:. The estuary, after it joins the
25:
51:
956:Encyclopedia of African History
917:. Cambridge University Press.
384:in 1816 and started exporting
1:
401:on one of its banks, and the
78:Physical characteristics
1041:Ramsar sites in Sierra Leone
156: • elevation
120: • elevation
953:Shillington, Kevin (2004).
869:Bird, Eric (8 April 2010).
393:established their capital,
194: • location
144: • location
96: • location
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722:Hambrey & Harland 2011
204: • average
124:900 m (3,000 ft)
568:"North Africa-West Coast"
212:
180:
168:386 km (240 mi)
128:
82:
50:
710:Brebbia & Popov 2013
687:Encyclopædia Britannica
662:Encyclopædia Britannica
279:, feeds into the Rokel
1036:Rivers of Sierra Leone
932:Rosbjerg, Dan (1997).
598:. Wetland Organization
291:, is also called the
27:River in Sierra Leone
724:, pp. 132, 133.
683:"Sierra Leone River"
470:Pluvialis squatarola
460:Charadrius hiaticula
283:before entering the
160:0 m (0 ft)
1008: /
490:Calidris ferruginea
217:Basin features
844:, pp. 498–99.
820:, pp. 497–98.
798:. 15 January 2000.
760:on 11 October 2016
526:Western reef heron
293:Sierra Leone River
986:978-92-807-2792-0
966:978-1-57958-245-6
945:978-1-901502-05-3
924:978-0-521-17230-1
903:978-1-84564-703-2
882:978-1-4020-8638-0
750:"McCormack, John"
496:Eurasian whimbrel
233:
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16:(Redirected from
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510:Tringa nebularia
500:Numeniusphaeopus
486:Curlew sandpiper
273:Guinea Highlands
245:Pamoronkoh River
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105:Guinea Highlands
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42:Pamoronkoh River
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438:Flora and fauna
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289:Bankasoka River
277:Port Loko Creek
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1012:8.55°N 12.80°W
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856:, p. 499.
846:
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832:, p. 497.
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783:
781:, p. 922.
771:
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647:, p. 933.
634:
609:
573:
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520:Tringa totanus
513:
503:
493:
483:
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466:Kentish plover
463:
451:recorded are:
439:
436:
410:
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391:Yalunka people
378:John MacCormac
374:
371:
362:Infra-Cambrian
349:Tabe formation
344:
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285:Atlantic Ocean
269:Loma Mountains
264:
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253:Sula Mountains
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978:
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959:. CRC Press.
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896:. WIT Press.
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854:Rosbjerg 1997
850:
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818:Rosbjerg 1997
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737:Rosbjerg 1997
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723:
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712:, p. 45.
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688:
684:
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663:
659:
658:"Rokel River"
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494:
491:
487:
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480:Calidris alba
477:
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467:
464:
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457:
456:Ringed plover
454:
453:
452:
450:
446:
437:
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430:by China for
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892:
875:. Springer.
871:
863:Bibliography
849:
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825:
813:
804:
795:
786:
774:
762:. Retrieved
758:the original
753:
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690:. Retrieved
686:
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665:. Retrieved
661:
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625:. Retrieved
612:
600:. Retrieved
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
459:
441:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:Tagrin Point
382:Timbo Island
376:
346:
330:
326:Laguncularia
324:
318:
312:
306:
266:
249:Sierra Leone
244:
240:
236:
234:
224:River system
109:Sierra Leone
72:Sierra Leone
1015: /
506:green shank
445:palaearctic
427:Bumbuna Dam
409:Development
399:Bunce River
386:African Oak
366:Pleistocene
358:Precambrian
237:Rokel River
229:Rokel River
113:West Africa
33:Rokel River
1030:Categories
796:ramsar.org
764:10 October
550:References
476:Sanderling
332:Conocarpus
314:Rhizophora
241:Seli River
198:Near mouth
173:Basin size
39:Seli River
18:Seli River
645:Bird 2010
516:red shank
432:sugarcane
320:Avicennia
271:, in the
263:Geography
185:Discharge
543:Mabilafu
537:See also
447:migrant
337:Freetown
297:Freetown
63:Location
1003:12°48′W
373:History
354:orogeny
343:Geology
281:estuary
68:Country
1000:8°33′N
983:
963:
942:
921:
900:
879:
692:3 July
667:3 July
627:7 July
602:3 July
449:waders
395:Falaba
329:, and
257:Ramsar
239:(also
188:
165:Length
138:
90:
87:Source
621:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
301:Pepel
134:Mouth
981:ISBN
961:ISBN
940:ISBN
919:ISBN
898:ISBN
877:ISBN
766:2016
694:2013
669:2013
629:2013
604:2013
425:The
364:and
299:and
235:The
309:ria
1032::
794:.
752:.
729:^
702:^
685:.
660:.
637:^
576:^
557:^
360:,
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969:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
