444:. One game involves hitting at other children with sticks; the sticks, however, always stop short a few inches from their target so that no one actually gets struck. Modern games are also played but with significant modifications. A game of badminton for example uses no partition nets and keeps no score. The shuttlecock is deliberately hit so that it could be easily intercepted by the other player and passed back, and so forth. The objective seems to be purely for exercise. Children do engage in rough and tumble play but it is extremely mild, involving minimal or no physical contact. While the Semai have no competitive games themselves, they have imported competitive games from other cultures and modified them. In games of competition, when conflict arises, they are quickly solved by deference to the older player, who is always considered right.
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grandparents. Therefore, in most marriages, the couples are from different settlements. This might be the reason why Semai tend to have an ambilocal residence pattern after marriage, or shuttle between living with the wife or husband's kinsman every few weeks, slowly lengthening the time period stayed until the couple decides to settle down. One reason the Semai give for shuttling between residences is homesickness. Even after settling down, couples occasionally separate, "going on week- or month-long visits to his or her consanguineal kinsman". The ambilocal residence pattern may also explain why few marriages are polygynous, for both practical reasons in managing travel and because couples tend to separate after long periods of living apart, and divorce and remarriages are fairly common.
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has been suggested that the Semai's non-violence is a response to historic threats from slaving states; as the Semai were constantly defeated by slavers and
Malaysian immigrants, they preferred to flee rather than fight, and this evolved into a general norm of non-violence. The Semai value "getting along", and avoid violence by having a high tolerance for bad behaviour in order to prevent conflict. The Semai generally attribute learning to argue as a consequence of outsider influences, such as schools, though arguments amongst the Semai predate such contact; the Semai's self-image does not tolerate the admission of being argumentative, aggressive or angry.
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230:'s Orang Asli Archive, in 1991 there were 26,627 Semai and according to the Center for Orang Asli Concerns in 2000 there were 34,248 Semai living on the Malay Peninsula. This number has increased in recent years with the advent of better nutrition as well as improved sanitation and healthcare practices. These numbers, however, do not include other peoples of Semai or mixed descent, most of whom have assimilated into other cultures and have abandoned their ancestral tribal lands in order to seek better employment and education opportunities, especially in the larger cities.
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Because thunderstorms are particularly threatening to the Semai due to the damage they cause, when a child is angry the parents will yell "Tarlaid!" - an act that is
Tarlaid is one that is said to be able to rouse the anger of spirits and bring forth natural calamities; Semai parents use the fear that accompanies these storms to encourage the children to control their own aggressive impulses. Parents may also threaten to hit their children and raise a fist or machete, though they do not actually carry out the threat, with the worst the child receiving being a tap.
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and they will have to fight instead. In addition, Bruce Knauft argues that while Dentan reported only two murders between 1955 and 1977, this was in the context of a study population of 300 and would give a homicide rate of 30.3 per 100,000 people, three times higher than the United States in the 1990s (though this has been contested due to issues concerning the relevant base population, which could yield substantially lower homicide estimates). Physical violence has also occasionally been known to occur over sexual jealousy.
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are shared among one's nuclear family or close neighbors. If it is a larger catch with more surplus, the meat is shared across the entire settlement. It is considered punan to refuse a request for food or to ask for more than the donor can give. This type of food sharing not only helps build relationships among the community, but also helps provide food security to individual households because it increases the probability of having a good meal each day.
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when the land is worn, the Semai will begin planting in a new area. The Semai also supplement their diet with hunting and fishing, as well as raising chickens (for their own consumption) and goats and ducks (to sell to the Malays). Fish are mainly caught by women, who use basket traps to scoop fish, whereas hunting is primarily done by men, using blowguns, poison darts, and spears. Any large game caught, such as deer, pigs, pythons, or
414:, or public assembly, at the headman's house. This assembly may last for days and involves thorough discussion of the causes, motivations and resolution of the dispute by disputants and the whole community, ending with the headman charging either or both of the disputants not to repeat their behavior lest it endanger the community. The Semai have a saying that "there are more reasons to fear a dispute than a tiger."
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Semai children are never punished or forced against their will. If a parent asks a child to do something and the child says "I don't want to," the matter is ended. However, Semai parents use fear of strangers and violence in nature such as thunderstorms and lightning to control children's behavior if
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The Semai are known for their extremely low levels of violence. While there is some violence amongst the Semai, it is reportedly rare; writing in 2004, Robert Dentan reported only four murders had occurred since the 1970s, though the Semai could be reluctant to disclose information about fighting. It
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The Semai are semi-sedentary horticulturalists who practice "slash and burn" agriculture. They mainly rely on growing rice and manioc or cassava roots for their subsistence. The Semai use machetes to clear forested areas, after which they burn and plant crops in that area. After two or three harvests
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Food sharing, or the system by which Semai distribute food, is one of the most significant ways in which members of the community interact. When large game is caught, it is shared equally among members of the community. It is considered a social norm to share whatever one can afford. Smaller catches
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With regards to space and dominion, there appears to be no distinction between the public and private realms, and thus, "the
Western concept of privacy, domestic or otherwise, is not to be found". This concept is also shared by the rural Malays, of whom, many are descended from mixed marriages with
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This does not mean the Semai are incapable of violence however; during the
Malayan Emergency, the British recruited some Semai to fight against communist insurgents and Dentan argues the Semai believe that as Malaysia industrialises, it will be harder for the Semai to use their strategy of fleeing
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cloth to form the curtains. There are no locks or otherwise, usual devices used to preventing an unwanted entry into any of these rooms. A simple way of telling that an entry is unwanted is by drawing down the curtains. To allow entry, the curtain is drawn to the sides and tied to form an opening.
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The Semai live in settlements of 30 to 200 people. Individual households consist of nuclear families with sometimes a few extended relatives. Most dwellings are built with wood, bamboo with weaved walls and thatched roofs using palm leaves. Semai houses have no visible bedrooms, especially for the
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The Semai worldview is that they live in a hostile and dangerous world beyond their control. The jungles surrounding their villages are viewed as being full of terrifying forces and malevolent entities (to the extent that the Semai are reluctant to go into the jungles alone, especially at night).
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or giving in is most cherished where children since young are taught to 'give way' to others so as to preserve the peace and harmony of the village. Unlike
American children, who are taught to be self-reliant and courageous, Semai children are encouraged to be fearful, particularly of strangers.
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An important belief that affects many aspects of Semai culture is Punan. Punan is the idea that making somebody else unhappy, especially by imposing your own wishes or denying his or her desires, is taboo. The Semai believe that committing punan will increase the likelihood of themselves being
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than to their Malay neighbors on the peninsula. The Malays are thought to have arrived on the peninsula approximately 1000 years after the Semai, at first trading peacefully with them. However, when the Malays created kingdoms and converted to Islam, this relationship changed. The Malays began
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The vast majority of Semai marriages are monogamous. Less than five percent of women are married polygynously. Semai marriages are exogamous: East Semai may not marry consanguineal kinsman, or blood relations, and West Semai are not supposed to marry anybody who descended from one of his
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Since the Semai see themselves as helpless in a hostile world, the only source of safety and nurturance lies with their community. This is the cause of Semai's emphasis on community harmony and non-violence, as violence threatens to destroy their only perceived source of safety.
407:. According to Dentan, adults appear to be controlled primarily by public opinion. The Semai themselves say "There is no authority here but embarrassment." Although popular and verbally facile individuals are influential in public affairs, the Semai have no formal leaders.
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children, as they all sleep in the main hall. The only separation seems to be in the form of wooden-beaded curtains for the parents' chambers. This form of separation is also adopted by the coastal Malays, who use instead curtains made of
180:, known especially for their nonviolence. This characterization was made by Robert Knox Dentan, an anthropologist who studied the Semai in the 1960s, though he offered a more nuanced view after subsequent fieldwork. They speak
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In The
Routledge International Handbook of Biosocial Criminology, pp. 85-102. Routledge, 2014." For a debate on homicide in simple societies, see "Betzig, Laura, Robert Knox Dentan, Bruce M. Knauft, and Keith F. Otterbein.
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The games Semai children play are non-competitive. These games include forms of sports that encourage physical activity and exertions so that the body becomes tired and are therefore made ready for sleep and the subsequent
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considering the Semai as "despised pagans" and sanctioned murdering Semai adults and kidnapping young children. Several
Malaysian state governments have religious agencies that have programs to convert the Semai to Islam.
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Narváez, Darcia, Kristin
Valentino, Agustin Fuentes, James J. McKenna, and Peter Gray, eds. Ancestral landscapes in human evolution: Culture, childrearing and social wellbeing. Oxford University Press, 2014,
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The Semai people is also known for their traditional Sewang dance, where it is usually performed in events such as celebrating birth, funerals, circumcision ceremony, healing of sicknesses and for other
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Expressed permission must be requested in cases where entry is needed when the curtains are closed. An entry without permission is a transgression and entails some sort of natural retribution.
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It is thought that the Semai are the descendants of the original population of
Southeast Asia, arriving on the Malay peninsula approximately sometime during 8000 to 6000 BC. According to
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Robarchek, Clayton A., and Robert Knox Dentan. "Blood drunkenness and the bloodthirsty Semai: Unmaking another anthropological myth." American
Anthropologist 89, no. 2 (1987): 356-365.
431:(mambang in Malay) and forest spirits who will take retribution if their sanctity is violated. Children also appear to be taught to fear their own aggressive impulses. The concept of
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1994:
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Moss, G. (1997). Explaining the absence of violent crime among the Semai of Malaysia: Is criminological theory up to the task? Journal of Criminal Justice, 25(3), 177–194.
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N. Saha, J. W. Mak, J. S. Tay, Y. Liu, J. A. Tan, P. S. Low, M. Singh, "Population genetic study among the Orange Asli (Semai Senoi) of Malaysia: Malayan aborigines",
1219:"Knauft, Bruce M., Martin Daly, Margo Wilson, Leland Donald, George EE Morren Jr, Keith F. Otterbein, Marc Howard Ross, HUE Thoden van Velzen, and W. van Wetering.
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Fix, A. G. (1988). Semai Senoi Population Structure And Genetic Microdifferentation. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International. Retrieved from
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injured physically. The importance of punan in Semai life can be seen in their food sharing norms, leadership style, method of child rearing, for example.
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784:(2017), a film directed by David Liew is about a bi-racial girl on a road to rediscovering her Semai heritage. This is the first film to feature the
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1987:
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Gray, James Silverberg J. Patrick. Aggression and peacefulness in humans and other primates. Oxford University Press on Demand, 1992, pp.200-203
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Leary, John. Violence and the Dream People: The Orang Asli in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960. No. 95. Ohio University Press, 1995, p.262
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Younger, Stephen. "Violence and revenge in egalitarian societies." Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 8, no. 4 (2005).
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Kemp, Graham, and Douglas P. Fry. Keeping the peace: Conflict resolution and peaceful societies around the world. Routledge, 2004, p.139
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Kemp, Graham, and Douglas P. Fry. Keeping the peace: Conflict resolution and peaceful societies around the world. Routledge, 2004, p.137
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ethnic group in the Peninsula and the largest of the Senoi group. Most Semai subsist by cultivating grain crops, hunting, and fishing.
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Leary, John. Violence and the Dream People: The Orang Asli in the Malayan Emergency, 1948-1960. No. 95. Ohio University Press, 1995.
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is a ritual performed to make the evil spirits leave. Chuntah is performed in the middle of a storm where a man collects rain in a
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Dentan, R. K., & Skoggard, I. A. (2012). Culture Summary: Semai. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files. Retrieved from
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496:, a group of huge, subterranean dragons that ravage villages during thunder-squalls and are associated with rainbows.
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From Equality to Inequality: Social Change Among Newly Sedentary Lanoh Hunter-Gatherer Traders of Peninsular Malaysia
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The Orang Asli and the Contest for Resources. Indigenous Politics, Development and Identity in Peninsular Malaysia
1221:"Reconsidering Violence in Simple Human Societies: Homicide Among the Gebusi of New Guinea [and Comments and Reply
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nearby. The Semai are bordered by the Temiars to the north and the Jah Hut to the South. The Semai belong to the
2003:
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1743:; repr. 1979 as Fieldwork Edition, Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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In all age groups, men tend to outnumber women, perhaps due to high mortality rates during childbirth.
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Ethology, Peace, Peter Verbeek, and Benjamin A. Peters. "The Developmental Niche for Peace." (2018).
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container until it is nearly full, then gashes his skin and lets the blood run into the container.
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people. They carry with them the wisdom and lore of the Semais, including their non-violent and
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is called Thunder's headband. One of the most important beings associated with thunder are the
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1223:." Current Anthropology 28, no. 4 (1987): 457-500." "Ellsworth, Ryan M., and Robert S. Walker.
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Royce, Joseph. "Play in violent and non-violent cultures." Anthropos H. 5./6 (1980): 799-822.
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Royce, Joseph. "Play in violent and non-violent cultures." Anthropos H. 5./6 (1980): 799-822.
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Kampung Harong, Kampung Jentil, Lanai, Kampung Pantos and Kuala Medang, Kuala Lipis, Pahang
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1497:. Center for Orang Asli Concerns & International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
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523:. The Semai have restrictions on eating animals that straddle two groups, for example
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Newly married Semai couple; woman with painted head-band and nose-quill in Ulu Itam,
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1462:"Living On The Periphery: Development and Islamization Among Orang Asli in Malaysia"
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for those which have rounded scales or moist skin and live in or near water, and
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War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views
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Bahari Belaton, dean of Universiti Sains Malaysia’s School of Computer Sciences.
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of Cambodia. This is in line with the linguistic situation of the Semai, whose
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Bonta, Bruce D. 1997. "Cooperation and Competition in Peaceful Societies."
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tendencies, harmonized with other prevailing religions of their adoption.
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for those which live on the ground or in the trees. Menhar also includes
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RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
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Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli
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Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli
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family. Furthermore, the Semai seem to be more closely related to the
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Our Inner Ape: A Leading Primatologist Explains Why We Are Who We Are
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Some of the settlements that the Semai people are located includes:-
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A genetic study conducted in 1995 by a team of biologists from the
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1671:"BN crushes PH in closely-watched Cameron Highlands by-election"
452:; of which some of those events can last for three to six days.
172:) are a semi-sedentary ethnic group living in the center of the
1976:
1783:
1696:"From humble beginnings to USM's first Orang Asli faculty dean"
1042:. Keene State College. Archived from the original on 2014-10-09
1114:, National University of Singapore, February 1995, 67(1):37-57
1371:
Bonta, "Cooperation and Competition in Peaceful Societies."
1225:"Sociobiology of lethal violence in small-scale societies."
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The yellow area indicates location of the Semai people in
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Disputes in the Semai community are resolved by holding a
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http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66BF-5@view
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Modernity and Malaysia: Settling the Menraq Forest Nomads
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The Semai divide the animal world into three categories:
237:
has shown a close relationship between the Semai and the
1146:
https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=an06-006
1028:
https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=an06-000
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are considered inedible because they live on land (like
1125:
Manhood in the Making: Cultural Concepts of Masculinity
1230:"On reconsidering violence in simple human societies."
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The animist traditions of the Semai include a thunder
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is also prevalent where children are told stories of
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1530:. Center for Orang Asli Concerns. Archived from
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423:ever it becomes necessary. A concept similar to
284:Semai Live in the center of the Malay Peninsula.
1429:"The comparison between Lanoh and Semai people"
673:The population dynamics of the Semai people in
1988:
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1404:"Mengenali kehidupan masyarakat Semai Pantos"
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374:A Semai man in traditional attire opening a
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267:(bearcat), are shared among the community.
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972:"The Semai: A Nonviolent People Of Malaya"
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660:Kampung Orang Asli Sungai Semalin, Sega,
623:Village settlements in South Perak, Perak
1733:The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya
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974:. Case Studies In Cultural Anthropology.
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1281:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p.
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511:for those which have feathers or fly, '
1621:"Semai dialogue a first in local film"
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531:) but have scales and lack legs (like
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3002:Indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia
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807:, former police officer and current
620:Kawasan Bandar Runding, Tapah, Perak
73:Regions with significant populations
1646:"Rough ride to Orang Asli villages"
636:Rancangan Penempatan Semula Betau,
613:Kampung Orang Asli Redang Punggor,
1694:Martin Vengadesan (20 June 2020).
405:no police and no government per se
293:, and deutero-Malays, who use the
221:New York Museum of Natural History
200:group, and are one of the largest
14:
1644:Azdee Simon Amir (14 June 2019).
1075:"Orang Asli Population Statistic"
801:, lawyer and Orang Asli activist.
1669:Shannon Teoh (26 January 2019).
1467:. Center for Orang Asli Concerns
1406:. Sinar Harian. 15 November 2013
629:Kampung Orang Asli Kuala Senta,
235:National University of Singapore
79:
39:
919:Columbia Center for Archaeology
893:. University of Toronto Press.
864:Ivor Hugh Norman Evans (1968).
559:Kampong Kuala Bot, Sungai Bot,
16:Ethnic group of Malay Peninsula
1776:Semai in RWAAI Digital Archive
1735:, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1127:(Yale University Press, 1990:
1:
1768:http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai
1361:10.1016/s0047-2352(97)00003-2
788:in about 50% of the dialogue.
2661:Peranakan Eropah (including
1619:Ivan Loh (19 October 2017).
1277:New Perspectives on Bullying
970:Dentan, Robert Knox (1968).
799:Amani Williams Hunt Abdullah
569:Suak Padi, Padang Changkat,
188:language closely related to
1335:. Oxford University Press.
582:Batu 6, Batu 7 and Batu 8,
3028:
652:Cameron Highlands District
380:Cameron Highlands District
18:
3007:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
2010:
2004:Ethnic groups in Malaysia
1821:
1578:"Basic Data / Statistics"
1528:"Basic Data / Statistics"
1460:Nobuta Toshihiro (2009).
143:
122:
106:
77:
67:
38:
2077:Negeri Sembilanese Malay
915:"Semai: The Naked Truth"
843:. NUS Press. p. 3.
606:Kampung Batu Berangkai,
456:Spirituality and beliefs
219:of a Semai woman at the
2145:Christmas Island Malays
1725:, Keene State College .
1488:Colin Nicholas (2000).
1331:Douglas P. Fry (2015).
1755:Psychological Bulletin
1746:De Waal, Frans, 2005,
1552:Alberto Gomes (2004).
1306:Kirk Endicott (2015).
987:Cite journal requires
889:Csilla Dallos (2011).
866:The Negritos of Malaya
839:Kirk Endicott (2015).
599:Kampung Ulu Geruntum,
584:Batang Padang District
552:
477:
391:
327:
285:
223:
546:
463:
373:
321:
302:the Semais and other
283:
215:
139:Related ethnic groups
33:Mai Semai / Mai Kateh
2915:China/Taiwan Chinese
1040:"Orang Asli Archive"
615:Hilir Perak District
19:For other uses, see
2875:Foreign ethnicities
2258:Indigenous peoples)
1729:Dentan, Robert Knox
464:Semai teenagers in
228:Keene State College
35:
2816:Indians in Sarawak
2107:Terengganuan Malay
1750:, Riverhead Books.
1723:Orang Asli Archive
1273:Ken Rigby (2002).
1123:David D. Gilmore,
553:
549:Peninsula Malaysia
488:. A small eyeless
478:
392:
328:
286:
224:
2989:
2988:
2851:
2850:
2771:
2770:
2741:Penangite Chinese
2686:
2685:
2643:
2642:
2247:
2246:
2102:Selangorian Malay
2067:Kelantanese Malay
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1675:The Straits Times
1650:New Straits Times
1342:978-019-0232-46-7
1317:978-997-1698-61-4
1232:(1988): 624-636."
900:978-144-2661-71-4
850:978-99-716-9861-4
813:Cameron Highlands
770:
769:
626:Pos Gedong, Perak
590:Kampung Chinggung
158:
157:
34:
3019:
2845:Peranakan Chitty
2837:
2811:Indians in Sabah
2796:Penangite Indian
2747:
2262:
2122:Sarawakian Malay
2045:
2030:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1824:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1781:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1280:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1024:
997:
996:
990:
985:
983:
975:
967:
930:
929:
927:
926:
911:
905:
904:
886:
880:
879:
861:
855:
854:
836:
680:
85:
83:
82:
63:Total population
43:
36:
32:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2876:
2869:
2858:(non-Peranakan)
2857:
2847:
2835:
2779:
2767:
2745:
2694:
2682:
2679:Peranakan Turki
2639:
2515:
2408:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2243:
2126:
2082:Penangite Malay
2036:
2017:
2006:
2001:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1913:
1877:
1817:
1808:
1764:
1757:121(2):299-320.
1719:
1717:Further reading
1714:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1601:. Cinema Online
1597:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1000:
986:
976:
969:
968:
933:
924:
922:
913:
912:
908:
901:
888:
887:
883:
876:
863:
862:
858:
851:
838:
837:
830:
825:
795:
778:
776:Popular culture
671:
608:Kampar District
541:
539:Settlement area
458:
420:
403:The Semai have
401:
368:
359:
350:
337:
316:
278:
273:
260:
245:belongs to the
210:
174:Malay Peninsula
164:(also known as
80:
78:
58:
45:A Semai man in
31:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2856:Mixed ancestry
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2757:Peranakan Cina
2753:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:Peranakan Siam
2671:
2669:Jawi Peranakan
2666:
2659:
2657:Peranakan Arab
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2288:
2283:
2272:
2270:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:Burmese Malays
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Bruneian Malay
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Perlisan Malay
2089:
2087:Perakian Malay
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Malaccan Malay
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Johorean Malay
2053:
2051:
2042:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1762:External links
1760:
1759:
1758:
1751:
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1726:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
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1661:
1636:
1611:
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1562:
1544:
1516:
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1477:
1441:
1427:Shazwan Aqif.
1416:
1392:
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989:|journal=
931:
906:
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820:
819:
816:
805:Ramli Mohd Nor
802:
794:
793:Notable people
791:
790:
789:
786:Semai language
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768:
767:
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761:
758:
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586:, Tapah, Perak
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178:Southeast Asia
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119:
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112:Malay language
108:Semai language
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2938:
2936:
2933:
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2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:East Timorese
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
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2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
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2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2761:
2759:(Baba-Nyonya)
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
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2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:Kadazan-Dusun
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
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2425:
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2411:
2403:
2400:
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2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
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2366:
2363:
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2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:Orang Seletar
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Patani Malays
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
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2178:
2175:
2171:
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2100:
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2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Kedahan Malay
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:Orang Seletar
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
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1741:0-03-069535-X
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1563:11-341-0076-0
1559:
1556:. Routledge.
1555:
1548:
1545:
1534:on 2020-10-29
1533:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1504:87-90730-15-1
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1310:. NUS Press.
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1292:184-6423-23-6
1288:
1284:
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1261:Our Inner Ape
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1111:Human Biology
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875:0-7146-2006-8
871:
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860:
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842:
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833:
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822:
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815:constituency.
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646:Sungai Ruil,
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217:Wax sculpture
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186:Austroasiatic
183:
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145:Temiar people
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76:
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56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
22:
2971:Singaporeans
2877:/expatriates
2603:Orang Sungai
2376:
2140:Cocos Malays
2131:
2097:Pahang Malay
2048:
2022:
2012:
1898:
1754:
1747:
1732:
1703:. Retrieved
1700:Malaysiakini
1699:
1689:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1614:
1603:. Retrieved
1593:
1582:. Retrieved
1572:
1553:
1547:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:the original
1508:. Retrieved
1490:
1469:. Retrieved
1433:. Retrieved
1408:. Retrieved
1386:
1376:
1367:
1351:
1332:
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1140:
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1119:
1109:
1104:
1079:. Retrieved
1069:
1044:. Retrieved
1034:
980:cite journal
923:. Retrieved
921:. 2022-04-19
918:
909:
890:
884:
865:
859:
840:
781:
771:
672:
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516:
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479:
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421:
411:
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402:
393:
366:Food sharing
360:
351:
342:
338:
335:Non-violence
329:
300:
287:
261:
232:
225:
192:, spoken by
169:
165:
161:
159:
153:Khmer people
149:Lanoh people
128:Christianity
26:Ethnic group
21:Semai Island
2900:Bangladeshi
2763:Sino-Native
2296:Orang Kuala
2286:Orang Kanaq
2276:Proto-Malay
2202:Minangkabau
2181:Bugis-Malay
2132:Anak Dagang
1935:Orang Kuala
1925:Orang Kanaq
1838:Proto-Malay
727:Population
638:Kuala Lipis
577:Chenderiang
258:Subsistence
3012:Orang Asli
2996:Categories
2981:Vietnamese
2935:Indonesian
2821:Sri Lankan
2625:Sama-Bajau
2593:Lun Bawang
2469:Lun Bawang
2402:Semaq Beri
2291:Orang Laut
2266:Peninsular
2253:Orang Asal
2170:Mandailing
2024:Bumiputera
2014:Malaysians
1930:Orang Laut
1904:Semaq Beri
1811:Orang Asli
1705:2023-02-28
1680:2020-01-06
1655:2020-01-06
1630:2017-10-20
1605:2017-10-20
1584:2022-10-30
1538:2017-10-27
1510:2017-10-27
1471:2017-10-27
1435:2018-01-18
1431:. Academia
1410:2018-05-26
1135:), p. 213.
1081:2017-07-11
1046:2018-05-26
925:2023-06-27
823:References
669:Population
648:Tanah Rata
596:Ulu, Perak
399:Leadership
304:Orang Asli
276:Settlement
202:indigenous
170:Sengoi Hik
2966:Pakistani
2865:Chindians
2840:Peranakan
2750:Peranakan
2721:Hainanese
2711:Cantonese
2676:(Sam-Sam)
2649:Peranakan
2554:Mangka'ak
2449:Orang Ulu
2387:Cheq Wong
2224:Sundanese
2192:Baweanese
2160:Banjarese
2049:Anak Jati
1884:Cheq Wong
1263:, p. 166.
1259:De Waal,
418:Childhood
378:fruit in
348:Worldview
291:seashells
265:binturong
247:Mon-Khmer
166:Mai Semai
102:Languages
2952:(former)
2945:Japanese
2925:Filipino
2909:Rohingya
2894:Hadhrami
2806:Malayali
2791:Gujarati
2663:Kristang
2613:Tambanuo
2559:Maragang
2382:Mah Meri
2268:Malaysia
2197:Makassar
2187:Javanese
2155:Acehnese
1894:Mah Meri
1815:Malaysia
1731:, 1968,
1625:The Star
1090:cite web
1055:cite web
868:. Cass.
675:Malaysia
664:, Pahang
654:, Pahang
474:Malaysia
442:dreaming
433:mengalah
412:becharaa
388:Malaysia
314:Marriage
308:pacifist
251:Javanese
243:language
118:Religion
87:Malaysia
55:Malaysia
2940:Iranian
2905:Burmese
2885:African
2801:Punjabi
2736:Henghua
2731:Foochow
2726:Teochew
2706:Hokkien
2692:Chinese
2588:Illanun
2569:Rumanau
2564:Minokok
2534:Kadazan
2504:Melanau
2495:Others
2459:Kelabit
2432:Bukitan
2427:Bidayuh
2414:Sarawak
2397:Jah Hut
2355:Mendriq
2308:Semelai
2239:Siamese
2207:Kerinci
2117:Kedayan
1947:Semelai
1889:Jah Hut
1873:Mendriq
1580:. JAKOA
766:60,438
763:49,697
760:43,927
757:43,892
754:34,284
751:26,049
748:26,049
745:28,627
742:17,789
739:16,497
736:15,506
733:12,748
730:11,609
633:, Perak
617:, Perak
610:, Perak
603:, Perak
594:Behrang
573:, Perak
498:Chuntah
484:called
429:sprites
326:, 1906.
271:Culture
208:Origins
194:Temiars
124:Animism
68:50,000
2961:Nepali
2956:Korean
2950:Jewish
2930:Indian
2831:Telugu
2777:Indian
2635:Tidong
2620:Rungus
2608:Dumpas
2583:Ida'an
2578:Bisaya
2544:Kwijau
2509:Miriek
2499:Bisaya
2484:Sa'ban
2464:Kenyah
2442:Selako
2392:Temiar
2360:Mintil
2350:Kintaq
2345:Kensiu
2325:Semang
2318:Temuan
2256:(Other
1957:Temuan
1909:Temiar
1863:Kintaq
1858:Kensiu
1828:Semang
1739:
1599:"Asli"
1560:
1501:
1339:
1314:
1289:
1131:
897:
872:
847:
642:Pahang
601:Gopeng
529:menhar
525:snakes
517:menhar
502:bamboo
384:Pahang
376:durian
190:Temiar
95:Pahang
84:
2826:Tamil
2716:Hakka
2630:Suluk
2598:Murut
2549:Lotud
2539:Dusun
2521:Sabah
2479:Punan
2474:Penan
2454:Kayan
2422:Dayak
2377:Semai
2372:Senoi
2340:Jahai
2335:Lanoh
2330:Batek
2313:Temoq
2281:Jakun
2177:Bugis
2165:Batak
2150:Chams
2034:Malay
1952:Temoq
1920:Jakun
1899:Semai
1868:Lanoh
1853:Jahai
1848:Batek
1833:Senoi
1495:(PDF)
1465:(PDF)
1381:p.180
722:2020
719:2010
716:2004
713:2003
710:2000
707:1996
704:1993
701:1991
698:1980
695:1974
692:1969
689:1965
686:1960
683:Year
631:Bidor
571:Parit
565:Perak
561:Tapah
521:fungi
490:snake
482:deity
470:Perak
466:Tapah
425:karma
357:Punan
324:Perak
295:batik
239:Khmer
198:Senoi
184:, an
182:Semai
162:Semai
132:Islam
91:Perak
51:Perak
47:Tapah
30:Semai
2976:Thai
2890:Arab
2782:list
2697:list
2489:Ukit
2437:Iban
2217:Rawa
2039:list
1737:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1287:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1096:link
1061:link
993:help
895:ISBN
870:ISBN
845:ISBN
811:for
782:Asli
662:Raub
509:cheb
494:Nāga
486:Enku
160:The
130:and
93:and
2365:Mos
2212:Ocu
1813:of
1357:doi
535:).
176:in
168:or
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