305:
313:
Semaphorins are versatile ligands. Their discovery was in regards to axon guidance in the limb buds of grasshoppers in 1992, but since then, it has been discovered that semaphorins have a role in many processes. They not only guide axons in development, but also have major roles in immune function
317:
During development, semaphorins and their receptors may be involved in the sorting of pools of motor neurons and the modulation of pathfinding for afferent and efferent axons from and to these pools. For instance, Sema3a repels axons from the dorsal root ganglia, facial nerves, vagal nerves,
308:
Class III semaphorins regulate multiple processes after spinal cord injury by influencing neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Copyright © 2014 Mecollari, Nieuwenhuis and
Verhaagen. A perspective on the role of class III semaphorin signaling in central nervous system trauma. 1–17. doi:
151:
Classes 1 and 6 are considered to be homologues of each other; they are each membrane bound in invertebrates and vertebrates, respectively. The same applies to classes 2 and 3; they are both secreted proteins specific to their respective
726:
148:. Classes 1 and 2 are found in invertebrates only, whilst classes 3, 4, 6, and 7 are found in vertebrates only. Class 5 is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and class V is specific to viruses.
719:
112:, which, in turn, can regulate integrins. Such regulation is probably a common feature of semaphorin signalling and contributes substantially to our understanding of semaphorin biology.
598:
Cohen S, Funkelstein L, Livet J, Rougon G, Henderson CE, Castellani V, Mann F (April 2005). "A semaphorin code defines subpopulations of spinal motor neurons during mouse development".
712:
159:
Each class of
Semaphorin has many subgroups of different molecules that share similar characteristics. For example, Class 3 Semaphorins range from SEMA3A to SEMA3G.
288:, and cell adhesion molecules, and the makeup of these complexes likely provides specificity for binding and transducing signals from different Class 3 Semaphorins.
314:(classes 4, 6, and 7) and the development of bones. Class 3 semaphorins are one of the most versatile semaphorin classes, in which Sema3a is the most studied.
329:. They regulate neuronal and non-neuronal cells associated with the traumatic injury due to their presence in the scar tissue. Class 3 semaphorins modulate
988:
772:
968:
881:
104:
as their co-receptors in many cases. The main receptors for semaphorins are plexins, which have established roles in regulating Rho-family
930:
866:
361:
Kong Y, Janssen BJ, Malinauskas T, Vangoor VR, Coles CH, Kaufmann R, Ni T, Gilbert RJ, Padilla-Parra S, Pasterkamp RJ, Jones EY (2016).
777:
876:
945:
767:
144:
analyses. The first seven are ordered by number, from class 1 to class 7. The eighth group is class V, where V stands for
950:
304:
92:
complexes. Semaphorins are usually cues to deflect axons from inappropriate regions, especially important in the
49:
871:
851:
757:
698:
115:
Every semaphorin is characterised by the expression of a specific region of about 500 amino acids called the
752:
89:
856:
704:
322:
736:
88:
guidance molecules. They primarily act as short-range inhibitory signals and signal through multimeric
54:
762:
461:"The semaphorin genes encode a family of transmembrane and secreted growth cone guidance molecules"
61:
861:
623:
488:
326:
460:
252:
242:
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195:
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643:"A perspective on the role of class III semaphorin signaling in central nervous system trauma"
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412:"Neuropilins lock secreted semaphorins onto plexins in a ternary signaling complex"
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development. The major class of proteins that act as their receptors are called
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318:
olfactory-sensory, cortical nerves, hippocampal nerves and cerebellar nerves.
281:
101:
659:
565:
846:
459:
Kolodkin, Alex L.; Matthes, David J.; Goodman, Corey S. (31 December 1993).
292:
140:
The
Semaphorins are grouped into eight major classes based on structure and
124:
678:
619:
584:
533:
445:
396:
484:
410:
Janssen BJ, Malinauskas T, Weir GA, Cader MZ, Siebold C, Jones EY (2012).
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Most
Semaphorins use receptors in the group of proteins known as
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330:
109:
708:
321:
Class 3 semaphorins have an important function after traumatic
549:"Receptor complexes for each of the Class 3 Semaphorins"
269:
Different semaphorins use different types of receptors:
363:"Structural Basis for Plexin Activation and Regulation"
280:
Class 3 semaphorins signal through heterocomplexes of
508:"Unified nomenclature for the semaphorins/collapsins"
108:. Recent work shows that plexins can also influence
839:
786:
743:
60:
48:
36:
28:
23:
18:
735:Intercellular signaling peptides and proteins /
641:Mecollari V, Nieuwenhuis B, Verhaagen J (2014).
547:Sharma A, Verhaagen J, Harvey AR (July 2012).
506:Semaphorin Nomenclature Committee (May 1999).
122:Semaphorins were named after the English word
720:
8:
773:Transforming growth factor beta superfamily
727:
713:
705:
697:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
668:
658:
574:
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416:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
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128:, which originated from Greek, meaning
291:Class 7 Semaphorin are thought to use
15:
345:after central nervous system trauma.
77:are a class of secreted and membrane
7:
882:Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein
600:The European Journal of Neuroscience
931:Parathyroid hormone-related protein
867:CCN intercellular signaling protein
81:that were originally identified as
989:Single-pass transmembrane proteins
778:Vascular endothelial growth factor
647:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
553:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
14:
612:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04021.x
877:Connective tissue growth factor
969:extracellular ligand disorders
946:Tolloid-like metalloproteinase
768:Platelet-derived growth factor
1:
525:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80766-7
477:10.1016/0092-8674(93)90625-Z
379:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.018
162:In humans, the genes are:
1005:
964:
872:Cysteine-rich protein 61
852:Agouti signaling protein
758:Fibroblast growth factor
699:Medical Subject Headings
660:10.3389/fncel.2014.00328
566:10.3389/fncel.2012.00028
309:10.3389/fncel.2014.00328
753:Epidermal growth factor
857:Agouti-related protein
323:central nervous system
310:
951:Tumor necrosis factor
307:
265:Semaphorin receptors
763:Nerve growth factor
295:as their receptors.
862:Angiogenic protein
335:re-vascularisation
327:spinal cord injury
325:injuries, such as
311:
976:
975:
428:10.1038/nsmb.2416
422:(12): 1293–1299.
142:phylogenetic tree
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996:
916:Hedgehog protein
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471:(7): 1389–1399.
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343:immune response
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286:Class A Plexins
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689:External links
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606:(7): 1767–76.
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339:re-myelination
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94:neural system
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518:(5): 551–2.
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956:Wnt protein
941:Somatomedin
695:Semaphorins
373:(8): 1–13.
282:neuropilins
212:("SEMAF"),
130:sign-bearer
117:sema domain
102:neuropilins
86:growth cone
75:Semaphorins
24:Identifiers
936:Semaphorin
921:Interferon
894:Endothelin
333:regrowth,
62:Membranome
32:Semaphorin
19:Semaphorin
967:see also
847:Adipokine
300:Functions
293:integrins
125:Semaphore
43:IPR027231
983:Category
889:Cytokine
679:25386118
628:24049774
620:15869472
585:22783168
534:10367884
493:21047504
446:23104057
397:27397516
341:and the
90:receptor
79:proteins
38:InterPro
737:ligands
670:4209881
653:: 328.
576:3389612
485:8269517
437:3590443
388:4980550
275:plexins
136:Classes
106:GTPases
100:, with
98:plexins
55:cd04979
788:Ephrin
701:(MeSH)
677:
667:
626:
618:
583:
573:
559:: 28.
532:
491:
483:
444:
434:
395:
385:
367:Neuron
331:axonal
259:SEMA7A
253:SEMA6D
248:SEMA6C
243:SEMA6B
238:SEMA6A
232:SEMA5B
227:SEMA5A
222:SEMA4G
218:SEMA4F
214:SEMA4D
210:SEMA4C
206:SEMA4B
202:SEMA4A
196:SEMA3G
191:SEMA3F
186:SEMA3E
180:SEMA3D
175:SEMA3C
171:SEMA3B
167:SEMA3A
83:axonal
29:Symbol
926:Kinin
840:Other
831:EFNB3
826:EFNB2
821:EFNB1
816:EFNA5
811:EFNA4
806:EFNA3
801:EFNA2
796:EFNA1
624:S2CID
489:S2CID
349:Notes
146:virus
110:R-Ras
909:EDN3
904:EDN2
899:EDN1
675:PMID
616:PMID
581:PMID
530:PMID
512:Cell
481:PMID
465:Cell
442:PMID
393:PMID
154:taxa
665:PMC
655:doi
608:doi
571:PMC
561:doi
520:doi
473:doi
432:PMC
424:doi
383:PMC
375:doi
50:CDD
985::
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604:21
602:.
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337:,
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67:71
728:e
721:t
714:v
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651:8
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563::
557:6
536:.
522::
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