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Single-elimination tournament

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and eighth seeds (within each of the two conferences the league has) to face the winner of the first-round series between the fourth and fifth seeds in the next round, even if one or more of the top three seeds had been upset in their first-round series; critics have claimed that this gives a team fighting for the fifth and sixth seeding positions near the end of the regular season an incentive to
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number in the set, but insufficient comparisons have been performed to determine which is greater, 1 or 3. Despite this, the candidate that loses in the final round is commonly considered to have taken second place (in this case, 2). When matches are held to determine places or prizes lower than first and second, these typically include a match between the losers of the semifinal matches called
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and eighth; those are used often in qualifying tournaments where only the top five teams advance to the next round; or some method of ranking the four quarterfinal losers might be employed, in which case only one round of additional matches would be held among them, the two highest-ranked therein then playing for fifth and sixth places and the two lowest for seventh and eighth.
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Sometimes the remaining competitors in a single-elimination tournament will be "re-seeded" so that the highest surviving seed is made to play the lowest surviving seed in the next round, the second-highest plays the second-lowest, etc. This may be done after each round, or only at selected intervals.
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Also, if the competitors' performance is variable, that is, it depends on a small, varying factor in addition to the actual strength of the competitors, then not only will it become less likely that the strongest competitor actually wins the tournament, in addition the seeding done by the tournament
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there was a rule where at the conference or league semifinal, should the top seed and last seed (wild card) be from the same division, they cannot play each other; in that case, the top seed plays the worst division champion; the second-best division champion plays the wild card team. This is due to
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Sometimes, contests are also held among the losers of the quarterfinal matches to determine fifth to eighth places. In one scenario, two "consolation semifinal" matches may be conducted, with the winners of these then facing off to determine fifth and sixth places and the losers playing for seventh
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does have enough teams (12) in its playoff tournament where re-seeding would have made a large difference in the matchups; only the WNBA's at the minimum, which is at least four from each conference for a total of 8. The NBA's format calls for the winner of the first-round series between the first
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is often used to prevent this. Brackets are set up so that the top two seeds could not possibly meet until the final round (should both advance that far), none of the top four can meet prior to the semifinals, and so on. If no seeding is used, the tournament is called a random knockout tournament.
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The single-elimination format enables a relatively large number of competitors to participate. There are no "dead" matches (perhaps excluding "classification" matches), and no matches where one competitor has more to play for than the other. If a small number of teams play in a single elimination
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Without any additional matches, the only position a single-elimination tournament can reliably determine is first - for example, if sorting the numbers 1-4 ascending, if 4 and 3 meet in the first round, 3 and 1 will lose in the first round and 2 will lose in the second, selecting 4 as the largest
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In a single-elimination tournament without any seeding, awarding the second place to the loser of the final is unjustified: any of the competitors knocked out before getting to play the losing finalist might have been stronger than the actual losing finalist. In general, it is only fair to use a
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the scheduling employed for the regular season, in which a team faces any given divisional opponent more often than any given non-divisional opponent – the tournament favors match-ups that took place fewer times in the regular season (or did not take place, in some cases).
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where the loser of each match-up is immediately eliminated from the tournament. Each winner will play another in the next round, until the final match-up, whose winner becomes the tournament champion(s). Each match-up may be a single match or several, for example
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Since the NCAA Division I women's tournament expanded beyond 32 teams in 1986, the round of 32 has always been called the "second round", and the preceding round the "first round". The women's tournament involved 64 teams from 1994-2021 before expanding to 68 in
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in North American pro sports. Defeated competitors may play no further part after losing, or may participate in "consolation" or "classification" matches against other losers to determine the lower final rankings; for example, a
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tournaments, the Elite Eight is the championship event, with all qualifying teams participating at a single site. The NCAA does not use "Elite Eight" in Division III, simply calling this round the "regional
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Standard seeding pairs the highest and lowest, then second highest and second lowest and so on, for an 8 seed tournament this is 1 v 8, 2 v 7, 3 v 6 and 4 v 5, for example this is used for 16 seeds in the
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Opponents may be allocated randomly (such as in the FA Cup); however, since the "luck of the draw" may result in the highest-rated competitors being scheduled to face each other early in the competition,
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before the round of 64.) The NCAA originally called the First Four the first round, making the rounds of 64 and 32 the second and third rounds respectively; in 2014 it announced that from
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tournaments, it can happen that the 33rd-best player in a 128-player field could end up playing the top seed in the first round. An example of this occurring was when World No. 33
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allow competitors a single loss while remaining eligible for overall victory. However, losing one game requires the competitor to win more games in order to win the tournament.
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organizers will play a major part in deciding the winner. As a random factor is always present in a real-world competition, this might easily cause accusations of unfairness.
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The number of distinct ways of arranging a single-elimination tournament (as an abstract structure, prior to seeding the players into the tournament) is given by the
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Earlier rounds are typically numbered counting forwards from the first round, or by the number of remaining competitors. If some competitors get a
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tournament, sometimes a consolation bracket is included to allow the eliminated teams to play more than once. This was the format of the
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for both sexes, this round is called the "semifinals"; both championship events in that division consist of eight teams instead of four.
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The 8th qualifying round involves 88 teams, of which 44 qualify for the 32nd-finals, to which the top 20 teams will have received byes.
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The FA Cup 2nd round involves 40 teams, of which 20 qualify for the 3rd round, to which the top 44 teams will have received byes.
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The first to fifth rounds are often called the "first/second/etc. round proper", to distinguish them from the "first/second/etc.
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The bottom two players may meet, after which each subsequent game pairs the winner of the previous game with the next player
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Another perceived disadvantage is that most competitors are eliminated after relatively few games. Variations such as the
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However, the number of arrangements grows quickly for larger numbers of players and not all of them are commonly used.
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single-elimination tournament to determine first place. To fairly determine lower places requires some form of
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The players may be divided into brackets of two and three players, the winners of which meet in the final game
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The number of eligible teams is typically less than 128, but more than 64, so not all teams play this round.
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The bottom four players may play a two-round tournament, the winner of which plays the top player
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Maurer, Willi (1975), "On most effective tournament plans with fewer games than competitors",
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In some situations, a seeding restriction may be implemented; from 1975 until 1989 in the
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Examples of the diverse names given to concurrent rounds in various select disciplines:
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in English. Terms for this in other languages generally translate as "sixteenth final".
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The round before the quarterfinals has multiple designations. Often it is called the
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in which each player/team gets the opportunity to face every other player/team.
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it would revert to calling the rounds of 64 and 32 the first and second rounds.
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Tournament format in which the loser of each match-up is immediately eliminated
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round, in which only four are left, the two winners of which then meet in the
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The NCAA only uses the term "Sweet Sixteen" in the Division I tournaments.
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Wimbledon: Novak vs Mayer in R1; Andy, Roger, Rafa all in bottom half
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The round before the round of sixteen is sometimes called
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Variations of the single-elimination tournament include:
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In singles only (the other disciplines have fewer rounds)
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The quarter-finals were called the "sixth round" until
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The NCAA also uses the "final four" terminology in the
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In a shootout 8: 2057:In American team sports, for example, the 2627: 2506: 2183:The format is less suited to games where 2163:Learn how and when to remove this message 599: 597: 595: 572: 570: 568: 566: 635: 633: 235: 2302: 2281:Other common tournament types include: 493: 1906: 1712: 1423: 1133: 2105:competitions, it is common to have a 1904: 1806: 1714: 1706: 1669: 1634: 1565: 1563: 1488: 1417: 1348: 1283: 1281: 1194: 1127: 1051: 978: 976: 909: 840: 791: 785: 775: 7: 2616:SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 2606:Kim, Michael P.; Suksompong, Warut; 2587:from the original on 22 October 2007 2388:Emirates FA Cup (17 February 2017). 2145:adding citations to reliable sources 214:, with the earlier matches called a 701: 2075:NCAA college basketball tournament 25: 2448:. 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2489: 2486: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2349: 2345: 2342:(in French). 2341: 2335: 2332: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2167: 2164: 2156: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2130:This section 2128: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2052: 2051:previous year 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:Florian Mayer 2036: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2012: 2011:Seed (sports) 2004: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1910: 1909: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1775: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1693: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1661: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1558: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1404: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1343: 1342: 1335: 1318: 1317: 1308: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1164: 1163: 1154: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1088: 1087: 1078: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1003:United States 986: 985: 982: 971: 970: 963: 946: 945: 936: 935:United States 917: 916: 913: 904: 903: 900: 895: 893: 875: 874: 865: 848: 847: 844: 835: 834: 831: 826: 824: 806: 805: 799: 798: 779: 770: 769: 721: 720: 717: 710: 703: 696: 688: 687: 684: 682: 674: 664: 661: 655: 652: 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Twitter 2374:talkSPORT 2324:31 August 1970:UEFA Euro 481:Last 128, 253:football 226:, or the 2668:Category 2610:(2017). 2582:Archived 2561:The Roar 2400:31 March 2380:31 March 2069:and the 1420:Shizuoka 1286:Yokohama 864:Paraguay 778:Seogwipo 560:finals". 478:Round 4 451:Last 64, 448:Round 5 423:Last 32, 420:Round 6 394:Round 7 170:Romanian 62:playoffs 2654:1251470 2525:0371712 2517:2958441 2452:16 July 2430:16 July 2420:US Open 2354:16 July 2103:fencing 2018:seeding 2005:Seeding 1774:Senegal 1739:Senegal 1589:Belgium 1568:Saitama 1474:England 1444:England 1403:Denmark 1351:Niigata 1334:Germany 1197:Daejeon 1130:Gwangju 1034:Germany 892:Germany 823:Germany 675:Example 557:women's 540:2016–17 489:Notes: 376:US Open 272:Snooker 154:Italian 146:Swedish 130:Spanish 83:English 2652:  2523:  2515:  2478:6 June 1943:  1927:Turkey 1924:  1912:  1901:  1887:  1876:  1862:Turkey 1859:  1833:Turkey 1830:  1816:  1809:Miyagi 1803:  1789:  1771:  1760:  1736:  1724:  1703:  1692:Sweden 1689:  1678:  1660:Turkey 1657:  1644:  1631:  1617:Brazil 1614:  1602:  1586:  1575:  1560:  1546:Brazil 1543:  1531:  1515:Brazil 1512:  1498:  1485:  1471:  1460:  1441:  1429:  1414:  1400:  1389:  1375:Brazil 1372:  1358:  1345:  1331:  1320:  1304:  1293:  1278:  1255:  1242:  1218:  1204:  1191:  1177:  1166:  1158:1 (2) 1150:  1139:  1124:  1102:  1090:  1074:  1061:  1048:  1031:  1019:  1000:  988:  973:  962:Mexico 959:  948:  932:  919:  912:Jeonju 906:  889:  877:  861:  850:  837:  820:  808:  801:  772:  766:  763:  760:  757:  754:  751:  748:  745:  742:  739:  736:  733:  730:  727:  723:  690:  303:Final 300:Final 294:Final 286:Final 251:FA Cup 188:, and 186:Slovak 138:German 122:French 2650:S2CID 2624:arXiv 2585:(PDF) 2578:(PDF) 2513:JSTOR 2189:chess 2185:draws 1890:Japan 1717:Daegu 1709:Osaka 1307:Italy 1233:0 (5) 1185:0 (3) 1180:Spain 1117:1 (3) 1105:Spain 1054:Suwon 981:Seoul 843:Ulsan 716:Final 640:2022. 553:men's 525:. 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Index

Semi-final
elimination tournament
two-legged ties
best-of series
third place playoff
poker tournament
playoffs
Final Round
English
French
Spanish
German
Swedish
Italian
Portuguese
Romanian
Czech
Slovak
Serbo-Croatian
bye
Grand Slam tennis
FA Cup
Coupe de France
NCAA Men's Basketball
North American Debating Ch'ship
Snooker
Final
Final
Final Four
Elite Eight

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