Semi-periphery countries

1249:. As long as core countries maintain scarcities of their goods, they can select customers from semi-periphery and periphery countries that are competing over them. When excess supply occurs, the core countries are the ones competing over a smaller market. This competition allows semi-peripheral nations to select from among core countries rather than vice versa when making decisions about commodity purchases, manufacturing investments, and sales of goods, shifting the balance of power to the semi-periphery. While in general there is a power shift from core to semi-periphery in times of economic struggles, there are few examples of semi-peripheral countries transitioning to core status. To accomplish this, semi-peripheral nations must not only take advantage of weaker core countries but must also exploit any existing advantages over other semi-peripheral nations. How well they exploit these advantages determines their arrangement within the semi-periphery class. 940:. The rapid development of industry triggered several reactions. Many European states explored new territories in addition to their original colonial holdings for new markets to exploit. The European world system continued to expand and include more regions, as it absorbed the Indian Ocean economic system through the acquisition of colonies by Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal, among others. Previously isolated regions, like much of the American interior zone, joined newly independent South American countries in becoming part of the periphery. By the nineteenth century, Asia and Africa had also entered the world system as peripheral regions. This development of Africa and Asia as peripheral continents allowed for new cores like the United States and Germany to improve their core status, rising higher within the world system. 969:

while old cores such as Spain and Portugal faded to the semi-periphery. The growth of the power of the common man led to an expansion of thought concerning democracy, communism, and revolution, which pervaded the weaker semi-peripheral nations overcome with civil distress. In some cases, this led to the weakening of the nations, such as the violent revolution in France. This contributed to the adoption of totalitarian leaders, as seen in Germany and France. The major factors contributing to world war were the conflicts and power struggles taking place between the three classes of nations in the global system. Nations considered part of the semi-periphery felt oppressed by the stronger, larger core nations.

978: 957: 1778: 1125: 2170: 1737: 1358: 1650: 660:. A need for an in between category became quickly apparent, leading to the establishment of the semi-periphery category for societies that have moved away from the periphery but have not become core. In other words, the category describes societies that remain dependent, and to some extent underdeveloped, despite having achieved significant levels of industrialization. Semi-peripheral countries are tied into dynamic world systems that focus on the reliance of poor nations upon the wealthy, a concept known as the 705:

While these advances separate the semi-periphery from the periphery, they lack the power and the economic dominance of core nations and still have a lot of un-managed poverty, placing them beneath the core. Semi-peripheral countries are important contributors to the world economy because of the above reasons and because they tend to have above average land mass, meaning that they are host to an above average market. A primary example is China, a country with not only a large area but with a large population.

740:. This was the first time in history that the peripheries and semi-peripheries of the world became connected and involved in the trade of the world, both with cores and with each other. Through a lucrative trade system, including heavy taxing of goods traveling through their borders, they were able to maintain a steady stream of wealth, becoming the driving forces of economic change throughout this time period. In addition, a heavy emphasis on defense and border security, particularly among the 1088: 1173:. The new leading powers are mostly non-European (United States, Canada, Japan). Outside of these developed countries are countries (see list below) that are considered semi-periphery and are both dominant and dominated within economic, political, and social realms. These middle powers are a combination of nations that have emerged as a result of the fragmentation of the Soviet Union and nations that have risen because of their possession of resources in high demand, like oil in 2317: 1611: 913: 1763: 861: 2477: 2304: 2029: 2016: 1544: 551: 2291: 2042: 1962: 1923: 1570: 2462: 2278: 2211: 2183: 2144: 2109: 1856: 1685: 1637: 1557: 1425: 1332: 785: 2423: 1990: 1724: 1531: 1477: 2516: 2490: 2410: 2395: 2122: 2096: 2081: 2003: 1936: 1830: 1804: 1698: 1672: 1598: 1384: 1319: 994: 2503: 2449: 2436: 2343: 2263: 2237: 2068: 1949: 1910: 1884: 1817: 1624: 1505: 1490: 1438: 1397: 1258: 2369: 2250: 1791: 1371: 20: 2382: 2224: 1869: 1750: 1451: 2356: 2157: 1975: 1711: 1518: 1345: 844:. Despite these advances in influence and entrepreneurship, Genoa and Venice suffered from the crippling effects of the Black Plague, as much of the rest of Europe had before them. Venice was able to survive due to its connection with the Southern trade route, though her strength was much reduced by the middle of the fifteenth century. Genoa never fully recovered from the 623:. Semi-periphery countries have organizational characteristics of both core countries and periphery countries and are often geographically located between core and peripheral regions as well as between two or more competing core regions. Semi-periphery regions play a major role in mediating economic, political, and social activities that link core and peripheral areas. 2196: 2055: 1897: 1843: 1583: 1464: 1412: 719: 1234:, high wages, and diversified production while periphery countries have less technology, low profits, low wages, and less diversified production. Semi-periphery countries fall in the middle of these spectra, and their unique political and social structure place them in a position where they can best take advantage of economic downturns. 1245:, which combine to create a shift in surplus and power to the semi-periphery. Semi-periphery regions take advantage of the situation by expanding control of their home markets and the surrounding periphery countries at the expense of core countries. The underlying reason for this shift in power lies in the basic economic principle of 899:

to Atlantic control left by the decline of Italian powers like Genoa and Venice. Much like the core European powers, Spain and Portugal had strong navies and expansive colonial domains, which they exploited for their natural resources and cheap labor. Rather than using the increased wealth to develop strong domestic

878:, gained the most from the world economy. Their ascension from previous peripheral and semi-peripheral status to the core was driven by the development of strong central government and military power, the combination of which made possible control of international commerce and exploitation of colonial possessions. 764:. Through their positions within the world trade system, semi-peripheries in the Middle East became crucially important in connecting the cities of Chinese and Indian cores with the fledgling cities of Europe, as well as serving as key points between other, more major core cities in the region, such as 1225:

to integrate into the world economy and establish local dominance. Outside of these strategies is that of self-reliance, a basic theory that as some countries grow, others will decline. Many countries in Africa and South America have exhibited the qualities of a sub-imperial or semi-industrial power.

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In today's global hierarchy, some states are transitioning upward while others are moving downward in terms of status and influence. Former colonial powers no longer exercise control over an international domain and are instead mostly relegated to their core; for example, former European world powers

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represented both the core and the semi-periphery, as Europe dominated 80% of the world's market share. Much of the rest of the world was a diverse periphery, though Japan was a notable exception. As expansionism continued, new core nations emerged, such as the Britain, Germany, and the United States,

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In a push to ensure stable economic growth, Europe turned to a capitalistic economy in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries to replace the failed feudal system. Modern capitalism allowed for economies to extend beyond geographical and political boundaries, leading to the formation of the first

664:. The term semi-periphery has been applied to countries that existed as early as in the thirteenth century. In theory, the creation of a semi-periphery category has added sociological and historical layers to previous developmental theories—yet it still has similar, inherently capitalist foundations. 898:

In between the core and periphery was the semi-periphery, which constituted both previous core regions that had declined, like Italy, Spain and Portugal, and peripheries that had improved their position, like southern Germany and southern France. Spain and Portugal had taken advantage of the opening

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met severe economic difficulties in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries. This decline in development was caused by a combination of the decline in agricultural production, the shrinking economy that had already hit its peak within the current feudal structure, and the devastating effects of

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These regions allow for the possibility of innovative technology, reforms in social and organizational structure, and dominance over peripheral nations. These changes can lead to a semi-periphery country being promoted to a core nation. Semi-periphery is, however, more than a description, as it also

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In terms of their contribution to industry and economy, the contemporary semi-peripheral states are semi-industrialized. Semi-peripheral countries are major exporters of minerals and agricultural goods. They are often focused in the manufacturing and exportation of industrial goods and commodities.

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and Saudi Arabia, can utilize the strategy of seizing the chance. The strategy of promotion by invitation can be utilized by countries willing to be open to foreign governmental and regional administrative centers. Examples of past countries to utilize this strategy are the capitalist regimes in

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At the other end of the spectrum was the periphery, marked by lack of central government, exportation of raw materials to the core, and exploitive labor practices. In this time period, especially toward the end of the 17th century, South America and parts of North America stood out as peripheral

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Throughout this time period was a constant shift within core regions from a combination of agriculture and industry to solely industrial enterprise. In this period, England was the leader in industrial and agricultural production, though by 1900, only ten percent of England's populace worked in

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World-systems theory describes the semi-periphery as a key structural element in the world economy. The semi-periphery plays a vital role comparative to that of the role that Spain and Portugal played in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as intermediate trading groups within the European

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sectors, as other Western European powers did, Spain and Portugal used imported gold and silver to obtain manufactured goods from the core countries, relegating them to semi-periphery instead of core status. So, while they had control over several peripheral regions and exploited them, a

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Semi-peripheral nations are a necessary structural element in a world-trade system, since such nations can serve to alleviate the political pressures that the core can exert upon the periphery and the political unrest that the periphery can direct back at the core. On the other hand, the

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of these regions controlled commerce and became wealthy through the new world economy, leading to their rise in power above the government. Even in periods of upheaval, local aristocrats were able to rely on core European powers to assist in keeping control over the economic system.

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Today, the semi-periphery is generally industrialized. Semi-peripheral countries contribute to the manufacturing and exportation of a variety of goods. They are marked by above average land mass, as exemplified by Argentina, China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and

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The semi-periphery exists because it needs to divide the economic power between the core and the periphery. Semi-periphery, referred to as the middle class by Wallerstein, is what makes the capitalist world function because it is much like the sociological

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characteristic of a core region, these countries failed to develop the quality manufacturing industries and the access to international banking that further defined core countries, leaving them a step below in the world system at semi-periphery status.

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that determined countries' relationships and placement within the categories of the world system: core, semi-periphery, periphery, and external. The core regions, most notably the countries of Northwestern Europe like England, France, and the

688:. They also serve as a political buffer zone in that while they are exploited, they are also the exploiters. These areas have either been core regions in the past or formerly-peripheral areas that have since advanced in the world economy. 23:

A world map of countries by trading status, late 20th century, using the world system differentiation into core countries (blue), semi-periphery countries (yellow) and periphery countries (red). Based on the list in Dunn, Kawana, Brewer

817:, the Middle East, and the other Mediterranean powers to maintain their growth despite the economic failures of their European trade partners. Genoa and Venice had influence beyond their trade channels. Both were instrumental in the 1066:

nations, who fell under the Soviet Union as bloc countries. Japan also fell back into semi-periphery, along with the industrializing China and India, until their recent upswing in influence. Change also came to North America, where

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agriculture, demonstrating the shift to industry not only in England but across the core stratum. The dramatic shift to industry extended beyond the core by the end of this time period, as core regions encouraged the development of

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Wallerstein examines the role of semi-periphery countries during a period of economic downturn. To redefine core and periphery countries in an economic sense, core countries are characterized by advanced technology, high

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theory, where norms, customs, traditions, and institutions act as "organs" that work toward the proper functioning of the "body" as a whole. Without these industrializing countries, change will never reach the periphery.

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where instability makes reform too dangerous to attempt. It has been within semi-peripheral nations where democratic reforms like the expansion of suffrage and the institution of the secret ballot have been implemented.

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and other industries. The merchant class further consolidated its power by extending control over internal markets and the prices of finished goods. The result was the development of the necessary capital to

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Semi-peripheral countries offer their citizens relatively diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between the rich and poor. World-system theorists originally used only two categories:

2334:(2005), who notes that this list is composed of countries that "have been consistently classified into a single one of the three zones of the world economy over the entire 28-year study period". 1265:

The semi-peripheral nations of the world have played an important role to world trade and interaction since early periods of globalized trade. This "middle ground" between the very powerful

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This trend known to continued throughout the century, with Germany, Russia, and Japan also taking seats at the core. At the end of World War II however, Germany quickly fell to the

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trade route left the western Mediterranean and the Atlantic open to Portugal and Spain, who were already better positioned geographically to control Atlantic trade routes.

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Subsequent to taking over Portugal's empire (in blue) from 1580 to 1640, these were areas of the world that at one time were territories (in red) of the Spanish Empire.

829:, in the late thirteenth century. The Byzantine Empire took advantage of its strategic position along various trade routes and the decline of Western Europe to rise to 210: 1188:

identifies three ways by which countries can emerge from the periphery into the semi-periphery. Countries with a large market and room for industrial growth, like

572: 1177:. While these nations are by no means on the level of the stated world powers, they are able to exert influence over the weaker nations of the impoverished 245: 142: 1015: 275: 639:. More land mass typically means an increased market size and share. Semi-peripheral nations are not all large though, as smaller countries such as 293: 40: 801:

epidemic. The regression of Western Europe into the semi-periphery and periphery allowed for the rise of the trading powers of Italy, most notably

565: 309: 260: 250: 205: 1293:, originate in the semi-periphery. He notes that innovations in democracy came from the semi-periphery rather than the more established, stable 890:

for export to Europe, a distinctive characteristic of the new capitalism, as goods were no longer produced solely for internal consumption. The

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This era of human history found the semi-periphery concentrated in the area stretching from the Middle East to China, including India and the

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semi-periphery can find itself excluded from the region's politics, as it lies just outside the bounds of political arena of the core states.

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The semi periphery is needed to stabilize the world system, as it facilitates interaction and provides a connection between the low-income

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by adding another step in the world system hierarchy. As the middle ground, semi-peripheral countries display characteristics of both the

1277:, the semi-periphery areas around Europe's Mediterranean Coast facilitated trade between the peripheries of the more manufacturing based 948:

in peripheral and semi-peripheral zones to further develop those markets and create demand for newly developed machines and other goods.

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and its defeat at the hands of Venice in the late fourteenth century. The decline of Genoa and the shift in Venice's focus to the

756:. Because of its position along a convenient route through the Indian Ocean, India established its role as a "hinge" between the 1783: 535: 870: 225: 117: 3253: 1019: 31: 977: 3263: 3243: 1079:. On the other side of the Pacific, Australia was also developing, helping to secure an Allied Victory in World War II. 956: 219: 3115:

Social Cohesion, Sustainable Development and Turkey's Accession to the European Union: Implications from a Global Model

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The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century

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The development of trade between Europe, the Americas, and the East generated massive profits for a relatively small

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elite in the European colonial powers. These merchants were able to utilize their profits to take control of

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Shaw, Timothy M. "The Semiperiphery in Africa and South America: Subimperialism and Semiindustrialism".

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serves as a position within the world hierarchy in which social and economic change can be interpreted.

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along with war-ravaged France. As the rest of Europe struggled to rebuild itself, it also fell to the

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The following are semi-periphery countries from an updated version of essays by Wallerstein (1997).

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As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies.

685: 673: 653: 616: 376: 348: 2876: 1218: 2545: 1238: 1231: 1076: 451: 371: 1184:

Other terms used to describe semi-periphery countries include sub-imperial and semi-industrial.

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through their provisions of troops, transport vessels, and naval ships. Genoa also assisted the

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Following increases in population and commerce in Western Europe in the thirteenth century, the

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World map indicating the category of Human Development Index by country (based on 2014 update)

860: 3203: 3180: 3157: 3131: 3101: 3070: 3035: 3003: 2999: 2977: 2888: 2540: 2331: 1222: 937: 753: 661: 605: 162: 157: 107: 2965: 1063: 822: 456: 411: 396: 270: 254: 195: 77: 2877:"INSIDE THE BRIC: ANALYSIS OF THE SEMIPERIPHERAL NATURE OF BRAZIL, RUSSIA, INDIA AND CHINA" 809:. These Italian city-states took advantage of their established trade connections with the 555: 501: 471: 461: 446: 3196: 3173: 3028: 3127: 3063: 2970: 2535: 1768: 1266: 1170: 1118: 1059: 1055: 830: 826: 681: 677: 657: 620: 481: 441: 426: 391: 550: 3237: 3150: 3058: 2135:

The following are semi-periphery countries according to Dunn, Kawana, Brewer (2000).

1274: 945: 930: 900: 887: 837: 810: 793: 737: 496: 476: 431: 416: 401: 343: 3089:

Where and When was Democracy Invented. Comparative Studies in Society & History

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zones under the control and capitalistic exploitation of core countries in Europe.

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Rise and Demise: Comparing World-Systems The Semi Periphery: The Seedbed of Change

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The Black Death rapidly spread along the major European sea and land trade routes.

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allowed those two zones to interact with greater ease. For example, during the

1257: 1192:, South Africa, and Mexico, and countries with valuable energy resources, like 1169:, Africa, or Asia, but rather have consolidated their power in the form of the 2467: 841: 609: 511: 466: 386: 19: 3105: 2892: 1289:, also notes that political developments, particularly in the advancement of 2283: 2216: 2188: 2149: 2114: 1861: 1690: 1642: 1562: 1430: 1337: 1310:

The following are semi-periphery countries according to Wallerstein (1976).

1290: 1282: 1072: 749: 723: 643:, Poland, and Greece can be described to exist within the semi-periphery. 2428: 1995: 1729: 1536: 1482: 1278: 1246: 1166: 921: 818: 814: 3051:

Modern History Sourcebook: Summary of Wallerstein on World System Theory

2933: 2864: 2521: 2495: 2415: 2400: 2127: 2101: 2086: 2008: 1941: 1835: 1809: 1703: 1677: 1603: 1389: 1324: 1214: 1206: 849: 765: 741: 730: 718: 612: 2508: 2454: 2441: 2361: 2348: 2322: 2268: 2242: 2162: 2073: 1980: 1954: 1915: 1889: 1822: 1716: 1629: 1616: 1523: 1510: 1495: 1443: 1402: 1350: 1242: 1189: 883: 806: 640: 2881:

Austral: Brazilian Journal of Strategy & International Relations

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government and institutions that are viewed as precursors to modern

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also played a role, as seen in India's development of an impressive

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Windows on Humanity by Conrad Phillip KOTTAK. Chapter 17, page 390.

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worldwide economic system. At the base of this world system was an

3227:. York, Pennsylvania: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004., pg. 412. 2374: 2255: 2201: 2175: 2060: 1902: 1848: 1796: 1742: 1655: 1588: 1469: 1417: 1376: 1363: 1256: 1210: 1202: 1198: 1123: 976: 960:

A ration party of the Royal Irish Rifles in a communication trench

955: 802: 769: 745: 717: 2387: 2229: 1874: 1755: 1456: 1193: 965: 773: 761: 757: 636: 1297:, where profit discourages great reform, or the extremely poor 987: 1101: Emerging and developing economies (not least developed) 836:

During this time period, Genoa and Venice developed forms of

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Semi-Peripheral Countries and The Contemporary World Crisis

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This era was defined by the transition from agriculture to

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Before European Hegemony: the world system a.d. 1250-1350

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Kaplan, David H.; Wheeler, James O.; Holloway, James O.

2932:, American Sociological Review, 2000 February, Vol. 65 2950:

The Country-Level Income Structure of the World-Economy

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Morales Ruvalcaba, Daniel Efrén (11 September 2013).

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do not exert influence over colonial outposts in the

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And this is the semi-periphery listing according to

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These economic downturns occur because of increased

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Chirot, Daniel, and Thomas D. Hall. 1982. 8:81-106.

3195: 3172: 3149: 3062: 3027: 2969: 1281:and the cores of India and China. John Markoff, a 886:and indigenous workers in these regions developed 16:Industrializing countries in world-systems theory 3019:World-System Theory Annual Review of Sociology 3202:. New York City: Cambridge University Press. 2952:. Journal of World-Systems Research 11:29-55. 573: 8: 3034:. New York City: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 1022:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3124:The Regional Reography of the World-System 2906: 2904: 2902: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 580: 566: 27: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2667:Wallerstein 1974 Vol.3, No.4., pp 461-483 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2623: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 1107: Emerging and developing economies ( 1042:Learn how and when to remove this message 744:, allowed them to be fairly impenetrable 276:Chinese school of international relations 3017:Chirot, Daniel; Hall, Thomas D. (1982). 2855: 2675: 2673: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2336: 2137: 1665: 1312: 1086: 911: 859: 783: 18: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2561: 30: 3030:Social Change in the Twentieth Century 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 825:when it helped recapture the capital, 3098:The Review of Black Political Economy 2861:The Review of Black Political Economy 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 7: 1020:adding citations to reliable sources 1071:led to the rise of countries like 532: 14: 3179:. New York City: Academic Press. 3156:. New York City: Academic Press. 2994:; Hall, Thomas D (7 March 1997). 1306:Lists of semi-periphery countries 2514: 2501: 2488: 2475: 2460: 2447: 2434: 2421: 2408: 2393: 2380: 2367: 2354: 2341: 2315: 2302: 2289: 2276: 2261: 2248: 2235: 2222: 2209: 2194: 2181: 2168: 2155: 2142: 2120: 2107: 2094: 2079: 2066: 2053: 2040: 2027: 2014: 2001: 1988: 1973: 1960: 1947: 1934: 1921: 1908: 1895: 1882: 1867: 1854: 1841: 1828: 1815: 1802: 1789: 1784:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1776: 1761: 1748: 1735: 1722: 1709: 1696: 1683: 1670: 1648: 1635: 1622: 1609: 1596: 1581: 1568: 1555: 1542: 1529: 1516: 1503: 1488: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1436: 1423: 1410: 1395: 1382: 1369: 1356: 1343: 1330: 1317: 992: 549: 3069:. New York City: Random House. 981:Burned-out buildings after the 871:international division of labor 833:status until its fall in 1453. 600:(sometimes referred to as just 226:International political economy 118:Uneven and combined development 3194:Wallerstein, Immanuel (1979). 3171:Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974). 2938:Appendix with the country list 2930:Trade Globalization since 1795 2575:Chase-Dunn and Thomas D. Hall. 1269:and the backwaters of the far 32:International relations theory 1: 2627:Wallerstein 1976, pp. 229-233 1062:, with the exception of many 615:which are positioned between 3198:The Capitalist World Economy 2948:Salvatore J. Babones. 2005. 220:liberal intergovernmentalism 2919:Wallerstein 1997 pp. 95-119 3285: 2910:Markoff, John. 1999-1041:4 933:the European core states. 241:Hegemonic stability theory 3249:International development 1275:13th-century world system 201:Critical security studies 3269:Sociological terminology 1287:University of Pittsburgh 1095: Advanced economies 698:structural functionalism 598:semi-periphery countries 168:Territorial peace theory 88:Liberal institutionalism 3026:Chirot, Daniel (1977). 2992:Chase-Dunn, Christopher 2597:Terlouw 1992 pg 136-145 1113:Classifications by the 709:History and development 536:International relations 173:Democratic peace theory 113:Theories of imperialism 73:Democratic peace theory 48:Feminist constructivism 3122:Terlouw, Kees (1992). 3049:Halsall, Paul (1997). 2976:. New York City: OUP. 2928:Dunn, Kawana, Brewer, 2805:Halsall 1997, pp.14-19 1262: 1221:. These countries use 1161: 1158: Data unavailable 1121: 985: 961: 917: 865: 789: 733: 25: 3254:Development economics 3146:Wallerstein, Immanuel 2829:Hobsbawn, Eric. 1987. 2732:Janet Abu-Lughod 1989 2577:The Seedbed of Change 1260: 1223:dependent development 1127: 1090: 980: 959: 915: 863: 787: 721: 316:Inter-paradigm debate 83:Republican liberalism 22: 3264:World systems theory 1186:Immanuel Wallerstein 1069:American imperialism 1016:improve this section 676:and the high-income 594:world-systems theory 487:Immanuel Wallerstein 437:Peter J. Katzenstein 422:Samuel P. Huntington 339:Historical sociology 334:International ethics 216:Intergovernmentalism 148:Neoclassical realism 123:World-systems theory 3244:Imperialism studies 654:periphery countries 647:Sociological theory 556:Politics portal 377:Zbigniew Brzezinski 349:State cartel theory 3002:: Westview Press. 2546:Developing country 1263: 1162: 1122: 1077:Dominican Republic 986: 983:bombing of Hamburg 962: 918: 866: 790: 734: 602:the semi-periphery 452:Stephen D. Krasner 26: 3259:Political economy 3065:The Age of Empire 3000:Boulder, Colorado 2966:Abu-Lughod, Janet 2859:Shaw, Timothy M. 2541:Dependency theory 2527: 2526: 2328: 2327: 2133: 2132: 1661: 1660: 1052: 1051: 1044: 938:industrialization 754:maritime industry 674:peripheral states 662:dependency theory 631:colonial empire. 590: 589: 246:Copenhagen School 163:Defensive realism 158:Offensive realism 143:Classical realism 108:Dependency theory 3276: 3213: 3201: 3190: 3178: 3167: 3155: 3141: 3118: 3109: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3054: 3045: 3033: 3022: 3013: 2987: 2975: 2953: 2946: 2940: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2897: 2896: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2830: 2827: 2806: 2803: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2668: 2665: 2628: 2625: 2598: 2595: 2580: 2579:.Chapter 5 of C. 2573: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2411: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2267: 2265: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2138: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2004: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1979: 1977: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1767: 1765: 1764: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1689: 1687: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1587: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1313: 1157: 1151: 1145: 1139: 1133: 1106: 1100: 1094: 1064:Eastern European 1047: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1027: 996: 988: 823:Byzantine Empire 582: 575: 568: 554: 553: 534: 457:John Mearsheimer 412:Martha Finnemore 397:Michael W. Doyle 328:Other approaches 271:Intercommunalism 255:neofunctionalism 196:Neo-Gramscianism 78:Capitalist peace 28: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3234: 3233: 3225:Urban Geography 3220: 3218:Further reading 3210: 3193: 3187: 3170: 3164: 3144: 3138: 3121: 3112: 3095: 3083: 3077: 3057: 3048: 3042: 3025: 3016: 3010: 2990: 2984: 2964: 2961: 2956: 2947: 2943: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2900: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2863:: pp. 341-358. 2858: 2833: 2828: 2809: 2804: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2631: 2626: 2601: 2596: 2583: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2532: 2515: 2513: 2502: 2500: 2489: 2487: 2476: 2474: 2461: 2459: 2448: 2446: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2420: 2409: 2407: 2394: 2392: 2381: 2379: 2368: 2366: 2355: 2353: 2342: 2340: 2316: 2314: 2303: 2301: 2290: 2288: 2277: 2275: 2262: 2260: 2249: 2247: 2236: 2234: 2223: 2221: 2210: 2208: 2195: 2193: 2182: 2180: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2154: 2143: 2141: 2121: 2119: 2108: 2106: 2095: 2093: 2080: 2078: 2067: 2065: 2054: 2052: 2041: 2039: 2028: 2026: 2015: 2013: 2002: 2000: 1989: 1987: 1974: 1972: 1961: 1959: 1948: 1946: 1935: 1933: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1907: 1896: 1894: 1883: 1881: 1868: 1866: 1855: 1853: 1842: 1840: 1829: 1827: 1816: 1814: 1803: 1801: 1790: 1788: 1777: 1775: 1762: 1760: 1749: 1747: 1736: 1734: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1697: 1695: 1684: 1682: 1671: 1669: 1649: 1647: 1636: 1634: 1623: 1621: 1610: 1608: 1597: 1595: 1582: 1580: 1569: 1567: 1556: 1554: 1543: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1517: 1515: 1504: 1502: 1489: 1487: 1476: 1474: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1448: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1422: 1411: 1409: 1396: 1394: 1383: 1381: 1370: 1368: 1357: 1355: 1344: 1342: 1331: 1329: 1318: 1316: 1308: 1279:Northern Europe 1255: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1134: Very High 1131: 1112: 1109:least developed 1104: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1085: 1048: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1013: 997: 975: 954: 910: 858: 782: 716: 711: 670: 649: 606:industrializing 586: 548: 543: 542: 541: 540: 539: 538: 531: 525: 517: 516: 502:Alexander Wendt 472:Kathryn Sikkink 462:Hans Morgenthau 447:Henry Kissinger 372:Michael Barnett 367: 359: 358: 329: 321: 320: 289: 288:Classifications 281: 280: 266:Postcolonialism 206:Critical theory 191: 183: 182: 138: 128: 127: 103: 93: 92: 63: 53: 52: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3214: 3208: 3191: 3185: 3168: 3162: 3142: 3136: 3119: 3110: 3093: 3081: 3075: 3059:Hobsbawn, Eric 3055: 3046: 3040: 3023: 3014: 3008: 2988: 2982: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2941: 2921: 2912: 2898: 2883:(in Spanish). 2867: 2831: 2807: 2743: 2734: 2690: 2681: 2669: 2629: 2599: 2581: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2536:Core-periphery 2531: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2511: 2498: 2485: 2471: 2470: 2457: 2444: 2431: 2418: 2404: 2403: 2390: 2377: 2364: 2351: 2326: 2325: 2312: 2299: 2286: 2272: 2271: 2258: 2245: 2232: 2219: 2205: 2204: 2191: 2178: 2165: 2152: 2131: 2130: 2117: 2104: 2090: 2089: 2076: 2063: 2050: 2037: 2024: 2011: 1998: 1984: 1983: 1970: 1957: 1944: 1931: 1918: 1905: 1892: 1878: 1877: 1864: 1851: 1838: 1825: 1812: 1799: 1786: 1772: 1771: 1769:Czech Republic 1758: 1745: 1732: 1719: 1706: 1693: 1680: 1659: 1658: 1645: 1632: 1619: 1606: 1592: 1591: 1578: 1565: 1552: 1539: 1526: 1513: 1499: 1498: 1485: 1472: 1459: 1446: 1433: 1420: 1406: 1405: 1392: 1379: 1366: 1353: 1340: 1327: 1307: 1304: 1254: 1251: 1241:and decreased 1171:European Union 1154: 1148: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1081: 1060:semi-periphery 1056:semi-periphery 1050: 1049: 1000: 998: 991: 974: 971: 953: 950: 909: 906: 857: 854: 827:Constantinople 781: 778: 715: 712: 710: 707: 669: 666: 658:core countries 648: 645: 621:core countries 588: 587: 585: 584: 577: 570: 562: 559: 558: 545: 544: 530: 529: 528: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 482:J. Ann Tickner 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 442:Robert Keohane 439: 434: 429: 427:John Ikenberry 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 392:Daniel Deudney 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 365: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 330: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313: 306: 301: 296: 294:Postpositivism 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 213: 211:English School 208: 203: 198: 192: 190:Other theories 189: 188: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 139: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 115: 110: 104: 99: 98: 95: 94: 91: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 64: 59: 58: 55: 54: 51: 50: 44: 41:Constructivism 39: 38: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3281: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3229: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3209:0-521-29358-8 3205: 3200: 3199: 3192: 3188: 3186:0-521-29358-8 3182: 3177: 3176: 3169: 3165: 3163:0-12-785920-9 3159: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3137:90-6266-091-6 3133: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085:Markoff, John 3082: 3078: 3076:0-679-72175-4 3072: 3067: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3041:0-15-581420-6 3037: 3032: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3009:0-8133-1006-7 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2983:0-19-506774-6 2979: 2974: 2973: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2679:Chirot. 1977. 2676: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2512: 2510: 2499: 2497: 2486: 2484: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2458: 2456: 2445: 2443: 2432: 2430: 2419: 2417: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2391: 2389: 2378: 2376: 2365: 2363: 2352: 2350: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2313: 2311: 2300: 2298: 2287: 2285: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2259: 2257: 2246: 2244: 2233: 2231: 2220: 2218: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2192: 2190: 2179: 2177: 2166: 2164: 2153: 2151: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2129: 2118: 2116: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2075: 2064: 2062: 2051: 2049: 2038: 2036: 2025: 2023: 2012: 2010: 1999: 1997: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1971: 1969: 1958: 1956: 1945: 1943: 1932: 1930: 1919: 1917: 1906: 1904: 1893: 1891: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1865: 1863: 1852: 1850: 1839: 1837: 1826: 1824: 1813: 1811: 1800: 1798: 1787: 1785: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1759: 1757: 1746: 1744: 1733: 1731: 1720: 1718: 1707: 1705: 1694: 1692: 1681: 1679: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1657: 1646: 1644: 1633: 1631: 1620: 1618: 1607: 1605: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1579: 1577: 1566: 1564: 1553: 1551: 1540: 1538: 1527: 1525: 1514: 1512: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1486: 1484: 1473: 1471: 1460: 1458: 1447: 1445: 1434: 1432: 1421: 1419: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1393: 1391: 1380: 1378: 1367: 1365: 1354: 1352: 1341: 1339: 1328: 1326: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1219:Côte d'Ivoire 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1126: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1089: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1046: 1043: 1035: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1001:This section 999: 995: 990: 989: 984: 979: 972: 970: 967: 958: 951: 949: 947: 946:manufacturing 941: 939: 934: 932: 931:industrialize 927: 923: 914: 907: 905: 902: 901:manufacturing 896: 893: 889: 888:raw materials 885: 879: 877: 872: 862: 855: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838:laissez-faire 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 811:Mongol Empire 808: 804: 800: 795: 794:feudal system 786: 779: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 738:Mongol Empire 732: 728: 725: 720: 713: 708: 706: 702: 699: 693: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 667: 665: 663: 659: 655: 646: 644: 642: 638: 632: 628: 624: 622: 618: 617:the periphery 614: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 583: 578: 576: 571: 569: 564: 563: 561: 560: 557: 552: 547: 546: 537: 533: 521: 520: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 497:Kenneth Waltz 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 477:Susan Strange 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 432:Robert Jervis 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 417:Robert Gilpin 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 402:Cynthia Enloe 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 363: 362: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 344:Regime theory 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 325: 324: 317: 314: 311: 310:Great Debates 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 285: 284: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 261:Postmodernism 259: 256: 252: 251:Functionalism 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 221: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 187: 186: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 137: 132: 131: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 102: 97: 96: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 74: 71: 69: 66: 65: 62: 57: 56: 49: 46: 45: 42: 37: 36: 33: 29: 21: 3224: 3197: 3174: 3151: 3123: 3114: 3097: 3088: 3064: 3050: 3029: 3018: 2995: 2971: 2944: 2929: 2924: 2915: 2884: 2880: 2870: 2860: 2737: 2684: 2576: 2551:Second World 2483:South Africa 2329: 2310:South Africa 2134: 2035:South Africa 2022:Saudi Arabia 1662: 1550:Saudi Arabia 1309: 1295:core nations 1264: 1261:A ballot box 1236: 1228: 1197:Africa like 1183: 1179:Fourth World 1175:Saudi Arabia 1163: 1146: Medium 1053: 1038: 1029: 1014:Please help 1002: 963: 942: 935: 919: 897: 880: 867: 835: 799:Black Plague 791: 735: 727:trade routes 714:13th century 703: 694: 690: 671: 650: 633: 629: 625: 601: 597: 591: 492:Stephen Walt 407:James Fearon 304:Reflectivism 236:Green theory 3113:Tausch, A. 2297:South Korea 2048:South Korea 1968:North Korea 1929:New Zealand 1576:South Korea 1283:sociologist 926:agriculture 892:aristocracy 876:Netherlands 846:Black Death 748:obstacles. 678:core states 507:Yan Xuetong 382:Hedley Bull 354:Geopolitics 299:Rationalism 178:Realpolitik 3238:Categories 2959:References 2468:Seychelles 1140: High 973:1914–today 842:capitalism 610:capitalist 604:) are the 524:Categories 512:Qin Yaqing 467:Joseph Nye 387:E. H. Carr 153:Neorealism 61:Liberalism 3106:0034-6446 2893:2238-6912 2688:Tausch A. 2284:Singapore 2217:Indonesia 2189:Hong Kong 2150:Argentina 2115:Venezuela 1862:Indonesia 1691:Argentina 1643:Venezuela 1563:Singapore 1431:Indonesia 1338:Argentina 1299:periphery 1291:democracy 1271:periphery 1152: Low 1073:Guatemala 1032:June 2010 1003:does not 952:1875–1914 908:1700–1875 856:1450–1700 780:1300–1450 750:Geography 724:Silk Road 686:periphery 613:countries 608:, mostly 3148:(1976). 3130:: KNAG. 3087:(1999). 3061:(1987). 2968:(1989). 2530:See also 2429:Malaysia 1996:Portugal 1730:Bulgaria 1537:Portugal 1483:Malaysia 1247:scarcity 1167:Americas 1117:and the 1075:and the 922:merchant 819:Crusades 815:Far East 722:Ancient 684:and the 668:Function 366:Scholars 231:Feminism 68:Idealism 3128:Utrecht 2934:article 2522:Uruguay 2496:Tunisia 2416:Jamaica 2401:Hungary 2332:Babones 2128:Vietnam 2102:Uruguay 2087:Ukraine 2009:Romania 1942:Nigeria 1836:Hungary 1810:Finland 1704:Austria 1678:Algeria 1604:Nigeria 1390:Finland 1325:Algeria 1285:at the 1253:Effects 1232:profits 1215:Senegal 1207:Nigeria 1024:removed 1009:sources 850:Red Sea 766:Baghdad 742:Mongols 731:Eurasia 729:across 136:Realism 101:Marxism 24:(2000). 3206: 3183: 3160: 3134: 3104: 3073: 3038: 3006: 2980: 2891: 2519: 2509:Turkey 2506: 2493: 2480: 2465: 2455:Panama 2452: 2442:Mexico 2439: 2426: 2413: 2398: 2385: 2372: 2362:Brazil 2359: 2349:Belize 2346: 2323:Taiwan 2320: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2269:Mexico 2266: 2253: 2243:Israel 2240: 2227: 2214: 2199: 2186: 2173: 2163:Brazil 2160: 2147: 2125: 2112: 2099: 2084: 2074:Turkey 2071: 2058: 2045: 2032: 2019: 2006: 1993: 1981:Poland 1978: 1965: 1955:Norway 1952: 1939: 1926: 1916:Mexico 1913: 1900: 1890:Israel 1887: 1872: 1859: 1846: 1833: 1823:Greece 1820: 1807: 1794: 1781: 1766: 1753: 1740: 1727: 1717:Brazil 1714: 1701: 1688: 1675: 1653: 1640: 1630:Turkey 1627: 1617:Taiwan 1614: 1601: 1586: 1573: 1560: 1547: 1534: 1524:Poland 1521: 1511:Norway 1508: 1496:Mexico 1493: 1480: 1467: 1454: 1444:Israel 1441: 1428: 1415: 1403:Greece 1400: 1387: 1374: 1361: 1351:Brazil 1348: 1335: 1322: 1243:demand 1239:supply 1217:, and 1190:Brazil 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1105: 1099: 1093: 884:Slaves 813:, the 807:Venice 772:, and 641:Israel 596:, the 2887:(4). 2557:Notes 2375:Chile 2256:Macau 2202:India 2176:China 2061:Spain 1903:Italy 1849:India 1797:Egypt 1743:China 1656:Zaire 1589:Spain 1470:Italy 1418:India 1377:Egypt 1364:China 1267:cores 1211:Zaire 1203:Kenya 1199:Egypt 1083:Today 803:Genoa 770:Cairo 746:trade 3204:ISBN 3181:ISBN 3158:ISBN 3132:ISBN 3102:ISSN 3071:ISBN 3036:ISBN 3004:ISBN 2978:ISBN 2889:ISSN 2388:Fiji 2230:Iran 1875:Iran 1756:Cuba 1457:Iran 1194:Iran 1007:any 1005:cite 966:West 964:The 831:core 805:and 797:the 774:Aden 762:West 760:and 758:East 682:core 656:and 637:Iran 619:and 1115:IMF 1018:by 592:In 3240:: 3126:. 3100:. 2998:. 2936:, 2901:^ 2879:. 2834:^ 2810:^ 2746:^ 2693:^ 2672:^ 2632:^ 2602:^ 2584:^ 2564:^ 1213:, 1209:, 1205:, 1201:, 1181:. 1119:UN 776:. 768:, 3212:. 3189:. 3166:. 3140:. 3117:. 3108:. 3091:. 3079:. 3053:. 3044:. 3021:. 3012:. 2986:. 2895:. 2885:2 1111:) 1045:) 1039:( 1034:) 1030:( 1026:. 1012:. 581:e 574:t 567:v 312:" 308:" 257:) 253:( 222:) 218:(

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